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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>La nascita di GNU e della Free Software Foundation (1983-1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_nascita_di_GNU_e_della_Free_Software_Foundation_(1983-1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU/Linux_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU/Linux_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>GNU/Linux (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU/Linux_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_prime_Free_BSD_(1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_prime_Free_BSD_(1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Le prime Free BSD (1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_prime_Free_BSD_(1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'era_DotCom_(fine_anni_'90)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'era_DotCom_(fine_anni_'90)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>L'era DotCom (fine anni '90)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'era_DotCom_(fine_anni_'90)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leggi_sul_software_libero_nel_mondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leggi_sul_software_libero_nel_mondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leggi sul software libero nel mondo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leggi_sul_software_libero_nel_mondo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Leggi sul software libero nel mondo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leggi_sul_software_libero_nel_mondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Italia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Italia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In Italia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Italia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Storia del software libero</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 18 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تاريخ البرمجيات الحرة والمفتوحة المصدر - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ البرمجيات الحرة والمفتوحة المصدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="মুক্ত সফটওয়্যারের ইতিহাস - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্ত সফটওয়্যারের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_del_programari_lliure_i_de_font_oberta" title="Història del programari lliure i de font oberta - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història del programari lliure i de font oberta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="History of free and open-source software" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_software_libre_y_de_c%C3%B3digo_abierto" title="Historia del software libre y de código abierto - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del software libre y de código abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="تاریخچه نرم‌افزارهای آزاد و متن‌باز - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخچه نرم‌افزارهای آزاد و متن‌باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_logiciel_libre" title="Histoire du logiciel libre - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du logiciel libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="निःशुल्क और मुक्तस्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर का इतिहास - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निःशुल्क और मुक्तस्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_szabad_szoftver_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete" title="A szabad szoftver története - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A szabad szoftver története" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_perangkat_lunak_bebas" title="Sejarah perangkat lunak bebas - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah perangkat lunak bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="オープンソースソフトウェアの歴史 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープンソースソフトウェアの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0-%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="자유-오픈 소스 소프트웨어의 역사 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유-오픈 소스 소프트웨어의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_wolnego_oprogramowania" title="Historia wolnego oprogramowania - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia wolnego oprogramowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="آزاد سافٹ ویئر دی تریخ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزاد سافٹ ویئر دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_software_livre" title="História do software livre - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do software livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История свободного программного обеспечения - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История свободного программного обеспечения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="آزاد سافٹ ویئر کی تاریخ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد سافٹ ویئر کی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="自由软件历史 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由软件历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658582">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .torna-a{font-size:95%}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint torna-a"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1leftarrow_blue.svg/18px-1leftarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1leftarrow_blue.svg/27px-1leftarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1leftarrow_blue.svg/36px-1leftarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Voce principale: <b><a href="/wiki/Software_libero" title="Software libero">Software libero</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Ecco una lista cronologica dei principali avvenimenti nella <b>storia del <a href="/wiki/Software_libero" title="Software libero">software libero</a></b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prima_del_1983">Prima del 1983</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Prima del 1983" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Prima del 1983"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le comunità di <a href="/wiki/Programmatore" title="Programmatore">sviluppatori software</a>, che possono essere paragonate alla comunità <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> dei giorni nostri, esistono da molto tempo prima del movimento per il software libero. Secondo <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, la comunità di condivisione software del <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, il Massachusetts Institute of Technology, esisteva da molto tempo prima che lui ne entrasse a far parte, nel <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>. </p><p>Altri esempi di comunità erano grandi gruppi di utenti, come quelli dell'IBM 701, il cui gruppo utenza era chiamato "SHARE", e quelli del <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), il cui gruppo utenza era invece