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title="Pictish">Pictish</a> territories. Provinces were led by a <i><a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaer</a></i>, the leader of the most powerful provincial kin-group, and had military, fiscal and judicial functions. Their high degree of local autonomy made them important regional powerbases for competing claimants to the throne of Alba. </p><p>Provinces declined in importance during the late 12th and early 13th centuries as expanding royal power saw <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal landholding</a> rather than local kinship established as the dominant basis of secular authority. The power of <i>mormaers</i> became increasingly focused on their earldom, the territory that they controlled directly, rather than their leadership of the broader provincial community, and large <a href="/wiki/Provincial_lordships" title="Provincial lordships">provincial lordships</a> were established that often rivalled earldoms in size and were granted to loyal supporters of the king. Local justice and administration became increasingly dominated by <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">sheriffdoms</a>, which were more directly under royal control. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_(8643653080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_%288643653080%29.jpg/500px-A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_%288643653080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_%288643653080%29.jpg/750px-A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_%288643653080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_%288643653080%29.jpg/1000px-A_new_map_of_Scotland_with_the_roads_%288643653080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5187" data-file-height="4291" /></a><figcaption>Map of Scottish provinces in 1689.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the early 13th century "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Scotland</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Scotia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish language">Old Irish</a>: <i lang="sga">Alba</i>) was considered to extend only between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">River Spey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20077_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this area the provinces directly subject to the kings of Alba by the 12th century were <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strathearn" title="Strathearn">Strathearn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gowrie" title="Gowrie">Gowrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mearns" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mearns">the Mearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_(Scottish_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar (Scottish province)">Mar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buchan" title="Buchan">Buchan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201637_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201637-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the north of the Spey were territories also referred to as provinces, but whose status was more uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007166_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007166-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Moray" title="Province of Moray">Moray</a> may at times during the 11th century have operated as a separate kingdom or as a base for competing claimants for the throne of Alba, and control by the kings of Alba remained variable until 1230.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20078–9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20078–9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ross,_Scotland" title="Ross, Scotland">Ross</a> occupied an ambiguous and shifting status between the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a>-speakers to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Norse</a> inhabitants to the north until it was established as an <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ross" title="Earl of Ross">earldom</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm III">Malcolm III</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201299–104_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201299–104-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining an area of fluctuating royal control until 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2012106–107_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2012106–107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> remained under the control of the Norse <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Orkney">earls of Orkney</a>, who were subject to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">king of Norway</a>, until 1231.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20079_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20079-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south of the Forth, in formerly <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">British</a> areas controlled by the kings of Alba but still administered as separate territories, the Earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dunbar" title="Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lennox" title="The Lennox">The Lennox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrick,_Scotland" title="Carrick, Scotland">Carrick</a> were also sometimes referred to as provinces, but were much later creations of the late 12th century and were always explicitly <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> landholdings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201636–37_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201636–37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_function">Origins and function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of provinces begin to appear in contemporary records of events in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a> from about 900; before this date sources instead refer to earlier Pictish territories such as <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circin" title="Circin">Circin</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9_(Pictish_territory)" title="Cé (Pictish territory)">Cé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201932_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201932-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of continuity between provinces and these earlier territories is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201931_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some names of earlier units such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a> survived as the names of later provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201931_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is possible that some of the other provinces had existed before 900 as subdivisions of wider territories, but increased in prominence as the importance of these wider territories declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201932_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201932-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 10th century the <i><a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">Mormaer</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Comes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">Earl</i>) was established as the leading figure in each province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007342_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007342-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transition is most clearly seen in the case of <a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a>, which is recorded having a king in 739, but a <i>mormaer</i> in 965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200065_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200065-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>mormaer</i> of a province raised and led the army of the province in battle, oversaw the exercise of justice within the province, and was supported by tribute raised from defined areas within the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201639_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201639-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <i>mormaer</i> was the ultimate head of a provincial community their power was only exercised in conjunction with other local potentates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201640_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201640-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provincial assemblies would include a wide range of men from a province with the <i>mormaer</i> as only one of a number of influential local figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201640–41_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201640–41-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of <i>mormaer</i> does not appear to have been hereditary before the late 12th century, instead being held by the most powerful head of kin within a province and sometimes alternating between different kin-groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201643,_45_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201643,_45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provinces could also function without <i>mormaers</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun201554_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun201554-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">King Edgar</a> took the <i>mormaership</i> of Mearns directly into his own hands in 1097,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun201529_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun201529-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>mormaership</i> of <a href="/wiki/Gowrie" title="Gowrie">Gowrie</a> was in the hands of the crown by the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a>, though as late as the reign of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a> charters were still distinguishing between manors within Gowrie held by the king in his capacity as king and those held by virtue of