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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin, systematics, and distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin,_systematics,_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin, systematics, and distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin,_systematics,_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micrapis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micrapis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Micrapis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micrapis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megapis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megapis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Megapis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megapis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Apis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Koschevnikov's_honey_bee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koschevnikov's_honey_bee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Koschevnikov's honey bee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koschevnikov's_honey_bee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_honey_bee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_honey_bee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Philippine honey bee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_honey_bee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_honey_bee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_honey_bee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Eastern honey bee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_honey_bee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_honey_bee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_honey_bee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Western honey bee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_honey_bee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africanized_honey_bee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africanized_honey_bee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Africanized honey bee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africanized_honey_bee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_(Apini:_Apis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_(Apini:_Apis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: <i>Apis</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_(Apini:_Apis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Winter survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Claims_of_human_dependency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_human_dependency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Claims of human dependency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_human_dependency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beekeeping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beekeeping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beekeeping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colony_collapse_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colony_collapse_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Colony collapse disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colony_collapse_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acarapis_woodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acarapis_woodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Acarapis woodi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acarapis_woodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galleria_mellonella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galleria_mellonella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span><i>Galleria mellonella</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galleria_mellonella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varroa_mites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varroa_mites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span><i>Varroa</i> mites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varroa_mites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bee_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bee_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bee products</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bee_products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bee products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bee_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Honey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beeswax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beeswax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Beeswax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beeswax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bee_bread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bee_bread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bee bread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bee_bread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bees_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bees_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Bees as food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bees_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Propolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_jelly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_jelly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Royal jelly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_jelly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexes_and_castes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexes_and_castes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sexes and castes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexes_and_castes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sexes and castes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexes_and_castes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Drones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Queens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen-worker_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen-worker_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Queen-worker conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen-worker_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Timeline of reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Reproductive strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defense-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defense subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Venom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Honey bee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunigb%C4%93o" title="Hunigbēo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hunigbēo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نحل العسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحل العسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="মৌ-মাখি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মৌ-মাখি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsl_bal_ar%C4%B1lar%C4%B1" title="Əsl bal arıları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsl bal arıları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بال آریسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بال آریسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimbubuyog" title="Alimbubuyog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alimbubuyog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Медоносни пчели – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медоносни пчели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosna_p%C4%8Dela" title="Medonosna pčela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Medonosna pčela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Apis (gènere) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apis (gènere)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Apis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%8Dela" title="Včela – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Včela" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa" title="Apa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Apa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenynen_f%C3%AAl" title="Gwenynen fêl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwenynen fêl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningbier" title="Honningbier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Honningbier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honigbienen" title="Honigbienen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Honigbienen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADs%CA%BCn%C3%A1%C5%82b%C3%A1h%C3%AD" title="Tsísʼnáłbáhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsísʼnáłbáhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesilane" title="Mesilane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesilane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(g%C3%A9nero)" title="Apis (género) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apis (género)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielabelo" title="Mielabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mielabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(generoa)" title="Apis (generoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apis (generoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="زنبور عسل (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنبور عسل (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(insecte)" title="Apis (insecte) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apis (insecte)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_meala" title="Beach meala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beach meala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(x%C3%A9nero)" title="Apis (xénero) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apis (xénero)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BF%80%EB%B2%8C" title="꿀벌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="꿀벌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2)" title="Մեղրատու մեղուներ (ցեղ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեղրատու մեղուներ (ցեղ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="मधुमक्खी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधुमक्खी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosna_p%C4%8Dela" title="Medonosna pčela – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medonosna pčela" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lebah madu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunangsb%C3%BD" title="Hunangsbý – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hunangsbý" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A9_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92)" title="דבורת הדבש (סוג) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבורת הדבש (סוג)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawon_undhuhan" title="Tawon undhuhan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tawon undhuhan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DA%BE_%D8%AA%D9%8F%D9%84%D9%95%D8%B1" title="ماچھ تُلٕر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماچھ تُلٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бал арасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бал арасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruyuki" title="Uruyuki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uruyuki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuki-asali" title="Nyuki-asali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyuki-asali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(genus)" title="Apis (genus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apis (genus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusbites" title="Medusbites – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medusbites" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%B3i" title="Nzói – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzói" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(jener)" title="Apis (jener) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Apis (jener)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="തേനീച്ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തേനീച്ച" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="मधमाशी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मधमाशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نحل العسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحل العسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lebah madu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B7%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Балт зөгий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Балт зөгий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honingbijen" title="Honingbijen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honingbijen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="घरपालुवा मौरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घरपालुवा मौरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%81" title="ミツバチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミツバチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nangimen" title="Hönangimen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hönangimen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningbier" title="Honningbier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Honningbier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningbier" title="Honningbier – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Honningbier" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%BBque_%C3%A0_myi" title="Moûque à myi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Moûque à myi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਧੂ ਮੱਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਧੂ ਮੱਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شہد دی مکھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہد دی مکھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8D" title="گبين مچۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گبين مچۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avija" title="Avija – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Avija" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/tjainan" title="tjainan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="tjainan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnigimmen" title="Honnigimmen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Honnigimmen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(owad)" title="Apis (owad) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apis (owad)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachiwa" title="Lachiwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lachiwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Медоносные пчёлы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медоносные пчёлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skep-bee" title="Skep-bee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Skep-bee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleta_e_mjaltit" title="Bleta e mjaltit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bleta e mjaltit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_(nzettu)" title="Lapa (nzettu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lapa (nzettu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Honey bee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8E_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%85%DA%A9" title="ماکيءَ جي مک – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماکيءَ جي مک" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%8Dela_(rod)" title="Včela (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Včela (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مێشھەنگوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێشھەنگوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Медоносне пчеле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медоносне пчеле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosna_p%C4%8Dela" title="Medonosna pčela – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medonosna pčela" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunajamehil%C3%A4iset" title="Hunajamehiläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hunajamehiläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honungsbin" title="Honungsbin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Honungsbin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukyutan" title="Pukyutan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pukyutan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80" title="தேனீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேனீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizizwa_n_tamment" title="Tizizwa