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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Old English on Wikipedia.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Old English in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Old_English" title="Help talk:IPA/Old English">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:IPA-ANG"></span><span id="H:IPAOE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-ANG&redirect=no">H:IPA-ANG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAOE&redirect=no">H:IPAOE</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Old English</div> <p>The tables below show how the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) represents <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">Template:IPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. </p><p>Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, was an early form of English in medieval England. It is different from <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, the language of Shakespeare and the King James Bible, and from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the language of Geoffrey Chaucer. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old English phonology</a> for more detail on the sounds of Old English. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Key" data-mw-thread-id="h-Key"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Key"></span>Key<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Key"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Old_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Modern English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>b</b>ysig, lam<b>b</b>, ha<b>bb</b>an </td> <td><b>b</b>usy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span></big> </td> <td>ni<b>h</b>t, tǣ<b>h</b>te<sup id="cite_ref-aitch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aitch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>h</b>ue </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>d</b>ōn, fæ<b>d</b>er, lan<b>d</b>, bi<b>dd</b>an </td> <td><b>d</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></big> </td> <td>sen<b>g</b>an, e<b>cg</b><sup id="cite_ref-palatalization_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>j</b>am </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span></big> </td> <td>ō<b>þ</b>er, eor<b>þ</b>e<sup id="cite_ref-voicing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>o<b>th</b>er </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>f</b>æder, ƿī<b>f</b>, o<b>ff</b>rian<sup id="cite_ref-voicing_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>f</b>ather </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>g</b>ōd, <b>g</b>nætt, geon<b>g</b><sup id="cite_ref-palatalization_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>g</b>ood </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>h</b>ēah, <b>h</b>ǣlþ<sup id="cite_ref-aitch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aitch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>h</b>eaven </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>g</b>eong, næ<b>g</b>l, ƿe<b>g</b>, <b>g</b>ēa, bysi<b>g</b><sup id="cite_ref-palatalization_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>y</b>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>c</b>yning, <b>c</b>nǣƿ, tus<b>c</b>, hne<b>cc</b>a, a<b>x</b>ian<sup id="cite_ref-palatalization_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>k</b>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>l</b>ufu, hǣ<b>l</b>þ, næg<b>l</b> </td> <td><b>l</b>eaf </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></big> </td> <td>fea<b>ll</b>an, ea<b>l</b>d, <b>ƿl</b>ite<sup id="cite_ref-velarized_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velarized-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>pea<b>l</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>hl</b>āf, <b>hl</b>ehhan<sup id="cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>whispered</i> <b>l</b>eaf </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>m</b>ōdor, <b>m</b>agan, la<b>m</b>b </td> <td><b>m</b>other </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>n</b>ēah, c<b>n</b>ēo, g<b>n</b>ætt, la<b>n</b>d, habba<b>n</b>, su<b>nn</b>e </td> <td><b>n</b>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>hn</b>utu, <b>hn</b>ecca<sup id="cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>whispered</i> <b>n</b>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td>geo<b>n</b>g, dri<b>n</b>can </td> <td>you<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>p</b>æþ </td> <td><b>p</b>ath </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>r</b>ǣdan, mōdo<b>r</b><sup id="cite_ref-rhotic_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhotic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>r</b>ead </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">rˠ</a></span></big> </td> <td>eo<b>r</b>þe, steo<b>rr</b>a, <b>ƿr</b>ang<sup id="cite_ref-velarized_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velarized-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rhotic_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhotic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ru</b>ff </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>hr</b>ing<sup id="cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rhotic_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhotic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>whispered</i> <b>r</b>ead </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>s</b>unne, mi<b>ss</b>an, a<b>x</b>ian<sup id="cite_ref-voicing_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>s</b>un </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>sc</b>eadu, fi<b>sc</b><sup id="cite_ref-palatalization_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>sh</b>adow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>t</b>īd, hƿæ<b>t</b>, se<b>tt</b>an </td> <td>s<b>t</b>and </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>c</b>ēace, ƿi<b>cc</b>e<sup id="cite_ref-palatalization_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ch</b>eese </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></big> </td> <td>o<b>f</b>er, lu<b>f</b>u<sup id="cite_ref-voicing_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>o<b>v</b>er </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ma<b>g</b>an, la<b>g</b>u, da<b>g</b>um </td> <td><i>Spanish</i> fue<b>g</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-wynn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ƿ</b>īf, c<b>ƿ</b>ic, cnǣ<b>ƿ</b> </td> <td><b>w</b>ife </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>hƿ</b>ā, <b>hƿ</b>æt<sup id="cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>wh</b>at (<i><a href="/wiki/Wine-whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-whine merger">some speakers</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></big> </td> <td>hēa<b>h</b>, þur<b>h</b>, hle<b>hh</b>an<sup id="cite_ref-aitch_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aitch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>lo<b>ch</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></big> </td> <td>by<b>s</b>iġ<sup id="cite_ref-voicing_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>bu<b>s</b>y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>þ</b>æt, pæ<b>þ</b>, hǣl<b>þ</b>, si<b>þþ</b>an<sup id="cite_ref-voicing_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>th</b>rough </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Modern English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>a</b>xi<b>a</b>n, sce<b>a</b>du, hnecc<b>a</b><sup