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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_plastics_from_masterbatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_plastics_from_masterbatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Manufacturing plastics from masterbatches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_plastics_from_masterbatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_masterbatches_in_plastic_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_masterbatches_in_plastic_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Using masterbatches in plastic manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_masterbatches_in_plastic_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_of_masterbatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_of_masterbatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications of masterbatches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_of_masterbatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> 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title="Masterbatch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Masterbatch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrado_de_color" title="Concentrado de color – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concentrado de color" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="افزودنی‌های پلیمری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افزودنی‌های پلیمری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterbatch" title="Masterbatch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Masterbatch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Суперконцентраты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суперконцентраты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterbatch" title="Masterbatch – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Masterbatch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Additive used to color or impart other properties from plastic</div> <p>A <b>masterbatch</b> is a concentrated mixture of pigments and / or additives blended and extruded together in a carrier matrix, such as <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, that is used to add these mixed additives to a final <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> product. The additives may be used for colouring (a "colour masterbatch") or for imparting other properties (an "additive masterbatch"). The typical alternative to using a masterbatch is to compound the plastic from raw undiluted additives. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_plastics_from_masterbatches">Manufacturing plastics from masterbatches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masterbatch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manufacturing plastics from masterbatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general process for the manufacture of masterbatches involves first identifying and weighing the needed pigments and/or additives, then mixing the pigments or additives with a carrier resin or polymer. Finally, the concentrated mixture is extruded, cooled and formed into granules, powders, or other masterbatch vehicles and the final product is bagged.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carrier material of the masterbatch can be based on <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> (a universal carrier) or a specific polymer that is identical to or compatible with the natural polymer used (a polymer-specific carrier). Polymers such as <a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">EVA</a> or <a href="/wiki/LDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="LDPE">LDPE</a> can be used as carriers for <a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">polyolefins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> can be used for <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">SAN</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonates</a>. When a carrier other than the base plastic is used, this carrier material may modify the resulting plastic's properties. The usual ratio of masterbatch to base polymer is 1–5%. Several masterbatches (colors and various additives) can be used together.<sup id="cite_ref-kutz1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kutz1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Processing machines are usually fed with premixed granules of the host polymer and the masterbatch, where the final mixing takes place in the screw and extrusion parts of the processor. Granule processing is sometimes prone to causing adverse effects, such as the separation of the masterbatch and the base material in the hopper. As an alternative, the masterbatch can be added directly to the machine's screw as a free-flowing solid or, if the masterbatch is liquid, by a <a href="/wiki/Peristaltic_pump" title="Peristaltic pump">peristaltic pump</a>. Such use of liquid masterbatches allows highly accurate dosing and quick color changes between machine runs.<sup id="cite_ref-google_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masterbatches are highly concentrated compared to the target composition, with high "let-down ratios"; for example, often 25 kgs of a masterbatch can be used to compound one ton of base polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dilutive nature of masterbatches, compared to raw additives, allows for higher accuracy in dosing small amounts of expensive additives. The use of granular solid masterbatches reduces problems with dust typically inherent to the use of finer-grained solid additives. Solid masterbatches have longer shelf lives than solutions in solvents, which evaporate over time. The masterbatch usually contains 40–65% of the additive, but the range can be as wide as 15–80% in extreme cases.<sup id="cite_ref-kutz1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kutz1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Using_masterbatches_in_plastic_manufacturing">Using masterbatches in plastic manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masterbatch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Using masterbatches in plastic manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The additives in a masterbatch are chosen to impart desired physical property changes to a final plastic product. They can increase volumetric output due to thermal conductivity and volumetric expansion at a given temperature as well as potentially increasing the toughness, flexural stiffness, adhesion, and printability of a final product.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additives in a masterbatch can modify the permanent electrical conductivity of a plastic product, which can prevent problems caused by static electrical charges,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the specific heat capacity, which can help reduce material costs by reducing energy used to run the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the needs of the output product, manufacturers mix primary plastic with additives in a certain amount. These raw materials are mixed through the process of casting, compression and pressing to create the masterbatch, which can be used directly as an input material or in combination with other materials to make plastic products through different forming methods.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_of_masterbatches">Applications of masterbatches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masterbatch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications of masterbatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additive masterbatches modify various properties of the base plastic:<sup id="cite_ref-masterbatches_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masterbatches-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">Ultraviolet light</a> resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame Retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fouling" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fouling">Anti-fouling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-static" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-static">Anti-static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">Lubrication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-slip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-slip (page does not exist)">Anti-slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitor" title="Corrosion inhibitor">Corrosion Inhibitors</a> for metals packaged in plastic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-microbial">Anti-microbials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-oxidant">Anti-oxidants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a> aids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">Phosphorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Anti-Counterfeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Product security">Product Security</a></li></ul> <p>Masterbatches are used in the following areas: </p> <ul><li><b>Plastics and Packaging Industry</b>: Masterbatch is extensively used in the plastics and packaging sector for colouring and enhancing the properties of plastic materials used in packaging products.