n tamment – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tizizwa n tamment" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%97" title="తేనెటీగ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తేనెటీగ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_ary" title="Bal ary – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bal ary" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Бджола (рід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бджола (рід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شہد مکھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہد مکھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Apis" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Ong mật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ong mật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehil%C3%A4ne" title="Mehiläne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mehiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putyukan" title="Putyukan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Putyukan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82%E5%B1%9E" title="蜜蜂属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜜蜂属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Honey bee<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Oligocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:208.52615384615px; width:11.473846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:208.52615384615px; width:11.473846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:209.52615384615px; width:9.4738461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg/220px-The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg/330px-The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg/440px-The_Lone_Pollinator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a> on the bars of a <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_top-bar_hive" title="Horizontal top-bar hive">horizontal top-bar hive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Apis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corbiculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbiculata">Corbiculata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apini</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Apis</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_lithohermaea" title="Apis lithohermaea">Apis lithohermaea</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nearctica" title="Apis nearctica">Apis nearctica</a></i></li> <li>Subgenus <i>Micrapis</i>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</a></i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Subgenus <i>Megapis</i>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Apis dorsata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_laboriosa" title="Apis laboriosa">Apis laboriosa</a></i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Subgenus <i>Apis</i>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">Apis koschevnikovi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</a></i></li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Honeybees.webm/220px-seek%3D94-Honeybees.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="123" data-mwtitle="Honeybees.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Honeybees.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Honeybees.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Honeybees.webm/Honeybees.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Honeybees on <a href="/wiki/Verbesina_alternifolia" title="Verbesina alternifolia">yellow ironweed</a>. Followed by segment at one tenth speed.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>honey bee</b> (also spelled <b>honeybee</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Eusocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial">eusocial</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying insect">flying insect</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Apis</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, all native to mainland <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitfield-2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Han-2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, humans became responsible for the current <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a> of honey bees, introducing multiple subspecies into <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (early <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>), <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (early 17th century), and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (early 19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Whitfield-2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honey bees are known for their construction of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perennial" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial</a> nests from <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">wax</a>, the large size of their colonies, and surplus production and storage of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, distinguishing their hives as a prized <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> target of many animals, including <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Bears">bears</a> and human <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. Only 8 surviving <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 43 <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, though historically 7 to 11 species are recognized. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. </p><p>The best known honey bee is the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a>, (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), which was domesticated for honey production and crop <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>. The only other domesticated bee is the eastern honey bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>), which occurs in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. Only members of the genus <i>Apis</i> are true honey bees,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some other types of bees produce and store honey and have been kept by humans for that purpose, including the <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a> belonging to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Melipona" title="Melipona">Melipona</a></i> and the Indian stingless or dammar bee <i><a href="/wiki/Tetragonula_iridipennis" title="Tetragonula iridipennis">Tetragonula iridipennis</a></i>. Modern humans also use <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> in making <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">lip balms</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, as a lubricant and in mould-making using the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost wax process</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_name">Etymology and name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> name <i>Apis</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "bee".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although modern dictionaries may refer to <i>Apis</i> as either honey bee or honeybee, <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_Snodgrass" title="Robert Evans Snodgrass">Robert Snodgrass</a> asserts that <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">correct usage</a> requires two words, i.e., <i>honey bee</i>, because it is a kind or type of bee. It is incorrect to run the two words together, as in <i>dragonfly</i> or <i>butterfly</i>, which are appropriate because dragonflies and butterflies are not flies.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass-1984_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honey bee, not honeybee, is the listed common name in the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_America" title="Entomological Society of America">Entomological Society of America</a> Common Names of Insects Database, and the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Entomological_Society_of_America_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entomological_Society_of_America-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin,_systematics,_and_distribution"><span id="Origin.2C_systematics.2C_and_distribution"></span>Origin, systematics, and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin, systematics, and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apis_distribution_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apis_distribution_map.svg/220px-Apis_distribution_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apis_distribution_map.svg/330px-Apis_distribution_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apis_distribution_map.svg/440px-Apis_distribution_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of honey bees around the world</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg/220px-HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg/330px-HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg/440px-HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphology</a> of a sterile female worker honey bee</figcaption></figure> <p>Honey bees appear to have their center of origin in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>), as all the extant species except <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a></i> are native to that region. Notably, living representatives of the earliest lineages to diverge (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</a></i>) have their center of origin there.<sup id="cite_ref-Han-2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <i>Apis</i> bees appear in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> boundary (34 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">mya</a>), in European deposits. The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate Europe as the place of origin of the genus, only that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin, and fewer still have been thoroughly studied. </p><p>No <i>Apis</i> species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of <i>A. mellifera</i> by Europeans. Only one fossil species is documented from the New World, <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nearctica" title="Apis nearctica">Apis nearctica</a></i>, known from a single 14 million-year-old specimen from Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close relatives of modern honey bees – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a> – are also social to some degree, and social behavior is considered to be a trait that predates the origin of the genus. Among the extant members of <i>Apis</i>, the more <a href="/wiki/Basal_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (biology)">basal</a> species make single, exposed combs, while the more recently evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs, which has greatly facilitated their domestication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While about 20,000 species of bees exist,<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls-2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only eight <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 43 <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, although historically seven to 11 species are recognized:<sup id="cite_ref-Engel-1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</a></i> (the black dwarf honey bee); <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i> (the eastern honey bee); <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Apis dorsata</a></i> (the giant honey bee); <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</a></i> (the red dwarf honey bee); <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">Apis koschevnikovi</a></i> (Koschevnikov's honey bee); <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_laboriosa" title="Apis laboriosa">Apis laboriosa</a></i> (the Himalayan giant honey bee); <i><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Apis mellifera</a></i> (the western honey bee); and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</a></i> (the Philippine honey bee).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Life_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Life-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honey bees are the only extant members of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> Apini. Today's honey bees constitute three <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>: <i>Micrapis</i> (the dwarf honey bees), <i>Megapis</i> (the giant honey bee), and <i>Apis</i> (the western honey bee and its close relatives).<sup id="cite_ref-Engel-1999_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arias-2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> by humans indigenous to their native ranges. Only two species have been truly <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>. <i>A. mellifera</i> has been cultivated at least since the time of the building of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid">Egyptian pyramids</a>, and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micrapis"><i>Micrapis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Micrapis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</a></i> are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia. They make very small, exposed nests in trees and shrubs. Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin, so the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">hive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarm">swarms</a> can be handled with minimal protection. They occur largely <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatrically</a>, though they are very distinct <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionarily</a> and are probably the result of <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric speciation</a>, their distribution later converging. </p><p>Given that <i>A. florea</i> is more widely distributed and <i>A. andreniformis</i> is considerably more aggressive, honey is, if at all, usually harvested from the former only. They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees, maybe diverging in the <a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a> (some 40 million years ago or slightly later) from the other lineages, but do not seem to have diverged from each other a long time before the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arias-2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</a></i> have smaller wing spans than its sister species.<sup id="cite_ref-Wongsiri-1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wongsiri-1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Apis florea</i> are also completely yellow with the exception of the scutellum of workers, which is black.<sup id="cite_ref-Wongsiri-1997_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wongsiri-1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Megapis"><i>Megapis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Megapis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two species are recognized in the subgenus <i>Megapis</i>. They usually build single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs, on cliffs, and sometimes on buildings. They can be very fierce. Periodically robbed of their honey by human "honey hunters", colonies are easily capable of <a href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">stinging</a> a human being to death if provoked. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Apis dorsata</a></i>, the giant honey bee, is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia. <ul><li><i>A. d. binghami</i>, the Indonesian giant honey bee, is classified as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> subspecies of the giant honey bee or a distinct species; in the latter case, <i>A. d. breviligula</i> and/or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_laboriosa" title="Apis laboriosa">Apis laboriosa</a></i>, the Himalayan giant honey bee, was initially described as a distinct species. Later, it was included in <i>A. dorsata</i> as a subspecies<sup id="cite_ref-Engel-1999_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the <a href="/wiki/Biological_species_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological species concept">biological species concept</a>, though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a separate species<sup id="cite_ref-Arias-2005_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recent research has confirmed this classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitnya-2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitnya-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, it differs little from the giant honey bee in appearance, but has extensive behavioral <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation (biology)">adaptations</a> that enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures. It is the largest living honey bee.