id="cite_ref-false_diphthongs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-false_diphthongs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c<b>o</b>t (<i><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>ā</b>n, hl<b>ā</b>f, hƿ<b>ā</b> </td> <td>f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>æ</b>fter, f<b>æ</b>der </td> <td>c<b>a</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>ǣ</b>nig, h<b>ǣ</b>lþ </td> <td>d<b>a</b>d </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>e</b>cg, fæd<b>e</b>r </td> <td><i>Spanish</i> t<b>e</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>ē</b>þel </td> <td><i>similar to</i> m<b>a</b>de </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>i</b>lca, cƿ<b>i</b>c, hāl<b>i</b>g </td> <td>f<b>ee</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>ī</b>sig, t<b>ī</b>d </td> <td>n<b>ee</b>d </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>o</b>fer, sc<b>eo</b>lde, heof<b>o</b>n<sup id="cite_ref-false_diphthongs_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-false_diphthongs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>th<b>o</b>rn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>ō</b>þer, m<b>ō</b>dor </td> <td>d<b>oo</b>r </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>eo</b>rþe<sup id="cite_ref-œ_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-œ-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>t<b>u</b>rn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span></big> </td> <td>gem<b>œ̄</b>tan<sup id="cite_ref-œ_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-œ-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>bl<b>u</b>r </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>u</b>nder, g<b>eo</b>ng, l<b>u</b>f<b>u</b><sup id="cite_ref-false_diphthongs_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-false_diphthongs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>p<b>u</b>ll </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>ū</b>t </td> <td>p<b>oo</b>l </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></big> </td> <td>sc<b>y</b>ld, <b>y</b>fel </td> <td>y<b>ou</b>th (some dialects<sup id="cite_ref-y_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <i>French</i> t<b>u</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span></big> </td> <td>f<b>ȳ</b>r </td> <td>y<b>ou</b> (some dialects<sup id="cite_ref-y_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <i>German</i> D<b>ü</b>rer </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æɑ</span></big> </td> <td><b>ea</b>ld </td> <td>m<b>ou</b>th (<i><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æːɑ</span></big> </td> <td><b>ēa</b>ge, n<b>ēa</b>h </td> <td>n<b>ow</b> (<i>Cockney</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eo</span></big> </td> <td><b>eo</b>rþe, h<b>eo</b>fon </td> <td>b<b>e</b>d + r<b>o</b>d </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eːo</span></big> </td> <td><b>ēo</b>ƿu, d<b>ēo</b>r </td> <td>sn<b>ail</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">MLE</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iy</span></big> </td> <td>s<b>ie</b>x<sup id="cite_ref-close_diphthong_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close_diphthong-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>f<b>ee</b>t + <i>French</i> t<b>u</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːy</span></big> </td> <td>n<b>īe</b>hst<sup id="cite_ref-close_diphthong_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close_diphthong-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>n<b>ee</b>d + <i>French</i> t<b>u</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Suprasegmentals" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">Suprasegmentals</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>eor</b>þe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈeorˠðe]</span> </td> <td>stress mark (placed right before the stressed syllable) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Old_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old English had <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> (double) consonants, which were pronounced longer than single consonants. Double consonants were written with double consonant letters. The double consonants in <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">habban</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">missan</i></span> can be transcribed in IPA with the length symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ː</span>⟩ or by doubling the consonant symbol: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhɑbːɑn]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmisːɑn]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhɑbbɑn]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmissɑn]</span>. The doubled <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a> in <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ƿicce</i></span> should be transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈwittʃe]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈwitːʃe]</span>, with the stop portion of the affricate doubled.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aitch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aitch_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aitch_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aitch_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> had three allophones that diverged in the later language: it was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> word-initially, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>]</span> when it was single and after a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> otherwise.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palatalization-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palatalization_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalization_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalization_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalization_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalization_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalization_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">⟨ċ ċġ sċ⟩</span>, with a <a href="/wiki/Dot_above" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot above">dot above</a>, represent <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> in modern renditions but not in the original manuscripts. <span class="nowrap">⟨ġ⟩</span> usually represents the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> but represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> after <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> developed from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>sk/</span> by <a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology#Palatalization" title="Old English phonology">palatalization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a>, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span> developed partly from Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*j</span></span> and partly from the palatalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>. Here and in some modern texts, the palatal and postalveolar consonants are marked with a dot above the letter, but in old manuscripts they were written as <span class="nowrap">⟨c g sc⟩</span> and so were not distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velars</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ]</span> and the cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sk]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voicing-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">⟨s f ð/þ⟩</span> represented voiceless <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s<span class="wrap"> </span>f<span class="wrap"> </span>θ]</span> at the beginning and the end of a word or when doubled in the middle but represented voiced fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z<span class="wrap"> </span>v<span class="wrap"> </span>ð]</span> when single, between voiced sounds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represented the cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, as Modern English still does.