his control of the <i>mormaerdom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200057–58_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200057–58-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each province had at least one <i><a href="/wiki/Brithem" title="Brithem">Brithem</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Iudex</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">Dempster</i>) a hereditary legal expert charged with upholding the laws,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200054_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200054-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appointed not by the king but locally from within the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20158_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20158-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A province's <i>brithem</i> made and transmitted new law in accordance with local custom; settled cases, particularly land disputes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016121_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> witnessed charters and witnessed and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Beating_the_bounds" title="Beating the bounds">perambulation</a> of boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618–19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618–19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor legal disputes were settled at local <a href="/wiki/Cuthill_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthill court">cuthill courts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200054_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200054-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but major disputes were settled by summoning provincial assemblies that also included the provincial army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200055_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200055-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each province also had a specific location where stolen property and warrantors could be taken for hearings, and at least one <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toiseachdeor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toiseachdeor (page does not exist)">toiseachdeor</a></i>, whose job was to be the custodian of holy objects for the swearing of oaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200055_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200055-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this stage the provinces of Alba retained many "national" characteristics, with their own networks of clientage and kinship, their own assemblies and their own ecclesiastical hierarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007197_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007197-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although kings of Alba maintained extensive royal territory within provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200061–62_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200061–62-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> control of provinces by kings was on the basis of reciprocal relationships and accommodations with local power-groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201682_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201682-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provinces could form the basis for powerful regional hegemonies, often varying in their support for different royal lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007196_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007196-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system of competing royal lineages with different provincial powerbases led to a pattern of violent royal succession, with twelve of the twenty kings ruling between 858 and 1093 being killed in internal violence by their own subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200066_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200066-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn kings defeating <i>mormaer</i>-led provincial rebellions could respond by taking more provincial territory into their own direct control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200067_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200067-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crown held far more land than the <i>mormaer</i> within <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a>, possibly as a result of conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Mormaers_of_Angus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormaers of Angus">Mormaers of Angus</a> and the kings <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Mearns" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mearns">the Mearns</a> was taken entirely into royal hands by <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">King Edgar</a> in response to the killing of his father Duncan II by the <a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Mearns" title="Mormaer of Mearns">Mormaer of Mearns</a> in 1094.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200068_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200068-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/De_Situ_Albanie" title="De Situ Albanie">De Situ Albanie</a></i>, a document written between 1202 and 1214, envisaged Scotland north of the Forth being made up entirely of provinces, mentioning no other contemporary land units, but in reality this structure was already beginning to fragment by this date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200056–57_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200056–57-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1160s onwards aristocratic power and jurisdiction moved away from being seen as having a provincial and social basis, instead coming to be seen within a framework of individual territorial landholdings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016176_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016176-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while centralised royal power over territory increased and came to be exercised through formal institutions of local government known as <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">sheriffdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201612–13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201612–13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12th and early 13th centuries saw major changes to the role of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaer</a></i>, increasingly called an <i>earl</i> as <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Gaelic</a> as the dominant vernacular language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201636_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201636-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 12th century an explicit distinction began to made between the <i>provincia</i> or province, the broad territory and community from which an earl took their name, and the <i>comitatus</i> or earldom, the smaller landholdings within the province that the earl directly controlled and held from the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201646–47_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201646–47-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 13th century the earl's power had become increasingly focused on this territorial earldom rather than on their leadership of the wider province, and the earldom became a position that was directly inherited in the male line, as landholding replaced kinship as the dominant basis for secular power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun201525_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun201525-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal <a href="/wiki/Thanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanages">thanages</a>, landholdings held by a <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thane</a> directly of the king and independently of the provincial community, appear within provinces from the early 13th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201666_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201666-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and royal control within provinces was further strengthened by the <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a> of royal land to a king's supporters, including large <a href="/wiki/Provincial_lordships" title="Provincial lordships">provincial lordships</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Garioch" title="Garioch">Garioch</a> that rivalled earldoms in size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016439_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016439-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1221 earls were forbidden from entering the land of any other lord and had lost control over raising the provincial army, with individual landowners having responsibility for raising the army from their own territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201652_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201652-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provincial <i><a href="/wiki/Brithem" title="Brithem">brithem</a></i>, who had been prominent in legal documents in the 12th century, appears in a much more subordinate position by the end of the 13th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually sinking to the point of virtual insignificance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow196616_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow196616-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A law enacted under <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> required every <i>brithem</i> in a province to attend when the king entered that province<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between the reigns of David I and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a> kings sought to link <i>brithem</i> more closely to their authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 12th century kings increasingly saw themselves rather than <i>brithem</i> as the main source of