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apis"><i>Apis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg/220px-Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg/330px-Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg/440px-Western_honey_bee_on_a_honeycomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="4948" /></a><figcaption>Western honey bee on a honeycomb</figcaption></figure> <p>Eastern <i>Apis</i> species include three or four species, including <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">A. koschevnikovi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">A. nigrocincta</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">A. cerana</a></i>. The genetics of the western honey bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">A. mellifera</a></i>) are unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Koschevnikov's_honey_bee"><span id="Koschevnikov.27s_honey_bee"></span>Koschevnikov's honey bee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Koschevnikov's honey bee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koschevnikov's honey bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">Apis koschevnikovi</a></i>) is often referred to in the literature as the "red bee of Sabah"; however, <i>A. koschevnikovi</i> is pale reddish in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, but a dark, coppery colour in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadisoesilo-2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadisoesilo-2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its habitat is limited to the tropical evergreen forests of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and they do not live in tropical evergreen rain forests which extend into <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadisoesilo-2008_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadisoesilo-2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippine_honey_bee">Philippine honey bee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philippine honey bee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</a></i> is a cavity-nesting species. The species has rust-coloured <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)#Insects" title="Antenna (biology)">scapes</a>, legs, and <a href="/wiki/Clypeus_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)">clypeuses</a>, with reddish-tan hair colour that covers most of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadisoesilo-1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadisoesilo-1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_honey_bee">Eastern honey bee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern honey bee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>, the eastern honey bee proper, is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia. One of its subspecies, the Indian honey bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_indica" title="Apis cerana indica">A. c. indica</a></i>), was <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> and kept in hives in a fashion similar to <i>A. mellifera</i>, though on a more limited, regional scale. </p><p>It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean honey bee <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_nuluensis" title="Apis cerana nuluensis">A. c. nuluensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</a></i> from the Philippines to satisfaction; some researchers argue that these are indeed distinct species, but that <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">A. cerana</a></i> as defined is still <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, consisting of several separate species,<sup id="cite_ref-Arias-2005_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though other researchers argue <i>cerana</i> is a single monophyletic species.<sup id="cite_ref-Radloff-2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radloff-2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_honey_bee">Western honey bee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western honey bee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg/330px-Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg/440px-Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>The European honey bee may have originated from eastern Africa. This bee is pictured in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>A. mellifera</i>, the most common domesticated<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> species, was first domesticated before 2600 BC<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the third insect to have its <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> mapped. It seems to have originated in eastern tropical <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and spread from there to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and eastwards into <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> range. It is variously called the European, western, or common honey bee in different parts of the world. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apis_mellifera_subspecies" title="List of Apis mellifera subspecies">subspecies</a> have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environments; in addition, breeds such as the <a href="/wiki/Buckfast_bee" title="Buckfast bee">Buckfast bee</a> have been bred. Behavior, colour, and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuber-2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuber-2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A. mellifera</i> <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> is the most enigmatic of all honey bee species. It seems to have diverged from its eastern relatives only during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>. This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave-nesting honey bees was separated into the western group of East Africa and the eastern group of tropical Asia by <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and adjacent regions, which caused declines of food plants and trees that provided nest sites, eventually causing <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> to cease.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuber-2015_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuber-2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diversity of <i>A. mellifera</i> subspecies is probably the product of a largely <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation (biology)">radiation</a> aided by climate and habitat changes during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a>. That the western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans for many millennia – including hybridization and introductions – has apparently increased the speed of its <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many <i>A. mellifera</i> subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-Arias-2005_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Apis mellifera</i> is not native to <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>, so it was not present when the European explorers and colonists arrived. However, other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1622, European colonists brought the <a href="/wiki/European_dark_bee" title="European dark bee">German honey bee</a> (<i>A. m. mellifera</i>) to the Americas first, followed later by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_bee" title="Italian bee">Italian honey bee</a> (<i>A. m. ligustica</i>) and others. Many of the crops that depend on western honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times. Escaped swarms (known as "wild" honey bees, but actually <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a>) spread rapidly as far as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, usually preceding the colonists. Honey bees did not naturally cross the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>; they were transported by the <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s, and by ship to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the early 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg/330px-Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg/440px-Apis_mellifera_scutellata_1355020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>An Africanized honey bee (left) and a European honey bee on a honeycomb</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africanized_honey_bee">Africanized honey bee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africanized honey bee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">Africanized bee</a></div> <p>Africanized honey bees (known colloquially as "killer bees") are <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> between European stock and the East African lowland subspecies <i><a href="/wiki/African_honey_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="African honey bee">A. m. scutellata</a></i>. They are often more aggressive than European honey bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus, but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidentally released from quarantine in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, they have spread to North America and constitute a <a href="/wiki/Pest_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (animal)">pest</a> in some regions. However, these strains do not overwinter well, so they are not often found in the colder, more northern parts of North America. The original breeding experiment for which the East African lowland honey bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued (though not as originally intended). Novel hybrid strains of domestic and re-domesticated Africanized honey bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields. They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_(Apini:_Apis)"><span id="Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_.28Apini:_Apis.29"></span>Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: <i>Apis</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: Apis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Tribe Apini Latreille</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genus <i>Apis</i> Linnaeus (<i>sensu lato</i>) </p> <ul><li><i>henshawi</i> species group (†<i>Priorapis</i> Engel, †<i>Synapis</i> Cockerell) <ul><li><ul><li>†<i>A. vetusta</i> Engel</li> <li>†<i>A. henshawi</i> Cockerell</li> <li>†<i>A. petrefacta</i> (Říha)</li> <li>†<i>A. miocenica</i> Hong</li> <li>†<i>A. "longtibia"</i> Zhang</li> <li>†<i>A.</i> "Miocene 1"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>armbrusteri</i> species group (†<i>Cascapis</i> Engel) <ul><li><ul><li>†<i>A. armbrusteri</i> Zeuner</li> <li>†<i>A. nearctica</i>, species novus</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>florea</i> species group (<i>Micrapis</i> Ashmead) <ul><li><ul><li><i>A. florea</i> Fabricius</li> <li><i>A. andreniformis</i> Smith</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>dorsata</i> species group (<i>Megapis</i> Ashmead) <ul><li><ul><li>†<i>A. lithohermaea</i> Engel</li> <li><i>A. dorsata</i> Fabricius</li> <li><i>A. laboriosa</i> Smith</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>mellifera</i> species group (<i>Apis</i> Linnaeus <i>sensu stricto</i>) <ul><li><i>mellifera</i> subgroup <ul><li><i>A. mellifera</i> Linnaeus (<i>Apis</i> Linnaeus <i>sensu strictissimo</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>cerana</i> subgroup (<i>Sigmatapis</i> Maa) <ul><li><i>A. cerana</i> Fabricius</li> <li><i>A. nigrocincta</i> Smith</li> <li><i>A. koschevnikovi</i> Enderlein</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in a few other types of <a href="/wiki/Eusocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial">eusocial</a> bees, a colony generally contains one <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen bee</a>, a female; seasonally up to a few thousand <a href="/wiki/Drone_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone bee">drone bees</a>, or males;<sup id="cite_ref-Gould-1995_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-1995-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tens of thousands of female <a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">worker bees</a>. Details vary among the different species of honey bees, but common features include: </p> <ol><li>Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a>, produced and shaped by the worker bees. Using her <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</a>, the queen can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on which cell she is laying it into. Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Haploid_and_monoploid" title="Ploidy">haploid</a>, while females (queens and worker bees) develop from fertilised eggs and are <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid" title="Ploidy">diploid</a>. Larvae are initially fed with <a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">royal jelly</a> produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and <a href="/wiki/Pupate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupate">pupating</a>.</li> <li>Young worker bees, sometimes called "nurse bees", clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly-producing glands begin to <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a>, they begin building comb cells. They progress to other within-colony tasks as they become older, such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers, and guarding the hive. Later still, a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of her life as a forager.</li> <li>Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the <a href="/wiki/Bee_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee dance">bee dance</a> or waggle dance) to communicate information regarding resources with each other; this dance varies from species to species, but all living species of <i>Apis</i> exhibit some form of the behavior. If the resources are very close to the hive, they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the "round dance".</li> <li>Honey bees also perform <a href="/wiki/Tremble_dance" title="Tremble dance">tremble dances</a>, which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers.</li> <li>Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony to a <a href="/wiki/Drone_congregation_area" title="Drone congregation area">drone congregation area</a> and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating. Queen honey bees do not mate with drones from their home colony.</li> <li>Colonies are established not by solitary queens, as in most bees, but by groups known as "<a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">swarms</a>", which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees. This group moves <i>en masse</i> to a nest site which was scouted by worker bees beforehand and whose location is communicated with a special type of dance. Once the swarm arrives, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus, though several groups of <a href="/wiki/Vespid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vespid">vespid</a> wasps also found new nests by swarming (sometimes including multiple queens). Also, <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a> will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees, but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site, and this worker force is not a true "swarm".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells"><img alt="Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg/240px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg/360px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg/480px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eggs and larvae"><img alt="Eggs and larvae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg/240px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg/360px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg/480px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eggs and larvae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drone pupae"><img alt="Drone pupae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg/270px-Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg/405px-Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg/540px-Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="1762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drone pupae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_black_bee_(Apis_mellifera_mellifera).