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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Entertainment" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Entertainment" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychology and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Court entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Public punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banquets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banquets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Banquets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banquets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Cinema and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.5</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.6</span> <span>Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.7</span> <span>Magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.8</span> <span>Street performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.9</span> <span>Parades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fireworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fireworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.10</span> <span>Fireworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fireworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairs,_expositions,_shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairs,_expositions,_shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Fairs, expositions, shopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairs,_expositions,_shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture_for_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_for_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Architecture for entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_for_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_as_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_as_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Architecture as entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_as_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_developments_in_electronic_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_developments_in_electronic_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Effects of developments in electronic media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_developments_in_electronic_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects of developments in electronic media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_developments_in_electronic_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Globalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Globalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Obsolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Convergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Entertainment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermaak" title="Vermaak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vermaak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%9B" title="መዝናኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዝናኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ترفيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترفيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entretenimientu" title="Entretenimientu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Entretenimientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fyl%C9%99nc%C9%99" title="Əyləncə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əyləncə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="ایلنجه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلنجه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulon" title="Tulon – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tulon" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8" title="বিনোদন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিনোদন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Забава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Забава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोरंजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मनोरंजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alingan" title="Alingan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alingan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Развлечение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Развлечение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabava" title="Zabava – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zabava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entreteniment" title="Entreteniment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Entreteniment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7" title="Йăпанăç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йăпанăç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1bava" title="Zábava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zábava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adloniant" title="Adloniant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adloniant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underholdning" title="Underholdning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Underholdning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergn%C3%BCgen" title="Vergnügen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergnügen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meelelahutus" title="Meelelahutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meelelahutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ψυχαγωγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχαγωγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entretenimiento" title="Entretenimiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Entretenimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrindustrio" title="Distrindustrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Distrindustrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entretenimendu" title="Entretenimendu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entretenimendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سرگرمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرگرمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undirhald" title="Undirhald – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Undirhald" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Divertissement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermaak" title="Fermaak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fermaak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divertiment" title="Divertiment – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Divertiment" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirfide" title="Oirfide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oirfide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunysseyrys" title="Eunysseyrys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eunysseyrys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entretemento" title="Entretemento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Entretemento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BD" title="오락 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오락" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Ժամանց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժամանց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोरंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनोरंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabava" title="Zabava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zabava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiburan" title="Hiburan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiburan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertenimento" title="Intertenimento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Intertenimento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skemmtun" title="Skemmtun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skemmtun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrattenimento" title="Intrattenimento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intrattenimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="בידור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בידור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಮನೋರಂಜನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನೋರಂಜನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didhan" title="Didhan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Didhan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imyidagaduro" title="Imyidagaduro – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imyidagaduro" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burudani" title="Burudani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Burudani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C3%A8tisman" title="Divètisman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Divètisman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C3%A8rtisman" title="Divèrtisman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Divèrtisman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%87" title="ການບັນເທີງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການບັນເທີງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pava%C4%BCa" title="Pavaļa – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pavaļa" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblectamentum" title="Oblectamentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oblectamentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izklaide" title="Izklaide – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izklaide" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramoga" title="Pramoga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pramoga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3rakoz%C3%A1s" title="Szórakozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szórakozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Забава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Забава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="വിനോദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിനോദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोरंजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मनोरंजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="ართუაფა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ართუაფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiburan" title="Hiburan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hiburan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiburan" title="Hiburan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hiburan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amusement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोरञ्जन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मनोरञ्जन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="エンターテインメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンターテインメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underholdning" title="Underholdning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Underholdning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhalding" title="Underhalding – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Underhalding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A6" title="ਆਮੋਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਮੋਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="وختتېری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وختتېری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozrywka" title="Rozrywka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozrywka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entretenimento" title="Entretenimento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Entretenimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divertisment" title="Divertisment – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Divertisment" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Развлечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Развлечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Аралдьыйыы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аралдьыйыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82" title="मनोरञ्जनं – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनोरञ्जनं" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg%C3%ABtimi" title="Argëtimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Argëtimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="විනෝදාස්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විනෝදාස්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Entertainment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1bava_(%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5)" title="Zábava (činnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zábava (činnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabava" title="Zabava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zabava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaajillo" title="Majaajillo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Majaajillo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ڕابواردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕابواردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Забава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Забава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabava" title="Zabava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zabava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viihde" title="Viihde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viihde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underh%C3%A5llning" title="Underhållning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Underhållning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paglilibang" title="Paglilibang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paglilibang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மகிழ்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகிழ்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="వినోదము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వినోదము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="การบันเทิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบันเทิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Flence" title="Eğlence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eğlence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Розвага – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розвага" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="تفریح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تفریح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guh%27angq" title="Guh'angq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Guh'angq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_tr%C3%AD" title="Giải trí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giải trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoviid%C3%BCs" title="Aoviidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aoviidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzmint" title="Amuzmint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Amuzmint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%B1%E4%B9%90" title="娱乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="娱乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פארוויילונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארוויילונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0%C3%A1j%C3%AC" title="Fàájì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fàájì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82" title="娛樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="娛樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabuova" title="Zabuova – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Zabuova" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82" title="娛樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="娛樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=General_entertainment&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="General entertainment">General entertainment</a>)</span><br /> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>15 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Activity that holds attention or gives pleasure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General entertainment" redirects here. For the television channel format, see <a href="/wiki/Generalist_channel" title="Generalist channel">Generalist channel</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Entertainment (disambiguation)">Entertainment (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg/300px-Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg/450px-Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg/600px-Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Banqueters playing <a href="/wiki/Kottabos_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottabos (game)">Kottabos</a> and girl playing the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, Greece (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420 <a href="/wiki/Before_common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before common era">BCE</a></span>). Banqueting and music have continued to be two important entertainments since ancient times.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Entertainment</b> is a form of activity that holds the attention and <a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">interest</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> or gives <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but it is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience's attention. </p><p>Although people's attention is held by different things because individuals have different preferences, most forms of entertainment are recognisable and familiar. <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, and different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a> exist in all cultures, were supported in <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">royal courts</a>, and developed into sophisticated forms over time, becoming available to all citizens. The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products. Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale, ranging from an individual who chooses private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products, to a <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquet</a> adapted for two, to any size or type of <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">party</a> with appropriate music and dance, to performances intended for thousands, and even for a global audience. </p><p>The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">amusement</a>, so that one common understanding of the idea is <a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">fun</a> and laughter, although many entertainments have a serious purpose. This may be the case in various forms of <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremony</a>, celebration, <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festival</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, for example. Hence, there is the possibility that what appears to be entertainment may also be a means of achieving <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> or intellectual growth. </p><p>An important aspect of entertainment is the audience, which turns a private <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a> activity into entertainment. The audience may have a passive role, as in the case of people watching a <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television show</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>; or the audience role may be active, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">games</a>, where the participant and audience roles may be routinely reversed. Entertainment can be public or private, involving formal, scripted performances, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>, or unscripted and spontaneous, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_children%27s_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional children's games">children's games</a>. Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries, evolving due to changes in culture, technology, and fashion, as with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">stage magic</a>. Films and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, although they use newer media, continue to <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">tell stories</a>, present drama, and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">play music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festivals</a> devoted to <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Competitive_dance" title="Competitive dance">dance</a> allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days. </p><p>Some entertainment, such as public executions, is now illegal in most countries. Activities such as <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, once used in <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> or <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, have become <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sports</a>. In the same way, other activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, have developed into performances among professionals, staged as global competitions, and then broadcast for entertainment. What is entertainment for one group or individual may be regarded as work or an act of cruelty by another. </p><p>The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over into different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remix</a>. This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes, images, and structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> gives Latin and French origins for the word "entertain", including <i>inter</i> (among) + <i>tenir</i> (to hold) as derivations, giving translations of "to hold mutually" or "to hold intertwined" and "to engage, keep occupied, the <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, thoughts, or time (of a person)". It also provides words like "merry-making", "pleasure", and "delight", as well as "to receive as a guest and show hospitality to". It cites a 1490 usage by <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology_and_philosophy">Psychology and philosophy</h2></div> <p>Entertainment can be distinguished from other activities such as education and marketing even though they have learned how to use the appeal of entertainment to achieve their different goals. Sometimes entertainment can be a mixture for both. The importance and impact of entertainment is recognised by scholars<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its increasing sophistication has <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">influenced</a> practices in other fields such as <a href="/wiki/Museology" title="Museology">museology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Applause.ogg" title="File:Applause.ogg">Applause</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Applause.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Applause.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Applause.ogg/Applause.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApplause.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audience applauding a performance of <a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_Rusticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalleria Rusticana">Cavalleria Rusticana</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a> (2011)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologists</a> say the function of media entertainment is "the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">gratification</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other results or measurable benefits are usually expected from it (except perhaps the final score in a sporting entertainment). This is in contrast to education (which is designed with the purpose of developing understanding or helping people to learn) and marketing (which aims to encourage people to purchase commercial products). However, the distinctions become blurred when education seeks to be more "entertaining" and entertainment or marketing seek to be more "educational". Such mixtures are often known by the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> "<a href="/wiki/Edutainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Edutainment">edutainment</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">infotainment</a>". The psychology of entertainment as well as of learning has been applied to all these fields.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some education-entertainment is a serious attempt to combine the best features of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people are entertained by others' pain or the idea of their unhappiness (<a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">schadenfreude</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An entertainment might go beyond gratification and produce some insight in its audience. Entertainment may skilfully consider universal philosophical questions such as: "What does it mean to be human?"; "What is the right thing to do?"; or "How do I know what I know?". "The <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>", for example, is the subject in a wide range of entertainment forms, including film, music and literature. Questions such as these drive many narratives and dramas, whether they are presented in the form of a story, film, play, poem, book, dance, comic, or game. Dramatic examples include <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s influential play <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, whose hero articulates these concerns in poetry; and films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>, which explores the nature of knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was released worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novels give great scope for investigating these themes while they entertain their readers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a creative work that considers philosophical questions so entertainingly that it has been presented in a very wide range of forms is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i>. Originally a <a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">radio comedy</a>, this story became so popular that it has also appeared as a novel, film, television series, stage show, comic, <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a>, <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online game</a>, its ideas became popular references (see <a href="/wiki/Phrases_from_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a>) and has been translated into many languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its themes encompass the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>, as well as "the ethics of entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, multiple worlds, God, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical method">philosophical method</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_in_the_16th_century" title="Entertainment in the 16th century">Entertainment in the 16th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_during_the_Great_Depression" title="Entertainment during the Great Depression">Entertainment during the Great Depression</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg/180px-Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg/270px-Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg/360px-Bierstadt_Albert_The_Campfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>'s <i>The Campfire</i> depicts <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>, a universal form of entertainment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bestiarii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bestiarii.jpg/180px-Bestiarii.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bestiarii.jpg/270px-Bestiarii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bestiarii.jpg/360px-Bestiarii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> showing Roman entertainments that would have been offered at the <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> games, from the 1st century</figcaption></figure> <p>The "ancient craft of communicating events and experiences, using words, images, sounds and gestures" by telling a story<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not only the means by which people passed on their cultural values and traditions and history from one generation to another, it has been an important part of most forms of entertainment ever since the earliest times. Stories are still told in the early forms, for example, around a fire while <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>, or when listening to the stories of another culture as a tourist. "The earliest storytelling sequences we possess, now of course, committed to writing, were undoubtedly originally a speaking from mouth to ear and their force as entertainment derived from the very same elements we today enjoy in films and novels."<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhns_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhns-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a> is an activity that has evolved and developed "toward variety".<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhns_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhns-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many entertainments, including storytelling but especially music and drama, remain familiar but have developed into a wide variety of form to suit a very wide range of personal preferences and cultural expression. Many types are blended or supported by other forms. For example, drama, stories and banqueting (or dining) are commonly enhanced by music; sport and games are incorporated into other activities to increase appeal. Some may have evolved from serious or necessary activities (such as running and <a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">jumping</a>) into competition and then become entertainment. It is said, for example, that <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vaulting</a> "may have originated in the Netherlands, where people used long poles to vault over wide canals rather than wear out their clogs walking miles to the nearest bridge. Others maintain that pole vaulting was used in warfare to vault over fortress walls during battle."<sup id="cite_ref-Carlsen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlsen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equipment for such sports has become increasingly sophisticated. Vaulting poles, for example, were originally made from woods such as <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>; in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> was used and in the 21st century poles can be made of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer">carbon fibre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlsen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlsen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Stilts" title="Stilts">walking on stilts</a>, are still seen in <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> performances in the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">Gladiatorial</a> combats, also known as "gladiatorial games", popular during Roman times, provide a good example of an activity that is a combination of sport, punishment, and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes to what is regarded as entertainment can occur in response to cultural or historical shifts. Hunting wild animals, for example, was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and became a popular public entertainment and spectacle, supporting an international trade in wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entertainment also evolved into different forms and expressions as a result of social upheavals such as wars and revolutions. During the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Revolutionary opera</a> was sanctioned by the Communist party and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> all affected entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively minor changes to the form and venue of an entertainment continue to come and go as they are affected by the period, fashion, culture, technology, and economics. For example, a story told in dramatic form can be presented in an open-air theatre, a <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>, a cinema, a <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex</a>, or as technological possibilities advanced, via a personal electronic device such as a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a>. Entertainment is provided for mass audiences in purpose-built structures such as a <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auditorium" title="Auditorium">auditorium</a>, or stadium. One of the most famous venues in the Western world, the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, "dedicated <a href="/wiki/Before_common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before common era">AD</a> 80 with a hundred days of games, held fifty thousand spectators," and in it audiences "enjoyed blood sport with the trappings of stage shows".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_Walton200751_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_Walton200751-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spectacle" title="Spectacle">Spectacles</a>, competitions, <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">races</a>, and sports were once presented in this purpose-built arena as public entertainment. New stadia continue to be built to suit the ever more sophisticated requirements of global audiences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_entertainment">Court entertainment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg/150px-Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg/225px-Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg/300px-Codex_Manesse_192v_-_Albrecht_von_Rapperswil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Tournament before an audience and musicians (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg/220px-Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg/330px-Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg/440px-Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5103" data-file-height="3998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hedley" title="Ralph Hedley">Ralph Hedley</a> <i>The Tournament</i> (1898) Children adapting a courtly entertainment</figcaption></figure> <p>Imperial and royal courts have provided training grounds and support for professional entertainers, with different cultures using palaces, castles and forts in different ways. In the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya city states</a>, for example, "spectacles often took place in large plazas in front of palaces; the crowds gathered either there or in designated places from which they could watch at a distance."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Court entertainments also crossed cultures. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a> was introduced to India by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughals</a>, and passed onto the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which then followed Indian tradition: "institutions, titles, customs, ceremonies by which a <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> were installed ... the exchange of official presents ... the order of precedence", for example, were "all inherited from ... the Emperors of Delhi".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Korea, the "court entertainment dance" was "originally performed in the palace for entertainment at court banquets."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Court entertainment often moved from being associated with the court to more general use among <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a>. This was the case with "masked dance-dramas" in Korea, which "originated in conjunction with village <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shaman</a> rituals and eventually became largely an entertainment form for commoners".