lawmaking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016131–132_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016131–132-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">Sheriffs</a> are recorded in the former Northumbrian areas south of the Forth from the 1120s, spreading north of the Forth over the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016194_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of the sheriff seems initially to have been limited to the collection of revenue from <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> and other royal lands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016210_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016210-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the 1180s sheriffs had authority over defined geographical areas and were expected to hold regular courts, as well as having the right to attend the courts of all nobles, including earls, within their area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016205–206_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016205–206-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid 13th century a uniform system of sherriffdoms covered the country,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016263_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016263-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supervised by a <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_Scotia" title="Justiciar of Scotia">Justiciar of Scotia</a>, unlike the <i>brithem</i> explicitly an agent of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016232_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016232-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1260s the sheriffdom was the cornerstone of Scottish government, collecting the revenue that funded central royal government and extending the reach of royal power into aristocratic jurisdictions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016398_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016398-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries the role of the earl became increasingly honorific, with many having even fewer direct associations with the provinces after which they were named.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201634_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201634-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provinces did not become obsolete, however, retaining at least a symbolic unity and continuing to be referred to by writers over following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201652_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201652-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20077-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20077_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2007">Broun 2007</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201637-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201637_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007166-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007166_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20078–9-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20078–9_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2007">Broun 2007</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201299–104-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201299–104_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2012">Grant 2012</a>, pp. 99–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2012106–107-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2012106–107_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2012">Grant 2012</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20079-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20079_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2007">Broun 2007</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201636–37-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201636–37_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201932-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201932_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201932_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2019">Evans 2019</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201931-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201931_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201931_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2019">Evans 2019</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007342-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007342_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200065-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200065_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201639-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201639_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201640-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201640_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201640–41-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201640–41_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201643,_45-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201643,_45_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 43, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun201554-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun201554_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2015">Broun 2015</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun201529-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun201529_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2015">Broun 2015</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200057–58-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200057–58_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200054-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200054_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200054_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun20158-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun20158_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2015">Broun 2015</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016121-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016121_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618–19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618–19_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1966">Barrow 1966</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200055-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200055_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200055_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007197-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007197_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200061–62-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200061–62_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201682-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201682_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007196-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007196_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200066-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200066_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200067-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200067_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200068-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200068_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200056–57-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200056–57_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2000">Grant 2000</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016176-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016176_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201612–13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201612–13_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201636-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201636_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201646–47-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201646–47_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroun201525-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroun201525_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroun2015">Broun 2015</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201666-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201666_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016439-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016439_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201652-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201652_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201652_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow196618_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1966">Barrow 1966</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow196616-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow196616_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1966">Barrow 1966</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016130_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016131–132-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016131–132_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016194-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016194_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016210-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016210_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016205–206-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016205–206_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016263-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016263_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016232-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016232_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016398-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016398_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201634-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201634_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1966" class="citation journal cs1">Barrow, G. W. S. (1966). "The Scottish "Judex" in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries". <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>. <b>45</b> (139): 