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emergence of a European dark honey bee (A. m. mellifera)"><img alt="Emergence of a European dark honey bee (A. m. mellifera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg/362px-Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg/543px-Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg/724px-Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emergence of a European dark honey bee (<i>A. m. mellifera</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_survival">Winter survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Winter survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cold climates, honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 °C (50 °F) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a "winter cluster". The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster, shivering to keep the center between 27 °C (81 °F) at the start of winter (during the broodless period) and 34 °C (93 °F) once the queen resumes laying. The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold. The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8–9 °C (46–48 °F). The colder the weather is outside, the more compact the cluster becomes. During winter, they consume their stored honey to produce body heat. The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity, but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 50 kilograms (33 to 110 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, certain bees, including the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>, are known to engage in effective methods of nest thermoregulation during periods of varying temperature in both summer and winter. During the summer, however, this is achieved through fanning and water evaporation from water collected in various fields.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollination">Pollination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pollination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pollination_management" title="Pollination management">Pollination management</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg/220px-Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg/330px-Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg/440px-Bee_Leg_with_Pollen_Bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Hind leg of a honey bee with pollen pellet stuck on the pollen basket or corbicula. When the worker bee is collecting pollen, their legs make the transfer of pollen from the inner basitarsal combs to the outer pollen basket (shown in figure).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="639" data-mwtitle="Buzzing_bees.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Buzzing_bees.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Buzzing_bees.ogg/Buzzing_bees.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Buzzing_bees.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Buzzing bees on the flowering plum</figcaption></figure> <p>Of all the honey bee species, only <i>A. mellifera</i> has been used extensively for commercial pollination of fruit and vegetable crops. The scale of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars, credited with adding about 9% to the value of crops across the world. However, despite contributing substantially to crop pollination, there is debate about the potential spillover to natural landscapes and competition between managed honey bees and many of the ~20,000 species of wild pollinators.<sup id="cite_ref-Geldmann-2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geldmann-2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species of <i>Apis</i> are generalist floral visitors, and pollinate many species of flowering plants, but because of their "generalized" nature, they often do so inefficiently. Without specialized adaptations for specific flowers, their ability to reach pollen and nectar is often limited. This combined with their behavioural flexibility may be why they are the most commonly documented <a href="/wiki/Pollen_theft" title="Pollen theft">pollen thieves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, for plant species with more specialized pollinators, experiments show that increased honeybee visitation can actually reduce pollination, both where honey bees are non-native<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even where they are native.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What's more, their tendency to visit all species in a given area means that the pollen they carry for any one species is often very diluted. As such, they can provide some pollination to many plants, but most plants have some native pollinator that is more effective at pollinating that species.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When honey bees are present as an invasive species in an area, they compete for flowers with native pollinators, which can actually push out the native species.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_human_dependency">Claims of human dependency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Claims of human dependency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bees</a> have been described as essential to human food production, leading to claims that without their pollination humanity would starve or die out.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apples, blueberries, and cherries, for example, are 90 percent dependent on honeybee pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-AgBioResearch-2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgBioResearch-2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> is sometimes misquoted as saying "If bees disappeared off the face of the earth, man would only have four years left to live"<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einstein did not say this and there is no science to support this prediction.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising 60% of all human food energy,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fall into this category: <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a> are sterile and propagated by cuttings, as are <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>; <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> are root vegetables propagated by <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a> are <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollinated</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">wind-pollinated</a>, as are most other grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No crops originating in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> depend on the western honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) at all, as the bee is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> brought over with colonists in the last few centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum_annuum" title="Capsicum annuum">peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>, and all other New World crops evolved with native pollinators such as <a href="/wiki/Squash_bee" title="Squash bee">squash bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bumble_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumble bee">bumble bees</a>, and other native bees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a> mentioned by Jefferson<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are distant relatives of the honey bees, in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Melipona" title="Melipona">Melipona</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Still, honey bees are considered "crucial to the food supply, pollinating more than 100 of the crops we eat, including nuts, vegetables, berries, citrus and melons."<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_News-2023_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS_News-2023-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> reports "Three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35 percent of the world’s food crops depend on animal pollinators to reproduce"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and honey bees "pollinate 80 percent of all flowering plants, including more than 130 types of fruits and vegetables."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The foraging behavior of a honeybee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg/220px-A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg/330px-A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg/440px-A_bee_on_a_quince_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>A honey bee forager on a <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> flower</figcaption></figure> <p>Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a diverse combination of pollen and nectar. Pollen is the only natural protein source for honey bees. Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4–4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66–74% protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodschneider-2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rearing of one larva requires 125-187.5 mg pollen or 25–37.5 mg protein for proper development.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodschneider-2010_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids, ten of which are considered essential to honey bees: methionine, tryptophan, arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and valine. Of these amino acids, honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, however elevated concentrations of arginine and lysine are required for brood rearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1976_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1976-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these amino acids, some B vitamins including biotin, folic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, thiamine, pantothenate, and most importantly, pyridoxine are required to rear larvae. Pyridoxine is the most prevalent B vitamin found in royal jelly and concentrations vary throughout the foraging season with lowest concentrations found in May and highest concentrations found in July and August. Honey bees lacking dietary pyridoxine were unable to rear brood.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1976_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1976-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg/250px-Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg/375px-Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg/500px-Bee_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A forager collecting pollen</figcaption></figure> <p>Pollen is also a lipid source for honey bees ranging from 0.8% to 18.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodschneider-2010_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are not considered essential but have shown to significantly improve the number of brood reared.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodschneider-2010_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honey bees ingest phytosterols from pollen to produce 24-methylenecholesterol and other sterols as they cannot directly synthesize cholesterol from phytosterols. Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer sterols to larvae through brood food.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodschneider-2010_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose. The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper development.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodschneider-2010_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honey bees require water to maintain osmotic homeostasis, prepare liquid brood food, and to cool the hive through evaporation. A colony's water needs can generally be met by nectar foraging as it has high water content. Occasionally on hot days or when nectar is limited, foragers will collect water from streams or ponds to meet the needs of the hive.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Beekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg/220px-Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg/330px-Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg/440px-Beekeeper_with_moveable_comb_hive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A beekeeper inspecting a <a href="/wiki/Hive_frame" title="Hive frame">hive frame</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Langstroth_hive" title="Langstroth hive">Langstroth hive</a>. The modular design allows for easier management and honey harvesting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg/220px-Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg/330px-Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg/440px-Beekeeper_in_Pendro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A professional beekeeper inspects hives for breeding and selection, <a href="/wiki/Pendro" title="Pendro">Pendro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg/220px-Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg/330px-Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg/440px-Gurian_Beekeeper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A professional beekeeper from <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a> inspects a well-developed jumbo frame hive.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/220px-seek%3D89-Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="97" data-mwtitle="Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm/Honeybee_hive_entrance.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey bee</a> hive entrance with audio. The last part is at one fourth speed</figcaption></figure> <p>The only domesticated species of honey bee are <i>A. mellifera</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">A. cerana</a></i>, and they are often maintained, fed, and transported by beekeepers. In Japan, where <i>A. mellifera</i> is vulnerable to local hornets and disease, the Japanese honey bee <i><a href="/wiki/A._cerana_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="A. cerana japonica">A. cerana japonica</a></i> is used in its place. Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide, revising the historical role of the self-employed beekeeper, and favoring large-scale commercial operations. Bees of various types other than honey bees are also domesticated and used for pollination or other means around the world, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tetragonula_iridipennis" title="Tetragonula iridipennis">Tetragonula iridipennis</a></i> in India, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_orchard_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue orchard bee">blue orchard bee</a> for tree nut and fruit pollination in the United States, and a number of species of <i><a href="/wiki/Bombus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombus">Bombus</a></i> (bumblebees) for pollination in various regions globally, such as <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, which are not effectively pollinated by honey bees.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colony_collapse_disorder">Colony collapse disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Colony collapse disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></div> <p>Primarily in places where western honey bees were imported by humans, periodic collapses in western honey bee populations have occurred at least since the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as humans continued to manipulate the western honey bee and deliberately transferred them on a global scale, diseases simultaneously spread and harmed managed colonies. Colony losses have occurred periodically throughout history. Fungus, mites, and starvation have all been thought to be the cause of the deaths. Limited occurrences resembling CCD were documented as early as 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colony collapses were called "May Disease" in Colorado in 1891 and 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the first decade of the 21st century, abnormally high die-offs (30–70% of hives) of western honey bee colonies have occurred in North America. This has been dubbed "colony collapse disorder" (CCD) and was at first unexplained.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems to be caused by a combination of factors rather than a single <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>, possibly including <a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">neonicotinoid</a> pesticides<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Israeli_acute_paralysis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli acute paralysis virus">Israeli acute paralysis virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> published in 2023 found the number of United States honeybee colonies "remained relatively stable" although 48% of colonies were lost in the year that ended April 1, 2023, with a 12-year average annual mortality rate of 39.6%. The previous year (2021-2022) the loss was 39% and the 2020-2021 loss was 50.8%. Beekeepers told the surveying scientists that 21% loss over the winter is acceptable and more than three-fifths of beekeepers surveyed said their losses were higher than that in 2022-2023.