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">Nautch</a> dancers in the Mughal Empire performed in Indian courts and palaces. Another evolution, similar to that from courtly entertainment to common practice, was the transition from religious ritual to secular entertainment, such as happened during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty with the Narye festival. Originally "solely religious or ritualistic, a secular component was added at the conclusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile200169_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile200169-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former courtly entertainments, such as <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>, often also survived in children's games. </p><p>In some courts, such as those during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the genders were segregated among the upper classes, so that "at least before the period of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenoi</a>" (1081–1185) men were separated from women at ceremonies where there was entertainment such as receptions and banquets.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Court ceremonies, palace banquets and the spectacles associated with them, have been used not only to entertain but also to demonstrate wealth and power. Such events reinforce the relationship between ruler and ruled; between those with power and those without, serving to "dramatise the differences between ordinary families and that of the ruler".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case as much as for traditional courts as it is for contemporary ceremonials, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_handover_ceremony" title="Hong Kong handover ceremony">Hong Kong handover ceremony</a> in 1997, at which an array of entertainments (including a banquet, a parade, fireworks, a festival performance and an art spectacle) were put to the service of highlighting a change in political power. Court entertainments were typically performed for royalty and courtiers as well as "for the pleasure of local and visiting dignitaries".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal courts, such as the Korean one, also supported traditional dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sudan, musical instruments such as the so-called "slit" or "talking" drums, once "part of the court orchestra of a powerful chief", had multiple purposes: they were used to make music; "speak" at ceremonies; mark community events; send long-distance messages; and call men to hunt or war.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Courtly entertainments also demonstrate the complex relationship between entertainer and spectator: individuals may be either an entertainer or part of the audience, or they may swap roles even during the course of one entertainment. In the court at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, "thousands of courtiers, including men and women who inhabited its apartments, acted as both performers and spectators in daily rituals that reinforced the status hierarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like court entertainment, royal occasions such as coronations and weddings provided opportunities to entertain both the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a> and the people. For example, the splendid 1595 <a href="/wiki/Accession_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession Day">Accession Day</a> celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournaments</a> and jousting and other events performed "not only before the assembled court, in all their finery, but also before thousands of Londoners eager for a good day's entertainment. Entry for the day's events at the <a href="/wiki/Tiltyard" title="Tiltyard">Tiltyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Whitehall</a> was set at <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(1485%E2%80%931603)#Elizabeth_I" title="History of the English penny (1485–1603)">12d</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_punishment">Public punishment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg/150px-Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg/225px-Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg/300px-Ticket_for_the_execution_of_Jonathan_Wild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Ticket for the execution of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wild" title="Jonathan Wild">Jonathan Wild</a> (1725)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although most forms of entertainment have evolved and continued over time, some once-popular forms are no longer as acceptable. For example, during earlier centuries in Europe, watching or participating in the punishment of criminals or social outcasts was an accepted and popular form of entertainment. Many forms of <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public humiliation</a> also offered local entertainment in the past. Even capital punishment such as <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a>, offered to the public as a warning, were also regarded partly as entertainment. Capital punishments that lasted longer, such as <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">drawing and quartering</a>, afforded a greater public spectacle. "A hanging was a carnival that diverted not merely the unemployed but the unemployable. Good bourgeois or curious aristocrats who could afford it watched it from a carriage or rented a room."<sup id="cite_ref-Gay_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public punishment as entertainment lasted until the 19th century by which time "the awesome event of a public hanging aroused the[ir] loathing of writers and philosophers".<sup id="cite_ref-Gay_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray</a> wrote about a hanging in <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> in 1840, and "taught an even wider public that executions are obscene entertainments".<sup id="cite_ref-Gay_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play (activity)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._041b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i> (1560)</figcaption></figure> <p>Children's entertainment is centred on <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a> and is significant for their growth. It often mimics adult activities, such as watching performances (on television); prepares them for adult responsibilities, such as child rearing or social interaction (through dolls, pets and group games); or develops skills such as motor skills (such as a game of <a href="/wiki/Marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbles">marbles</a>), needed for sports and music. In the modern day, it often involves sedentary engagement with television or <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a>. </p><p>Entertainment is also provided to children or taught to them by adults. A children's entertainer or performer is a professional whose job it is to entertain children. The term can be used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's musician">children's musician</a> or <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_presenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's television presenter">television presenter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-u827_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u827-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c124_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but encompasses a wide range of specializations, including <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_magician" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's magician">magicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costumed_performer" title="Costumed performer">costumed performers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppeteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppeteers">puppeteers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_princess" title="Party princess">party princesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-h166_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h166-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d159_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d159-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many activities that appeal to children such as <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> are also enjoyed by adults.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children have always played games. It is accepted that as well as being entertaining, playing games helps children's development. One of the most famous visual accounts of children's games is a painting by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i>, painted in 1560. It depicts children playing a range of games that presumably were typical of the time. Many of these games, such as <a href="/wiki/Marble_(toy)" title="Marble (toy)">marbles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide-and-seek" title="Hide-and-seek">hide-and-seek</a>, blowing <a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble" title="Soap bubble">soap bubbles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piggy-back_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piggy-back (transportation)">piggyback riding</a> continue to be played. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Rating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Israel_Rating.jpg/220px-Israel_Rating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Israel_Rating.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>Example of a rating system specifying age appropriateness (Israel)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most forms of entertainment can be or are modified to suit children's needs and interests. During the 20th century, starting with the often criticised but nonetheless important work of <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>, who "promoted the link between the study of development and the 'new' laboratory psychology",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially with the work of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a>, who "saw cognitive development as being analogous to biological development",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHoganClark2012114_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHoganClark2012114-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became understood that the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">psychological development</a> of children occurs in stages and that their capacities differ from adults. Hence, stories and activities, whether in books, film, or video games were developed specifically for child audiences. Countries have responded to the special needs of children and the rise of digital entertainment by developing systems such as <a href="/wiki/Television_content_rating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Television content rating systems">television content rating systems</a>, to guide the public and the entertainment industry. </p><p>In the 21st century, as with adult products, much entertainment is available for children on the internet for private use. This constitutes a significant change from earlier times. The amount of time expended by children indoors on screen-based entertainment and the "remarkable collapse of children's engagement with nature" has drawn criticism for its negative effects on <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>, adult <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjective_well-being" title="Subjective well-being">psychological well-being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Types of children's entertainment</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toy Coldstream Guards soldiers (19th century)"><img alt="Toy Coldstream Guards soldiers (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg/180px-Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg/270px-Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg/360px-Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream_Guards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Toy <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a> soldiers (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doll of a newborn baby"><img alt="Doll of a newborn baby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg/174px-6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg/262px-6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg/349px-6._Reborn_doll_-_Jessy_od_Elizabeth_Maris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doll of a newborn baby</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Children being entertained by a dog (19th century painting)"><img alt="Children being entertained by a dog (19th century painting)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg/124px-Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg/186px-Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg/248px-Two_children_playing_with_a_dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Children being entertained by a dog (19th century painting)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boys play recorders"><img alt="Boys play recorders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg/180px-Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg/270px-Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg/360px-Kids_Playing_duduk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boys play <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorders</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girl in a swimming pool"><img alt="Girl in a swimming pool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg/180px-Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg/270px-Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg/360px-Girl_with_swimming_board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Girl in a swimming pool</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Playing_together_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Children in a group game"><img alt="Children in a group game" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Playing_together_4.jpg/180px-Playing_together_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Playing_together_4.jpg/270px-Playing_together_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Playing_together_4.jpg/360px-Playing_together_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Children in a group game</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_watching_TV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boys watch children's TV"><img alt="Boys watch children's TV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Children_watching_TV.jpg/180px-Children_watching_TV.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Children_watching_TV.jpg/270px-Children_watching_TV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Children_watching_TV.jpg/360px-Children_watching_TV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boys watch children's TV</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toddler using a tablet computer"><img alt="Toddler using a tablet computer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interest.jpg/180px-Interest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interest.jpg/270px-Interest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interest.jpg/360px-Interest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Toddler using a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banquets">Banquets</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquets</a> have been a venue for <a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">amusement</a>, entertainment or <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> since ancient times,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing into the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the 21st century when they are still being used for many of their original purposes – to impress visitors, especially important ones; to show hospitality; as an occasion to showcase supporting entertainments such as music or dancing, or both. They were an integral part of court entertainments and helped entertainers develop their skills. They are also important components of celebrations such as coronations, weddings, birthdays civic or political achievements, military engagements or victories as well as religious obligations, one of the most famous being the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, banquets are available privately, or commercially in restaurants, sometimes combined with a dramatic performance in <a href="/wiki/Dinner_theater" title="Dinner theater">dinner theatres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooking by professional chefs has also become a form of entertainment as part of global competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Bocuse_d%27Or" title="Bocuse d'Or">Bocuse d'Or</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Banquets across centuries and cultures</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A banquet scene from Ancient Egypt (from a wall painting in Thebes)"><img alt="A banquet scene from Ancient Egypt (from a wall painting in Thebes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg/180px-An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg/270px-An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg/360px-An_Egyptian_Banquet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A banquet scene from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> (from a wall painting in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine banquet showing musicians and various musical instruments (1204–1453)"><img alt="Byzantine banquet showing musicians and various musical instruments (1204–1453)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG/360px-Byzantine_Greek_Banquet_Alexander_Manuscript_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> banquet showing musicians and various musical instruments (1204–1453)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Fouquet, Banquet for Charles V of France (1455–1460)"><img alt="Jean Fouquet, Banquet for Charles V of France (1455–1460)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg/110px-Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg/165px-Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg/220px-Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a>, <i>Banquet for <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a></i> (1455–1460)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A banquet including roast goose given for Babur by the Mirzas in 1507 (miniature c. 1590)"><img alt="A banquet including roast goose given for Babur by the Mirzas in 1507 (miniature c. 1590)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg/92px-A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg/138px-A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg/184px-A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A banquet including <a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">roast goose</a> given for <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mirza_(noble)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza (noble)">Mirzas</a> in 1507 (miniature <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helst,_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bartholomeus van der Helst, Peace of Münster Amsterdam (1648)"><img alt="Bartholomeus van der Helst, Peace of Münster Amsterdam (1648)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helst%2C_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/180px-Helst%2C_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helst%2C_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/270px-Helst%2C_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helst%2C_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/360px-Helst%2C_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8756" data-file-height="3622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst" title="Bartholomeus van der Helst">Bartholomeus van der Helst</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a></i> <br />Amsterdam (1648)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_banquet_1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victory banquet by Emperor Qianlong to greet the officers who attended the campaign against Taiwan (late 18th century)"><img alt="Victory banquet by Emperor Qianlong to greet the officers who attended the campaign against Taiwan (late 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Victory_banquet_1788.jpg/180px-Victory_banquet_1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Victory_banquet_1788.jpg/270px-Victory_banquet_1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Victory_banquet_1788.jpg/360px-Victory_banquet_1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Victory banquet by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qianlong" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Qianlong">Emperor Qianlong</a> to greet the officers who attended the <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">campaign against Taiwan</a> (late 18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_in_Toropets_(landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding)..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landlords coming to the peasants' wedding banquet (late 18th century)"><img alt="Landlords coming to the peasants' wedding banquet (late 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wedding_in_Toropets_%28landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding%29..jpg/180px-Wedding_in_Toropets_%28landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wedding_in_Toropets_%28landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding%29..jpg/270px-Wedding_in_Toropets_%28landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wedding_in_Toropets_%28landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding%29..jpg/360px-Wedding_in_Toropets_%28landlords_coming_to_the_peasants%E2%80%99_wedding%29..jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Landlords coming to the peasants' wedding banquet (late 18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The banquet hall in the palace of King Sahle Selassie painting from a photo, Ethiopia (1852)"><img alt="The banquet hall in the palace of King Sahle Selassie painting from a photo, Ethiopia (1852)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg/180px-The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg/270px-The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg/360px-The_banquet_hall_in_King_Sahla_Sellases_palace_colour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The banquet hall in the palace of King <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a> painting from a photo, Ethiopia (1852)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronation banquet of George IV in Westminster Hall (1821)"><img alt="Coronation banquet of George IV in Westminster Hall (1821)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg/180px-George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg/270px-George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg/360px-George_IV_coronation_banquet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Coronation banquet of <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> (1821)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese banquet in a banquet hall given as a birthday celebration (2012)"><img alt="Chinese banquet in a banquet hall given as a birthday celebration (2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG/180px-Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG/270px-Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG/360px-Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Chinese banquet in a banquet hall given as a birthday celebration (2012)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_full_house,_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage,_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann,_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/A_full_house%2C_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage%2C_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann%2C_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_full_house%2C_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage%2C_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann%2C_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/A_full_house%2C_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage%2C_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann%2C_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_full_house%2C_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage%2C_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann%2C_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/A_full_house%2C_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage%2C_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann%2C_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_full_house%2C_seen_from_the_rear_of_the_stage%2C_at_the_Metropolitan_Opera_House_for_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann%2C_1_-_NARA_-_541890.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>A full house at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York City, waiting for a musical entertainment to begin (1937)</figcaption></figure> <p>Music is a supporting component of many kinds of entertainment and most kinds of performance. For example, it is used to enhance storytelling,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is indispensable in dance and opera,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is usually incorporated into dramatic film or theatre productions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music is also a universal and popular type of entertainment on its own, constituting an entire performance such as when concerts are given. Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrument</a>, performance and style, music is divided into many genres, such as classical, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, rock, pop music or traditional.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 20th century, performed music, once available only to those who could pay for the performers, has been available cheaply to individuals by the entertainment industry, which broadcasts it or pre-records it for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide variety of musical performances, whether or not they are artificially <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplified</a>, all provide entertainment irrespective of whether the performance is from <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">soloists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> or orchestral groups, or <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensemble</a>. Live performances use specialised venues, which might be small or large; indoors or outdoors; free or expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kronenburg-2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronenburg-2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audiences have different expectations of the performers as well as of their own role in the performance. For example, some audiences expect to listen silently and are entertained by the excellence of the music, its rendition or its interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other audiences of live performances are entertained by the ambience and the chance to participate. Even more listeners are entertained by pre-recorded music and listen privately. </p><p>The instruments used in musical entertainment are either solely the <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voice</a> or solely instrumental or some combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the performance is given by vocalists or instrumentalists, the performers may be soloists or part of a small or large group, in turn entertaining an audience that might be individual, passing by, small or large.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singing is generally accompanied by instruments although some forms, notably <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">overtone singing</a>, are unaccompanied. Modern concerts often use various special effects and other theatrics to accompany performances of singing and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kronenburg-2012_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronenburg-2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Types of audience engagement with musical entertainment</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional instruments used to accompany dance (Tibet, 1949)"><img alt="Traditional instruments used to accompany dance (Tibet, 1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lama_orchestra.jpg/180px-Lama_orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lama_orchestra.jpg/270px-Lama_orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lama_orchestra.jpg/360px-Lama_orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Traditional instruments used to accompany dance (Tibet, 1949)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Children's choir providing musical entertainment (Soviet Union, 1979)"><img alt="Children's choir providing musical entertainment (Soviet Union, 1979)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg/180px-RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg/270px-RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg/360px-RIAN_archive_24089_The_youngsters_singing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Children's choir providing musical entertainment (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, 1979)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ensemble entertains travellers in the Paris Métro (2002)"><img alt="Ensemble entertains travellers in the Paris Métro (2002)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg/180px-Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg/270px-Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg/360px-Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ensemble entertains travellers in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> (2002)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boduberu_performer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drummer playing Boduberu (Maldives, 2010)"><img alt="Drummer playing Boduberu (Maldives, 2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boduberu_performer.jpg/100px-Boduberu_performer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boduberu_performer.jpg/150px-Boduberu_performer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boduberu_performer.jpg/200px-Boduberu_performer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Drummer playing <a href="/wiki/Boduberu" title="Boduberu">Boduberu</a> (Maldives, 2010)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir and orchestra in ecclesiastical setting (Italy, 2008)"><img alt="Choir and orchestra in ecclesiastical setting (Italy, 2008)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg/180px-CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg/270px-CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg/360px-CORO_ECCLESIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Choir and orchestra in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> setting (Italy, 2008)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouvas_fans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary audience in ancient outdoor stadium (Greece, 2009)"><img alt="Contemporary audience in ancient outdoor stadium (Greece, 2009)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rouvas_fans.jpg/180px-Rouvas_fans.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rouvas_fans.jpg/270px-Rouvas_fans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rouvas_fans.jpg/360px-Rouvas_fans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Contemporary audience in ancient outdoor stadium (Greece, 2009)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A concert with a 3D enhanced stage (Singapore, 2010)"><img alt="A concert with a 3D enhanced stage (Singapore, 2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg/180px-Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg/270px-Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg/360px-Jay_Chou_The_Era_Singapore_2010_concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A concert with a 3D enhanced stage (Singapore, 2010)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concert hall audience (Netherlands, 2010)"><img alt="Concert hall audience (Netherlands, 2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg/180px-Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg/270px-Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg/360px-Concertkoor_Haarlem_19-11-2010_Philharmonie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Concert hall audience (Netherlands, 2010)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crowd surfing at a concert (France, 2011)"><img alt="Crowd surfing at a concert (France, 2011)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg/180px-Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg/270px-Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg/360px-Phoenix_ThomasMars1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Crowd_surfing" title="Crowd surfing">Crowd surfing</a> at a concert (France, 2011)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_listener.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman listening privately to music through headphones (Russia, 2010)"><img alt="Woman listening privately to music through headphones (Russia, 2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Music_listener.jpg/180px-Music_listener.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Music_listener.jpg/270px-Music_listener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Music_listener.jpg/360px-Music_listener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Woman listening privately to music through headphones (Russia, 2010)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Game</a></div> <p>Games are played for entertainment – sometimes purely for recreation, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">chess championship</a>. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player. </p><p>Equipment varies with the game. <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">Board games</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a> need a board and markers. One of the oldest known board games is <a href="/wiki/Senet" title="Senet">Senet</a>, a game played in Ancient Egypt, enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">Card games</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Whist" title="Whist">whist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Bridge</a> have long been played as evening entertainment among friends. For these games, all that is needed is a deck of <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a>. Other games, such as <a href="/wiki/Bingo_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingo (U.S.)">bingo</a>, played with numerous strangers, have been organised to involve the participation of non-players via gambling. Many are <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's game">geared for children</a>, and can be played outdoors, including <a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">hopscotch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_and_seek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hide and seek">hide and seek</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Blind_man%27s_bluff_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind man's bluff (game)">Blind man's bluff</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ball_games" title="List of ball games">list of ball games</a> is quite extensive. It includes, for example, <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawn_bowling" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn bowling">lawn bowling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">paintball</a> as well as many sports using various forms of <a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">balls</a>. The options cater to a wide range of skill and fitness levels. Physical games can develop agility and competence in <a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">motor skills</a>. Number games such as <a href="/wiki/Sudoku" title="Sudoku">Sudoku</a> and puzzle games like the <a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_cube" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubik's cube">Rubik's cube</a> can develop mental prowess. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">Video games</a> are played using a controller to create results on a screen. They can also be played online with participants joining in remotely. In the second half of the 20th century and in the 21st century the number of such games increased enormously, providing a wide variety of entertainment to players around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games are popular across the world. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Games</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chess_Game_(Sofonisba_Anguissola)_1555_(4096x3236px).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofonisba Anguissola The Chess Game (1555) An intellectual game"><img alt="Sofonisba Anguissola The Chess Game (1555) An intellectual game" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Chess_Game_%28Sofonisba_Anguissola%29_1555_%284096x3236px%29.jpg/180px-The_Chess_Game_%28Sofonisba_Anguissola%29_1555_%284096x3236px%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Chess_Game_%28Sofonisba_Anguissola%29_1555_%284096x3236px%29.jpg/270px-The_Chess_Game_%28Sofonisba_Anguissola%29_1555_%284096x3236px%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Chess_Game_%28Sofonisba_Anguissola%29_1555_%284096x3236px%29.jpg/360px-The_Chess_Game_%28Sofonisba_Anguissola%29_1555_%284096x3236px%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola" title="Sofonisba Anguissola">Sofonisba Anguissola</a> <br /><i>The <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> Game</i> (1555) <br /> An intellectual game</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Théophile Emmanuel Duverger (before 1901) Hopscotch A physical game"><img alt="Théophile Emmanuel Duverger (before 1901) Hopscotch A physical game" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg/180px-Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg/270px-Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg/360px-Duverger_Hopscotch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Emmanuel_Duverger" title="Théophile Emmanuel Duverger">Théophile Emmanuel Duverger</a> (before 1901) <i><a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">Hopscotch</a></i> <br />A physical game</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Televised_Star_Craft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Televised match of StarCraft (2006) South Korea An electronic game"><img alt="Televised match of StarCraft (2006) South Korea An electronic game" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Televised_Star_Craft.jpg/180px-Televised_Star_Craft.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Televised_Star_Craft.jpg/270px-Televised_Star_Craft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Televised_Star_Craft.jpg/360px-Televised_Star_Craft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Televised match of <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i> (2006) South Korea <br /> An electronic game</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>French poet <a href="/wiki/Louise_Lab%C3%A9" title="Louise Labé">Louise Labé</a> (1520/1522–1566) wrote "a profound and timeless insight into reading's innate power". </p><p><i>The past gives us pleasure and is of more service than the present; but the delight of what we once felt is dimly lost never to return and its memory is as distressing as the events themselves were then delectable ... But when we happen to put our thoughts in writing, how easily, later on, does our mind race through an infinity of events, incessantly alive, so that a long time afterwards when we take up those written pages we can return to the same place and to the same disposition in which we once found ourselves.</i> <br />quote from and commentary by Fischer (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The young Saint <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> (1515–1582) read chivalrous novels and wrote about the "rapture" that books provided. </p><p><i>I became accustomed to reading [novels] and that small fault made me cool my desire and will to do other tasks. I thought nothing of spending many hours a day and night in this vain exercise, hidden from my father. My rapture in this was so great, that unless I had a new book to read, it seemed to me that I could not be happy.</i> <br /> quoted in Fischer (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2003234–235_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2003234–235-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reading_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (process)">Reading</a> has been a source of entertainment for a very long time, especially when other forms, such as performance entertainments, were (or are) either unavailable or too costly. Even when the primary purpose of the writing is to inform or instruct, reading is well known for its capacity to distract from everyday worries. Both stories and information have been passed on through the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Orality" title="Orality">orality</a> and oral traditions survive in the form of <a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">performance poetry</a> for example. However, they have drastically declined. "Once literacy had arrived in strength, there was no return to the oral prerogative."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2003215_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2003215-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of printing, the reduction in costs of books and an increasing literacy all served to enhance the mass appeal of reading. Furthermore, as <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> were standardised and texts became clearer, "reading ceased being a painful process of decipherment and became an act of pure pleasure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2003212_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2003212-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century in Europe, the appeal of reading for entertainment was well established. </p><p>Among literature's many genres are some designed, in whole or in part, purely for entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limericks</a>, for example, use verse in a strict, predictable rhyme and rhythm to create humour and to amuse an audience of listeners or readers. Interactive books such as "<a href="/wiki/Choose_your_own_adventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Choose your own adventure">choose your own adventure</a>" can make literary entertainment more participatory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg/150px-Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg/225px-Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg/300px-Old_man_reading_newspaper_early_in_the_morning_at_Basantapur-IMG_6800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Old man reading newspaper at Basantapur</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a> are literary genres that use drawings or graphics, usually in combination with text, to convey an entertaining narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many contemporary comics have elements of fantasy and are produced by <a href="/wiki/Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">companies</a> that are part of the entertainment industry. Others have unique authors who offer a more personal, philosophical view of the world and the problems people face. Comics about <a href="/wiki/Superheroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheroes">superheroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> are of the first type.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the second sort include the individual work over 50 years of <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz" title="Charles M. Schulz">Charles M. Schulz</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who produced a popular comic called <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the relationships among a cast of child characters;<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Leunig" title="Michael Leunig">Michael Leunig</a> who entertains by producing whimsical cartoons that also incorporate <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticism</a>. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> style differs from the western approach in that it encompasses a wide range of genres and themes for a readership of all ages. <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">Caricature</a> uses a kind of graphic entertainment for purposes ranging from merely putting a smile on the viewer's face, to raising social awareness, to highlighting the moral characteristics of a person being caricatured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedy">Comedy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictator_charlie3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dictator_charlie3.jpg/220px-Dictator_charlie3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dictator_charlie3.jpg/330px-Dictator_charlie3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dictator_charlie3.jpg/440px-Dictator_charlie3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Comedian <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> impersonating <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> for comic effect in the <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a></i> (1940)</figcaption></figure> <p>Comedy is both a genre of entertainment and a component of it, providing laughter and amusement, whether the comedy is the sole purpose or used as a form of contrast in an otherwise serious piece. It is a valued contributor to many forms of entertainment, including in literature, theatre, opera, film and games.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In royal courts, such as in the Byzantine court, and presumably, also in its wealthy households, "<a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">mimes</a> were the focus of orchestrated humour, expected or obliged to make fun of all at court, not even excepting the emperor and members of the imperial family. This highly structured role of <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">jester</a> consisted of verbal humour, including <a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">teasing</a>, jests, <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a>, ridicule, and <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">non-verbal</a> humour such as <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> and horseplay in the presence of an audience."<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval times, all comic types –  the <a href="/wiki/Buffoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffoon">buffoon</a>, jester, <a href="/wiki/Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunchback">hunchback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarf</a>, jokester, were all "considered to be essentially of one comic type: the fool", who while not necessarily funny, represented "the shortcomings of the individual".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakespeare wrote seventeen <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">comedies</a> that incorporate many techniques still used by performers and writers of comedy – such as <a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">jokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a>, parody, <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observational_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Observational humour">observational humour</a>, or the unexpected effect of <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/One-liner_joke" class="mw-redirect" title="One-liner joke">One-liner jokes</a> and satire are also used to comedic effect in literature. In <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a>, the comedy is a primary purpose. </p><p>The meaning of the word "comedy" and the audience's expectations of it have changed over time and vary according to culture.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple physical comedy such as <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> is entertaining to a broad range of people of all ages. However, as cultures become more sophisticated, national nuances appear in the style and references so that what is amusing in one culture may be unintelligible in another.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a></div> <p>Live performances before an audience constitute a major form of entertainment, especially before the invention of audio and video recording. Performance takes a wide range of forms, including theatre, music and drama. In the 16th and 17th centuries, European royal courts presented <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masques</a> that were complex theatrical entertainments involving dancing, singing and acting. Opera is a similarly demanding performance style that remains popular. It also encompass all three forms, demanding a high level of musical and dramatic skill, collaboration and like the masque, production expertise as well. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg/550px-Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg/825px-Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg/1100px-Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4780" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Poster for a 1908 production of <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a>'s 1871 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i>, performed by the Hippodrome Opera Company of Cleveland, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>Audiences generally show their appreciation of an entertaining performance with applause. However, all performers run the risk of failing to hold their audience's attention and thus, failing to entertain. Audience dissatisfaction is often brutally honest and direct. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of course you all ought to know that while singing a good song or, or giving a good recitation ... helps to arrest the company's attention ... Such at least was the case with me –  the <a href="/wiki/Publican_(United_KIngdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publican (United KIngdom)">publican</a> devised a plan to bring my entertainment to an end abruptly, and the plan was, he told the waiter to throw a wet towel at me, which, of course, the waiter did ... and I received the wet towel, full force, in the face, which staggered me ... and had the desired effect of putting an end to me giving any more entertainments in the house.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/William_McGonagall" title="William McGonagall">William McGonagall</a> (Performance artist and poet)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storytelling">Storytelling</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg/220px-Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg/330px-Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg/440px-Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh" title="The Boyhood of Raleigh">The Boyhood of Raleigh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Everett_Millais" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Everett Millais">Sir John Everett Millais</a>, oil on canvas, 1870.<br />A seafarer tells the young <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a> and his brother the story of what happened out at sea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Storytelling is an ancient form of entertainment that has influenced almost all other forms. It is "not only entertainment, it is also thinking through human conflicts and contradictions".<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhns_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhns-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, although stories may be delivered directly to a small listening audience, they are also presented as entertainment and used as a component of any piece that relies on a narrative, such as film, drama, ballet, and opera. Written stories have been enhanced by illustrations, often to a very high artistic standard, for example, on <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> and on ancient scrolls such as Japanese ones.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories remain a common way of entertaining a group that is on a journey. Showing how stories are used to pass the time and entertain an audience of travellers, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a> used <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> in his literary work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i> in the 14th century, as did Wu Cheng'en in the 16th century in <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>. Even though journeys can now be completed much faster, stories are still told to passengers en route in cars and aeroplanes either orally or delivered by some form of technology. </p><p>The power of stories to entertain is evident in one of the most famous ones – <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade" title="Scheherazade">Scheherazade</a> – a story in the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> professional storytelling tradition, of a woman who saves her own life by telling stories.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connections between the different types of entertainment are shown by the way that stories like this inspire a retelling in another medium, such as music, film or games. For example, composers <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%A9h%C3%A9razade_(Ravel)" title="Shéhérazade (Ravel)">Ravel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a> have each been inspired by the Scheherazade story and turned it into an orchestral work; director <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights_(1974_film)" title="Arabian Nights (1974 film)">film adaptation</a>; and there is an <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Scheherazade" title="The Magic of Scheherazade">innovative video game</a> based on the tale. Stories may be told wordlessly, in music, dance or puppetry for example, such as in the Javanese tradition of <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a>, in which the performance is accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> orchestra or the similarly traditional <a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Punch and Judy</a> show. </p><p>Epic narratives, poems, <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a> from all cultures tell such gripping tales that they have inspired countless other stories in all forms of entertainment. Examples include the Hindu <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>; the first Arabic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></i>; the Persian epic <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a> and the celebrated <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">Tale of the Genji</a></i>. Collections of stories, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i> or those by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>, have been similarly influential. Originally published in the early 19th century, this collection of folk stories significantly influence modern popular culture, which subsequently used its themes, images, symbols, and structural elements to create new entertainment forms.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the most powerful and long-lasting stories are the foundation stories, also called <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of origin">origin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a> myths of the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Australian aborigines</a>, the Mesopotamian <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Hawaiian stories of the origin of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These too are developed into books, films, music and games in a way that increases their longevity and enhances their entertainment value. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Telling stories</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Blake's painting of the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales"><img alt="William Blake's painting of the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg/180px-William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg/270px-William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg/360px-William_Blake_-_Canterbury_Pilgrims_Picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s painting of the pilgrims in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scheherazade telling her stories to King Shahryar in The Arabian Nights"><img alt="Scheherazade telling her stories to King Shahryar in The Arabian Nights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg/100px-Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg/150px-Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg/200px-Sultan_Pardons_Scheherazade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scheherazade" title="Scheherazade">Scheherazade</a> telling her stories to King <a href="/wiki/Shahrayar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrayar">Shahryar</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arabian Nights">The Arabian Nights</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Telling stories via Wayang golek puppets in Java"><img alt="Telling stories via Wayang golek puppets in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG/131px-Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG/196px-Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG/261px-Wayang_golek_SF_Asian_Art_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Telling stories via <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> golek puppets in Java</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tosa Mitsuoki illustrating her Tale of Genji"><img alt="Tosa Mitsuoki illustrating her Tale of Genji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg/105px-Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg/157px-Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg/210px-Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tosa_Mitsuoki" title="Tosa Mitsuoki">Tosa Mitsuoki</a> illustrating her <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">Tale of Genji</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theatre">Theatre</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G_Durand_Saturday_Night_at_the_Victoria_Theatre_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G_Durand_Saturday_Night_at_the_Victoria_Theatre_VA.jpg/220px-G_Durand_Saturday_Night_at_the_Victoria_Theatre_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G_Durand_Saturday_Night_at_the_Victoria_Theatre_VA.jpg/330px-G_Durand_Saturday_Night_at_the_Victoria_Theatre_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/G_Durand_Saturday_Night_at_the_Victoria_Theatre_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Saturday night audience at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Palace_Theatre" title="Victoria Palace Theatre">Victoria Theatre</a>, London (1872)</figcaption></figure> <p>Theatre performances, typically dramatic or musical, are presented on a stage for an audience and have a history that goes back to <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic times</a> when "leading musicians and actors" performed widely at "poetical competitions", for example at "<a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and his teacher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> both wrote on the theory and purpose of theatre. Aristotle posed questions such as "What is the function of the arts in shaping character? Should a member of the ruling class merely watch performances or be a participant and perform? What kind of entertainment should be provided for those who do not belong to the elite?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200793_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200793-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Ptolemys in Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a>" also had a strong theatrical tradition and later, wealthy patrons in Rome staged "far more lavish productions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200726_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200726-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expectations about the performance and their engagement with it have changed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in England during the 18th century, "the prejudice against actresses had faded"<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Europe generally, going to the theatre, once a socially dubious activity, became "a more respectable middle-class pastime"<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the variety of popular entertainments increased. <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a> and music halls became available, and new drama theatres such as the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Suvorin#Suvorin_Theatre" title="Aleksey Suvorin">Suvorin Theatre</a> in Russia opened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrame2000_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, commercial newspapers "began to carry theatre columns and reviews" that helped make theatre "a legitimate subject of intellectual debate" in general discussions about art and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrame2000_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audiences began to gather to "appreciate creative achievement, to marvel at, and be entertained by, the prominent 'stars'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrame2000_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> and music halls, popular at this time in the United States, England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were themselves eventually superseded.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plays,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> musicals,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">monologues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">performance poetry</a> are part of the very long history of theatre, which is also the venue for the type of performance known as comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, radio and television, often broadcast live, extended the theatrical tradition that continued to exist alongside the new forms. </p><p>The stage and the spaces set out in front of it for an audience create a theatre. All types of stage are used with all types of seating for the audience, including the impromptu or improvised; the temporary; the elaborate; or the traditional and permanent. They are erected indoors or outdoors. The skill of managing, organising and preparing the stage for a performance is known as <a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">stagecraft</a>. The audience's experience of the entertainment is affected by their expectations, the stagecraft, the type of stage, and the type and standard of seating provided. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Theatrical entertainment – stages, staging and stagecraft</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satirical representation of audience reaction (1809)"><img alt="Satirical representation of audience reaction (1809)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg/180px-Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg/270px-Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg/360px-Isaac_Cruikshank_King_John%27s_first_appearance_at_the_New_Theatre_Covent_Garden_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Satirical representation of audience reaction (1809)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Improvised stage for a public performance at a fair (1642)"><img alt="Improvised stage for a public performance at a fair (1642)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg/180px-%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg/270px-%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg/360px-%C3%96ffentlich_durchgef%C3%BChrte_medizinische_Behandlung_auf_einem_franz%C3%B6sischen_Jahrmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Improvised stage for a public performance at a <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair</a> (1642)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Improvised stage for domestic theatre"><img alt="Improvised stage for domestic theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_stage.jpg/112px-The_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_stage.jpg/169px-The_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_stage.jpg/225px-The_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Improvised stage for domestic theatre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Outdoor stage before a show"><img alt="Outdoor stage before a show" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG/180px-Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG/270px-Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG/360px-Dalhalla_stage_before_show.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Outdoor stage before a show</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Troldsalen-inne03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concert theatre ready for solo instrumentalist"><img alt="Concert theatre ready for solo instrumentalist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Troldsalen-inne03.jpg/180px-Troldsalen-inne03.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Troldsalen-inne03.jpg/270px-Troldsalen-inne03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Troldsalen-inne03.jpg/360px-Troldsalen-inne03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Concert theatre ready for solo instrumentalist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PipesAndDrums.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outdoor theatre created from Edinburgh castle forecourt"><img alt="Outdoor theatre created from Edinburgh castle forecourt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PipesAndDrums.jpg/180px-PipesAndDrums.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PipesAndDrums.jpg/270px-PipesAndDrums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PipesAndDrums.jpg/360px-PipesAndDrums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Outdoor theatre created from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh castle">Edinburgh castle</a> forecourt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional stage for Japanese Noh theatre"><img alt="Traditional stage for Japanese Noh theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg/180px-Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg/270px-Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg/360px-Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Traditional stage for Japanese <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> theatre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage for theatre in the round"><img alt="Stage for theatre in the round" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg/112px-Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg/169px-Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg/225px-Music_Circus_Stage_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stage for <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round" title="Theatre in the round">theatre in the round</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teatro Colón, a highly decorative, horseshoe theatre"><img alt="Teatro Colón, a highly decorative, horseshoe theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg/180px-Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg/270px-Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg/360px-Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n" title="Teatro Colón">Teatro Colón</a>, a highly decorative, horseshoe theatre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SWHS_locking_rail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stagecraft – a locking rail backstage"><img alt="Stagecraft – a locking rail backstage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SWHS_locking_rail.jpg/180px-SWHS_locking_rail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SWHS_locking_rail.jpg/270px-SWHS_locking_rail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SWHS_locking_rail.jpg/360px-SWHS_locking_rail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stagecraft –  a <a href="/wiki/Fly_system" title="Fly system">locking rail</a> backstage</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cinema_and_film">Cinema and film</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munken_kino_(kinolerret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Munken_kino_%28kinolerret%29.jpg/220px-Munken_kino_%28kinolerret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Munken_kino_%28kinolerret%29.jpg/330px-Munken_kino_%28kinolerret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Munken_kino_%28kinolerret%29.jpg/440px-Munken_kino_%28kinolerret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Film audiences are typically seated in comfortable chairs arranged in close rows before a projection screen. Norway (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Films</a> are a major form of entertainment, although not all films have entertainment as their primary purpose: documentary film, for example, aims to create a record or inform,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the two purposes often work together. The medium was a global business from the beginning: "The <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> were the first to send cameramen throughout the world, instructing them to film everything which could be of interest for the public."<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> launched and distributed <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">newsreels</a><sup id="cite_ref-Paris_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, films were meeting an enormous need for mass entertainment. "In the first decade of the [20th] century cinematic programmes combined, at random, fictions and newsfilms."<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans first "contrived a way of producing an illusion of motion through successive images," but "the French were able to transform a scientific principle into a commercially lucrative spectacle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1999115_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1999115-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film therefore became a part of the entertainment industry from its early days. Increasingly sophisticated techniques have been used in the film medium to delight and entertain audiences. Animation, for example, which involves the display of rapid movement in an art work, is one of these techniques that particularly appeals to younger audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) in the 21st century made it "possible to do spectacle" more cheaply and "on a scale never dreamed of" by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1930s to 1950s, movies and radio were the "only mass entertainment" but by the second decade of the 21st century, technological changes, economic decisions, risk aversion and globalisation reduced both the quality and range of films being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> and CGI techniques, for example, rather than humans, were used not only to create realistic images of people, landscapes and events (both real and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantastic</a>) but also to animate non-living items such as <a href="/wiki/Lego" title="Lego">Lego</a> normally used as entertainment as a game in physical form.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddox_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddox-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creators of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Movie" title="The Lego Movie">The Lego Movie</a></i> "wanted the audience to believe they were looking at actual Lego bricks on a tabletop that were shot with a real camera, not what we actually did, which was create vast environments with digital bricks inside the computer."