16–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+%22Judex%22+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=16-26&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun2007" class="citation book cs1">Broun, Dauvit (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC"><i>Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain From the Picts to Alexander III</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748623617" title="Special:BookSources/9780748623617"><bdi>9780748623617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Independence+and+the+Idea+of+Britain+From+the+Picts+to+Alexander+III&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780748623617&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaliXwNMpFsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun2015" class="citation journal cs1">Broun, Dauvit (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/104357/">"Statehood and lordship in 'Scotland' before the midtwelfth century"</a>. <i>Innes Review</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 1–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Finr.2015.0084">10.3366/inr.2015.0084</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innes+Review&rft.atitle=Statehood+and+lordship+in+%27Scotland%27+before+the+midtwelfth+century&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-71&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Finr.2015.0084&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F104357%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). <i>The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780275512" title="Special:BookSources/9781780275512"><bdi>9781780275512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+historical+introduction+to+the+northern+Picts&rft.btitle=The+King+in+the+North%3A+The+Pictish+realms+of+Fortriu+and+Ce.+Collected+essays+written+as+part+of+the+University+of+Aberdeen%27s+Northern+Picts+project&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=10-38&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781780275512&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2000" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Alexander (2000). "The construction of the early Scottish state". In Maddicot, J. R.; Palliser, D. M. (eds.). <i>The Medieval State: essays presented to James Campbell</i>. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 47–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780275512" title="Special:BookSources/9781780275512"><bdi>9781780275512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+construction+of+the+early+Scottish+state&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+State%3A+essays+presented+to+James+Campbell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47-72&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781780275512&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2012" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Alexander (2012). "The Province of Ross and the Kingdom of Alba". In Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, R. Andrew (eds.). <i>Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 88–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906566579" title="Special:BookSources/9781906566579"><bdi>9781906566579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Province+of+Ross+and+the+Kingdom+of+Alba&rft.btitle=Celtic+Scotland+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=88-126&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781906566579&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alice (2016). <i>The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198749202" title="Special:BookSources/9780198749202"><bdi>9780198749202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+the+State+in+Medieval+Scotland%2C+1124%E2%80%931290&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780198749202&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Alex (2007). <i>From Pictland to Alba 789–1070</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748612345" title="Special:BookSources/9780748612345"><bdi>9780748612345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pictland+to+Alba+789%E2%80%931070&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780748612345&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_provinces_and_districts_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_provinces" title="Template:Scottish provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_provinces" title="Template talk:Scottish provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_provinces_and_districts_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traditional provinces and districts of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_districts_(former_counties,_provincial_lordships_and_rural_deaneries)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major districts (former counties, <a href="/wiki/Provincial_lordships" title="Provincial lordships">provincial lordships</a> and rural deaneries)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Aird" title="The Aird">The Aird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annandale,_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Annandale, Dumfries and Galloway">Annandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyne,_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyne, Scotland (page does not exist)">Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchan" title="Buchan">Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badenoch" title="Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadalbane,_Scotland" title="Breadalbane, Scotland">Breadalbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrick,_Scotland" title="Carrick, Scotland">Carrick</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanark</a> (or Clydesdale)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowal" title="Cowal">Cowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunninghame" title="Cunninghame">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire" title="Kirkcudbrightshire">Desnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskdale_(Scotland)" title="Eskdale (Scotland)">Eskdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machars" title="Machars">Farines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothriff" title="Fothriff">Fothriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garioch" title="Garioch">Garioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmoran" title="Garmoran">Garmoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glenkens" title="The Glenkens">The Glenkens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowrie" title="Gowrie">Gowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapdale" title="Knapdale">Knapdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle,_Ayrshire" title="Kyle, Ayrshire">Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale" title="Lauderdale">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lennox" title="The Lennox">Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddesdale" title="Liddesdale">Liddesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorne,_Scotland" title="Lorne, Scotland">Lorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marr,_Scotland" title="Marr, Scotland">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincardineshire" title="Kincardineshire">Mearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menteith" title="Menteith">Menteith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwickshire" title="Berwickshire">Merse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Moray" title="Province of Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithsdale" title="Nithsdale">Nithsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhins_of_Galloway" title="Rhins of Galloway">The Rhinns</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ross,_Scotland" title="Ross, Scotland">Ross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Ross" title="Easter Ross">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wester_Ross" title="Wester Ross">Wester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stormont,_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stormont, Scotland (page does not exist)">Stormont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathavon,_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathavon, Scotland (page does not exist)">Strathavon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathbogie,_Scotland" title="Strathbogie, Scotland">Strathbogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathearn" title="Strathearn">Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathgryffe" title="Strathgryffe">Strathgryfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathnaver" title="Strathnaver">Strathnaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathspey,_Scotland" title="Strathspey, Scotland">Strathspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Teviotdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweeddale" title="Tweeddale">Tweeddale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Minor_districts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Minor districts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applecross" title="Applecross">Applecross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appin" title="Appin">Appin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardgour" title="Ardgour">Ardgour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardmeanach" title="Ardmeanach">Ardmeanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardnamurchan" title="Ardnamurchan">Ardnamurchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assynt" title="Assynt">Assynt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avondale,_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avondale, Scotland (page does not exist)">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balquhidder" title="Balquhidder">Balquhidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benderloch" title="Benderloch">Benderloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Isle" title="Black Isle">The Black Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braemar" title="Braemar">Braemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coigach" title="Coigach">Coigach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromar" title="Cromar">Cromar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromdale" title="Cromdale">Cromdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Water" title="Douglas