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_News-2023_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS_News-2023-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For parasites affecting Apis cerana, see <a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana#Pathogens_and_parasites_affecting_Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana § Pathogens and parasites affecting Apis cerana</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acarapis_woodi">Acarapis woodi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Acarapis woodi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Acarapis_woodi" title="Acarapis woodi">Acarapis woodi</a></i> (or "tracheal mites") are parasitic mites which live and reproduce in adult bees' tracheae, or respiratory tubes, piercing the tube walls with their mouthparts to feed on haemolymph. To infest new hosts, the mites must find newly emerged bees; after three days, the bristles (setae) guarding the <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a> are firm enough to prevent the mites' entry into the tracheae. Mite infestations are known as acarine, and have been called "Isle of Wight disease".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galleria_mellonella"><i>Galleria mellonella</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Galleria mellonella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larval stages of the moth <i><a href="/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">Galleria mellonella</a></i> parasitize both wild and cultivated honey bees, in particular <i>Apis mellifera</i> and <i>Apis cerana</i>. Eggs are laid within the hive, and the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> that hatch tunnel through and destroy the honeycombs that contain bee larva and their honey stores. The tunnels they create are lined with silk, which entangles and starves emerging bees. Destruction of honeycombs also result in honey leaking and being wasted. Both <i>G. mellonella</i> adults and larvae are possible vectors for pathogens that can infect bees, including the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_acute_paralysis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli acute paralysis virus">Israeli acute paralysis virus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_queen_cell_virus" title="Black queen cell virus">black queen cell virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwadha-2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwadha-2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To manage the mite, temperature treatments are possible, but also distorts wax of the honeycombs. Chemical fumigants, particularly CO<sub>2</sub>, are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwadha-2017_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwadha-2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Varroa_mites"><i>Varroa</i> mites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Varroa mites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Varroa_destructor" title="Varroa destructor"><i>Varroa</i> mites</a> are arguably the biggest threat to honey bees in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_News-2023_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS_News-2023-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mites invade hives and reproduce by laying eggs on pupa. The hatching mites eat away at the pupa, causing deformities as well as spreading disease. If not detected and treated early on, the mite population may increase to such an extent that the hive will succumb to the diseases and deformities caused by the mites. It was widely believed that the mites drank the blood of bees. However, a 2018 study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818371116#:~:text=Collectively%2C%20these%20findings%20strongly%20suggest,essential%20processes%20in%20healthy%20bees">Article in PNAS: "Linking pesticides and gut health in bees"</a> showed that they actually feed on the fat body tissue of live bees, not the blood. </p><p>Mite treatment is accomplished by several methods, including treatment strips and acid vaporization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bee_products">Bee products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bee products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honey">Honey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></div> <p>Honey is the complex substance made when bees ingest nectar, process it, and store the substance into honey combs.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane-1990_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1990-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All living species of <i>Apis</i> have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption. <i>A. mellifera</i> and <i>A. cerana</i> are the only species that have had their honey harvested for commercial purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beeswax">Beeswax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Beeswax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></div> <p>Worker bees of a certain age secrete <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> from a series of exocrine glands on their abdomens.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford-1976_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-1976-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb. As with honey, beeswax is gathered by humans for various purposes such as candle making, waterproofing, soap and cosmetics manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, art, furniture polish and more.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bee_bread">Bee bread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bee bread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></div> <p>Bees collect <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Pollen_basket" title="Pollen basket">pollen baskets</a> and carry it back to the hive.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worker bees combine pollen, honey and glandular secretions and allow it to ferment in the comb to make bee bread. The fermentation process releases additional nutrients from the pollen and can produce antibiotics and fatty acids which inhibit spoilage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bee bread is eaten by <a href="/wiki/Worker_bee#Nurse_bees_(days_3–12)" title="Worker bee">nurse bees</a> (younger workers) which produce the protein-rich royal jelly needed by the queen and developing larvae in their hypopharyngeal glands. </p><p>In the hive, pollen is used as a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> source necessary during brood-rearing. In certain environments, excess pollen can be collected from the hives of <i>A. mellifera</i> and <i>A. cerana</i>. The product is used as a health supplement. It has been used with moderate success as a source of pollen for <a href="/wiki/Hand-pollination" title="Hand-pollination">hand pollination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bees_as_food">Bees as food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bees as food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bee_brood#As_food" title="Bee brood">Bee brood § As food</a></div> <p>Bee brood<i> </i>– the eggs, larvae or <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupae</a> of honey bees<i> </i>– is nutritious and seen as a delicacy in countries such as Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-Haris-2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haris-2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico, Thailand, and many African countries; it has been consumed since ancient times by the Chinese and Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_FAO-2016_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_FAO-2016-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland-2013_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland-2013-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult wild honeybees are also consumed as a food in parts of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. According to a worker at a Yunnan-based specialty restaurant, the bees are best served "deep-fried with salt and pepper", and they are "naturally sweet and tasty". Kellie Schmitt of <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> described the dish as one of "<a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>'s weirdest foods".<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt-2011_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt-2011-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propolis">Propolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Propolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></div> <p>Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flows or other botanical sources, which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propolis may cause severe <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">adverse interactions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a> in some individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propolis is also used in wood finishes on <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_jelly">Royal jelly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Royal jelly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></div> <p>Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion used to nourish the larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it may cause severe <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> in some individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexes_and_castes">Sexes and castes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sexes and castes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honey bees have three <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">drones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">workers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drones are male, while workers and queens are female.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drones">Drones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Drones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drone (bee)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg/440px-Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg/660px-Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg/880px-Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Honey bees have a <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplodiploid">haplodiploid</a> system of sex determination.</figcaption></figure> <p>Drones are typically <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a>, having only one set of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, and primarily exist for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are produced by the queen if she chooses not to fertilize an egg or by an unfertilized laying worker. There are rare instances of diploid drone larvae. This phenomenon usually arises when there are more than two generations of brother-sister mating.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sex determination in honey bees is initially due to a single locus, called the complementary sex determiner (<i>csd</i>) gene. In developing bees, if the conditions are that the individual is heterozygous for the <i>csd</i> gene, they will develop into females. If the conditions are so that the individual is <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">hemizygous</a> or homozygous for the <i>csd</i> gene, they will develop into males. The instances where the individual is homozygous at this gene are the instances of diploid males.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drones take 24 days to develop, and may be produced from summer through to autumn, numbering as many as 500 per hive.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are expelled from the hive during the winter months when the hive's primary focus is warmth and food conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drones have large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights. They do not defend the hive or kill intruders, and do not have a <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PerfectBee-2017_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerfectBee-2017-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workers">Workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">Worker bee</a></div> <p>Workers have two sets of chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are produced from an egg that the queen has selectively fertilized from stored sperm. Workers typically develop in 21 days. A typical colony may contain as many as 60,000 worker bees.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers exhibit a wider range of behaviors than either queens or drones. Their duties change with age in the following order (beginning with cleaning out their own cell after eating through their capped brood cell): feed brood, receive nectar, clean hive, guard duty, and foraging.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PerfectBee-2017_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerfectBee-2017-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some workers engage in other specialized behaviors, such as "undertaking" (removing corpses of their nestmates from inside the hive).<sup id="cite_ref-PerfectBee-2017_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerfectBee-2017-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workers have morphological specializations, including the <a href="/wiki/Pollen_basket" title="Pollen basket">pollen basket</a> <i>(corbicula)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abdominal glands that produce beeswax, brood-feeding glands, and barbs on the sting. Under certain conditions (for example, if the colony becomes queenless), a worker may develop ovaries. </p><p>Worker honey bees perform different behavioural tasks that cause them to be exposed to different local environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-2018a_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2018a-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones-2018b_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2018b-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut microbial</a> composition of workers varies according to the landscape and plant species they <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">forage</a>, such as differences in <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> crops,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-2018a_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2018a-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with different hive tasks, such as nursing or food processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-2018b_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2018b-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queens">Queens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Queens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">Queen bee</a></div> <p>Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larva an exclusive diet of a food called "<a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">royal jelly</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia-2017_86-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia-2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PerfectBee-2017_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerfectBee-2017-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days; they differ in physiology, morphology, and behavior from worker bees. In addition to the greater size of the queen, she has a functional set of ovaries, and a spermatheca, which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated. <i>Apis</i> queens practice <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandry</a>, with one female mating with multiple males. The highest documented mating frequency for an <i>Apis</i> queen is in <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</a></i>, where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker's sting, and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax. Once mated, queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day.<sup id="cite_ref-PerfectBee-2017_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerfectBee-2017-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate the behavior of workers, and help swarms track the queen's location during the swarming.<sup id="cite_ref-PerfectBee-2017_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerfectBee-2017-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen-worker_conflict">Queen-worker conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Queen-worker conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Worker_policing" title="Worker policing">Worker policing</a></div> <p>When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares half her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares half her genes with her sons and one-quarter with the sons of fertile female workers.