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id="toc-Toilet_soaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toilet_soaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Toilet soaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toilet_soaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-toilet_soaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-toilet_soaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Non-toilet soaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-toilet_soaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soapmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soapmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Soapmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soapmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-soaps_in_the_Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-soaps_in_the_Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proto-soaps in the Ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-soaps_in_the_Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-True_soaps_in_the_Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_soaps_in_the_Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>True soaps in the Ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_soaps_in_the_Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Islamic Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th–17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th–17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>16th–17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th–17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_soap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_soap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Liquid soap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_soap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soap-related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soap-related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Soap-related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soap-related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soap</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seep" title="Seep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%99%E1%8A%93" title="ሳሙና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳሙና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="صابون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صابون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab%C3%B3n" title="Sabón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sabón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="চাবোন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাবোন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xab%C3%B3n" title="Xabón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xabón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%B5" title="Havõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Havõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawuna" title="Jawuna – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jawuna" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সাবান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাবান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap-b%C3%BBn" title="Sap-bûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sap-bûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Һабын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һабын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мыла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мыла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мыла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мыла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sabon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Сапун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сапун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaffa" title="Soaffa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Soaffa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapun" title="Sapun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sapun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soavon" title="Soavon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Soavon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab%C3%B3" title="Sabó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sabó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Супăнь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Супăнь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDdlo" title="Mýdlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mýdlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipo" title="Sipo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sipo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebon" title="Sebon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sebon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6be" title="Sæbe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sæbe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seef" title="Seef – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Seef" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seife" title="Seife – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seife" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seep" title="Seep – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seep" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Σαπούνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαπούνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav%C3%B2un" title="Savòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Savòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C3%B3n" title="Jabón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jabón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo" title="Sapo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xab%C3%B3n" title="Xabón – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Xabón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaboi" title="Xaboi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xaboi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="صابون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صابون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savon" title="Savon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Savon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjippe" title="Sjippe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjippe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%C3%BAnach" title="Gallúnach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gallúnach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xab%C3%B3n" title="Xabón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xabón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E9%B9%BC" title="洋鹼 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="洋鹼" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabuni" title="Thabuni – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thabuni" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A0-k%C3%BB" title="Chhà-kû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhà-kû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D2%A3" title="Савң – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Савң" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%88%84" title="비누 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비누" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabulu" title="Sabulu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sabulu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Օճառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օճառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="साबुन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साबुन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapun" title="Sapun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sapun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapono" title="Sapono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sapono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncha" title="Ncha – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ncha" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapon" title="Sapon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sapon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insipho" title="Insipho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Insipho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1pa" title="Sápa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sápa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapone" title="Sapone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sapone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%94%C9%94f%C9%94%C9%94" title="Fɔɔfɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɔɔfɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಸಾಬೂನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಬೂನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Сабын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сабын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuni" title="Sabuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sabuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savon" title="Savon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Savon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab%C3%BBn" title="Sabûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sabûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Самын – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Самын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Шавынь – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шавынь" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo" title="Sapo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sapo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziepes" title="Ziepes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziepes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seef" title="Seef – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Seef" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muilas" title="Muilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeip" title="Zeip – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zeip" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab%C3%BAni" title="Sabúni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sabúni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zbabu" title="zbabu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zbabu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav%C3%B3n" title="Savón – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Savón" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szappan" title="Szappan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szappan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Сапун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сапун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="സോപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A3" title="साबण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साबण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="صابون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صابون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C-c%C3%B4%CC%A4" title="Ì-cô̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ì-cô̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabon" title="Xabon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xabon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саван – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саван" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC" title="ဆပ်ပြာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆပ်ပြာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeep" title="Zeep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziepe_(reiniging)" title="Ziepe (reiniging) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ziepe (reiniging)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="साबुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साबुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%B9%B8" title="石鹸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石鹸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Саба – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Саба" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siap" title="Siap – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5pe" title="Såpe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Såpe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5pe" title="Såpe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Såpe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sabon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovun" title="Sovun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sovun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਸਾਬਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਬਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%DD%A8" title="صابݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صابݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84" title="د صابون جوړول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د صابون جوړول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myd%C5%82a" title="Mydła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mydła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab%C3%A3o" title="Sabão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sabão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83pun" title="Săpun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Săpun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27arta" title="T'arta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'arta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мыло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мыло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saip" title="Saip – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saip" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapuni" title="Sapuni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sapuni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapuni" title="Sapuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sapuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap" title="Soap – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soap" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%BB" title="صابڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صابڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydlo" title="Mydlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mydlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo" title="Milo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Milo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saabuun" title="Saabuun – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saabuun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="سابون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سابون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapun" title="Sapun – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sapun" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapun" title="Sapun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sapun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saippua" title="Saippua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saippua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5l" title="Tvål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tvål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sabon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சவர்க்காரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவர்க்காரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserrad" title="Aserrad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aserrad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Сабын – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сабын" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81" title="సబ్బు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సబ్బు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="สบู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สบู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Собунпазӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Собунпазӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabyn" title="Sabyn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sabyn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мило – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мило" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86" title="صابن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صابن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saon" title="Saon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Saon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muil" title="Muil – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Muil" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A0_ph%C3%B2ng" title="Xà phòng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xà