chiamato "DECUS". </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> era prodotto per la maggior parte da universitari e da ricercatori aziendali che lavoravano in gruppo. I <a href="/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo">sistemi operativi</a>, come le primissime versioni di <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>, erano interamente distribuiti e mantenuti dalla comunità. Il <a href="/wiki/Codice_sorgente" title="Codice sorgente">codice sorgente</a>, la versione "leggibile" del software, era distribuito insieme al software stesso, poiché gli utenti modificavano spesso i programmi per risolvere <a href="/wiki/Bug" title="Bug">bug</a> oppure aggiungere nuove funzioni. In questo periodo, il software era in maggioranza <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>. </p><p>Le prime versioni di UNIX erano distribuite gratuitamente, ma insieme a queste versioni non era distribuito il permesso di ridistribuire o distribuire versioni modificate, rendendole di fatto software non free. </p><p>Nella fine degli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1970" title="Anni 1970">anni settanta</a> e nei primi <a href="/wiki/Anni_1980" title="Anni 1980">anni ottanta</a>, le aziende iniziarono a imporre restrizioni ai loro programmatori attraverso il <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. A volte ciò accadeva in quanto le aziende iniziavano a trarre profitto dal <a href="/wiki/Software_proprietario" title="Software proprietario">software proprietario</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> segnò il cambio di scena, nel <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>, quando scrisse la sua famosa "<a href="/wiki/Lettera_aperta_agli_hobbisti" title="Lettera aperta agli hobbisti">Lettera aperta agli hobbisti</a>", in cui si trovava un messaggio velato secondo il quale, ciò che gli <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hacker</a> chiamano "condivisione", è in realtà "furto". Proprio in questi anni iniziano ad esserci riforme riguardanti i diritti d'autore che aprono alla tutela dei software che si concludono nel 1980 con l'emissione del "Computer Software Copyright Act". Nello stesso anno viene emesso anche l'atto normativo <a href="/wiki/Bayh-Dole_Act" title="Bayh-Dole Act">Bayh-Dole Act</a> che consente alle università di privatizzare i risultati delle ricerche<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcuni tra gli esempi di software libero scritto prima del <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>, ma destinato ad essere usato per molto tempo ancora, sono <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> e <a href="/wiki/SPICE" title="SPICE">SPICE</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_nascita_di_GNU_e_della_Free_Software_Foundation_(1983-1990)"><span id="La_nascita_di_GNU_e_della_Free_Software_Foundation_.281983-1990.29"></span>La nascita di GNU e della Free Software Foundation (1983-1990)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione La nascita di GNU e della Free Software Foundation (1983-1990)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: La nascita di GNU e della Free Software Foundation (1983-1990)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rms_ifi_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rms_ifi_large.jpg/150px-Rms_ifi_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rms_ifi_large.jpg/225px-Rms_ifi_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rms_ifi_large.jpg/300px-Rms_ifi_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Stallman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>, Richard Stallman lanciò il progetto <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, al fine di scrivere un sistema operativo completo libero dalle costrizioni sull'uso del suo codice sorgente. Un'occasione particolare spinse Stallman a iniziare il progetto, ossia un caso in cui una stampante non funzionava e gli utenti non potevano risolvere il problema poiché il codice sorgente non era aperto. La spinta finale alla filosofia GNU e il suo <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(programma)" title="Manifesto (programma)">manifesto</a> fu uno scontro tra Stallman e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic Inc. (la pagina non esiste)">Symbolic Inc.</a> riguardante l'accesso di Stallman ai cambiamenti che la Symbolic aveva apportato a un programma scritto da lui. </p><p>Subito dopo il lancio del progetto GNU, Stallman coniò il termine "software libero" e fondò la <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> per promuoverne il concetto, e una definizione di software libero fu definitivamente pubblicata nel febbraio del <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> fu pubblicata la prima versione della <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. Una versione aggiornata fu pubblicata nel <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>, inoltre, alcuni sviluppatori del progetto GNU fondarono l'azienda <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_Solutions" title="Cygnus Solutions">Cygnus Solutions</a>. </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel">kernel</a> del progetto GNU, in seguito chiamato <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, fu continuamente rimandato, ma molti altri componenti del sistema operativo furono rilasciati nel <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>. Primo fra tutti, lo <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a>, che divenne leader per diffusione nel suo campo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GNU/Linux_(1991)"><span id="GNU.2FLinux_.281991.29"></span>GNU/Linux (1991)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione GNU/Linux (1991)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: GNU/Linux (1991)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Varianti_GNU" title="Varianti GNU">Varianti GNU</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/150px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/225px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Linus_Torvalds.jpeg/300px-Linus_Torvalds.