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pits the worker against the queen and other workers, who try to maximize their <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive fitness">reproductive fitness</a> by rearing the offspring most related to them. This relationship leads to a phenomenon known as "worker policing". In these rare situations, other worker bees in the hive who are genetically more related to the queen's sons than those of the fertile workers will patrol the hive and remove worker-laid eggs. Another form of worker-based policing is aggression toward fertile females.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have suggested a queen pheromone which may help workers distinguish worker- and queen-laid eggs, but others indicate egg viability as the key factor in eliciting the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worker policing is an example of <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">forced altruism</a>, where the benefits of worker reproduction are minimized and that of rearing the queen's offspring maximized. </p><p>In very rare instances workers subvert the policing mechanisms of the hive, laying eggs which are removed at a lower rate by other workers; this is known as anarchic syndrome. Anarchic workers can activate their ovaries at a higher rate and contribute a greater proportion of males to the hive. Although an increase in the number of drones would decrease the overall productivity of the hive, the reproductive fitness of the drones' mother would increase. Anarchic syndrome is an example of selection working in opposite directions at the <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">individual and group levels</a> for the stability of the hive.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under ordinary circumstances the death (or removal) of a queen increases reproduction in workers, and a significant proportion of workers will have active ovaries in the absence of a queen. The workers of the hive produce a last batch of drones before the hive eventually collapses. Although during this period worker policing is usually absent, in certain groups of bees it continues.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a>, worker policing is not favored if a queen does not mate multiple times. Workers would be related by three-quarters of their genes, and the difference in <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">relationship</a> between sons of the queen and those of the other workers would decrease. The benefit of policing is negated, and policing is less favored. Experiments confirming this hypothesis have shown a correlation between higher mating rates and increased rates of worker policing in many species of social <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenoptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_reproduction">Timeline of reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Timeline of reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <i>Apis mellifera</i>, queens are the central reproducers among their colonies. Although reproduction may occur around the calendar, it may stop in the late fall due to falling temperatures. If a colony does not have a queen or she is unable to reproduce, workers are able to lay unfertilized eggs that may develop into males. The queens, however, do not reach this point immediately. Typically, it takes a queen 16 days to reach adulthood, with an additional week to begin developing and laying eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond-2009_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To begin the process of reproduction in a honeybee colony, workers begin to produce queen larvae while simultaneously finding a place to create a new hive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond-2009_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen larvae will then hatch at the old hive, and the queens will fight one another until there is only a single queen left to begin reproducing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond-2009_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive_strategies">Reproductive strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Reproductive strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once a queen matures and is ready to begin reproducing, she will begin making flights to orient to mating in free flight and finding mates before actually beginning to mate. Queens that are ready to mate take between 1 and 6 flights across multiple consecutive days, called nuptial flights.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of their nuptial flights, queens engage with multiple mates and have little control over the number of times they do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond-2009_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of queens engaging with their mates is not widely understood because the process takes place in free flight, so it is difficult to observe despite various advances in technology and observation techniques. It begins with drones flying in the same area where they know the queen will soon arrive, waiting for her to join them.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the queen arrives, she is crowded immediately by the drones who are eager to mate with her. The drones receive a signal from the queen that her "sting chamber" is open, which induces the drones to mate with her and bring forward their physical contact which warrants reproduction. A successful drone clasps onto the queen and releases seminal fluid and spermatozoa into the queen. After this process is complete, the drone typically remains inside of the queen, which is indicative of the drone's desire to deter other drones from engaging with the queen and reproducing.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This behavior also indicates that if the drone blocks other drones from mating with the queen, it will allow the mating drone to fertilize a greater number of the queen's eggs. If the drone does not remain within the queen and removes itself from her, the drone is able to reproduce again with slim chances. Finally, the drone will die after mating with the queen within minutes or hours after reproduction is complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense">Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">Bee sting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg/220px-Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg/330px-Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg/440px-Honeybee_thermal_defence01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_japonica" title="Apis cerana japonica">Apis cerana japonica</a></i> forming a ball around two <a href="/wiki/Asian_giant_hornet" title="Asian giant hornet">hornets</a>: The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets.</figcaption></figure> <p>All honey bees live in colonies where the workers <a href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">sting</a> intruders as a form of defense, and alarmed bees release a <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> that stimulates the attack response in other bees. The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species by the possession of small barbs on the sting, but these barbs are found only in the worker bees.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sting apparatus, including the barbs, may have evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates, as the barbs do not usually function (and the sting apparatus does not detach) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue. While the sting can also penetrate the membranes between joints in the exoskeleton of other insects (and is used in fights between queens), in the case of <i>Apis cerana japonica</i>, defense against larger insects such as predatory wasps (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Asian_giant_hornet" title="Asian giant hornet">Asian giant hornet</a>) is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees, which vibrate their muscles vigorously to raise the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level ("balling").<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, heat alone was thought to be responsible for killing intruding wasps, but recent experiments have demonstrated the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball produce the lethal effect.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective, an action known to beekeepers as 'balling the queen', named for the ball of bees formed. </p><p>Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee. In the case of those honey bee species with open combs (e.g., <i>A. dorsata</i>), would-be predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a "<a href="/wiki/Wave_(audience)" title="Wave (audience)">wave</a>" that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is perceived, and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and flicking their wings.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cavity dwelling species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</a></i>, entrances to these cavities are guarded and checked for intruders in incoming traffic. Another act of defense against nest invaders, particularly wasps, is "body shaking", a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen, performed by worker bees.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study of <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> found that they use <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and even human urine to defend their hives against raids by hornets (<i><a href="/wiki/Vespa_soror" title="Vespa soror">Vespa soror</a></i>), a strategy not replicated by their European and North American counterparts,<sup id="cite_ref-Mattila-2020_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattila-2020-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though collection and use of feces in nest construction is well-known in <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venom">Venom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Venom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stings of honey bees are barbed and therefore embed themselves into the sting site, and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion which keep delivering venom even after detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-Biller-2014_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biller-2014-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus. The embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site. The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee's abdomen. The honey bee's venom, known as <a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">apitoxin</a>, carries several active components, the most abundant of which is <a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">melittin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2016_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2016-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most biologically active are <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honey bee venom is under laboratory and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> for its potential properties and uses in reducing risks for <a href="/wiki/Adverse_event" title="Adverse event">adverse events</a> from bee venom <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and use as an <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a> for protection against <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a> from insect stings.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bee venom products are marketed in many countries, but, as of 2018, there are no approved clinical uses for these products which carry various warnings for potential allergic reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com-2018_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-2018-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition">Competition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee#As_an_environmental_threat" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee § As an environmental threat</a></div> <p>With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping, Western honey bees (as an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>) and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Western honey bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies, particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defence year round due to their tropical origin.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></div> <p>Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors, as is common in insects. They also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys information about the distance and direction to a specific location (typically a nutritional source, e.g., flowers or water). The dance language is also used during the process of colony fission, or swarming, when scouts communicate the location and quality of nesting sites.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species; for example, the two smallest species, <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</a></i> and <i>A. florea</i>, dance on the upper surface of the comb, which is horizontal (not vertical, as in other species), and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carniolan_honey_bee" title="Carniolan honey bee">Carniolan honey bees</a> (<i>Apis mellifera carnica</i>) use their antennae asymmetrically for social interactions, with a strong lateral preference to use their right antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers-2013_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been speculation as to honey bee <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While honey bees lack the parts of the brain that a human being uses for consciousness like the cerebral cortex or even the cerebrum itself, when those parts of a human brain are damaged, the midbrain seems able to provide a small amount of consciousness. Honey bees have a tiny structure that appears similar to a human midbrain, so if it functions the same way they may possibly be able to achieve a small amount of simple awareness of their bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bee_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee (mythology)">Bee (mythology)</a></div> <p>The bee was used as a symbol of government by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Emperor Napoleon I</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence and even of prescience. The priestess at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> was the "Delphic Bee". </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i> has a <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Sura</a> (chapter) titled "<a href="/wiki/An-Nahl" title="An-Nahl">The Bee</a>". It is named after honey bees, and contains a comparison of the industry and adaptability of honey bees to the industry of man.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And your Lord inspired the bees: “Make ˹your˺ homes in the mountains, the trees, and in what people construct, and feed from ˹the flower of˺ any fruit ˹you please˺ and follow the ways your Lord has made easy for you.” From their bellies comes forth liquid of varying colours, in which there is healing for people. Surely in this is a sign for those who reflect.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nahl" title="An-Nahl">Surah An-Nahl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=68">16:68–69</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In ancient Egyptian mythology, honey bees were believed to be born from the tears of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun God">Sun God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their divine origin, they were used to represent the Pharaoh. They were also used as a symbol of Lower Egypt in conjuction with the sedge, which represented Upper Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Joseph and Asenath, a work composed by ancient Egyptian Jews who may have been affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Leontopolis_(Heliopolis)" title="Leontopolis (Heliopolis)">Leontopolis temple</a>, bee and honey imagery appears when Asenath converts and is visited by an angel. If the work was indeed connected to the Leontopolis temple, the bees likely represent Levite priests, and the imagery intends to signify the legitimacy of a Jewish temple in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society, from Aristotle and Plato to Virgil.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honey bees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingians</a>. The state of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> is called the "Beehive State", the state emblem is the beehive, the state insect is the honey bee, and a beehive and the word "industry" appear on both the state flag and seal.