<sup id="cite_ref-Maddox_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddox-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convergence of computers and film has allowed entertainment to be presented in a new way and the technology has also allowed for those with the personal resources to screen films in a <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home theatre</a>, recreating in a private venue the quality and experience of a public theatre. This is similar to the way that the nobility in earlier times could stage private musical performances or the use of domestic theatres in large homes to perform private plays in earlier centuries. </p><p>Films also re-imagine entertainment from other forms, turning stories, books and plays, for example, into new entertainments.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Film:_An_Odyssey" title="The Story of Film: An Odyssey">The Story of Film</a></i>, a documentary about the <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">history of film</a>, gives a survey of global achievements and innovations in the medium, as well as changes in the conception of film-making. It demonstrates that while some films, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> tradition that combines "realism and <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramatic</a> romanticism",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis199917_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis199917-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are intended as a form of <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapism</a>, others require a deeper engagement or more thoughtful response from their audiences. For example, the award-winning Senegalese film <i><a href="/wiki/Xala" title="Xala">Xala</a></i> takes government corruption as its theme. <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a></i> was a brave and innovative parody, also on a political theme. Stories that are thousands of years old, such as <a href="/wiki/Noah_(2014_film)" title="Noah (2014 film)"><i>Noah</i></a>, have been re-interpreted in film, applying familiar <a href="/wiki/Literary_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary devices">literary devices</a> such as allegory and <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> with new techniques such as CGI to explore big themes such as "human folly", good and evil, courage and despair, love, faith, and death –  themes that have been a main-stay of entertainment across all its forms.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other media, excellence and achievement in films is recognised through a range of awards, including ones from the American <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannes International Film Festival">Cannes International Film Festival</a> in France and the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Screen_Awards" title="Asia Pacific Screen Awards">Asia Pacific Screen Awards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dance">Dance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv/220px--Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, flac"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv/Peterborough_Snow_Ball_2008_silent_video.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">Contra dancers</a> at a ball in New Hampshire, United States (silent video)</figcaption></figure> <p>The many forms of dance provide entertainment for all age groups and cultures. Dance can be serious in tone, such as when it is used to express a culture's history or important stories; it may be provocative; or it may put in the service of comedy. Since it combines many forms of entertainment –  music, movement, storytelling, theatre –  it provides a good example of the various ways that these forms can be combined to create entertainment for different purposes and audiences. </p><p>Dance is "a form of cultural representation" that involves not just dancers, but "<a href="/wiki/Choreography_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreography (dance)">choreographers</a>, audience members, <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresarios</a> ... coming from all over the globe and from vastly varied time periods."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether from Africa, Asia or Europe, dance is constantly negotiating the realms of political, social, spiritual and artistic influence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though dance traditions may be limited to one cultural group, they all develop. For example, in Africa, there are "<a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomean</a> dances, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> dances, <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Masai</a> dances and so forth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200134_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200134-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ballet is an example of a highly developed Western form of dance that moved to the theatres from the French court during the time of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, the dancers becoming professional theatrical performers.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a>, a square dance that "emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic years</a> in France"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke198197_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198197-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">country dances</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were once popular at social gatherings like <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance)">balls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are now rarely performed. On the other hand, many <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Scottish Highland dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dancing</a>), have evolved into competitions, which by adding to their audiences, has increased their entertainment value. "Irish dance theatre, which sometimes features traditional Irish steps and music, has developed into a major dance form with an international reputation."<sup id="cite_ref-Wulff_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulff-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since dance is often "associated with the female body and women's experiences",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> female dancers, who dance to entertain, have in some cases been regarded as distinct from "decent" women because they "use their bodies to make a living instead of hiding them as much as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright2001142_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright2001142-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Society's attitudes to female dancers depend on the culture, its history and the entertainment industry itself. For example, while some cultures regard any dancing by women as "the most shameful form of entertainment",<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other cultures have established venues such as <a href="/wiki/Strip_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip clubs">strip clubs</a> where deliberately erotic or sexually provocative dances such as <a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">striptease</a> are performed in public by professional women dancers for mostly male audiences. </p><p>Various political regimes have sought to control or ban dancing or specific types of dancing, sometimes because of disapproval of the music or clothes associated with it. Nationalism, authoritarianism and racism have played a part in banning dances or dancing. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> regime, American dances such as <a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">swing</a>, regarded as "completely un-German", had "become a public offense and needed to be banned".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in Shanghai, China, in the 1930s, "dancing and nightclubs had come to symbolise the excess that plagued Chinese society" and officials wondered if "other forms of entertainment such as <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a>" should also be banned. Banning had the effect of making "the dance craze" even greater.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ireland, the Public Dance Hall Act of 1935 "banned –  but did not stop –  dancing at the crossroads and other popular dance forms such as house and <a href="/wiki/Barn_dance" title="Barn dance">barn dances</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Wulff_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulff-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, various dances were once banned, either because like <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>, they were suggestive,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or because, like the <a href="/wiki/Twist_(dance)" title="Twist (dance)">Twist</a>, they were associated with African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "African American dancers were typically banned from performing in <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel shows</a> until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dances can be performed <a href="/wiki/Solo_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo (dance)">solo</a>, in pairs, in groups, or by massed performers. They might be improvised or highly choreographed; spontaneous for personal entertainment (such as when children begin dancing for themselves); a private audience, a paying audience, a world audience, or an audience interested in a particular dance genre. They might be a part of a celebration, such as a wedding or New Year, or a cultural ritual with a specific purpose, such as a dance by <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a>. Some dances, such as traditional dance and ballet, need a very high level of skill and training; others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Can-can" title="Can-can">can-can</a>, require a very high level of energy and physical fitness. Entertaining the audience is a normal part of dance but its physicality often also produces joy for the dancers themselves. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Dance across cultures</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional dancer (Thailand)"><img alt="Traditional dancer (Thailand)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg/180px-Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg/270px-Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg/360px-Korea-Andong-Hahoe_Folk_Village-Thai_dancer-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Traditional dancer (Thailand)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harlequin and Columbine (Denmark)"><img alt="Harlequin and Columbine (Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg/122px-Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg/183px-Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg/244px-Harlekin_Columbine_Tivoli_Denmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequin and Columbine</a> (Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ballroom dancing (Czech Republic)"><img alt="Ballroom dancing (Czech Republic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg/96px-Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg/144px-Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg/192px-Ballroom_dance_exhibition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="2838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">Ballroom dancing</a> (Czech Republic)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belly dancer (Morocco)"><img alt="Belly dancer (Morocco)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg/113px-Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg/170px-Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg/227px-Belly_dancer_dancing_in_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dancer</a> (Morocco)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morris dancing (England)"><img alt="Morris dancing (England)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg/180px-Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg/270px-Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg/360px-Morris_dancing_at_Berwick_St_John_-_geograph.org.uk_-_903611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dancing</a> (England)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highland wedding (Scotland, 1780)"><img alt="Highland wedding (Scotland, 1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg/180px-Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg/270px-Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg/360px-Allan-highlandwedding1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland</a> wedding (Scotland, 1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warrior dancers (Papua New Guinea)"><img alt="Warrior dancers (Papua New Guinea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg/180px-Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg/270px-Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg/360px-Mt_Hagen_Cultural_Show_PNG_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Warrior dancers (Papua New Guinea)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fire Dragon dance for Chinese New Year"><img alt="Fire Dragon dance for Chinese New Year" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg/180px-Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg/270px-Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg/360px-Fire_Dragon_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fire Dragon dance for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhangra_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhangra dancers at the International Children's Festival"><img alt="Bhangra dancers at the International Children's Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bhangra_1.jpg/180px-Bhangra_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bhangra_1.jpg/270px-Bhangra_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bhangra_1.jpg/360px-Bhangra_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra dancers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Children%27s_Festival" title="International Children's Festival">International Children's Festival</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arirang_Mass_Games,_Pyongyang,_North_Korea-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Children in Mass Games (North Korea)"><img alt="Children in Mass Games (North Korea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arirang_Mass_Games%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg/180px-Arirang_Mass_Games%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arirang_Mass_Games%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg/270px-Arirang_Mass_Games%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arirang_Mass_Games%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg/360px-Arirang_Mass_Games%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="2225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Children in <a href="/wiki/Mass_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Games">Mass Games</a> (North Korea)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animals">Animals</h4></div> <p>Animals have been used for the purposes of entertainment for millennia. They have been hunted for entertainment (as opposed to hunted for food); displayed while they hunt for prey; watched when they compete with each other; and watched while they perform a trained routine for human amusement. The Romans, for example, were entertained both by competitions involving wild animals and acts performed by trained animals. They watched as "lions and bears danced to the music of pipes and <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>; horses were trained to kneel, bow, dance and prance ... acrobats turning handsprings over wild lions and vaulting over wild leopards." There were "violent confrontations with wild beasts" and "performances over time became more brutal and bloodier".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals that perform trained routines or "acts" for human entertainment include fleas in <a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">flea circuses</a>, dolphins in <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">dolphinaria</a>, and monkeys doing tricks for an audience on behalf of the player of a <a href="/wiki/Street_organ" title="Street organ">street organ</a>. Animals kept in <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a> in ancient times were often kept there for later use in the arena as entertainment or for their entertainment value as exotica.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many contests between animals are now regarded as sports –  for example, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> is regarded as both a sport and an important source of entertainment. Its economic impact means that it is also considered a global industry, one in which horses are carefully transported around the world to compete in races. In Australia, the horse race run on <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> Day is a public holiday and the public regards the race as an important annual event. Like horse racing, <a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">camel racing</a> requires human riders, while <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> does not. People find it entertaining to watch animals race competitively, whether they are trained, like horses, camels or dogs, or untrained, like <a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">cockroaches</a>. </p><p>The use of animals for entertainment is sometimes controversial, especially the hunting of wild animals. Some contests between animals, once popular entertainment for the public, have become illegal because of the cruelty involved. Among these are <a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">blood sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">bear-baiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">dog fighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a>. Other contests involving animals remain controversial and have both supporters and detractors. For example, the conflict between opponents of pigeon shooting who view it as "a cruel and moronic exercise in marksmanship, and proponents, who view it as entertainment" has been tested in a court of law.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a>, which involves the use of horses as well as hounds, and <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>, which has a strong theatrical component, are two entertainments that have a long and significant cultural history. They both involve animals and are variously regarded as sport, entertainment or cultural tradition. Among the organisations set up to advocate for the rights of animals are some whose concerns include the use of animals for entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "in many cases of animal advocacy groups versus organisations accused of animal abuse, both sides have cultural claims."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2008_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2008-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Animals used for entertainment</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="'Ala'ud-Din and Mahima Dharma hunting a tiger while in an intimate relationship, Punjab Hills, India, 1790"><img alt="'Ala'ud-Din and Mahima Dharma hunting a tiger while in an intimate relationship, Punjab Hills, India, 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG/180px-Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG/270px-Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG/360px-Ala-uddin_and_Mahima_hunting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'<a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Ala'ud-Din</a> and Mahima Dharma <a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">hunting</a> a tiger while in an intimate relationship, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Hills">Punjab Hills</a>, India, 1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trained monkey performing for an audience of children (1900–20)"><img alt="Trained monkey performing for an audience of children (1900–20)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Arabische_man_met_twee_gedresseerde_aapjes_aan_de_ketting_TMnr_60020423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trained monkey performing for an audience of children (1900–20)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crowd watches Pharlap win the Melbourne Cup in Australia, 1930."><img alt="Crowd watches Pharlap win the Melbourne Cup in Australia, 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg/180px-Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg/270px-Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg/360px-Pharlap1930melbournecup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crowd watches <a href="/wiki/Pharlap" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharlap">Pharlap</a> win the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> in Australia, 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crowd watches a bullfight in Mexico, 2010."><img alt="Crowd watches a bullfight in Mexico, 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg/180px-San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg/270px-San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg/360px-San_marcos_bullfight_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crowd watches a <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfight</a> in Mexico, 2010.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circus">Circus</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">Circus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg/220px-Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg/330px-Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg/440px-Cirque_Soleil_Stilt_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Children entertained by a <a href="/wiki/Stilts" title="Stilts">stilt</a> walker performing in a circus act</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>, described as "one of the most brazen of entertainment forms",<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a special type of theatrical performance, involving a variety of physical skills such as <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">juggling</a> and sometimes performing animals. Usually thought of as a travelling show performed in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/big_top" class="extiw" title="wikt:big top">big top</a>, circus was first performed in permanent venues. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Astley" title="Philip Astley">Philip Astley</a> is regarded as the founder of the modern circus in the second half of the 18th century and <a href="/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9otard" title="Jules Léotard">Jules Léotard</a> is the French performer credited with developing the art of the <a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">trapeze</a>, considered synonymous with circuses.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astley brought together performances that were generally familiar in traditional British fairs "at least since the beginning of the 17th century": "tumbling, rope-dancing, juggling, animal tricks and so on".<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that "there is no direct link between the Roman circus and the circus of modern times. ... Between the demise of the Roman 'circus' and the foundation of Astley's Amphitheatre in London some 1300 years later, the nearest thing to a circus ring was the rough circle formed by the curious onlookers who gathered around the itinerant tumbler or juggler on a <a href="/wiki/Village_green" title="Village green">village green</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt_Leon2011_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt_Leon2011-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magic">Magic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic (illusion)</a></div> <p>The form of entertainment known as <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">stage magic</a> or conjuring and recognisable as performance, is based on traditions and texts of magical rites and dogmas that have been a part of most cultural traditions since ancient times. (References to magic, for example, can be found in the Bible, in <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> tradition, in <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and in the sources of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stage magic is performed for an audience in a variety of media and locations: on stage, on television, in the street, and live at parties or events. It is often combined with other forms of entertainment, such as comedy or music and <a href="/wiki/Showmanship_(performing)" title="Showmanship (performing)">showmanship</a> is often an essential part of magic performances. Performance magic relies on deception, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a>, sleight of hand and other forms of trickery to give an audience the illusion that a performer can achieve the impossible. Audiences amazed at the <a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">stunt performances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escapology" title="Escapology">escape acts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>, for example, regarded him as a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Fantasy magicians</a> have held an important place in literature for centuries, offering entertainment to millions of readers. Famous wizards such as <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legends">Arthurian legends</a> have been written about since the 5th and 6th centuries, while in the 21st century, the young wizard <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> became a global entertainment phenomenon when the book series about him sold about 450 million copies (as at June 2011), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_book_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of book series">best-selling book series in history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Street_performance">Street performance</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg/220px-Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg/330px-Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg/440px-Didgeridoo_street_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a> player entertaining passers by in the street</figcaption></figure> <p>Street entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">street performance</a>, or "busking" are forms of performance that have been meeting the public's need for entertainment for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "an integral aspect of London's life", for example, when the city in the early 19th century was "filled with spectacle and diversion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd2000346_(caption_to_plate_following_text_pages)_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd2000346_(caption_to_plate_following_text_pages)-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> are part of the tradition. The art and practice of busking is still celebrated at annual busking festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three basic forms of contemporary street performance. The first form is the "circle show". It tends to gather a crowd, usually has a distinct beginning and end, and is done in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">street theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magicians</a>, comedians, acrobats, <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">jugglers</a> and sometimes musicians. This type has the potential to be the most lucrative for the performer because there are likely to be more donations from larger audiences if they are entertained by the act. Good buskers control the crowd so patrons do not obstruct foot traffic. The second form, the <i>walk-by act</i>, has no distinct beginning or end. Typically, the busker provides an entertaining ambience, often with an unusual instrument, and the audience may not stop to watch or form a crowd. Sometimes a walk-by act spontaneously turns into a circle show. The third form, <i>café busking</i>, is performed mostly in restaurants, pubs, bars and cafés. This type of act occasionally uses public transport as a venue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parades">Parades</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">Parade</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">Parades</a> are held for a range of purposes, often more than one. Whether their mood is sombre or festive, being public events that are designed to attract attention and activities that necessarily divert normal traffic, parades have a clear entertainment value to their audiences. <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade" title="Cavalcade">Cavalcades</a> and the modern variant, the <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a>, are examples of public processions. Some people watching the parade or procession may have made a special effort to attend, while others become part of the audience by happenstance. Whatever their mood or primary purpose, parades attract and entertain people who watch them pass by. Occasionally, a parade takes place in an improvised theatre space (such as the <a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a> in ) and tickets are sold to the physical audience while the global audience participates via broadcast. </p><p>One of the earliest forms of parade were "<a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphs</a>" –  grand and sensational displays of foreign treasures and spoils, given by triumphant Roman generals to celebrate their victories. They presented conquered peoples and nations that exalted the prestige of the victor. "In the summer of 46 <a href="/wiki/Before_common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before common era">BCE</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> chose to celebrate four triumphs held on different days extending for about one month."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe from the Middle Ages to the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Entry">Royal Entry</a> celebrated the formal visit of the monarch to the city with a parade through elaborately decorated streets, passing various shows and displays. The annual <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a> in London is an example of a civic parade that has survived since medieval times. </p><p>Many religious festivals (especially those that incorporate <a href="/wiki/Processions" class="mw-redirect" title="Processions">processions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">Holy Week processions</a> or the Indian festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>) have some entertainment appeal in addition to their serious purpose. Sometimes, religious rituals have been adapted or evolved into secular entertainments, or like the <a href="/wiki/Festa_del_Redentore" title="Festa del Redentore">Festa del Redentore</a> in Venice, have managed to grow in popularity while holding both secular and sacred purposes in balance. However, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>, such as the Roman Catholic pilgrimage of the <a href="/wiki/Way_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of St. James">Way of St. James</a>, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>, which may appear to the outsider as an entertaining parade or procession, are not intended as entertainment: they are instead about an individual's spiritual journey. Hence, the relationship between spectator and participant, unlike entertainments proper, is different. The manner in which the Kumbh Mela, for example, "is divorced from its cultural context and repackaged for Western consumption –  renders the presence of <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurs</a> deeply problematic."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parades generally impress and delight often by including unusual, colourful costumes. Sometimes they also commemorate or celebrate. Sometimes they have a serious purpose, such as when the context is military, when the intention is sometimes to intimidate; or religious, when the audience might participate or have a role to play. Even if a parade uses new technology and is some distance away, it is likely to have a strong appeal, draw the attention of onlookers and entertain them. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Parades across cultures</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Caesar, Andreani (1588/9)"><img alt="Triumph of Caesar, Andreani (1588/9)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg/164px-Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg/245px-Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg/327px-Triunphus_Caesaris_plate_6_-_Andreani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Triumph of Caesar, Andreani (1588/9)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Jacob Miller Cavalcade by the Snake Indians (1858–60)"><img alt="Alfred Jacob Miller Cavalcade by the Snake Indians (1858–60)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg/180px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg/270px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg/360px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Cavalcade_-_Walters_371940199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a> <i>Cavalcade</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Snake_Indians" title="Snake Indians">Snake Indians</a> (1858–60)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parade from the onlooker perspective (1816)"><img alt="Parade from the onlooker perspective (1816)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg/88px-Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg/132px-Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg/176px-Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Parade from the onlooker perspective (1816)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv/180px--William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="130" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv/William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv/William_McKinley_1901_inauguration.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="334" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration</a> parade of US President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Respectful crowd at motorcade in Canada (1945)"><img alt="Respectful crowd at motorcade in Canada (1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg/180px-1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg/270px-1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg/360px-1945_Eelde_Canadezen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Respectful crowd at <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a> in Canada (1945)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganesh Visarjan, Mumbai (2007)"><img alt="Ganesh Visarjan, Mumbai (2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg/180px-Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg/270px-Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg/360px-Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Visarjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Visarjan">Ganesh Visarjan</a>, Mumbai (2007)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Costumes in West Indian Day parade (2008)"><img alt="Costumes in West Indian Day parade (2008)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg/180px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg/270px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg/360px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008-09-01_man_in_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Costumes in West Indian Day parade (2008)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Celebratory parade in London before seated audience (2008)"><img alt="Celebratory parade in London before seated audience (2008)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG/180px-Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG/270px-Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG/360px-Trooping_the_Colour_March_on.