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Linus Torvalds</figcaption></figure> <p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> un kernel, il cui sviluppo era stato iniziato da <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> l'anno precedente, fu rilasciato come software libero. Fino a questo punto, il progetto GNU aveva prodotto o integrato tutto ciò che era necessario per un sistema operativo, eccetto il kernel. </p><p>La combinazione tra il kernel <a href="/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel)">Linux</a> e il sistema <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> diede vita al primo sistema operativo totalmente libero (sia nel codice sorgente che nel costo) completato nel 1993, data dell'inizio del progetto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_prime_Free_BSD_(1993)"><span id="Le_prime_Free_BSD_.281993.29"></span>Le prime Free BSD (1993)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Le prime Free BSD (1993)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Le prime Free BSD (1993)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nel frattempo, sempre nel 1993 furono rilasciate come software libero <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> e <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, entrambe derivate dalla <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>. Nel <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> abbiamo il primo <i><a href="/wiki/Fork_(sviluppo_software)" title="Fork (sviluppo software)">fork</a></i> derivato dalla NetBSD: ossia la <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>; ne esistono anche fork più recenti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'era_DotCom_(fine_anni_'90)"><span id="L.27era_DotCom_.28fine_anni_.2790.29"></span>L'era DotCom (fine anni '90)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione L'era DotCom (fine anni '90)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: L'era DotCom (fine anni '90)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alla fine degli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1990" title="Anni 1990">anni novanta</a>, quando nascevano molte aziende che possedevano un sito <a href="/wiki/Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Web">web</a>, il software libero divenne una scelta popolare per i web <a href="/wiki/Server" title="Server">servers</a>. Il <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">server HTTP Apache</a> divenne il software per web server più utilizzato (il che è vero anche oggi). </p><p>Nel marzo del <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a> rilasciò la maggior parte del codice sorgente della sua popolare applicazione <a href="/w/index.php?title=Netscape_Communicator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netscape Communicator (la pagina non esiste)">Netscape Communicator</a> sotto una licenza scritta da loro stessi, la <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Public_License" title="Netscape Public License">Netscape Public License</a>. Questo pacchetto divenne in seguito <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, e produsse il browser web <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>. La licenza della suite Mozilla fu cambiata in seguito in una tripla licenza, che includeva la GNU GPL. </p><p>Nell'agosto del <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> rese disponibile la suite <a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a> come software sotto la General Public License. Questa suite fu in seguito rinominata <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a>. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, infine, la Sun Microsystems afferma che rilascerà la sua nota piattaforma <a href="/wiki/Java_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Java (linguaggio di programmazione)">Java</a> sotto licenza GPL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leggi_sul_software_libero_nel_mondo">Leggi sul software libero nel mondo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Leggi sul software libero nel mondo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Leggi sul software libero nel mondo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Adozioni_di_software_libero" title="Adozioni di software libero">Adozioni di software libero</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Venezuela">In Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione In Venezuela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: In Venezuela"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, sotto la guida di <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, ha varato una legge sul software libero nel gennaio <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. La direttiva 3.390 impone a tutte le agenzie governative venezuelane di migrare al software libero entro un periodo di due anni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italia">In Italia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione In Italia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: In Italia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Toscana" title="Toscana">Toscana</a></dt> <dd>Il 21 gennaio <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> all'interno della <i>Legge Regionale su Promozione dell'Amministrazione elettronica e della società dell'informazione e della conoscenza nel sistema regionale. Disciplina della "Rete telematica regionale Toscana"</i> è stato introdotto fra i criteri guida l'utilizzazione di standard aperti e l'utilizzo preferenziale di software a sorgente aperto<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></dt> <dd>Secondo la Legge Regionale n. 11 del 25 luglio <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, <i>Norme in materia di pluralismo informatico sulla adozione e la diffusione del software a sorgente aperto e sulla portabilità dei documenti informatici nell'amministrazione regionale</i>, gli uffici pubblici della <a href="/wiki/Regione_Umbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione Umbria">Regione Umbria</a> devono adottare software libero per produrre documenti e servizi, in modo tale da garantirne un accesso senza ostacoli da parte dei cittadini<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></dt> <dd>Il 14 novembre <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> Il consiglio regionale del Veneto ha approvato la legge regionale n. 19 <i>Norme in materia di pluralismo informatico, diffusione del riuso e adozione di formati per documenti digitali aperti e standard nella società dell'informazione del Veneto</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Piemonte" title="Piemonte">Piemonte</a></dt> <dd>Il consiglio regionale del Piemonte ha approvato la legge regionale n. 9 del 26 marzo <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> <i>Norme in materia di pluralismo informatico, sull'adozione e la diffusione del software libero e sulla portabilità dei documenti informatici nella pubblica amministrazione</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">[M. Ciurcina, "Free software"]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626045119/http://www.softwarelibero.it/portale/legislazione/legge_regionale_toscana.shtml"><span style="font-style:italic;">Disciplina della Rete telematica regionale toscana</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">softwarelibero.it</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 maggio 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://softwarelibero.it/portale/legislazione/legge_regionale_toscana.shtml">url originale</abbr> il 26 giugno 2009)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624031650/http://www.softwarelibero.it/portale/legislazione/legge_regionale_umbria"><span style="font-style:italic;">Legge Regione Umbria</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">softwarelibero.it</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 maggio 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://softwarelibero.it/portale/legislazione/legge_regionale_umbria">url originale</abbr> il 24 giugno 2009)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnipa.gov.it/HTML/RN_ICT_cron/2006_07_25_Legge%20Regionale%20Umbria%20n%2011.