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_2">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienenkoenigin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies a queen Western honey bee."><img alt="A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies a queen Western honey bee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Bienenkoenigin.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies a <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeybee02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western honey bee foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board"><img alt="Western honey bee foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Honeybee02.jpg/393px-Honeybee02.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Honeybee02.jpg/590px-Honeybee02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Honeybee02.jpg/785px-Honeybee02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a> foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern honey bee (A. cerana) in Hong Kong"><img alt="Eastern honey bee (A. cerana) in Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cerana.jpg/176px-Cerana.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cerana.jpg/265px-Cerana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cerana.jpg/353px-Cerana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_honey_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern honey bee">Eastern honey bee</a> (<i>A. cerana</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApisDorsataHive.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant honey bee (A. dorsata)"><img alt="Giant honey bee (A. dorsata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/300px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/451px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/600px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Giant honey bee</a> (<i>A. dorsata</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollinationn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western honey bee visiting flowers"><img alt="Western honey bee visiting flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pollinationn.jpg/329px-Pollinationn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pollinationn.jpg/495px-Pollinationn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pollinationn.jpg/659px-Pollinationn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a> visiting flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A colony of giant honey bees (A. dorsata) on their comb"><img alt="A colony of giant honey bees (A. dorsata) on their comb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg/338px-Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg/507px-Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg/675px-Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A colony of giant honey bees (<i>A. dorsata</i>) on their comb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee-apis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western honey bee"><img alt="Western honey bee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bee-apis.jpg/337px-Bee-apis.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bee-apis.jpg/506px-Bee-apis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bee-apis.jpg/674px-Bee-apis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western honey bee on rock rose (Cistus) in Oakland, California"><img alt="Western honey bee on rock rose (Cistus) in Oakland, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg/229px-Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg/344px-Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg/458px-Honey_bee_on_rock_rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a> on rock rose (<i><a href="/wiki/Cistus" title="Cistus">Cistus</a></i>) in Oakland, California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western honey bee collecting pollen from turnip blossoms in Eastern Oklahoma"><img alt="Western honey bee collecting pollen from turnip blossoms in Eastern Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg/400px-Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg/601px-Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg/800px-Honeybee_pollen_turnips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a> collecting pollen from turnip blossoms in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Oklahoma">Eastern Oklahoma</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A predator, the green bee-eater"><img alt="A predator, the green bee-eater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_%281%29.jpg/174px-Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_%281%29.jpg/261px-Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_%281%29.jpg/347px-Green_Bee-eater_Merops_orientalis_feeding_on_Honey-bee_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN1640_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A predator, the <a href="/wiki/Green_bee-eater" title="Green bee-eater">green bee-eater</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wild colony in Chandigarh"><img alt="A wild colony in Chandigarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg/299px-A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg/450px-A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg/598px-A_natural_beehive_in_Chandigarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="3011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wild colony in Chandigarh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western honey bee on lavender (Lavandula) in Lompoc, California"><img alt="Honeybee on Lavender" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg/338px-Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg/507px-Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg/675px-Honeybee_on_Lavender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a> on lavender (<i><a href="/wiki/Lavandula" title="Lavandula">Lavandula</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Lompoc,_California" title="Lompoc, California">Lompoc, California</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee_life_cycle" title="Honey bee life cycle">Honey bee life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_starvation" title="Honeybee starvation">Honeybee starvation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_than_Honey" title="More than Honey">More than Honey</a></i> – a 2012 Swiss documentary film about honey bees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittology" title="Melittology">Melittology</a>, the study of bees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachygastra" title="Brachygastra">Brachygastra</a> – Genus of wasps (honey wasps) known to collect and store nectar as honey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_wasp" title="Pollen wasp">Pollen wasp</a> – Subfamily of wasps unique among wasps in feeding their larvae exclusively with pollen and nectar, in a fashion quite similar to many solitary bees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeypot_ant" title="Honeypot ant">Honeypot ant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mayans kept and collected honey and brood, but from stingless social bees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Melipona_beecheii" title="Melipona beecheii">Melipona beecheii</a></i>, not from <i>Apis</i> honeybees.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whitfield-2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitfield-2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitfield-2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitfieldBehuraBerlocherClark2006" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield, Charles W.; Behura, Susanta K.; Berlocher, Stewart H.; et al. (27 October 2006). "Thrice Out of Africa: Ancient and Recent Expansions of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera". <i>Science</i>. <b>314</b> (5799): 642–645. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...314..642W">2006Sci...314..642W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1132772">10.1126/science.1132772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17068261">17068261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15967796">15967796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Thrice+Out+of+Africa%3A+Ancient+and+Recent+Expansions+of+the+Honey+Bee%2C+Apis+mellifera&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5799&rft.pages=642-645&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132772&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15967796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17068261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...314..642W&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft.au=Behura%2C+Susanta+K.&rft.au=Berlocher%2C+Stewart+H.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Andrew+G.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+J.+Spencer&rft.au=Sheppard%2C+Walter+S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Deborah+R.&rft.au=Suarez%2C+Andrew+V.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Tsutsui%2C+Neil+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Han-2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Han-2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Han-2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanWallbergWebster2012" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Fan; Wallberg, Andreas; Webster, Matthew T. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433997">"From where did the Western honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) originate?"</a>. <i>Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>2</b> (8): 1949–1957. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EcoEv...2.1949H">2012EcoEv...2.1949H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.312">10.1002/ece3.312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433997">3433997</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22957195">22957195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=From+where+did+the+Western+honeybee+%28Apis+mellifera%29+originate%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1949-1957&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3433997%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22957195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EcoEv...2.1949H&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Wallberg%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Webster%2C+Matthew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3433997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Buchmann, Stephen L. 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New York: Random House Children's Books. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375895579" title="Special:BookSources/9780375895579"><bdi>9780375895579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honey+Bees%3A+Letters+from+the+Hive&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House+Children%27s+Books&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft.isbn=9780375895579&rft.aulast=Buchmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/noun:apis">"Apis"</a>. <i>The Latin Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honeybee&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Douglas+Harper&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3DHoneybee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass-1984-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass-1984_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Snodgrass1984" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Snodgrass (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHGmkX1zDS8C"><i>Anatomy of the Honey Bee</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9302-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-9302-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Honey+Bee&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9302-7&rft.au=Robert+E.+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHGmkX1zDS8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=633913#null">"Integrated Taxonomic Information System – Search, <i>Apinae</i>"</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/09-0792.1">"Native pollen thieves reduce the reproductive success of a hermaphroditic plant, Aloe maculata"</a>. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>91</b> (6): 1693–1703. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Ecol...91.1693H">2010Ecol...91.1693H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F09-0792.1">10.1890/09-0792.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9658">0012-9658</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20583711">20583711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Native+pollen+thieves+reduce+the+reproductive+success+of+a+hermaphroditic+plant%2C+Aloe+maculata&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1693-1703&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F09-0792.1&rft.issn=0012-9658&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20583711&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Ecol...91.1693H&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Anna+L.&rft.au=Harder%2C+Lawrence+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Steven+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1890%2F09-0792.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.decodedscience.org/plants-pollinators-and-the-price-of-almonds/28797/2">Plants, Pollinators, and the Price of Almonds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094322/https://www.decodedscience.org/plants-pollinators-and-the-price-of-almonds/28797/2">Archived</a> 2018-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />"Flowers set more seeds when visited by wild insects, and the more plants that were visited by wild insects, the more likely they were to set fruit. In some places the researchers considered, wild insects were pollinating most of the plants despite rented honey bees being present."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/honeybees-hog-limelight">Saving pollinators is about more than just honeybees</a><br />The problem is that there are only so many flowers and places to nest. And once the numbers of honeybees have been artificially inflated (commercial-scale beekeeping would not exist without humans) the increased competition for these resources can push native non-<i>Apis</i> pollinators out of their natural habitats. Honeybees also spread exotic plants and transmit pathogens, both of which have been shown to harm other pollinators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/humans-need-bees-to-survive/755737">"If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive"</a>. <i>Elite Daily</i>. 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elite+Daily&rft.atitle=If+All+The+Bees+In+The+World+Die%2C+Humans+Will+Not+Survive&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elitedaily.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fhumans-need-bees-to-survive%2F755737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-world-without-honeybees-2013-6#if-bees-dies-beekeepers-who-make-their-living-by-managing-bee-colonies-will-go-out-of-business-1">A Devastating Look At Our World If Honeybees Disappeared</a><br />"A world without honeybees would also mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AgBioResearch-2018-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AgBioResearch-2018_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/supporting-pollination-in-agriculture">"Supporting pollination in agriculture"</a>. <i>AgBioResearch, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Agriculture_%26_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan State University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources">Michigan State University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources</a></i>. 2018-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AgBioResearch%2C+Michigan+State+University+College+of+Agriculture+%26+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Supporting+pollination+in+agriculture&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canr.msu.edu%2Fnews%2Fsupporting-pollination-in-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/d7ezaq/what-would-happen-if-all-the-bees-died-tomorrow">What Would Happen if All the Bees Went Extinct?</a><br />"First, the easy part: "I've never seen anything definitively link the quote to Einstein," says Mark Dykes, the chief inspector for Texas Apiary Inspection Service. Quote checkers like this one, and this one agree. But debunking its message? That's more complicated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/would-world-without-bees-be-world-without-us">Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us?