phòng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sabon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E7%9A%82" title="肥皂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肥皂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A3" title="זייף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זייף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9" title="Ọṣẹ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọṣẹ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E6%A2%98" title="番梘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="番梘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moils" title="Moils – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Moils" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E7%9A%82" title="肥皂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肥皂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%96%C3%AD" title="Aɖí – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Aɖí" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sabun" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance used for cleaning</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soap_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soap (disambiguation)">Soap (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg/250px-Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg/375px-Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg/500px-Handmade_soap_cropped_and_simplified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>A handmade soap bar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_stearate_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sodium_stearate_v2.svg/300px-Sodium_stearate_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sodium_stearate_v2.svg/450px-Sodium_stearate_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sodium_stearate_v2.svg/600px-Sodium_stearate_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">sodium stearate</a>, a typical ingredient found in bar soaps</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/220px--Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv/Action_of_soap_on_oil.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAction_of_soap_on_oil.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAction_of_soap_on_oil.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emulsion#Emulsifiers" title="Emulsion">Emulsifying</a> action of soap on oil</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Soap</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> usually used for <a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">washing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a>, and other types of <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">housekeeping</a>. In industrial settings, soaps are used as <a href="/wiki/Thickener" class="mw-redirect" title="Thickener">thickeners</a>, components of some <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>. </p><p>Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> around 2800 BC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_Soaps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/220px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/330px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Decorative_Soaps.jpg/440px-Decorative_Soaps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A collection of decorative bar soaps, as often found in <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toilet_soaps">Toilet soaps</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micelle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Micelle.svg/200px-Micelle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Micelle.svg/300px-Micelle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Micelle.svg/400px-Micelle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelle</a>, a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap subunits (such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">sodium stearate</a>): The exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the interior is lipophilic (attracted to oils).</figcaption></figure> <p>In a domestic setting, "soap" usually refers to what is technically called a toilet soap, used for household and personal cleaning. Toilet soaps are salts of fatty acids with the general formula (<a href="/wiki/Carboxylate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxylate ion">RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a>)M<sup>+</sup>, where M is <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> (sodium) or <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> (potassium).<sup id="cite_ref-UllSoap_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UllSoap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When used for cleaning, soap <a href="/wiki/Solubilize" class="mw-redirect" title="Solubilize">solubilizes</a> particles and grime, which can then be separated from the article being cleaned. The insoluble oil/fat "dirt" become associated inside <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a>, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> (water-attracting) groups on the outside and encasing a <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> (fat-attracting) pocket, which shields the oil/fat molecules from the water, making them soluble. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water. In <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a>, as a surfactant, when lathered with a little water, soap kills <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> by disorganizing their membrane <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturing</a> their <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also <a href="/wiki/Emulsifies" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifies">emulsifies</a> oils, enabling them to be carried away by running water.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When used in <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a>, soap does not lather well but forms <a href="/wiki/Soap_scum" title="Soap scum">soap scum</a> (related to <a href="/wiki/Metallic_soap" title="Metallic soap">metallic soaps</a>, see below).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-toilet_soaps">Non-toilet soaps</h3></div> <p>So-called <a href="/wiki/Metallic_soap" title="Metallic soap">metallic soaps</a> are key components of most lubricating <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">greases</a> and thickeners.<sup id="cite_ref-UllSoap_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UllSoap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commercially important example is <a href="/wiki/Lithium_stearate" title="Lithium stearate">lithium stearate</a>. Greases are usually <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_stearate" title="Calcium stearate">calcium soap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithium_soap" title="Lithium soap">lithium soap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, and mixtures thereof. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> to <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, which would produce calcium soaps.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal soaps are also included in modern artists' <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a> formulations as a <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a> modifier.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal soaps can be prepared by neutralizing fatty acids with metal oxides: </p> <dl><dd>2 RCO<sub>2</sub>H + CaO → (RCO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ca + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>A cation from an <a href="/wiki/Organic_base" title="Organic base">organic base</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> can be used instead of a metal; ammonium <a href="/wiki/Nonanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonanoic acid">nonanoate</a> is an ammonium-based soap that is used as an herbicide.<sup id="cite_ref-ammonium_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ammonium-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another class of non-toilet soaps are <a href="/wiki/Resin_soap" title="Resin soap">resin soaps</a>, which are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Paper_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper industry">paper industry</a> by the action of tree rosin with alkaline reagents used to separate cellulose from raw wood. A major component of such soaps is the sodium salt of <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">abietic acid</a>. Resin soaps are used as emulsifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soapmaking">Soapmaking</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soaper" title="Soaper">Soaper</a></div> <p>The production of toilet soaps usually entails <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>, which are vegetable or animal oils and fats. An alkaline solution (often <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>) induces saponification whereby the triglyceride fats first <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyze</a> into salts of fatty acids. <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a> (glycerin) is liberated. The glycerin is sometimes left in the soap product as a softening agent, although it is sometimes separated.