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Celebratory parade in London before seated audience (2008)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flypast (2012)"><img alt="Flypast (2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG/180px-Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG/270px-Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG/360px-Red_Arrows_over_the_Mall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">Flypast</a> (2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_Portela_2014_(906185).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Festive parade in Brazil (2014)"><img alt="Festive parade in Brazil (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/180px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/270px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/360px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Festive parade in Brazil</a> (2014)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fireworks">Fireworks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg/220px-Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg/330px-Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg/440px-Medell%C3%ADn-Juegos_pirot%C3%A9cnicos_bicentenario-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Spectators at Bicentennial <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> in Colombia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a> are a part of many public entertainments and have retained an enduring popularity since they became a "crowning feature of elaborate celebrations" in the 17th century. First used in China, classical antiquity and Europe for military purposes, fireworks were most popular in the 18th century and high prices were paid for <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnists</a>, especially the skilled Italian ones, who were summoned to other countries to organise displays.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire and water were important aspects of court spectacles because the displays "inspired by means of fire, sudden noise, smoke and general magnificence the sentiments thought fitting for the subject to entertain of his sovereign: awe fear and a vicarious sense of glory in his might. Birthdays, name-days, weddings and anniversaries provided the occasion for celebration."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous courtly uses of fireworks was one used to celebrate the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> and while the fireworks themselves caused a fire,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a> written by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> has been popular ever since. Aside from their contribution to entertainments related to military successes, courtly displays and personal celebrations, fireworks are also used as part of religious ceremony. For example, during the Indian <a href="/wiki/Dashavatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashavatar">Dashavatara</a> Kala of Gomantaka "the temple deity is taken around in a procession with a lot of singing, dancing and display of fireworks".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "fire, sudden noise and smoke" of fireworks is still a significant part of public celebration and entertainment. For example, fireworks were one of the primary forms of display chosen to celebrate the turn of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> around the world. As the clock struck midnight and 1999 became 2000, firework displays and open-air parties greeted the New Year as the <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> changed over to the next century. Fireworks, carefully planned and choreographed, were let off against the backdrop of many of the world's most famous buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge" title="Sydney Harbour Bridge">Sydney Harbour Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Pyramids of Giza</a> in Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> in Athens, <a href="/wiki/Red_Square_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red Square (disambiguation)">Red Square</a> in Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> in Berlin, the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tower">Elizabeth Tower</a> in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg/220px-Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg/330px-Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg/440px-Tifosi_fiorentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Audience engagement from a crowd of Italian sport fans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg/220px-2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg/330px-2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg/440px-2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Fans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Audience engagement by individual South African fans at the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">Sporting</a> competitions have always provided entertainment for crowds. To distinguish the players from the audience, the latter are often known as spectators. Developments in stadium and <a href="/wiki/Auditorium" title="Auditorium">auditorium</a> design, as well as in recording and broadcast technology, have allowed off-site spectators to watch sport, with the result that the size of the audience has grown ever larger and <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> has become increasingly popular. Two of the most popular sports with global appeal are association football and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. Their ultimate international competitions, the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a>, are broadcast around the world. Beyond the very large numbers involved in playing these sports, they are notable for being a major source of entertainment for many millions of non-players worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparable multi-stage, long-form sport with global appeal is the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>, unusual in that it takes place outside of special stadia, being run instead in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from sports that have worldwide appeal and competitions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, the entertainment value of a sport depends on the culture and country where people play it. For example, in the United States, baseball and basketball games are popular forms of entertainment; in Bhutan, the national sport is archery; in New Zealand, it is <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>; in Iran, it is <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>. Japan's unique <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestling contains ritual elements that derive from its long history.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, such as the international running group <a href="/wiki/Hash_House_Harriers" title="Hash House Harriers">Hash House Harriers</a>, participants create a blend of sport and entertainment for themselves, largely independent of spectator involvement, where the social component is more important than the competitive. </p><p>The evolution of an activity into a sport and then an entertainment is also affected by the local climate and conditions. For example, the modern sport of <a href="/wiki/History_of_surfing" title="History of surfing">surfing</a> is associated with Hawaii and that of <a href="/wiki/History_of_skiing" title="History of skiing">snow skiing</a> probably evolved in Scandinavia. While these sports and the entertainment they offer to spectators have spread around the world, people in the two originating countries remain well known for their prowess. Sometimes the climate offers a chance to adapt another sport such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> – an important entertainment in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairs,_expositions,_shopping"><span id="Fairs.2C_expositions.2C_shopping"></span>Fairs, expositions, shopping</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">World's fair</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fairs</a> and exhibitions have existed since ancient and medieval times, displaying wealth, innovations and objects for trade and offering specific entertainments as well as being places of entertainment in themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether in a medieval market or a small shop, "shopping always offered forms of exhilaration that took one away from the everyday".<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the modern world, "merchandising has become entertainment: spinning signs, flashing signs, thumping music ... video screens, interactive computer kiosks, day care .. cafés".<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 19th century, "expos" that encouraged arts, manufactures and commerce had become international. They were not only hugely popular but affected international ideas. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">1878 Paris Exposition</a> facilitated international cooperation about ideas, innovations and standards. From London 1851 to Paris 1900, "in excess of 200 million visitors had entered the turnstiles in London, Paris, Vienna, Philadelphia, Chicago and a myriad of smaller shows around the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> "well over 500 million visits have been recorded through world expo turnstiles".<sup id="cite_ref-Boisseau_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boisseau-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a form of spectacle and entertainment, expositions influenced "everything from architecture, to patterns of globalisation, to fundamental matters of human identity"<sup id="cite_ref-Boisseau_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boisseau-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the process established the close relationship between "fairs, the rise of department stores and art museums",<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern world of mass consumption and the entertainment industry. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Entertainment in expositions and shops</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_1889_plakat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertisement for 1889 Paris Universal Exposition"><img alt="Advertisement for 1889 Paris Universal Exposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paris_1889_plakat.jpg/113px-Paris_1889_plakat.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paris_1889_plakat.jpg/169px-Paris_1889_plakat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paris_1889_plakat.jpg/225px-Paris_1889_plakat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="4250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertisement for 1889 Paris Universal Exposition</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Audience queuing for Qatar's World Exposition Pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo"><img alt="Audience queuing for Qatar's World Exposition Pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg/180px-Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg/270px-Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg/360px-Qatar%27s_Pavillion_at_the_2010_World_Expo_in_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Audience queuing for Qatar's World Exposition Pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball pit of the type provided for children's entertainment in shopping malls"><img alt="Ball pit of the type provided for children's entertainment in shopping malls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ballpit.jpg/180px-Ballpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ballpit.jpg/270px-Ballpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ballpit.jpg/360px-Ballpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ball_pit" title="Ball pit">Ball pit</a> of the type provided for children's entertainment in shopping malls</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <p>Some entertainments, such as at large festivals (whether religious or secular), concerts, clubs, parties and celebrations, involve big crowds. From earliest times, crowds at an entertainment have associated hazards and dangers, especially when combined with the recreational consumption of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">intoxicants</a> such as alcohol. The Ancient Greeks had <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a>, for example, and the Romans had <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>. The consequence of excess and crowds can produce breaches of <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">social norms</a> of behaviour, sometimes causing injury or even death, such as for example, at the <a href="/wiki/Altamont_Free_Concert" title="Altamont Free Concert">Altamont Free Concert</a>, an outdoor <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festival</a>. The list of <a href="/wiki/Nightclub#Serious_incidents" title="Nightclub">serious incidents at nightclubs</a> includes those caused by <a href="/wiki/Crowd_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowd crush">crowd crush</a>; terrorism, such as the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a> that targeted a nightclub; and especially fire. Investigations, such as that carried out in the US after <a href="/wiki/The_Station_nightclub_fire" title="The Station nightclub fire">The Station nightclub fire</a> often demonstrate that lessons learned "regarding fire safety in nightclubs" from earlier events such as the <a href="/wiki/Cocoanut_Grove_fire" title="Cocoanut Grove fire">Cocoanut Grove fire</a> do "not necessarily result in lasting effective change".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to prevent such incidents include appointing special officers, such as the medieval <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a> or, in modern times, <a href="/wiki/Security_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Security officers">security officers</a> who control access; and also ongoing improvement of relevant <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">standards</a> such as those for building safety. The tourism industry now regards safety and security at entertainment venues as an important management task.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry"><span class="anchor" id="Industry"></span> Industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">Media market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_business" title="Show business">Show business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Sport industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video game industry</a></div> <p>Entertainment is <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a>, especially in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Stein2009_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein2009-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but ubiquitous in all cultures. Although kings, rulers and powerful people have always been able to pay for entertainment to be provided for them and in many cases have paid for public entertainment, people generally have made their own entertainment or when possible, attended a live performance. Technological developments in the 20th century, especially in the area of mass media, meant that entertainment could be produced independently of the audience, packaged and sold on a commercial basis by an entertainment industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein2009_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein2009-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes referred to as show business, the industry relies on <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a> to produce, market, broadcast or otherwise distribute many of its traditional forms, including performances of all types.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry became so sophisticated that its economics became a separate area of academic study.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> is a part of the entertainment industry. Components of it include the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> film industries, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">cinema of the United Kingdom</a> and all the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">cinemas of Europe</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">sex industry</a> is another component of the entertainment industry, applying the same forms and media (for example, film, books, dance and other performances) to the development, marketing and sale of sex products on a commercial basis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement parks</a> entertain paying guests with <a href="/wiki/Amusement_ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Amusement ride">rides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Roller_coasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller coasters">roller coasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">ridable miniature railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rides">water rides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dark_rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark rides">dark rides</a>, as well as other events and associated attractions. The parks are built on a large area subdivided into themed areas named "lands". Sometimes the whole amusement park is based on one theme, such as the various <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld" title="SeaWorld">SeaWorld</a> parks that focus on the theme of sea life. </p><p>One of the consequences of the development of the entertainment industry has been the creation of new types of employment. While jobs such as writer, musician and composer exist as they always have, people doing this work are likely to be employed by a company rather than a patron as they once would have been. New jobs have appeared, such as <a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaffer (filmmaking)">gaffer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a> supervisor in the film industry, and attendants in an amusement park. </p><p>Prestigious awards are given by the industry for excellence in the various types of entertainment. For example, there are awards for music, games (including video games), comics, theatre, television, film, dance and magical arts. Sporting awards are made for the results and skill, rather than for the entertainment value. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">The entertainment industry</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Film_reel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Packaged entertainment 35mm film reels in boxes"><img alt="Packaged entertainment 35mm film reels in boxes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Film_reel.jpg/177px-Film_reel.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Film_reel.jpg/265px-Film_reel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Film_reel.jpg/354px-Film_reel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="2271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Packaged entertainment<br />35mm <a href="/wiki/Film_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Film reel">film reels</a> in boxes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006,_Bonn,_Sternstra%C3%9Fe,_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choosing music from a record store (Germany, 1988)"><img alt="Choosing music from a record store (Germany, 1988)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Sternstra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Sternstra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Sternstra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Sternstra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Sternstra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079073-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Sternstra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schallplattengesch%C3%A4ft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choosing music from a record store (Germany, 1988)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LOceanogr%C3%A0fic,_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias,_2005,_Valencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ticket showing electronic barcode (Valencia, 2005)"><img alt="Ticket showing electronic barcode (Valencia, 2005)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LOceanogr%C3%A0fic%2C_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias%2C_2005%2C_Valencia.jpg/180px-LOceanogr%C3%A0fic%2C_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias%2C_2005%2C_Valencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LOceanogr%C3%A0fic%2C_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias%2C_2005%2C_Valencia.jpg/270px-LOceanogr%C3%A0fic%2C_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias%2C_2005%2C_Valencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LOceanogr%C3%A0fic%2C_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias%2C_2005%2C_Valencia.jpg/360px-LOceanogr%C3%A0fic%2C_Ciudad_de_las_artes_y_las_ciencias%2C_2005%2C_Valencia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ticket showing electronic <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> (Valencia, 2005)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_for_entertainment">Architecture for entertainment</h3></div> <p>Purpose-built structures as venues for entertainment that accommodate audiences have produced many famous and innovative buildings, among the most recognisable of which are <a href="/wiki/Theatre_(structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre (structure)">theatre structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the ancient Greeks, "the architectural importance of the theatre is a reflection of their importance to the community, made apparent in their monumentality, in the effort put into their design, and in the care put into their detail."<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans subsequently developed the stadium in an oval form known as a <a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a>. In modern times, some of the grandest buildings for entertainment have brought fame to their cities as well as their designers. The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a>, for example, is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_O%E2%82%82_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The O₂ (London)">The O₂</a> in London is an entertainment precinct that contains an indoor arena, a music club, a cinema and exhibition space. The <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a> in Germany is a theatre designed and built for performances of one specific musical composition. </p><p>Two of the chief architectural concerns for the design of venues for mass audiences are speed of egress and safety. The speed at which the venue empty is important both for amenity and safety, because large crowds take a long time to disperse from a badly designed venue, which creates a safety risk. The <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> is an example of how poor aspects of building design can contribute to audience deaths. <a href="/wiki/Sightline" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightline">Sightlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> are also important design considerations in most theatrical venues. </p><p>In the 21st century, entertainment venues, especially stadia, are "likely to figure among the leading architectural genres".<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they require "a whole new approach" to design, because they need to be "sophisticated entertainment centres, multi-experience venues, capable of being enjoyed in many diverse ways".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, architects now have to design "with two distinct functions in mind, as sports and entertainment centres playing host to live audiences, and as sports and entertainment studios serving the viewing and listening requirements of the remote audience".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Architecture for entertainment</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colosseum, Rome (70–80 AD), Roman venue for mass entertainment"><img alt="Colosseum, Rome (70–80 AD), Roman venue for mass entertainment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/180px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/270px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/360px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="2833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, Rome (70–80 AD), Roman venue for mass entertainment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon,_12_February_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Foyer in the Palais Garnier, Paris (1875), influenced architecture around the world."><img alt="The Grand Foyer in the Palais Garnier, Paris (1875), influenced architecture around the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg/180px-Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg/270px-Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg/360px-Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Grand Foyer in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, Paris (1875), influenced architecture around the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maracana-predefinicao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, at inauguration (1950) the world's largest stadium by capacity"><img alt="Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, at inauguration (1950) the world's largest stadium by capacity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maracana-predefinicao.jpg/180px-Maracana-predefinicao.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maracana-predefinicao.jpg/270px-Maracana-predefinicao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maracana-predefinicao.jpg/360px-Maracana-predefinicao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Maracan%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Estádio do Maracanã">Maracanã</a>, Rio de Janeiro, at inauguration (1950) the world's largest stadium by capacity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamingo Entertainment Centre, Vantaa (2008), includes a variety of entertainment activities (e.g. a cinema, spa, bowling, laser games, virtual experiences), 40 different stores and a hotel.[183]"><img alt="Flamingo Entertainment Centre, Vantaa (2008), includes a variety of entertainment activities (e.g. a cinema, spa, bowling, laser games, virtual experiences), 40 different stores and a hotel.[183]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg/180px-Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg/270px-Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg/360px-Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flamingo,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingo, Finland">Flamingo Entertainment Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a> (2008), includes a variety of entertainment activities (e.g. a cinema, <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser game">laser games</a>, virtual experiences), 40 different stores and a hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_as_entertainment">Architecture as entertainment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg/220px-Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg/330px-Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg/440px-Sleepingbeautycastle50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Inauthentic castle in <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> amusement park</figcaption></figure> <p>Architects who push the boundaries of design or construction sometimes create buildings that are entertaining because they exceed the expectations of the public and the client and are aesthetically outstanding. Buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Guggenheim Museum Bilbao</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, are of this type, becoming a tourist attraction as well as a significant international museum. Other apparently usable buildings are really <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">follies</a>, deliberately constructed for a decorative purpose and never intended to be practical. </p><p>On the other hand, sometimes architecture is entertainment, while pretending to be functional. The tourism industry, for example, creates or renovates buildings as "attractions" that have either never been used or can never be used for their ostensible purpose. They are instead re-purposed to entertain visitors often by simulating cultural experiences. Buildings, history and sacred spaces are thus made into commodities for purchase. Such intentional tourist attractions divorce buildings from the past so that "the difference between historical authenticity and contemporary entertainment venues/theme parks becomes hard to define".<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include "the preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Toledo" title="Alcázar of Toledo">Alcázar of Toledo</a>, with its grim Civil War History, the conversion of slave dungeons into tourist attractions in Ghana, [such as, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a>] and the presentation of indigenous culture in Libya".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasansky2004xvii,_Part_II,_Ch._4,_5,_6_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasansky2004xvii,_Part_II,_Ch._4,_5,_6-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specially constructed buildings in amusement parks represent the park's theme and are usually neither authentic nor completely functional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_developments_in_electronic_media">Effects of developments in electronic media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg" title="File:Arthur Sullivan - wax cylinder recording.ogg">Arthur Sullivan on recording music</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg/Arthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AArthur_Sullivan_-_wax_cylinder_recording.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">1888 wax cylinder recording of composer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> speaking about his reaction to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>. <i>... I am astonished and somewhat terrified at the results of this evening's experiment –  astonished at the wonderful power you have developed, and terrified at the thought that so much hideous and bad music may be put on record forever. But all the same, I think it is the most wonderful thing that I have ever experienced, and I congratulate you with all my heart on this wonderful discovery.</i></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisation">Globalisation</h3></div> <p>By the second half of the 20th century, developments in electronic media made possible the delivery of entertainment products to mass audiences across the globe. The technology enabled people to see, hear and participate in all the familiar forms –  stories, theatre, music, dance –  wherever they live. The rapid development of entertainment technology was assisted by improvements in <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a> or compact discs, along with increasing <a href="/wiki/Miniaturisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniaturisation">miniaturisation</a>. Computerisation and the development of <a href="/wiki/Barcodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcodes">barcodes</a> also made ticketing easier, faster and global. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_radio_advertisement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Crystal_radio_advertisement.png/220px-Crystal_radio_advertisement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Crystal_radio_advertisement.png/330px-Crystal_radio_advertisement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Crystal_radio_advertisement.png/440px-Crystal_radio_advertisement.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Magazine advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radio</a> (1922)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg/220px-TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg/330px-TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg/440px-TV-Turm_Almaty_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Almaty_Tower" title="Almaty Tower">Television tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan (constructed 1983)</figcaption></figure><p>In the 1940s, radio was the electronic medium for family entertainment and information.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, it was television that was the new medium and it rapidly became global, bringing visual entertainment, first in black and white, then in colour, to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">games</a> could be played electronically, then <a href="/wiki/Handheld_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld video game">hand-held</a> devices provided mobile entertainment, and by the last decade of the 20th century, via <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">networked play</a>. In combination with products from the entertainment industry, all the traditional forms of entertainment became available personally. People could not only select an entertainment product such as a piece of music, film or game, they could choose the time and place to use it. The "proliferation of portable media players and the emphasis on the computer as a site for film consumption" together have significantly changed how audiences encounter films.<sup id="cite_ref-Tryon_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tryon-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable consequences of the rise of electronic entertainment has been the rapid <a href="/wiki/Obsolescence" title="Obsolescence">obsolescence</a> of the various recording and storage methods. As an example of speed of change driven by electronic media, over the course of one generation, television as a medium for receiving standardised entertainment products went from unknown, to novel, to ubiquitous and finally to superseded.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate was that by 2011 over 30 per cent of households in the US would own a <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> console, "about the same percentage that owned a television in 1953".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some expected that halfway through the second decade of the 21st century, online entertainment would have completely replaced television – which did not happen. The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Digital_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital revolution">digital revolution</a>" has produced an increasingly transnational marketplace that has caused difficulties for governments, business, industries, and individuals, as they all try to keep up.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the sports stadium of the future will increasingly compete with television viewing "...in terms of comfort, safety and the constant flow of audio-visual information and entertainment available."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard200149_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard200149-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other flow on effects of the shift are likely to include those on public architecture such as hospitals and nursing homes, where television, regarded as an essential entertainment service for patients and residents, will need to be replaced by access to the internet. At the same time, the ongoing need for entertainers as "professional engagers" shows the continuity of traditional entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convergence">Convergence</h3></div> <p>By the second decade of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Analogue_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue recording">analogue recording</a> was being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> and all forms of electronic entertainment began to <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">converge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, convergence is challenging standard practices in the film industry: whereas "success or failure used to be determined by the first weekend of its run. Today, ... a series of exhibition 'windows', such as DVD, pay-per-view, and fibre-optic video-on-demand are used to maximise profits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010156_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010156-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the industry's adjustment is its release of new commercial product directly via video hosting services. Media convergence is said to be more than technological: the convergence is cultural as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing201022,_30_''ff''_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing201022,_30_''ff''-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also "the result of a deliberate effort to protect the interests of business entities, policy institutions and other groups".