</a><br />"Albert Einstein is sometimes quoted as saying, "If the bee disappears from the surface of the earth, man would have no more than four years to live." It's highly unlikely that Einstein said that. For one thing, there's no evidence of him saying it. For another, the statement is hyperbolic and wrong (and Einstein was rarely wrong)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschein" class="citation web cs1">Goldschein, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/10-crops-that-feed-the-world-2011-9">"The 10 Most Important Crops In The World"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+10+Most+Important+Crops+In+The+World&rft.aulast=Goldschein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F10-crops-that-feed-the-world-2011-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-important-staple-foods-in-the-world.html">"What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 7 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=What+Are+the+World%27s+Most+Important+Staple+Foods%3F&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fmost-important-staple-foods-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2009" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, D.J. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1076801783"><i>Priests in exile: the history of the temple of Onias and its community in the Hellenistic Period</i></a>. Studia Judaica. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-059107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-059107-1"><bdi>978-3-11-059107-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076801783">1076801783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Priests+in+exile%3A+the+history+of+the+temple+of+Onias+and+its+community+in+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studia+Judaica&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1076801783&rft.isbn=978-3-11-059107-1&rft.aulast=Piotrkowski&rft.aufirst=Meron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1076801783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil, <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i>, book IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBee_Wilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Bee Wilson (2004). <i>The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6598-4"><bdi>978-0-7195-6598-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hive%3A+The+Story+of+the+Honeybee&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6598-4&rft.au=Bee+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021011044/http://onlinelibrary.utah.gov/research/utah_symbols/motto.html">"Utah State Motto and Emblem"</a>. Utah State Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.utah.gov/research/utah_symbols/motto.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utah+State+Motto+and+Emblem&rft.pub=Utah+State+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.utah.gov%2Fresearch%2Futah_symbols%2Fmotto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apis_(insect)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apis (insect)">Apis (insect)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/honey_bee" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/honey bee">honey bee</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Apis"><i>Apis</i></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watch.opb.org/video/2365583178/">Could a Mushroom Save a Honeybee?</a></i> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Field_Guide" title="Oregon Field Guide">Oregon Field Guide</a>, 14 October 2015</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes" title="Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BeeColonyMemberTypes" title="Template talk:BeeColonyMemberTypes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honey_bee_types_and_characteristics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey bee</a> types and characteristics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bee castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">Queen bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">Worker bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_worker_bee" title="Laying worker bee">Laying worker bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drone bee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Bee colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee_life_cycle" title="Honey bee life cycle">Honey bee life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_(honey_bee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood (honey bee)">Brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">Africanized bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckfast_bee" title="Buckfast bee">Buckfast bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_honey_bee" title="Cape honey bee">Cape honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carniolan_honey_bee" title="Carniolan honey bee">Carniolan honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dark_bee" title="European dark bee">European dark bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bee" title="Italian bee">Italian bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_honey_bee" title="Maltese honey bee">Maltese honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_honey_bee" title="Russian honey bee">Russian honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_laboriosa" title="Apis laboriosa">Apis laboriosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_adansonii" title="Apis mellifera adansonii">Apis mellifera adansonii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_artemisia" title="Apis mellifera artemisia">Apis mellifera artemisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_litorea" title="Apis mellifera litorea">Apis mellifera litorea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_pomonella" title="Apis mellifera pomonella">Apis mellifera pomonella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_meda" title="Apis mellifera meda">Apis mellifera meda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_monticola" title="Apis mellifera monticola">Apis mellifera monticola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_remipes" title="Apis mellifera remipes">Apis mellifera remipes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/African_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="African bee">Apis mellifera scutellata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_siciliana" title="Apis mellifera siciliana">Apis mellifera siciliana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_simensis" title="Apis mellifera simensis">Apis mellifera simensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_sinisxinyuan" title="Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan">Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_sossimai" title="Apis mellifera sossimai">Apis mellifera sossimai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_syriaca" title="Apis mellifera syriaca">Apis mellifera syriaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_taurica" title="Apis mellifera taurica">Apis mellifera taurica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_unicolor" title="Apis mellifera unicolor">Apis mellifera unicolor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee_race" title="Honey bee race">Honey bee race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultivation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Apiology">Apiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Honey-based_alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Honey-based alcoholic drinks">Alcoholic drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_extraction" title="Honey extraction">Honey extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apiary" title="Apiary">Apiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Beehive</a> (<a href="/wiki/BS_National_Beehive" title="BS National Beehive">BS National Beehive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flow_Hive" title="Flow Hive">Flow Hive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_top-bar_hive" title="Horizontal top-bar hive">Horizontal top-bar hive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langstroth_hive" title="Langstroth hive">Langstroth hive</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuc" title="Nuc">Nuc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewarton_hive" title="Stewarton hive">Stewarton hive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_frame" title="Hive frame">Hive frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_super" title="Honey super">Honey super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_foundation" title="Wax foundation">Wax foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_tool" title="Hive tool">Hive tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_clip" title="Queen clip">Queen clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_smoker" title="Bee smoker">Bee smoker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_extractor" title="Honey extractor">Honey extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_excluder" title="Queen excluder">Queen excluder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenter_kit" title="Jenter kit">Jenter kit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasites and diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varroa_destructor" title="Varroa destructor"><i>Varroa destructor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varroa_sensitive_hygiene" title="Varroa sensitive hygiene">Varroa sensitive hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hive_beetle" title="Small hive beetle">Small hive beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxworm" title="Waxworm">Waxworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_foulbrood" title="American foulbrood">American foulbrood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformed_wing_virus" title="Deformed wing virus">Deformed wing virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_beekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics in beekeeping">Topics in beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_of_the_honey_bee" title="List of diseases of the honey bee">Diseases of the honey bee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beekeeping <br />by countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Australia" title="Beekeeping in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_production_in_Hungary" title="Honey production in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_India" title="Beekeeping in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Ireland" title="Beekeeping in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Nepal" title="Beekeeping in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_New_Zealand" title="Beekeeping in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Ukraine" title="Beekeeping in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beekeeping in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and insectariums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Bee_Gallery" title="Malacca Bee Gallery">Malacca Bee Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Museum_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee Museum of Rhodes">Bee Museum of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Museum" title="Honey Museum">Honey Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Discovery_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee Discovery Center">Honeybee Discovery Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eusociality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eusociality" title="Template:Eusociality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eusociality" title="Template talk:Eusociality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eusociality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eusociality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eusociality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Evolution of eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presociality" class="mw-redirect" title="Presociality">Presociality</a></li> <li>Social insects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ants" title="Agriculture in ants">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(ant)" title="Gamergate (ant)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_in_social_insects" title="Identity in social insects">Identity in social insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_recognition" title="Kin recognition">Kin recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethism" title="Polyethism">Polyethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_insects" title="Sexual selection in insects">Sexual selection in insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conflict_in_ants" title="Social conflict in ants">Social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelytoky" title="Thelytoky">Thelytoky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_ants" title="War in ants">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_policing" title="Worker policing">Worker policing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApisDorsataHive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/70px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/105px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/140px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">Ant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabronidae" title="Crabronidae">Crabronidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halictidae" title="Halictidae">Halictidae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blesmol" title="Blesmol">Blesmol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf mongoose">Dwarf mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacean</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Synalpheus" title="Synalpheus">Synalpheus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kladothrips" title="Kladothrips">Kladothrips</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphididae" title="Aphididae">Aphididae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austroplatypus_incompertus" title="Austroplatypus incompertus">Austroplatypus incompertus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Isoptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalescent" title="Coalescent">Coalescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers, works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> <ul><li><i>The Dancing Bees</i> 1927</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Michener" title="Charles Duncan Michener">Charles Duncan Michener</a> <ul><li><i>The Bees of the World</i> 2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a></i> 1975</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> 1990</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Ants" title="Journey to the Ants">Journey to the Ants</a></i> 1994</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Apis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102857" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q102857">Q102857</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Apis">Apis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Apis/">Apis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Apis%3BApini">Apis;Apini</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id70378">70378</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1937">1937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/3079">3079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/YNV">YNV</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/104135">104135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1APISG">1APISG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:164774">164774</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a8cc3594-078a-4470-8f3e-c130f44eef75">a8cc3594-078a-4470-8f3e-c130f44eef75</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1334757">1334757</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47220">47220</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1271578">1271578</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154395">154395</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">MNHN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.mnhn.fr/taxon/genus/apis">apis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000875422">NHMSYS0000875422</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7459">7459</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/33c3b363-cfc7-4972-b7d0-0c5a7702effd">33c3b363-cfc7-4972-b7d0-0c5a7702effd</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=70716">70716</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB9627B8-268D-0D80-98F8-7029E96DF821">EB9627B8-268D-0D80-98F8-7029E96DF821</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/4132E584-2769-4B53-B2B7-E26DD62ECC7E">4132E584-2769-4B53-B2B7-E26DD62ECC7E</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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