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-velarized-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-velarized_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-velarized_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> probably had <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarised</a> allophones <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rˠ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> before a consonant (except at the boundary in a compound word) and in some words in which they were geminated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voiceless_sonorant-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voiceless_sonorant_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r<span class="wrap"> </span>l<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span> had voiceless versions <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̥<span class="wrap"> </span>r̥<span class="wrap"> </span>n̥<span class="wrap"> </span>ʍ]</span>, which developed from the earlier consonant clusters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xl<span class="wrap"> </span>xr<span class="wrap"> </span>xn<span class="wrap"> </span>xw/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhotic-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhotic_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhotic_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhotic_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The exact nature of the rhotic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is unknown. It may have been a trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>, a tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> or, as in most dialects of Modern English, an approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wynn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wynn_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> did not exist in the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>, when Old English was spoken. Scribes used the borrowed Runic letter <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old English had a distinction between long and short vowels in stressed syllables. Long monophthongs are marked by placing the length symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ː</span>⟩ after the vowel symbol, and long diphthongs are marked by placing the length symbol after the first vowel symbol. In unstressed syllables, only three vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> were distinguished, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> were pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i,<span class="wrap"> </span>o]</span> in certain words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-false_diphthongs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-false_diphthongs_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-false_diphthongs_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-false_diphthongs_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes after the palatalized consonants <span class="nowrap">⟨ċ ġ sċ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨eo⟩</span> represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ea⟩</span> represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-œ-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-œ_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-œ_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">⟨eo o ue⟩</span> was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø<span class="wrap"> </span>øː/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Anglian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglian dialects">Anglian dialects</a> but merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>eː/</span> in all others. In addition, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> was sometimes pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u w we⟩</span> was sometimes pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These dialects include <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and most forms of <a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">English English</a> (with some exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire English">Yorkshire English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a>. Other dialects of English, such as <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> and most other forms of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Republic of Ireland English</a>, have no close equiavalent vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-close_diphthong-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-close_diphthong_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close_diphthong_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The diphthongs <span class="nowrap">⟨ie īe⟩</span> occurred in <a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a> and may have been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ie<span class="wrap"> </span>iːe/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iy<span class="wrap"> </span>iːy/</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliography" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliography"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliography"></span>Bibliography<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliography"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Old_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFulk2012" class="citation web cs1">Fulk, R. D. (April 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ie/books?id=Wde9KnhS6UkC&pg=PA39&dq=%22%C3%B8%CB%90/%22+occurred+in+Anglian+dialects&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSkaHY7bz8AhWBglwKHclADvQQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=%22%C3%B8%CB%90/%22+occurred+in+Anglian+dialects&f=false">"An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar and Texts"</a>. Broadview Press – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Middle+English%3A+Grammar+and+Texts&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Fulk&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ie%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWde9KnhS6UkC%26pg%3DPA39%26dq%3D%2522%25C3%25B8%25CB%2590%2F%2522%2Boccurred%2Bin%2BAnglian%2Bdialects%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiSkaHY7bz8AhWBglwKHclADvQQ6AF6BAgDEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522%25C3%25B8%25CB%2590%2F%2522%2Boccurred%2Bin%2BAnglian%2Bdialects%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FOld+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Old_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Old_English_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Old English IPA">Category:Pages with Old English IPA</a> (100)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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