<sup id="cite_ref-Tryon_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tryon-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globalisation and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a> are two of the cultural consequences of convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing201030_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing201030-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> and interactive storytelling as well as the way that single franchises are distributed through and affect a range of delivery methods.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "greater diversity in the ways that signals may be received and packaged for the viewer, via terrestrial, satellite or cable television, and of course, via the Internet" also affects entertainment venues, such as sports stadia, which now need to be designed so that both live and remote audiences can interact in increasingly sophisticated ways –  for example, audiences can "watch highlights, call up statistics", "order tickets and merchandise" and generally "tap into the stadium's resources at any time of the day or night".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of television altered the availability, cost, variety and quality of entertainment products for the public and the convergence of online entertainment is having a similar effect. For example, the possibility and popularity of user-generated content, as distinct from commercial product, creates a "networked audience model [that] makes programming obsolete".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010536_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010536-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals and corporations use <a href="/wiki/Video_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Video hosting service">video hosting services</a> to broadcast content that is equally accepted by the public as legitimate entertainment. </p><p>While technology increases demand for entertainment products and offers increased speed of delivery, the forms that make up the content are in themselves, relatively stable. Storytelling, music, theatre, dance and games are recognisably the same as in earlier centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_entertainment_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Family entertainment centre">Family entertainment centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainer_occupations" title="List of entertainer occupations">List of entertainer occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_entertainment" title="Outline of entertainment">Outline of entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entertainment" title="Social entertainment">Social entertainment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Oxford University Press, 1971, Vol 1 pp. 213–214)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the application of psychological models and theories to entertainment is discussed in Part III of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBryantVorderer,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Jennings; Vorderer, Peter (2006). <i>Psychology of Entertainment</i>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 367–434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5238-7"><bdi>978-0-8058-5238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+of+Entertainment&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=367-434&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-5238-7&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Jennings&rft.au=Vorderer%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayreKing2010" class="citation book cs1">Sayre, Shay; King, Cynthia (2010). <i>Entertainment and Society: Influences, Impacts, and Innovations (Google eBook)</i> (2nd ed.). Oxon; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99806-2"><bdi>978-0-415-99806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertainment+and+Society%3A+Influences%2C+Impacts%2C+and+Innovations+%28Google+eBook%29&rft.place=Oxon%3B+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99806-2&rft.aulast=Sayre&rft.aufirst=Shay&rft.au=King%2C+Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost,_Warwick2011" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Warwick, ed. (2011). <i>Conservation, Education, Entertainment?</i>. Channel View Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-164-0"><bdi>978-1-84541-164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation%2C+Education%2C+Entertainment%3F&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publication&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84541-164-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod,_SuzanneWatson,_Sheila2007" class="citation book cs1">Macleod, Suzanne; Watson, Sheila (2007). Knell, Simon J. (ed.). <i>Museum Revolutions</i>. Oxon; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93264-3"><bdi>978-0-203-93264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+Revolutions&rft.place=Oxon%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93264-3&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Watson%2C+Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZillmannVorderer,_Peter2000" class="citation book cs1">Zillmann, Dolf; Vorderer, Peter (2000). <i>Media Entertainment – the psychology of its appeal</i>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Taylor & Francis e-library. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3324-9"><bdi>978-0-8058-3324-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Entertainment+%E2%80%93+the+psychology+of+its+appeal&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates%2C+Inc.+Taylor+%26+Francis+e-library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-3324-9&rft.aulast=Zillmann&rft.aufirst=Dolf&rft.au=Vorderer%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Marketer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketer">marketers</a> mix commercial messages with non-commercial messages in entertainments on radio, television, films, videos and games. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrum2012" class="citation book cs1">Shrum, L.J.J. (2012). <i>The Psychology of Entertainment Media</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84872-944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84872-944-5"><bdi>978-1-84872-944-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Entertainment+Media&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84872-944-5&rft.aulast=Shrum&rft.aufirst=L.J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghal,_ArvindCody,_Michael_J.Rogers,_EverettSabido,_Miguel2008" class="citation book cs1">Singhal, Arvind; Cody, Michael J.; Rogers, Everett; Sabido, Miguel, eds. (2008). <i>Entertainment-Education and Social Change: History, Research, and Practice</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0959-5"><bdi>978-1-4106-0959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertainment-Education+and+Social+Change%3A+History%2C+Research%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4106-0959-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_FreitasMaharg2011" class="citation book cs1">de Freitas, Sara; Maharg, Paul, eds. (2011). <i>Digital Games and Learning</i>. London; New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9870-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-9870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Games+and+Learning&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9870-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/why-do-we-like-to-see-others-suffer-schadenfreude.html">"Schadenfreude: Why Do We Like To See Others Suffer?"</a>. <i>Science ABC</i>. 18 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020162049/https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/why-do-we-like-to-see-others-suffer-schadenfreude.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+ABC&rft.atitle=Schadenfreude%3A+Why+Do+We+Like+To+See+Others+Suffer%3F&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceabc.com%2Fsocial-science%2Fwhy-do-we-like-to-see-others-suffer-schadenfreude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, William, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matrixphilosophy00irwi/page/196"><i>The Matrix and Philosophy</i></a>. Peru, IL: Carus Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matrixphilosophy00irwi/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9502-1"><bdi>978-0-8126-9502-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matrix+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Peru%2C+IL&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Carus+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9502-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmatrixphilosophy00irwi%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ql_9">"IMDb <i>The Matrix</i> worldwide release dates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509185717/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ql_9">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDb+The+Matrix+worldwide+release+dates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0133093%2Freleaseinfo%3Fref_%3Dtt_ql_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1975" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Peter (1975). <i>Philosophy and the Novel</i>. Oxford, Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+the+Novel&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Clarendon&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_M.J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, M.J. (2005). <i>The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker's Guide</i> (2nd ed.). Pocket Essentials. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904048-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904048-46-6"><bdi>978-1-904048-46-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Essential+Hitchhiker%27s+Guide&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pocket+Essentials&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904048-46-6&rft.au=Simpson%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoll2012" class="citation book cs1">Joll, Nicholas, ed. (2012). <i>Philosophy and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29112-6"><bdi>978-0-230-29112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+The+Hitchhiker%27s+Guide+to+the+Galaxy&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29112-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGakhar2007" class="citation book cs1">Gakhar, Sonia (2007). <i>The influence of storytelling on pre-service students' attitudes and intentions (MSc Thesis)</i>. Iowa State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+storytelling+on+pre-service+students%27+attitudes+and+intentions+%28MSc+Thesis%29&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gakhar&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhns-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhns_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhns_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhns_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhns2005" class="citation book cs1">Kuhns, Richard Francis (2005). <i>Decameron and the Philosophy of Storytelling: Author as Midwife and Pimp</i>. New York; Chichester West Sussex: Columbia University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13608-2"><bdi>978-0-231-13608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decameron+and+the+Philosophy+of+Storytelling%3A+Author+as+Midwife+and+Pimp&rft.place=New+York%3B+Chichester+West+Sussex&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13608-2&rft.aulast=Kuhns&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlsen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlsen_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlsen_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Carlsen, Spike (2009). <i>A Splintered History of Wood</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-137356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-137356-5"><bdi>978-0-06-137356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Splintered+History+of+Wood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-137356-5&rft.aulast=Carlsen&rft.aufirst=Spike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkle,_Roger2008" class="citation cs1">Dunkle, Roger (2008). <i>Gladiators: violence and spectacle in ancient Rome</i>. Harlow, England; New York: Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-0739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-0739-5"><bdi>978-1-4058-0739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladiators%3A+violence+and+spectacle+in+ancient+Rome&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-0739-5&rft.au=Dunkle%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman,_Douglas_C.1977" class="citation cs1">Wiseman, Douglas C. (1977). <i>Medieval Sport: Quest for Survival</i>. Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse Microfiche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sport%3A+Quest+for+Survival&rft.pub=Distributed+by+ERIC+Clearinghouse+Microfiche&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Wiseman%2C+Douglas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterMattingly,_David_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David Stone; Mattingly, David J. (1999). <i>Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10924-1"><bdi>978-0-472-10924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Entertainment+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10924-1&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Stone&rft.au=Mattingly%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshwaldStites,_Richard2002" class="citation book cs1">Roshwald, Aviel; Stites, Richard (2002). <i>European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda, 1914–1918</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57015-2"><bdi>978-0-521-57015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Culture+in+the+Great+War%3A+The+Arts%2C+Entertainment+and+Propaganda%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57015-2&rft.aulast=Roshwald&rft.aufirst=Aviel&rft.au=Stites%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich2007" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich, Anselm (2007). Meech, Tony (ed.). <i>Heinrich, Entertainment, propaganda, education: regional theatre in Germany and Britain between 1918 and 1945</i>. Hatfield, England: University of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-74-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-74-7"><bdi>978-1-902806-74-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich%2C+Entertainment%2C+propaganda%2C+education%3A+regional+theatre+in+Germany+and+Britain+between+1918+and+1945&rft.place=Hatfield%2C+England&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-74-7&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Anselm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2001" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Max (2001). <i>When this bloody war is over: soldiers' songs from the First World War</i>. London: Piatkus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-2252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-2252-8"><bdi>978-0-7499-2252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+this+bloody+war+is+over%3A+soldiers%27+songs+from+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Piatkus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7499-2252-8&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing,_DaveOliver,_PaulWicke,_Peter2003" class="citation book cs1">Laing, Dave; Oliver, Paul; Wicke, Peter (2003). Horn, David (ed.). <i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Part 1 Media, Industry, Society</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6321-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6321-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-6321-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World+Part+1+Media%2C+Industry%2C+Society&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6321-0&rft.au=Laing%2C+Dave&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Paul&rft.au=Wicke%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcReynolds2003" class="citation book cs1">McReynolds, Louise (2003). <i>Russia at Play: Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era</i>. Cornell University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4027-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-4027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+Play%3A+Leisure+Activities+at+the+End+of+the+Tsarist+Era&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4027-4&rft.aulast=McReynolds&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_Walton200751-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_Walton200751_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald_Walton2007">McDonald Walton (2007)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalthall2008" class="citation book cs1">Walthall, Anne, ed. (2008). <i>Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History</i>. London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25443-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servants+of+the+Dynasty%3A+Palace+Women+in+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25443-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenDwivedi1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sharada_Dwivedi" title="Sharada Dwivedi">Dwivedi, Sharada</a> (1984). <i>Lives of the Indian Princes</i>. London: Century Publishing. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0910-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0910-4"><bdi>978-0-7126-0910-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Indian+Princes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Century+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-0910-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Dwivedi%2C+Sharada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Zile2001" class="citation book cs1">Van Zile, Judy (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonko0000vanz"><i>Perspectives on Korean Dance</i></a></span>. Middletown, CN: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6494-8"><bdi>978-0-8195-6494-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Korean+Dance&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CN&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6494-8&rft.aulast=Van+Zile&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperspectivesonko0000vanz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20019-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20019_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Zile2001">Van Zile (2001)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile200169-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile200169_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Zile2001">Van Zile (2001)</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a>, ed. (2006). <i>Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200</i>. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 177–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5737-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Women%3A+Varieties+of+Experience+800%E2%80%931200&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5737-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalthall2008_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalthall2008">Walthall (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Zile20016_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Zile2001">Van Zile (2001)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor" class="citation web cs1">McGregor, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode94/">"Episode 94: Sudanese Slit Drum (Transcript)"</a>. <i>History of the World in 100 Objects</i>. BBC Radio 4/British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615000158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode94/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+World+in+100+Objects&rft.atitle=Episode+94%3A+Sudanese+Slit+Drum+%28Transcript%29&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fahistoryoftheworld%2Fabout%2Ftranscripts%2Fepisode94%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2010" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Neil (2010). <i>A History of the World in 100 objects</i>. London: Allen Lane. pp. 613–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-413-4"><bdi>978-1-84614-413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+100+objects&rft.place=London&rft.pages=613-&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-413-4&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/FMgugdskR7eaWj_ST2fAeQ">"British Museum catalogue image of Sudanese slit drum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227151825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/FMgugdskR7eaWj_ST2fAeQ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+catalogue+image+of+Sudanese+slit+drum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fahistoryoftheworld%2Fobjects%2FFMgugdskR7eaWj_ST2fAeQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook,_Peter1998" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Peter (1998). Bevington, David (ed.). <i>The Politics of the Stuart Court Masque</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59436-3"><bdi>978-0-521-59436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Stuart+Court+Masque&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59436-3&rft.au=Holbrook%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gay_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay, Peter</a> (2002). <i>Schnitzler's Century – The making of middle-class culture 1815–1914</i>. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32363-4"><bdi>978-0-393-32363-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schnitzler%27s+Century+%E2%80%93+The+making+of+middle-class+culture+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32363-4&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u827-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-u827_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNay2024" class="citation web cs1">Nay, Isaac Phan (28 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/fred-penner-childrens-festival-1.7217303">"Children's entertainer Fred Penner still resonates with families"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Children%27s+entertainer+Fred+Penner+still+resonates+with+families&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Nay&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Phan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Ffred-penner-childrens-festival-1.7217303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c124-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c124_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-ron-barge-buck-shot-dies-1.7297836">"Ron 'Buck Shot' Barge, longtime Calgary children's TV star, dies at 87"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. 18 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Ron+%27Buck+Shot%27+Barge%2C+longtime+Calgary+children%27s+TV+star%2C+dies+at+87&rft.date=2024-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Fcalgary-ron-barge-buck-shot-dies-1.7297836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h166-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h166_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeal2022" class="citation web cs1">Seal, Rebecca (26 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/mar/26/kids-entertainers-on-the-tricks-of-their-trade-my-years-in-the-police-were-very-useful">"Kids' entertainers on the tricks of their trade: 'My years in the police were very useful'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kids%27+entertainers+on+the+tricks+of+their+trade%3A+%27My+years+in+the+police+were+very+useful%27&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft.aulast=Seal&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2022%2Fmar%2F26%2Fkids-entertainers-on-the-tricks-of-their-trade-my-years-in-the-police-were-very-useful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d159-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d159_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazali2024" class="citation web cs1">Ghazali, Rahmah (14 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalworld.com/culture/celebrity/steve-lee-dead-bbc-star-and-renowned-puppeteer-dies-73-4742071">"BBC star and renowned puppeteer dies at 73 after battle with pneumonia"</a>. <i>NationalWorld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NationalWorld&rft.atitle=BBC+star+and+renowned+puppeteer+dies+at+73+after+battle+with+pneumonia&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft.aulast=Ghazali&rft.aufirst=Rahmah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalworld.com%2Fculture%2Fcelebrity%2Fsteve-lee-dead-bbc-star-and-renowned-puppeteer-dies-73-4742071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, John (2004). <i>Harlequin Britain: Pantomime and Entertainment, 1690–1760</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7910-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7910-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-7910-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlequin+Britain%3A+Pantomime+and+Entertainment%2C+1690%E2%80%931760&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7910-4&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeipel1972" class="citation book cs1">Geipel, John (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartoonshorthist0000geip"><i>The cartoon: a short history of graphic comedy and satire</i></a></span>. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-5328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-5328-8"><bdi>978-0-7153-5328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cartoon%3A+a+short+history+of+graphic+comedy+and+satire&rft.pub=Newton+Abbot%3A+David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-5328-8&rft.aulast=Geipel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartoonshorthist0000geip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonHoganClark2012" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dennis; Hogan, John D.; Clark, Philip M. (2012). <i>Developmental Psychology in Historical Perspective</i>. Malden, MA; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6747-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-6747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+Psychology+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA%3B+Oxford&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6747-5&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Hogan%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonHoganClark2012114-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonHoganClark2012114_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonHoganClark2012">Thompson, Hogan & Clark (2012)</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb1977" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Edith (1977). <i>The ecology of imagination in childhood</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03870-6"><bdi>978-0-231-03870-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ecology+of+imagination+in+childhood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03870-6&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouv2005" class="citation book cs1">Louv, Richard (2005). <a href="/wiki/Last_Child_in_the_Woods" title="Last Child in the Woods"><i>Last Child in the Woods: saving our children from nature-deficit disorder</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56512-391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56512-391-5"><bdi>978-1-56512-391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Child+in+the+Woods%3A+saving+our+children+from+nature-deficit+disorder&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books+of+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56512-391-5&rft.aulast=Louv&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonbiot2012" class="citation news cs1">Monbiot, George (19 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/19/children-lose-contact-with-nature">"If children lose contact with nature they won't fight for it"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925052205/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/19/children-lose-contact-with-nature">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=If+children+lose+contact+with+nature+they+won%27t+fight+for+it&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.aulast=Monbiot&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fnov%2F19%2Fchildren-lose-contact-with-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Sandra Romano (2013). "Banqueting Gods in Valerius Flaccus Arg. 5.690–5". <i>Mnemosyne</i>. <b>66</b> (4–5): 666–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852512X617641">10.1163/156852512X617641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7074">0026-7074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mnemosyne&rft.atitle=Banqueting+Gods+in+Valerius+Flaccus+Arg.+5.690%E2%80%935&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=666-681&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852512X617641&rft.issn=0026-7074&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Romano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, Cary (2013). "Banqueting Houses and the "Need of Society" among Slave-Owning Planters in the Chesapeake Colonies". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>70</b> (4). Williamsburg: The William and Mary quarterly, 2013, Vol. 70 (4) The Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 725–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.70.4.0725">10.5309/willmaryquar.70.4.0725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Banqueting+Houses+and+the+%22Need+of+Society%22+among+Slave-Owning+Planters+in+the+Chesapeake+Colonies&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=725-780&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.70.4.0725&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Cary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton1964" class="citation book cs1">Charlton, John (1964). <i>The Banqueting House, Whitehall</i>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-671099-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-671099-4"><bdi>978-0-11-671099-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banqueting+House%2C+Whitehall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-11-671099-4&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalme1957" class="citation book cs1">Palme, Per (1957). <i>Triumph of peace : a study of the Whitehall Banqueting House</i>. London: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+peace+%3A+a+study+of+the+Whitehall+Banqueting+House&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Palme&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1993" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Charmaine (1993). <i>Oriental banquets</i>. Port Melbourne: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947334-46-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947334-46-8"><bdi>978-0-947334-46-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+banquets&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-947334-46-8&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Charmaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1991" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Joan M. (1991). <i>Cooking for competition: what the judges are looking for</i>. Richmond, Victoria: Ercildourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-05369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-05369-1"><bdi>978-0-646-05369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking+for+competition%3A+what+the+judges+are+looking+for&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Ercildourne&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-646-05369-1&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock2022" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Jon E. (2022). <i>Broadcasting the Nation: The Importance of Radio in Kurdish Music History</i>. VWB – Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8774">0043-8774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcasting+the+Nation%3A+The+Importance+of+Radio+in+Kurdish+Music+History&rft.pub=VWB+%E2%80%93+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Wissenschaft+und+Bildung&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0043-8774&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Jon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Ernest. <i>The stories of the great operas, with music : the stories and descriptive analysis of the music</i>. London: Geo Newnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+stories+of+the+great+operas%2C+with+music+%3A+the+stories+and+descriptive+analysis+of+the+music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geo+Newnes&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweChong2008" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Geoff; Chong, Su-Lyn (2008). <i>Opera and music theatre resource book</i>. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-013796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-013796-7"><bdi>978-0-07-013796-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+and+music+theatre+resource+book&rft.place=North+Ryde%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-013796-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Chong%2C+Su-Lyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2006" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Paul (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000grif"><i>A concise history of western music</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84294-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+western+music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84294-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendergast1992" class="citation book cs1">Prendergast, Roy M. (1992). <i>Film music : a neglected art : a critical study of music in films</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02988-8"><bdi>978-0-393-02988-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+music+%3A+a+neglected+art+%3A+a+critical+study+of+music+in+films&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02988-8&rft.aulast=Prendergast&rft.aufirst=Roy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesJardins2006" class="citation book cs1">DesJardins, Christian (2006). <i>Inside film music: composers speak</i>. Los Angeles: Silman-James Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879505-88-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879505-88-9"><bdi>978-1-879505-88-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+film+music%3A+composers+speak&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Silman-James+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-879505-88-9&rft.aulast=DesJardins&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1929–1938" class="citation book cs1">Buck, P.C., ed. (1929–1938). <i>The Oxford history of music</i> (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1929–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+music&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+1929%E2%80%9338&rft.date=1929%2F1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1931" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Cecil (1931). <i>The history of music</i> (2nd revised ed.). 