</li> <li><b>Automotive Industry</b>: Masterbatch is applied in the automotive sector for colouring and improving the properties of plastic components used in vehicle interiors, exteriors, and various parts.</li> <li><b>Textile Industry</b>: In the textile industry, masterbatch is used for colouring and modifying the properties of synthetic fibres and fabrics, such as polyester and nylon.</li> <li><b>Agricultural Film Production</b>: Masterbatch is employed in the production of agricultural films, contributing to properties like UV resistance and durability.</li> <li><b>Construction and Building Materials</b>: Masterbatch is used in the construction industry to enhance the properties of plastic materials used in pipes, cables, and other building components.</li> <li><b>Medical Devices:</b> In the medical industry, masterbatch is used in the manufacturing of plastic components for medical devices, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.</li> <li><b>Electronics</b>: Masterbatch is applied in the electronics industry for colouring and improving the properties of plastic parts used in electronic devices and components.</li> <li><b>Furniture Manufacturing:</b> Masterbatch is used in the production of plastic components for furniture, providing colour options and enhancing material properties.</li> <li><b>Food Packaging:</b> Masterbatch is employed in the <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a> industry to colour and modify the properties of plastic materials used in packaging for food products.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masterbatch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americhem.com/pages/masterbatch-technology#:~:text=In%20general,%20the%20production%20of,the%20concentrated%20mixture%20into%20granules,">"Masterbatch | Discover The Color Masterbatch Manufacturing Process & Technologies Online - Americhem"</a>. <i>www.americhem.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americhem.com&rft.atitle=Masterbatch+%7C+Discover+The+Color+Masterbatch+Manufacturing+Process+%26+Technologies+Online+-+Americhem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americhem.com%2Fpages%2Fmasterbatch-technology%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520general%2C%2520the%2520production%2520of%2Cthe%2520concentrated%2520mixture%2520into%2520granules%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kutz1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kutz1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kutz1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutz,_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Kutz, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urctkFROYbkC&pg=PA439"><i>Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook: Processing and Materials</i></a>. William Andrew. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437735147" title="Special:BookSources/9781437735147"><bdi>9781437735147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Plastics+Engineering+Handbook%3A+Processing+and+Materials&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=William+Andrew&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781437735147&rft.au=Kutz%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DurctkFROYbkC%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan,_A.2012" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcvoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238"><i>Polymer Technology Dictionary</i></a>. Springer Netherlands. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401112925" title="Special:BookSources/9789401112925"><bdi>9789401112925</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polymer+Technology+Dictionary&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789401112925&rft.au=Whelan%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcvoCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_I.Rapra_Technology_Limited1999" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, I.; Rapra Technology Limited (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnZL36Nw1ToC&pg=PA59"><i>Metallic Pigments in Polymers</i></a>. RAPRA Technology. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859571668" title="Special:BookSources/9781859571668"><bdi>9781859571668</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metallic+Pigments+in+Polymers&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=RAPRA+Technology&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781859571668&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+I.&rft.au=Rapra+Technology+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnZL36Nw1ToC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colourhousemasterbatch.co.uk/news/addition-rates-a-jargon-free-explanation">"Addition rates explained"</a>. <i>Colourhouse Masterbatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colourhouse+Masterbatch&rft.atitle=Addition+rates+explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolourhousemasterbatch.co.uk%2Fnews%2Faddition-rates-a-jargon-free-explanation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Plastic" class="citation web cs1">European Plastic, Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europlas.com.vn/filler-masterbatch/">"The ways filler masterbatch benefits to plastic manufacturers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ways+filler+masterbatch+benefits+to+plastic+manufacturers&rft.aulast=European+Plastic&rft.aufirst=Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuroplas.com.vn%2Ffiller-masterbatch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbey_Masterbatch" class="citation web cs1">Abbey Masterbatch, Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abbeymb.com/company-profile/">"CONDUCTIVE COMPOUNDS AND MASTERBATCH – EC RANGE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONDUCTIVE+COMPOUNDS+AND+MASTERBATCH+%E2%80%93+EC+RANGE&rft.aulast=Abbey+Masterbatch&rft.aufirst=Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbeymb.com%2Fcompany-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colourhousemasterbatch.co.uk/news/masterbatch-and-compound-solutions-for-your-project-a-guide-from-colourhouse-masterbatch-ltd">"Developing the Perfect Masterbatch Solution for Your Project: A…"</a>. <i>Colourhouse Masterbatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colourhouse+Masterbatch&rft.atitle=Developing+the+Perfect+Masterbatch+Solution+for+Your+Project%3A+A%E2%80%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolourhousemasterbatch.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmasterbatch-and-compound-solutions-for-your-project-a-guide-from-colourhouse-masterbatch-ltd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petrohanik.com/products-cats/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DA%86-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C/">"مستربچ های افزودنی Archives"</a>. <i>پتروهانیک</i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DA%86+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetrohanik.com%2Fproducts-cats%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DA%2586-%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasterbatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masterbatches-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-masterbatches_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328123649/http://www.clariant.masterbatches.com/mb/internet.nsf/023cfbb98594ad5bc12564e400555162/c1256d2e004fdc25c1256fea00455da1!OpenDocument">"CESA Additive masterbatches" at the Clariant web site"</a>. clariant.masterbatches.com. 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