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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabilitzador_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Estabilitzador (química) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estabilitzador (química)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiliz%C3%A1tor_(chemie)" title="Stabilizátor (chemie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stabilizátor (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisator_(Chemie)" title="Stabilisator (Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stabilisator (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="تثبیت‌کننده (شیمی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تثبیت‌کننده (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisant" title="Stabilisant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stabilisant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisator_(scheikunde)" title="Stabilisator (scheikunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stabilisator (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizator_(chemia)" title="Stabilizator (chemia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stabilizator (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizator_(kemija)" title="Stabilizator (kemija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stabilizator (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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</ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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<b>stabiliser</b> is a chemical that is used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above all, heat and light stabilizers are added to <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">rubber</a> materials because they ensure safe processing and protect products against aging and weathering. In particular <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> would not be possible without stabilizers (PVC is one of the most important plastics and used for pipes, window frames and many other products). </p><p>In economic terms the most important product groups on the market for stabilizers are compounds based on <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (calcium-<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and organo-calcium), <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> stabilizers as well as liquid and light stabilizers (<a href="/wiki/Hindered_amine_light_stabilizers" title="Hindered amine light stabilizers">HALS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzophenone" title="Benzophenone">benzophenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzotriazole" title="Benzotriazole">benzotriazole</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>-based stabilizers largely vanished in the last years due to health and environmental concerns. In 2023, almost half of all polymer stabilizers sold worldwide were based on calcium.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polymers_(plastics_and_elastomers)"><span id="Polymers_.28plastics_and_elastomers.29"></span>Polymers (plastics and elastomers)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizer_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Polymers (plastics and elastomers)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_for_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilizer for polymers">Stabilizer for polymers</a></div> <p>Stabilizing additives for plastics are produced in different forms. The trend is towards fluid systems, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pellet" class="extiw" title="wikt:pellet">pellets</a>, and increased use of <a href="/wiki/Masterbatch" title="Masterbatch">masterbatches</a>. There are monofunctional, bifunctional, and polyfunctional stabilizers. Some kinds of stabilizers are:<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> these prevent <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a> of materials and come in 3 primary forms. <ul><li>Oxygen scavengers (primarily <a href="/wiki/Phosphite_ester" title="Phosphite ester">phosphite esters</a> such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite) are commonly used during the initial processing of the plastic.</li> <li>Persistent <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a> scavengers prevent or slow the <a href="/wiki/Photo-oxidation_of_polymers" title="Photo-oxidation of polymers">photo-oxidation of polymers</a>. Traditionally these are alkylated phenols such as <a href="/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene" title="Butylated hydroxytoluene">butylated hydroxytoluene</a> but now also include <a href="/wiki/Hindered_amine_light_stabilizers" title="Hindered amine light stabilizers">hindered amine light stabilizers</a> (HALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiozonant" title="Antiozonant">Antiozonants</a> prevents or retards the degradation of polymers caused by <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">ozone cracking</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequestrant" title="Sequestrant">sequestrants</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelate complexes</a> and inactivating traces of metal ions that would otherwise act as catalysts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_stabilizers_in_plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="UV stabilizers in plastics">ultraviolet stabilizers</a> are used to protect polymers from effects of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation and come to 2 main types. <ul><li>UV absorbers which essentially act the same way as <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreens</a></li> <li>Quenchers, which dissipate the radiation energy as heat instead of letting it break chemical bonds; often organic <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> salts, e.g. nickel <a href="/wiki/Phenolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolate">phenolates</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paints">Paints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizer_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, for stabilization of <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizer_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stabiliser_(food)" title="Stabiliser (food)">Stabiliser (food)</a></div> <p>In foods, stabilizers prevent spoilage. Classes of food stabilizers include emulsifiers, <a href="/wiki/Thickener" class="mw-redirect" title="Thickener">thickeners</a> and gelling agents, foam stabilizers, <a href="/wiki/Humectant" title="Humectant">humectants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticaking_agent" title="Anticaking agent">anticaking agents</a>, and coating agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Representative stabilizers</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite is a widely used stabilizer in polymers."><img alt="Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite is a widely used stabilizer in polymers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png/180px-BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png/270px-BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png/360px-BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite" title="Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite">Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite</a> is a widely used stabilizer in polymers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HALSgeneric.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Partial structure of typical hindered amine light stabilizers, widely used to protect automotive paints from degradation by UV-light."><img alt="Partial structure of typical hindered amine light stabilizers, widely used to protect automotive paints from degradation by UV-light." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HALSgeneric.png/128px-HALSgeneric.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HALSgeneric.png/192px-HALSgeneric.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HALSgeneric.png/256px-HALSgeneric.png 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Partial structure of typical <a href="/wiki/Hindered_amine_light_stabilizers" title="Hindered amine light stabilizers">hindered amine light stabilizers</a>, widely used to protect automotive paints from degradation by UV-light.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salpn.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Salpn is a typical metal deactivator used as a fuel additive to suppress oxidation processes that lead to gums and solids. Metal deactivators like salpn form stable complexes with the metals, suppressing their catalytic activity.[6]"><img alt="Salpn is a typical metal deactivator used as a fuel additive to suppress oxidation processes that lead to gums and solids. Metal deactivators like salpn form stable complexes with the metals, suppressing their catalytic activity.[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Salpn.png/180px-Salpn.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Salpn.png/270px-Salpn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Salpn.png/360px-Salpn.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salpn is a typical <a href="/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">metal deactivator</a> used as a fuel additive to suppress oxidation processes that lead to gums and solids. Metal deactivators like salpn form stable complexes with the metals, suppressing their catalytic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizer_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitor" title="Corrosion inhibitor">Corrosion inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizers_for_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilizers for polymers">Stabilizers for polymers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizer_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRainer_WolfBansi_Lal_Kaul2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rainer Wolf; Bansi Lal Kaul (2000). "Plastics, Additives". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a20_459">10.1002/14356007.a20_459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plastics%2C+Additives&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+Of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a20_459&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.au=Rainer+Wolf&rft.au=Bansi+Lal+Kaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabilizer+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeresana" class="citation web cs1">Ceresana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceresana.com/en/produkt/stabilizers-market-report-world">"Market Study: Stabilizers"</a>. <i>Ceresana - market research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ceresana+-+market+research&rft.atitle=Market+Study%3A+Stabilizers&rft.au=Ceresana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceresana.com%2Fen%2Fprodukt%2Fstabilizers-market-report-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabilizer+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweifelMaierSchiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Zweifel, Hans; Maier, Ralph D.; Schiller, Michael (2009). <i>Plastics additives handbook</i> (6th ed.). Munich: Hanser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2"><bdi>978-3-446-40801-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastics+additives+handbook&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Hanser&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-446-40801-2&rft.aulast=Zweifel&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Maier%2C+Ralph+D.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabilizer+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSharma2008" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Baljit; Sharma, Nisha (March 2008). "Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation". <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>. <b>93</b> (3): 561–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Mechanistic+implications+of+plastic+degradation&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=561-584&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Baljit&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Nisha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabilizer+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erich Lück, Gert-Wolfhard von Rymon Lipinski "Foods, 3. Food Additives" in <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a11_561">10.1002/14356007.a11_561</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabelstein,_W.Reglitzky_A.Schutze_A.Reders,_K." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dabelstein, W.; Reglitzky A.; Schutze A.; Reders, K. "Automotive Fuels". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automotive+Fuels&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Dabelstein%2C+W.&rft.au=Reglitzky+A.&rft.au=Schutze+A.&rft.au=Reders%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStabilizer+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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