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavitch,_Susan_Miller_1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavitch,_Susan_Miller_1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handmade soap can differ from industrially made soap in that an excess of fat or coconut oil beyond that needed to consume the <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> is used (in a cold-pour process, this excess fat is called "superfatting"), and the glycerol left in acts as a moisturizing agent. However, the glycerine also makes the soap softer. The addition of glycerol and processing of this soap produces <a href="/wiki/Glycerin_soap" title="Glycerin soap">glycerin soap</a>. Superfatted soap is more skin-friendly than one without extra fat, although it can leave a "greasy" feel. Sometimes, an <a href="/wiki/Moisturizer" title="Moisturizer">emollient</a> is added, such as <a href="/wiki/Jojoba" title="Jojoba">jojoba</a> oil or <a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">shea butter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> may be added to produce a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scouring" class="extiw" title="wikt:scouring">scouring</a> soap. The scouring agents serve to remove dead cells from the skin surface being cleaned. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)" title="Exfoliation (cosmetology)">exfoliation</a>. </p><p>To make <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a> soap, compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">triclosan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">triclocarban</a> can be added. There is some concern that use of antibacterial soaps and other products might encourage <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a> in microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-AntibacterialABC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AntibacterialABC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> soaps, prepared from <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, are firm, whereas <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> soaps, derived from <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>, are softer or often liquid. Historically, potassium hydroxide was extracted from the ashes of <a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">bracken</a> or other plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be hard. These are used exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">greases</a>. </p><p>For making toilet soaps, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> (oils and fats) are derived from coconut, olive, or palm oils, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triglyceride is the chemical name for the <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">triesters</a> of fatty acids and <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a>. Tallow, <i>i.e.,</i> <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(animal_products)" title="Rendering (animal products)">rendered</a> fat, is the most available triglyceride from animals. Each species offers quite different fatty acid content, resulting in soaps of distinct feel. The seed oils give softer but milder soaps. Soap made from pure <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Castile_soap" title="Castile soap">Castile soap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marseille_soap" title="Marseille soap">Marseille soap</a>, is reputed for its particular mildness. The term "Castile" is also sometimes applied to soaps from a mixture of oils with a high percentage of olive oil. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Fatty acid content of various fats used for soapmaking </caption> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">Lauric acid</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">Myristic acid</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic acid</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic acid</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linolenic_acid" title="Linolenic acid">Linolenic acid</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i><b>fats</b></i></th> <th>C<sub>12</sub> saturated</th> <th>C<sub>14</sub> saturated</th> <th>C<sub>16</sub> saturated</th> <th>C<sub>18</sub> saturated</th> <th>C<sub>18</sub> monounsaturated</th> <th>C<sub>18</sub> diunsaturated</th> <th>C<sub>18</sub> triunsaturated </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">28</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48</td> <td style="text-align:right;">18</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46</td> <td style="text-align:right;">16</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">44</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">37</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Laurel oil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">15</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">78</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">0</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">58</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Soapmaking"></span><span class="anchor" id="Soap-making"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Black_Soap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dudu-Osun – a popular type of African black soap"><img alt="Dudu-Osun – a popular type of African black soap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/African_Black_Soap.jpg/200px-African_Black_Soap.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/African_Black_Soap.jpg/300px-African_Black_Soap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/African_Black_Soap.jpg/400px-African_Black_Soap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dudu-Osun" title="Dudu-Osun">Dudu-Osun</a> – a popular type of <a href="/wiki/African_black_soap" title="African black soap">African black soap</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azul_e_Branco.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Azul e branco soap – a bar of blue-white soap"><img alt="Azul e branco soap – a bar of blue-white soap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Azul_e_Branco.JPG/200px-Azul_e_Branco.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Azul_e_Branco.JPG/300px-Azul_e_Branco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Azul_e_Branco.JPG/400px-Azul_e_Branco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Azul_e_branco_soap" title="Azul e branco soap">Azul e branco soap</a> – a bar of blue-white soap</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soap_P1140887.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handmade soaps sold at a shop in Hyères, France"><img alt="Handmade soaps sold at a shop in Hyères, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Soap_P1140887.jpg/200px-Soap_P1140887.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Soap_P1140887.jpg/300px-Soap_P1140887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Soap_P1140887.jpg/400px-Soap_P1140887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handmade soaps sold at a shop in <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Marseille soap (left) and Aleppo soap (right)"><img alt="Traditional Marseille soap (left) and Aleppo soap (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap%2C_2024.jpg/200px-Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap%2C_2024.jpg/300px-Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap%2C_2024.jpg/400px-Bars_of_pure_Marseille_and_Aleppo_soap%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5276" data-file-height="3508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional <a href="/wiki/Marseille_soap" title="Marseille soap">Marseille soap</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a> (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soap_Shop,_T%C3%BCbingen_(2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern soap shop in Tübingen (2019)"><img alt="Modern soap shop in Tübingen (2019)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Soap_Shop%2C_T%C3%BCbingen_%282019%29.jpg/141px-Soap_Shop%2C_T%C3%BCbingen_%282019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Soap_Shop%2C_T%C3%BCbingen_%282019%29.jpg/212px-Soap_Shop%2C_T%C3%BCbingen_%282019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Soap_Shop%2C_T%C3%BCbingen_%282019%29.jpg/283px-Soap_Shop%2C_T%C3%BCbingen_%282019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="4029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern soap shop in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> (2019)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lye being dissolved in water for soapmaking."