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Abingdon, Oxford; New York: Abingdon, Oxon [England] ; New York, NY : Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56192-1"><bdi>978-0-415-56192-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+architecture%3A+popular+music+venues%2C+stages%2C+and+arenas&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Abingdon%2C+Oxon+%5BEngland%5D+%3B+New+York%2C+NY+%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56192-1&rft.aulast=Kronenburg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingle2019" class="citation book cs1">Dingle, Christopher (2019). Dingle, Christopher (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Music Criticism</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139795425">10.1017/9781139795425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-79542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-79542-5"><bdi>978-1-139-79542-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241762186">241762186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Music+Criticism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241762186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139795425&rft.isbn=978-1-139-79542-5&rft.aulast=Dingle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1960" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Hugh Milton (1960). <i>History of music</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+music&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>New Oxford history of music 1954–1990</i>. London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1954–1990. 1954–1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+history+of+music+1954%E2%80%931990&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+1954%E2%80%931990&rft.date=1954%2F1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2009" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Tim (2009). <i>From CBGB to the Roundhouse : music venues through the years</i>. London; New York: Marion Boyars Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-3162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-3162-5"><bdi>978-0-7145-3162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+CBGB+to+the+Roundhouse+%3A+music+venues+through+the+years&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Marion+Boyars+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-3162-5&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotermans2008" class="citation book cs1">Botermans, Jack (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgamesstrat0000bote"><i>The Book of Games: Strategy, Tactics & History</i></a></span>. Sterling Pub Co Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4221-7"><bdi>978-1-4027-4221-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Games%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics+%26+History&rft.pub=Sterling+Pub+Co+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4221-7&rft.aulast=Botermans&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofgamesstrat0000bote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce,_Jo2006" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Jo (2006). Rutter, Jason (ed.). <i>Understanding Digital Games</i>. London; California; New Delhi: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0033-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-0033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Digital+Games&rft.place=London%3B+California%3B+New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0033-1&rft.au=Bryce%2C+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Newman, James (2004). <i>Videogames</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64290-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64290-0"><bdi>978-0-203-64290-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Videogames&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-64290-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2003" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven Roger (2003). <i>A history of reading</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-160-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-160-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+reading&rft.place=London&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-160-0&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2003234–235-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2003234–235_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2003">Fischer (2003)</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2003215-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2003215_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2003">Fischer (2003)</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2003212-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2003212_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2003">Fischer (2003)</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2011" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, James (2011). <i>British comics: a cultural history</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-855-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-855-5"><bdi>978-1-86189-855-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+comics%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-855-5&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1992" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Mike (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent"><i>Superhero comics of the Golden Age: the illustrated history</i></a></span>. Dallas, TX: Taylor Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87833-808-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87833-808-5"><bdi>978-0-87833-808-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superhero+comics+of+the+Golden+Age%3A+the+illustrated+history&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pub=Taylor+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87833-808-5&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuperherocomicso0000bent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603035016/http://cartoonician.com/charles-m-schulz-on-cartooning/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Charles M. Schulz on Cartooning", <i>Hogan's Alley</i> #1, 1994"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoonician.com/charles-m-schulz-on-cartooning/">the original</a> on 3 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Charles+M.+Schulz+on+Cartooning%22%2C+Hogan%27s+Alley+%231%2C+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartoonician.com%2Fcharles-m-schulz-on-cartooning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Films have been made of the <i>Peanuts</i> cartoons, including one <a href="/wiki/The_Peanuts_Movie" title="The Peanuts Movie">released in 2015</a> to celebrate the 65th anniversary of the comic strip.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The philosophical and theological implications of Schulz's work were explored in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort1965" class="citation book cs1">Short, Robert L. (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0000shor_k6b8"><i>The Gospel According to Peanuts</i></a></span>. Westminster: John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22222-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22222-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Peanuts&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22222-2&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelaccordingt0000shor_k6b8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoston2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Roston" title="Murray Roston">Roston</a>, Murray (2011). <i>The comic mode in English literature: from the Middle Ages to today</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9588-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9588-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-9588-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+comic+mode+in+English+literature%3A+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+today&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9588-3&rft.aulast=Roston&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrindon2011" class="citation book cs1">Grindon, Leger (2011). <i>The Hollywood romantic comedy: conventions, history, controversies</i>. Malden, M: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8266-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hollywood+romantic+comedy%3A+conventions%2C+history%2C+controversies&rft.place=Malden%2C+M&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8266-9&rft.aulast=Grindon&rft.aufirst=Leger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHokenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Hokenson, Jan Walsh (2006). <i>The Idea of Comedy: History, Theory, Critique</i>. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont Publishing and Printing Corp. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4096-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4096-8"><bdi>978-0-8386-4096-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Comedy%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+Critique&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+NJ&rft.pages=150-151&rft.pub=Rosemont+Publishing+and+Printing+Corp&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4096-8&rft.aulast=Hokenson&rft.aufirst=Jan+Walsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornback2009" class="citation book cs1">Hornback, Robert (2009). <i>The English clown tradition from the middle ages to Shakespeare</i>. Woodbridge Suffolk, Rochester, New York: D.S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-200-2"><bdi>978-1-84384-200-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+clown+tradition+from+the+middle+ages+to+Shakespeare&rft.place=Woodbridge+Suffolk%2C+Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-200-2&rft.aulast=Hornback&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay2008" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Penny (2008). <i>The Cambridge introduction to Shakespeare's comedies</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85668-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+introduction+to+Shakespeare%27s+comedies&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85668-3&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, David (2007). <i>Shakespeare's practical jokes: an introduction to the comic in his work</i>. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5680-5"><bdi>978-0-8387-5680-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+practical+jokes%3A+an+introduction+to+the+comic+in+his+work&rft.place=Lewisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-5680-5&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2007" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Ashley (2007). <i>The role of the chou ("clown") in traditional Chinese drama: comedy, criticism, and cosmology on the Chinese stage</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5303-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5303-6"><bdi>978-0-7734-5303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+the+chou+%28%22clown%22%29+in+traditional+Chinese+drama%3A+comedy%2C+criticism%2C+and+cosmology+on+the+Chinese+stage&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-5303-6&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharney,_Maurice2005" class="citation book cs1">Charney, Maurice, ed. (2005). <i>Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32706-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32706-8"><bdi>0-313-32706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comedy%3A+A+Geographic+and+Historical+Guide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-32706-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonagall1992" class="citation book cs1">McGonagall, William (1890) (1992). <i>"Reminiscences" in Collected Poems</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874744-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874744-01-6"><bdi>978-1-874744-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Reminiscences%22+in+Collected+Poems&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-874744-01-6&rft.aulast=McGonagall&rft.aufirst=William+%281890%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2011" class="citation book cs1">Watanabe, Masako (2011). <i>Storytelling in Japanese Art</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17590-5"><bdi>978-0-300-17590-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storytelling+in+Japanese+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17590-5&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Masako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamanakaNishio,_Tetsuo2006" class="citation book cs1">Yamanaka, Yuriko; Nishio, Tetsuo (2006). <i>The Arabian nights and orientalism: perspectives from East & West</i>. London; New York: I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+nights+and+orientalism%3A+perspectives+from+East+%26+West&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yamanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuriko&rft.au=Nishio%2C+Tetsuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1958" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Sir Richard (1821–1890) (in English) (1958). <i>Arabian nights. A plain and literal translation of the Arabian nights' entertainments: now entitled The book of the thousand and one nights</i>. London: Barker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabian+nights.+A+plain+and+literal+translation+of+the+Arabian+nights%27+entertainments%3A+now+entitled+The+book+of+the+thousand+and+one+nights&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barker&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Richard+%281821%E2%80%931890%29+%28in+English%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaracciolo,_Peter_L.1988" class="citation book cs1">Caracciolo, Peter L., ed. (1988). <i>The Arabian nights in English literature : studies in the reception of The thousand and one nights into British culture</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36693-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36693-6"><bdi>978-0-333-36693-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+nights+in+English+literature+%3A+studies+in+the+reception+of+The+thousand+and+one+nights+into+British+culture&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-333-36693-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2007" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, Walter (2007). <i>Grimm pictures: fairy tale archetypes in eight horror and suspense films</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3174-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-3174-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grimm+pictures%3A+fairy+tale+archetypes+in+eight+horror+and+suspense+films&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3174-8&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The epic of Gilgamesh: the Babylonian epic poem and other texts in Akkadian and Sumerian (English – translated from Akkadian and Sumerian by Andrew George)</i>. London: Allen Lane. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9196-3"><bdi>978-0-7139-9196-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+epic+of+Gilgamesh%3A+the+Babylonian+epic+poem+and+other+texts+in+Akkadian+and+Sumerian+%28English+%E2%80%93+translated+from+Akkadian+and+Sumerian+by+Andrew+George%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9196-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonKahalewai,_Marilyn1966" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Vivian Laubach; Kahalewai, Marilyn (1966). <i>Hawaiian Myths of Earth, Sea, and Sky</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1171-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1171-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Myths+of+Earth%2C+Sea%2C+and+Sky&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1171-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Vivian+Laubach&rft.au=Kahalewai%2C+Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald_Walton2007" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Marianne; Walton, J. Michael, eds. (2007). <i>The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83456-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83456-8"><bdi>978-0-521-83456-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+theatre&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83456-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200793-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200793_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald_Walton2007">McDonald & Walton (2007)</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200726-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald_&_Walton200726_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald_Walton2007">McDonald & Walton (2007)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilling,_JaneDonohue,_Joseph_W.Thomson,_Peter2005" class="citation book cs1">Milling, Jane; Donohue, Joseph W.; Thomson, Peter, eds. (2005). <i>The Cambridge History of British Theatre</i>. Cambridge University Press (3 volumes). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82790-4"><bdi>978-0-521-82790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+British+Theatre&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%283+volumes%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82790-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick2008" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, John (2008). <i>Musical theatre: a history</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2860-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2860-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-2860-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+theatre%3A+a+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2860-8&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Ackroyd, Peter (2000). <i>London: The Biography</i>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49771-8"><bdi>978-0-385-49771-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%3A+The+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49771-8&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. 620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame2000" class="citation book cs1">Frame, Murray (2000). <i>The St. Petersburg Imperial Theaters: Stage and State in Revolutionary Russia, 1900–1920</i>. McFarland & Co, Inc. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4330-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4330-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-4330-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+St.+Petersburg+Imperial+Theaters%3A+Stage+and+State+in+Revolutionary+Russia%2C+1900%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co%2C+Inc.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4330-7&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame2000-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrame2000_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrame2000_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrame2000_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrame2000">Frame (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1998" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Peter (1998). <i>Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57417-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57417-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+and+Performance+in+the+Victorian+City&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57417-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordden2007" class="citation book cs1">Mordden, Ethan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allthatglittered00mord"><i>All that glittered: the golden age of drama on Broadway</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-33898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-33898-5"><bdi>978-0-312-33898-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+that+glittered%3A+the+golden+age+of+drama+on+Broadway&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-33898-5&rft.aulast=Mordden&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallthatglittered00mord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStempel2010" class="citation book cs1">Stempel, Larry (2010). <i>Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06715-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showtime%3A+a+history+of+the+Broadway+musical+theater&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06715-6&rft.aulast=Stempel&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Peter M. (2010). <i>The dance of the comedians: the people, the president, and the performance of political standup comedy in America</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-733-7"><bdi>978-1-55849-733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dance+of+the+comedians%3A+the+people%2C+the+president%2C+and+the+performance+of+political+standup+comedy+in+America&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-733-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyver1989" class="citation book cs1">Wyver, John (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/movingimageinter0000wyve"><i>The Moving Image: An International History of Film, Television, and Video</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16821-8"><bdi>978-0-631-16821-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moving+Image%3A+An+International+History+of+Film%2C+Television%2C+and+Video&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Limited&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16821-8&rft.aulast=Wyver&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmovingimageinter0000wyve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1999" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Michael, ed. (1999). <i>The First World War and popular Cinema</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2824-3"><bdi>978-0-8135-2824-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+and+popular+Cinema&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2824-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1999115-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1999115_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis1999">Paris (1999)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier2011" class="citation book cs1">Cavalier, Stephen (2011). <i>The world history of animation</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26112-9"><bdi>978-0-520-26112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+history+of+animation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26112-9&rft.aulast=Cavalier&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2014" class="citation web cs1">Byrnes, Paul (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/pompeii-noah-and-exodus-the-sword-giveth-again-20140327-35jm4.html">"Pompeii, Noah and Exodus: The sword giveth again"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330015918/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/pompeii-noah-and-exodus-the-sword-giveth-again-20140327-35jm4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Pompeii%2C+Noah+and+Exodus%3A+The+sword+giveth+again&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fpompeii-noah-and-exodus-the-sword-giveth-again-20140327-35jm4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2015" class="citation news cs1">Byrnes, Paul (12 December 2015). "Losing the plot". <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Losing+the+plot&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddox-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maddox_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddox_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddox2014" class="citation news cs1">Maddox, Garry (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/the-lego-movie-hit-off-the-old-block-20140327-35jek.html">"The Lego Movie: Hit off the old block"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330015903/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/the-lego-movie-hit-off-the-old-block-20140327-35jek.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Lego+Movie%3A+Hit+off+the+old+block&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fthe-lego-movie-hit-off-the-old-block-20140327-35jek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwell1999" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Kenneth S. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofshakesp0000roth_t4d6"><i>A History of Shakespeare on Screen: A Century of Film and Television</i></a></span>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59404-2"><bdi>978-0-521-59404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shakespeare+on+Screen%3A+A+Century+of+Film+and+Television&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59404-2&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofshakesp0000roth_t4d6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis199917-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis199917_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis1999">Paris (1999)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2014" class="citation web cs1">Byrnes, Paul (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/noah-review-moments-of-brilliance-but-cant-shake-sinking-feeling-20140327-35jm3.html">"Noah review: Moments of brilliance but can't shake sinking feeling"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330213729/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/noah-review-moments-of-brilliance-but-cant-shake-sinking-feeling-20140327-35jm3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Noah+review%3A+Moments+of+brilliance+but+can%27t+shake+sinking+feeling&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fnoah-review-moments-of-brilliance-but-cant-shake-sinking-feeling-20140327-35jm3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilsAlbright2001" class="citation book cs1">Albright, Ann Cooper (2001). Dils, Ann (ed.). <i>Moving History/Dancing Cultures: A Dance History Reader</i>. Durham, NC: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6412-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6412-2"><bdi>978-0-8195-6412-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+History%2FDancing+Cultures%3A+A+Dance+History+Reader&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6412-2&rft.au=Albright%2C+Ann+Cooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200196_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilsAlbright2001">Dils & Albright (2001)</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200134-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright200134_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilsAlbright2001">Dils & Albright (2001)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1981" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Mary (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdance0000clar"><i>The history of dance</i></a>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54282-8"><bdi>978-0-517-54282-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+dance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-517-54282-8&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofdance0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke198197-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke198197_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke1981">Clarke (1981)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1808" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas (1808). <i>An Analysis of Country Dancing</i>. W. Calvert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Country+Dancing&rft.pub=W.+Calvert&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullertonLe_Faye,_Deirdre2012" class="citation book cs1">Fullerton, Susannah; Le Faye, Deirdre (2012). <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen"><i>A Dance with Jane Austen: How a Novelist and Her Characters Went to the Ball</i></a>. Pgw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3245-7"><bdi>978-0-7112-3245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dance+with+Jane+Austen%3A+How+a+Novelist+and+Her+Characters+Went+to+the+Ball&rft.pub=Pgw&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-3245-7&rft.aulast=Fullerton&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft.au=Le+Faye%2C+Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1816" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas (1816). <i>The Treasures of Terpsichore: or, A Companion for the Ball-Room</i>. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasures+of+Terpsichore%3A+or%2C+A+Companion+for+the+Ball-Room&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sherwood%2C+Neely+and+Jones&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wulff-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wulff_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wulff_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulff2007" class="citation book cs1">Wulff, Helena (2007). <i>Dancing at the Crossroads: Memory and Mobility in Ireland</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-328-2"><bdi>978-1-84545-328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Memory+and+Mobility+in+Ireland&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-328-2&rft.aulast=Wulff&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright2001142-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilsAlbright2001142_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilsAlbright2001">Dils & Albright (2001)</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Nieuwkerk, Karin. "Changing Images and Shifting Identities: Female Performers in Egypt" in Dils & Albright (2001). p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarinaKant,_Marion1999" class="citation book cs1">Karina, Lilian; Kant, Marion (1999). <i>Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Jonathan Steinberg (English ed.). Berghahn Books. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-300-8"><bdi>978-1-57181-300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Dancers%3A+German+Modern+Dance+and+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-300-8&rft.aulast=Karina&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft.au=Kant%2C+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2010" class="citation book cs1">Field, Andrew David (2010). <i>Shanghai's Dancing World: Cabaret Culture and Urban Politics, 1919–1954</i>. Sha Tin, Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-373-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-996-373-6"><bdi>978-962-996-373-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shanghai%27s+Dancing+World%3A+Cabaret+Culture+and+Urban+Politics%2C+1919%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Sha+Tin%2C+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-962-996-373-6&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Andrew+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButters2007" class="citation book cs1">Butters, Gerald R. (2007). <i>Banned in Kansas: Motion Picture Censorship, 1915–1966</i>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1749-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-1749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banned+in+Kansas%3A+Motion+Picture+Censorship%2C+1915%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1749-3&rft.aulast=Butters&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruter1991" class="citation book cs1">Pruter, Robert (1991). <i>Chicago Soul</i>. University of Illinois. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06259-9"><bdi>978-0-252-06259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Soul&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06259-9&rft.aulast=Pruter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Constance Valis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tapdancingameric0000hill/page/12"><i>Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tapdancingameric0000hill/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539082-7"><bdi>978-0-19-539082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tap+Dancing+America%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539082-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Constance+Valis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftapdancingameric0000hill%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Leon2011" class="citation book cs1">St Leon, Mark (2011). <i>Circus: the Australian story</i>. Melbourne: Melbourne Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877096-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877096-50-1"><bdi>978-1-877096-50-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circus%3A+the+Australian+story&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Melbourne+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-877096-50-1&rft.aulast=St+Leon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancocks2001" class="citation book cs1">Hancocks, David (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/differentnaturep0000hanc"><i>A different nature: the paradoxical world of zoos and their uncertain future</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23676-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23676-9"><bdi>978-0-520-23676-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+different+nature%3A+the+paradoxical+world+of+zoos+and+their+uncertain+future&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23676-9&rft.aulast=Hancocks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdifferentnaturep0000hanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An extensive discussion of the legal and cultural issues can be found in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2008" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J. (2008). <i>Killing Tradition: Inside Hunting and Animal Rights Controversies</i>. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2528-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2528-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2528-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Tradition%3A+Inside+Hunting+and+Animal+Rights+Controversies&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2528-2&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.league.org.uk/">The League against Cruel Sports, UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208154852/http://www.league.org.uk/">Archived</a> 8 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peta.org/">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), multinational</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609035342/http://www.peta.org/">Archived</a> 9 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharkonline.org/">Showing Animals Respect and Kindness (SHARK), US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102032707/http://sharkonline.org/">Archived</a> 2 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2008-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2008_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner2008">Bronner 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoddart-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoddart_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoddart_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart2000" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, Helen (2000). <i>Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation</i>. Manchester, UK & New York: Manchester University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5233-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5233-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rings+of+Desire%3A+Circus+History+and+Representation&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK+%26+New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5233-0&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2003" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Michael (2003). <i>Victorian sensation, or, The spectacular, the shocking, and the scandalous in nineteenth-century Britain</i>. London: Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-076-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-076-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+sensation%2C+or%2C+The+spectacular%2C+the+shocking%2C+and+the+scandalous+in+nineteenth-century+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-076-1&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt_Leon2011-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt_Leon2011_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt_Leon2011">St Leon (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi2001" class="citation book cs1">Lévi, Éliphas (2001). <i>The History of Magic </i>(originally published in 1860 as<i> Histoire de la Magie </i>English edition, translated by A.E. Waite in 1913)<i><span></span></i>. Boston, MA: Red Wheel/Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-929-6"><bdi>978-0-87728-929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Magic+%28originally+published+in+1860+as+Histoire+de+la+Magie+English+edition%2C+translated+by+A.E.