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Legge Regionale 25 luglio 2006, n. 11</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554517">.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#EE0700}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}</style><span class="chiarimento" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}"></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}">[<i><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Collegamenti_interrotti" title="Aiuto:Collegamenti interrotti">collegamento interrotto</a></i>]</sup>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">cnipa.gov.it</span>, CNIPA. <small>URL consultato l'8 maggio 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100630150800/http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2008/08lr0019.html?numLegge=19&annoLegge=2008&tipoLegge=Alr"><span style="font-style:italic;">Legge regionale 14 novembre 2008, n. 19</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">consiglioveneto.it</span>, Consiglio regionale del Veneto. <small>URL consultato l'8 maggio 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2008/08lr0019.html?numLegge=19&annoLegge=2008&tipoLegge=Alr">url originale</abbr> il 30 giugno 2010)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/ariaint/TESTO?LAYOUT=PRESENTAZIONE&TIPODOC=LEGGI&LEGGE=9&LEGGEANNO=2009"><span style="font-style:italic;">Legge regionale n. 9 del 26 marzo 2009</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">arianna.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it</span>, banca dati leggi regionali del Piemonte. <small>URL consultato l'8 maggio 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Alberto Mari; Salvatore Romagnolo (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Revolution OS</span>, Milano, Apogeo, ottobre 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-503-2154-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-503-2154-4">978-88-503-2154-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Himanen" title="Pekka Himanen">Pekka Himanen</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">L'etica hacker e lo spirito dell'età dell'informazione</span>, Milano, Feltrinelli, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-07-81745-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-07-81745-4">88-07-81745-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Di_Corinto" title="Arturo Di Corinto">Arturo Di Corinto</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Revolution OS II</span>, Milano, Apogeo, gennaio 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-503-2327-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-503-2327-2">978-88-503-2327-2</a>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse noprint metadata" id="navbox-GNU"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; 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Chassell">Robert J. Chassell</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Dachary" title="Loïc Dachary">Loïc Dachary</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Georg_C._F._Greve" title="Georg C. F. Greve">Georg C. F. 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Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source_Software" title="Free and Open Source Software">Software libero e open source</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Generale</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Eventi_del_software_libero" title="Categoria:Eventi del software libero">Eventi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Software_libero" title="Software libero">Software libero</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Definizione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gratis versus libre (la pagina non esiste)">Gratis versus libre</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Famiglie di sistemi 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title="LLVM">LLVM</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">Octave</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open64 (la pagina non esiste)">Open64</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Python" title="Python">Python</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSE_compiler_framework&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ROSE compiler framework (la pagina non esiste)">ROSE</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Ruby (linguaggio di programmazione)">Ruby</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Storia del software libero</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(sistema_operativo)" title="Haiku (sistema operativo)">Haiku</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel)">Linux</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Application Suite</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Organizzazioni</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Blender_Foundation" title="Blender Foundation">Blender Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Freedesktop.org" title="Freedesktop.org">freedesktop.org</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Software_Movement_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Software Movement of India (la pagina non esiste)">FSMI</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Foundation" title="GNOME Foundation">GNOME Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Google_Code" title="Google Code">Google Code</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OSGeo" title="OSGeo">Open Source Geospatial Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Software_Freedom_Conservancy" title="Software Freedom Conservancy">Software Freedom Conservancy</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Symbian_Foundation" title="Symbian Foundation">Symbian Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/The_Document_Foundation" title="The Document Foundation">The Document Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Foundation" title="Ubuntu Foundation">Ubuntu Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Xiph.Org_Foundation" title="Xiph.Org Foundation">Xiph.Org Foundation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP_Standards_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XMPP Standards Foundation (la pagina 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(sviluppo software)">Forking</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Movimento_software_libero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Movimento software libero (la pagina non esiste)">Movimento software libero</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise (la pagina non esiste)">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&oldid=139140006">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storia_del_software_libero&oldid=139140006</a>"</div></div> 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