Water">Douglasdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durness" title="Durness">Durness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B9thaich_MhicAoidh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dùthaich MhicAoidh (page does not exist)">Dùthaich MhicAoidh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddrachilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddrachilles (page does not exist)">Eddrachilles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enzie (page does not exist)">Enzie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ettrickdale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ettrickdale (page does not exist)">Ettrickdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewesdale" title="Ewesdale">Ewesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formartine" title="Formartine">Formartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairloch" title="Gairloch">Gairloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Glen" title="Great Glen">Glen Albyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glen_Almond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glen Almond (page does not exist)">Glen Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glen_Cassley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glen Cassley (page does not exist)">Glen Cassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Clova" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Clova">Glen Clova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Dochart" title="Glen Dochart">Glen Dochart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_North_Esk,_Angus#Glen_Esk" title="River North Esk, Angus">Glen Esk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Lethnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Lethnot">Glen Lethnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Lyon" title="Glen Lyon">Glen Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenmoriston" title="Glenmoriston">Glen Moriston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Orchy" title="Glen Orchy">Glen Orchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Prosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Prosen">Glen Prosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spean" title="River Spean">Glen Spean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Urquhart" title="Glen Urquhart">Glen Urquhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_Highland" title="Glenelg, Highland">Glenelg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glengarry,_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glengarry, Scotland (page does not exist)">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Shee" title="Glen Shee">Glenshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruinard_Island" title="Gruinard Island">Gruinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife#Geography" title="Fife">Howe of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howe_of_the_Mearns" class="mw-redirect" title="Howe of the Mearns">Howe of the Mearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintail" title="Kintail">Kintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoydart" title="Knoydart">Knoydart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochalsh" title="Lochalsh">Lochalsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Broom" title="Loch Broom">Loch Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locheil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locheil (page does not exist)">Locheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machars" title="Machars">The Machars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midmar" title="Midmar">Midmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moidart" title="Moidart">Moidart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morar" title="Morar">Morar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvern" title="Morvern">Morvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muir_of_Ord" title="Muir of Ord">Muir of Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rannoch_Moor" title="Rannoch Moor">Rannoch Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinns_of_Kells" title="Rhinns of Kells">Rhinns of Kells</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strath_Gartney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strath Gartney (page does not exist)">Strath Gartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath_of_Kildonan" title="Strath of Kildonan">Strath of Kildonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Oykel" title="River Oykel">Strath Oykel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathtay" title="Strathtay">Strath Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathallan" title="Strathallan">Strathallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ardle" title="River Ardle">Strathardle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathbran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathbran (page does not exist)">Strathbran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathbraan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathbraan (page does not exist)">Strathbraan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathcarron,_Falkirk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathcarron, Falkirk (page does not exist)">Strathcarron (Forth)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathcarron,_Ross_and_Cromarty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathcarron, Ross and Cromarty (page does not exist)">Strathcarron (Oykel)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathconon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathconon (page does not exist)">Strathconon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathdearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathdearn">Strathdearn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strathdeveron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strathdeveron (page does not exist)">Strathdeveron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire#Strathdee" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Strathdee</a> (Deeside)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathdon" title="Strathdon">Strathdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Strathfarrar" title="Glen Strathfarrar">Strathfarrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathglass" title="Strathglass">Strathglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Isla,_Moray" title="River Isla, Moray">Strathisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Strathmore" title="Valley of Strathmore">Strathmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathyre" title="Strathyre">Strathyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunart" title="Sunart">Sunart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trossachs" title="Trossachs">Trossachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Insular_districtsFor_smaller_islands,_usually_districts_in_their_own_right,_see_List_of_Scottish_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Insular districts<br /><small>For smaller islands, usually districts in their own right, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">List of Scottish islands</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cumbraes" title="The Cumbraes">Cumbrae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Oa" title="The Oa">The Oa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinns_of_Islay" title="Rinns of Islay">Rinns of Islay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aros,_Mull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aros, Mull (page does not exist)">Aros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_of_Mull" title="Ross of Mull">Ross of Mull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duirinish,_Skye" title="Duirinish, Skye">Duirinish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minginish" title="Minginish">Minginish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleat" title="Sleat">Sleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotternish" title="Trotternish">Trotternish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waternish" title="Waternish">Waternish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a> (North Harris, South Harris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a> (The Lochs, West Side, Point, Back)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy and Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousay" title="Rousay">Rousay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapinsay" title="Shapinsay">Shapinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ronaldsay" title="South Ronaldsay">South Ronaldsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Shetland" title="Mainland, Shetland">Mainland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Mainland" title="Central Mainland">Central Mainland</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Mainland" title="North Mainland">North Mainland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Mainland" title="South Mainland">South Mainland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Mainland" title="West Mainland">West Mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetlar" title="Fetlar">Fetlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unst" title="Unst">Unst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalsay" title="Whalsay">Whalsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yell,_Shetland" title="Yell, Shetland">Yell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Isles" title="North Isles">North Isles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Border_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Border areas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debatable_Lands" title="Debatable Lands">Debatable Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">East March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">Middle March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">West March</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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