+Waite+in+1913%29&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Red+Wheel%2FWeiser&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-929-6&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi&rft.aufirst=%C3%89liphas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresham,_William_Lindsay1959" class="citation cs1">Gresham, William Lindsay (1959). <i>Houdini: the man who walked through walls</i>. Holt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houdini%3A+the+man+who+walked+through+walls&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Gresham%2C+William+Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein,_BerylEpstein,_Sam1971" class="citation cs1">Epstein, Beryl; Epstein, Sam (1971). <i>The Great Houdini: magician extraordinary</i>. Folkestone: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen (Reprint. Originally published: New York : Dutton, c. 1920). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-561-00094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-561-00094-7"><bdi>978-0-561-00094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Houdini%3A+magician+extraordinary&rft.place=Folkestone&rft.pub=Bailey+Brothers+and+Swinfen+%28Reprint.+Originally+published%3A+New+York+%3A+Dutton%2C+c.+1920%29&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-561-00094-7&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Beryl&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoudini,_Harry1981" class="citation cs1">Houdini, Harry (1981). <i>Miracle mongers and their methods: a complete exposé</i>. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-143-2"><bdi>978-0-87975-143-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracle+mongers+and+their+methods%3A+a+complete+expos%C3%A9&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-143-2&rft.au=Houdini%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> (Reprint. Originally published: New York: Dutton, c1920)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm">"Rowling 'makes £5 every second'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 3 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rowling+%27makes+%C2%A35+every+second%27&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F7649962.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13889578">"Harry Potter series to be sold as e-books"</a>. BBC News. 23 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719004955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13889578">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Harry+Potter+series+to+be+sold+as+e-books&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-13889578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenGreenwood,_Ben1981" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, David; Greenwood, Ben (1981). <i>The buskers: a history of street entertainment</i>. Newton Abbot; North Pomfret, Vermont: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8026-0"><bdi>978-0-7153-8026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+buskers%3A+a+history+of+street+entertainment&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%3B+North+Pomfret%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-8026-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd2000346_(caption_to_plate_following_text_pages)-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd2000346_(caption_to_plate_following_text_pages)_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd2000">Ackroyd (2000)</a>, p. 346 (caption to plate following text pages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coffsharbourbuskers.com/">2012 Coffs Harbour International Buskers and Comedy Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207225200/http://www.coffsharbourbuskers.com/">Archived</a> 7 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurval1995" class="citation book cs1">Gurval, Robert Alan (1995). <i>Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War</i>. University of Michigan. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10590-8"><bdi>978-0-472-10590-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actium+and+Augustus%3A+The+Politics+and+Emotions+of+Civil+War&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10590-8&rft.aulast=Gurval&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2008" class="citation book cs1">Maclean, Kama (2008). <i>Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533894-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Power%3A+The+Kumbh+Mela+in+Allahabad%2C+1765%E2%80%931954&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533894-2&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Kama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Casanova, Giacomo Chevalier de Seingalt</a> (1997). <i>History of My Life, Volumes 9–10 Vol 10</i>. Baltimore, MD; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5666-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5666-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-5666-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+My+Life%2C+Volumes+9%E2%80%9310+Vol+10&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD%3B+London&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5666-2&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Giacomo+Chevalier+de+Seingalt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Jack (2005). <i>Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03722-3"><bdi>978-0-465-03722-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%3A+Alchemy%2C+Bombards%2C+and+Pyrotechnics%3A+The+History+of+the+Explosive+that+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03722-3&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagarra2003" class="citation book cs1">Sagarra, Eda (2003). <i>A Social History of Germany 1648–1914</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0982-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0982-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0982-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Germany+1648%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0982-7&rft.aulast=Sagarra&rft.aufirst=Eda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogwood2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Hogwood, Christopher</a> (2005). <i>Handel: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83636-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel%3A+Water+Music+and+Music+for+the+Royal+Fireworks&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83636-4&rft.aulast=Hogwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1992" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1992). <i>History of Indian Theatre (vol. 2)</i>. New Delhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-278-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-278-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre+%28vol.+2%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Shakti+Malik+Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-278-9&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy,_StephenSutton,_William_Anthony2007" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Stephen; Sutton, William Anthony (2007). Mullin, Bernard James (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmarketing0000mull_n0q5"><i>Sport Marketing</i></a></span>. Human Kinetics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6052-3"><bdi>978-0-7360-6052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Marketing&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-6052-3&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Sutton%2C+William+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportmarketing0000mull_n0q5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Christopher S. (2008). <i>The Tour de France: A Cultural History</i>. Berkeley & Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25630-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tour+de+France%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25630-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubota1999" class="citation book cs1">Kubota, Makoto (1999). <i>Sumo</i>. Chronicle Books Llc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-2548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-2548-1"><bdi>978-0-8118-2548-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books+Llc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-2548-1&rft.aulast=Kubota&rft.aufirst=Makoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robert (2007). <i>Great Exhibitions: The World Fairs 1851–1937</i>. National Gallery of Victoria. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7241-0284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7241-0284-6"><bdi>978-0-7241-0284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Exhibitions%3A+The+World+Fairs+1851%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Victoria&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7241-0284-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2007" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Mark Howard (2007). <i>Shopping as an Entertainment Experience</i>. Lanham, Maryland; Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1680-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-1680-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shopping+as+an+Entertainment+Experience&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%3B+Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1680-7&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Mark+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbus.gl.iit.edu/">"World's Colombian Exposition of 1893"</a>. Chicago Illinois Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110033144/http://columbus.gl.iit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Colombian+Exposition+of+1893&rft.pub=Chicago+Illinois+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbus.gl.iit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boisseau-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boisseau_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boisseau_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydell,_RobertBoisseau,_T.J.Markwyn,_Abigail_M.Rydell,_Robert_W.2010" class="citation book cs1">Rydell, Robert; Boisseau, T.J.; Markwyn, Abigail M.; Rydell, Robert W. (2010). Boisseau, T.J. (ed.). <i>Gendering the Fair: Histories of Women and Gender at World's Fairs</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03558-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03558-6"><bdi>978-0-252-03558-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+the+Fair%3A+Histories+of+Women+and+Gender+at+World%27s+Fairs&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03558-6&rft.au=Rydell%2C+Robert&rft.au=Boisseau%2C+T.J.&rft.au=Markwyn%2C+Abigail+M.&rft.au=Rydell%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydell1993" class="citation book cs1">Rydell, Robert W. (1993). <i>World of Fairs: The Century-of-Progress Expositions</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73236-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73236-7"><bdi>978-0-226-73236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Fairs%3A+The+Century-of-Progress+Expositions&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73236-7&rft.aulast=Rydell&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubbsMeacham,_Brian2007" class="citation book cs1">Tubbs, Jeffrey; Meacham, Brian (2007). <i>Egress Design Solutions: A Guide to Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning</i>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-71956-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-71956-4"><bdi>978-0-471-71956-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egress+Design+Solutions%3A+A+Guide+to+Evacuation+and+Crowd+Management+Planning&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-71956-4&rft.aulast=Tubbs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Meacham%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfeld,_YoelPizam,_Abraham2006" class="citation cs1">Mansfeld, Yoel; Pizam, Abraham (2006). <i>Tourism, security and safety: from theory to practice</i>. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7898-8"><bdi>978-0-7506-7898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism%2C+security+and+safety%3A+from+theory+to+practice&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pub=Elsevier+Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-7898-8&rft.au=Mansfeld%2C+Yoel&rft.au=Pizam%2C+Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2009-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein2009_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein2009_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinEvans2009" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Andi; Evans, Beth Bingham (2009). <i>An introduction to the entertainment industry</i>. New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0340-7"><bdi>978-1-4331-0340-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244177225">244177225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+entertainment+industry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244177225&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0340-7&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Andi&rft.au=Evans%2C+Beth+Bingham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley,_Ben2011" class="citation book cs1">Walmsley, Ben, ed. (2011). <i>Key issues in the arts and entertainment industry</i>. Woodeaton, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906884-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906884-20-8"><bdi>978-1-906884-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+issues+in+the+arts+and+entertainment+industry&rft.place=Woodeaton%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Goodfellow+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-906884-20-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSickels" class="citation book cs1">Sickels, Robert C. <i>The Business of Entertainment</i>. Greenwood Publishing (Three Volumes).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Entertainment&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+%28Three+Volumes%29&rft.aulast=Sickels&rft.aufirst=Robert+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2007" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Harold L. (2007). <i>Entertainment industry economics: a guide for financial analysis</i> (7th ed.). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87485-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertainment+industry+economics%3A+a+guide+for+financial+analysis&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87485-4&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hollywood">"Hollywood News"</a>. <i>Mid Day</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429001539/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hollywood">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mid+Day&rft.atitle=Hollywood+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood">"Bollywood News"</a>. <i>Mid Day</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429001524/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mid+Day&rft.atitle=Bollywood+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasper2007" class="citation book cs1">Casper, Drew (2007). <i>Postwar Hollywood, 1946–1962</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5074-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+Hollywood%2C+1946%E2%80%931962&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5074-3&rft.aulast=Casper&rft.aufirst=Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhouse2012" class="citation book cs1">Newhouse, Victoria (2012). <i>Site and sound: the architecture and acoustics of new opera houses and concert halls</i>. New York: Monacelli Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-281-3"><bdi>978-1-58093-281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Site+and+sound%3A+the+architecture+and+acoustics+of+new+opera+houses+and+concert+halls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monacelli+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58093-281-3&rft.aulast=Newhouse&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, J.R. "The Theatre of Paphos and the Theatre of Alexandria: Some First Thoughts" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod,_Roy2002" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Roy, ed. (2002). <i>The Library of Alexandria</i>. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-710-1"><bdi>978-977-424-710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Alexandria&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-977-424-710-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheard2001" class="citation book cs1">Sheard, Rod (2001). <i>Sports Architecture</i>. London: Spon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-419-21220-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-419-21220-1"><bdi>978-0-419-21220-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-419-21220-1&rft.aulast=Sheard&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2001xvi_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheard2001">Sheard (2001)</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016075214/http://www.kauppakeskusyhdistys.fi/attachements/2013-02-12T08-24-17189.pdf">"Kauppakeskukset: Finnish Shopping Centers 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kauppakeskusyhdistys</i>. Suomen Kauppakeskusyhdistys ry. 12 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kauppakeskusyhdistys.fi/attachements/2013-02-12T08-24-17189.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kauppakeskusyhdistys&rft.atitle=Kauppakeskukset%3A+Finnish+Shopping+Centers+2013&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kauppakeskusyhdistys.fi%2Fattachements%2F2013-02-12T08-24-17189.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasansky2004" class="citation book cs1">Lasansky, D. Medina; McLaren, Brian (2004). <i>Architecture and Tourism: Perception, Performance and Place</i> (English ed.). Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-709-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-709-5"><bdi>978-1-85973-709-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Tourism%3A+Perception%2C+Performance+and+Place&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-709-5&rft.aulast=Lasansky&rft.aufirst=D.+Medina&rft.au=McLaren%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span> p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasansky2004xvii,_Part_II,_Ch._4,_5,_6-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasansky2004xvii,_Part_II,_Ch._4,_5,_6_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLasansky2004">Lasansky (2004)</a>, p. xvii, Part II, Ch. 4, 5, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarratt1994" class="citation book cs1">Garratt, G.R.M. (1994). <i>The early history of radio: from Faraday to Marconi</i>. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, in association with the Science Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-845-1"><bdi>978-0-85296-845-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+radio%3A+from+Faraday+to+Marconi&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers%2C+in+association+with+the+Science+Museum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-845-1&rft.aulast=Garratt&rft.aufirst=G.R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmes,_MicheleLoviglio,_Jason2002" class="citation book cs1">Hilmes, Michele; Loviglio, Jason, eds. (2002). <i>Radio reader: essays in the cultural history of radio</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92820-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92820-5"><bdi>978-0-415-92820-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+reader%3A+essays+in+the+cultural+history+of+radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92820-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2007" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Jim (2007). <i>The great radio sitcoms</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3146-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-3146-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+radio+sitcoms&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3146-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpigel1992" class="citation book cs1">Spigel, Lynn (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makeroomfortv00lynn"><i>Make room for TV: television and the family ideal in postwar America</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76966-0"><bdi>978-0-226-76966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+room+for+TV%3A+television+and+the+family+ideal+in+postwar+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76966-0&rft.aulast=Spigel&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakeroomfortv00lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tryon-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tryon_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tryon_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryon2009" class="citation book cs1">Tryon, Chuck (2009). <i>Reinventing Cinema: Movies in the Age of Media Convergence</i>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 6, 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4546-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4546-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-4546-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Cinema%3A+Movies+in+the+Age+of+Media+Convergence&rft.pages=6%2C+9&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4546-2&rft.aulast=Tryon&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpigel,_LynnOlsson,_Jan2004" class="citation book cs1">Spigel, Lynn; Olsson, Jan, eds. (2004). <i>Television after TV: Essays on a Medium in Transition</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3383-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3383-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-3383-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+after+TV%3A+Essays+on+a+Medium+in+Transition&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3383-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogburnSilcox,_Mark2002" class="citation book cs1">Cogburn, Jon; Silcox, Mark (2002). <i>Philosophy Through Video Games</i>. New York: Routledge. p. i. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-98857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-98857-5"><bdi>978-0-415-98857-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Through+Video+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-98857-5&rft.aulast=Cogburn&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Silcox%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2002" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Gillian (2002). <i>Media Ownership: The Economics and Politics of Convergence and Concentration in the UK and European Media</i> (Google eBook). Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6680-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-6680-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Ownership%3A+The+Economics+and+Politics+of+Convergence+and+Concentration+in+the+UK+and+European+Media&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6680-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, John (January 2000). "Scheduling: the last creative act in television?". <i>Media, Culture & Society</i>. Bournemouth University/Large Door Productions. <b>22</b> (1): 25–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016344300022001002">10.1177/016344300022001002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143788028">143788028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Scheduling%3A+the+last+creative+act+in+television%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-38&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016344300022001002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143788028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in the UK: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryhorn2007" class="citation news cs1">Tryhorn, Chris (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121121120032/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/digital_economy/convergence_review">"Government thinktank to tackle media convergence issues"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbcde.gov.au/digital_economy/convergence_review">the original</a> on 21 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Government+thinktank+to+tackle+media+convergence+issues&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Tryhorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbcde.gov.au%2Fdigital_economy%2Fconvergence_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And for example, in Australia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121121120032/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/digital_economy/convergence_review">"Convergence Review"</a>. Australian Government: Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. 30 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbcde.gov.au/digital_economy/convergence_review">the original</a> on 21 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convergence+Review&rft.pub=Australian+Government%3A+Department+of+Broadband%2C+Communications+and+the+Digital+Economy&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbcde.gov.au%2Fdigital_economy%2Fconvergence_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard200149-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard200149_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheard2001">Sheard (2001)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2013" class="citation news cs1">Power, Julie (3 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/national/health/laughter-and-music-better-than-drugs-for-dementia-patients-20130802-2r4w9.html">"Laughter and music better than drugs for dementia patients"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804211458/http://www.smh.com.au/national/health/laughter-and-music-better-than-drugs-for-dementia-patients-20130802-2r4w9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Laughter+and+music+better+than+drugs+for+dementia+patients&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fhealth%2Flaughter-and-music-better-than-drugs-for-dementia-patients-20130802-2r4w9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Tim (2010). <i>Media Convergence</i>. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England and New York: Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-22873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-22873-7"><bdi>978-0-335-22873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Convergence&rft.place=Maidenhead%2C+Berkshire%2C+England+and+New+York&rft.pub=Open+University+Press+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-335-22873-7&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010156-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010156_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayreKing2010">Sayre & King (2010)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing201022,_30_''ff''-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing201022,_30_''ff''_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayreKing2010">Sayre & King (2010)</a>, pp. 22, 30 <i>ff</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing201030-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing201030_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayreKing2010">Sayre & King (2010)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Henry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814742815"><i>Convergence culture: where old and new media collide</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4281-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-4281-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convergence+culture%3A+where+old+and+new+media+collide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4281-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780814742815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntertainment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010536-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayreKing2010536_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayreKing2010">Sayre & King (2010)</a>, p. 536.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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1 Template:Short_description"," 2.95% 56.438 1 Template:Commons_category"," 2.85% 54.565 1 Template:Sister_project"," 2.77% 53.061 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.111","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8924152,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckroyd2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllenDwivedi1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBotermans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantVorderer,_Peter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce,_Jo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuck1929–1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrows2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButters2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrnes2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFByrnes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaracciolo,_Peter_L.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlsen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanova1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlton1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharney,_Maurice2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobb1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCogburnSilcox,_Mark2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenGreenwood,_Ben1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesJardins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilsAlbright2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDingle2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkle,_Roger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein,_BerylEpstein,_Sam1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrame2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost,_Warwick2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullertonLe_Faye,_Deirdre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGakhar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarratt1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeipel1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazali2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGresham,_William_Lindsay1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrindon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurval1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancocks2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy,_StephenSutton,_William_Anthony2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilmes,_MicheleLoviglio,_Jason2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogwood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHokenson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrook,_Peter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornback2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoudini,_Harry1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoll2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarinaKant,_Marion1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenrick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKronenburg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubota1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhns2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaing,_DaveOliver,_PaulWicke,_Peter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasansky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouv2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweChong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod,_Roy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacleod,_SuzanneWatson,_Sheila2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddox2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfeld,_YoelPizam,_Abraham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald_Walton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGonagall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcReynolds2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilling,_JaneDonohue,_Joseph_W.Thomson,_Peter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonbiot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMordden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNay2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewhouse2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalme1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotterMattingly,_David_J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshwaldStites,_Richard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoston2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothwell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydell,_RobertBoisseau,_T.J.Markwyn,_Abigail_M.Rydell,_Robert_W.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagarra2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayreKing2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrum2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSickels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson,_M.J.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghal,_ArvindCody,_Michael_J.Rogers,_EverettSabido,_Miguel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpigel,_LynnOlsson,_Jan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpigel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt_Leon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinEvans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStempel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddart2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonHoganClark2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonKahalewai,_Marilyn1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTryhorn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTryon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTubbsMeacham,_Brian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Zile2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaradpande1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalmsley,_Ben2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalthall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatanabe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1816\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseman,_Douglas_C.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyver1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamanakaNishio,_Tetsuo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZillmannVorderer,_Peter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_FreitasMaharg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Industry\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Aesthetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 139,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 34,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 22,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","31.5"],["?","140","13.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","13.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","7.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","3.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.7"],["date","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","20","1.9"],["[others]","140","13.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nd6xd","timestamp":"20241124161208","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Entertainment","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entertainment","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q173799","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q173799","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-26T01:14:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Symposium_scene_Nicias_Painter_MAN.jpg","headline":"activity that holds attention or gives pleasure"}</script> </body> </html>