><img alt="Lye being dissolved in water for soapmaking." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg/150px-Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg/225px-Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg/300px-Pouring_lye_into_water_to_make_soap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a> being dissolved in water for soapmaking.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greases for automotive applications contain soaps."><img alt="Greases for automotive applications contain soaps." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg/200px-Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg/300px-Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg/400px-Wheel_Bearing_Grease.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greases for automotive applications contain soaps.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soap on a platter"><img alt="Soap on a platter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg/200px-Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg/300px-Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg/400px-Pexels-pixabay-206299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soap on a platter</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-soaps_in_the_Ancient_world">Proto-soaps in the Ancient world</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MODOAmigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MODOAmigo.jpg/220px-MODOAmigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MODOAmigo.jpg/330px-MODOAmigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MODOAmigo.jpg/440px-MODOAmigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Twentieth century packaging of Amigo del Obrero (Worker's Friend) soap, part of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a> collection</figcaption></figure> <p>Proto-soaps, which mixed fat and alkali and were used for cleansing, are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A formula for making a soap-like substance was written on a Sumerian clay tablet around 2500 BC. This was produced by heating a mixture of oil and <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a>, the earliest recorded chemical reaction, and used for washing <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">woolen</a> clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-falbe_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falbe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers papyrus</a> (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates the ancient Egyptians used a soap-like product as a medicine and created this by combining animal fats or vegetable oils with a <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a> substance called <a href="/wiki/Trona" title="Trona">trona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-falbe_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falbe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian documents mention a similar substance was used in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> for weaving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> (556–539 BC), a recipe for a soap-like substance consisted of <i>uhulu</i> [ashes], <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> [oil] and sesame [seed oil] "for washing the stones for the servant girls".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_soaps_in_the_Ancient_world">True soaps in the Ancient world</h3></div> <p>True soaps, which we might recognise as soaps today, were different to proto-soaps. They foamed, were made deliberately, and could be produced in a hard or soft form because of an understanding of lye sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain as to who was the first to invent true soap.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of how to produce true soap emerged at some point between early mentions of proto-soaps and the first century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alkali was used to clean textiles such as wool for thousands of years<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but soap only forms when there is enough fat, and experiments show that washing wool does not create visible quantities of soap.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments by Sally Pointer show that the repeated laundering of materials used in <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>-making lead to noticeable amounts of soap forming. This fits with other evidence from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pliny the Elder, whose writings chronicle life in the first century AD, describes soap as "an invention of the Gauls".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sapo</i></span>, Latin for soap, has connected to a mythical Mount Sapo, a hill near the River Tiber where animals were sacrificed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in all likelihood, the word was borrowed from an early Germanic language and is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sebum</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>". It first appears in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s account,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Historia Naturalis</a></i>, which discusses the manufacture of soap from tallow and ashes. There he mentions its use in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Scrofula" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrofula">scrofulous sores</a>, as well as among the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> as a dye to redden hair which the men in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> were more likely to use than women.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans avoided washing with harsh soaps before encountering the milder soaps used by the Gauls around 58 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aretaeus_of_Cappadocia" title="Aretaeus of Cappadocia">Aretaeus of Cappadocia</a>, writing in the 2nd century AD, observes among "Celts, which are men called Gauls, those alkaline substances that are made into balls [...] called <i>soap</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans' preferred method of cleaning the body was to massage oil into the skin and then scrape away both the oil and any dirt with a <a href="/wiki/Strigil" title="Strigil">strigil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2nd-century AD physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> describes soap-making using lye and prescribes washing to carry away impurities from the body and clothes. The use of soap for personal cleanliness became increasingly common in this period. According to Galen, the best soaps were Germanic, and soaps from Gaul were second best. <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a>, <i>circa</i> 300 AD, describes soap and soapmaking.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, the ashes from <a href="/wiki/Barilla" title="Barilla">barilla plants</a>, such as species of <a href="/wiki/Salsola" title="Salsola">Salsola</a>, saltwort (<i><a href="/wiki/Seidlitzia_rosmarinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Seidlitzia rosmarinus">Seidlitzia rosmarinus</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_articulata" title="Anabasis articulata">Anabasis</a></i>, were used to make <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, olive oil was used instead of animal lard throughout the Levant, which was boiled in a copper cauldron for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1989_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1989-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the boiling progresses, alkali ashes and smaller quantities of <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> are added and constantly stirred.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1989_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1989-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of lard, it required constant stirring while kept lukewarm until it began to trace. Once it began to thicken, the brew was poured into a mold and left to cool and harden for two weeks. After hardening, it was cut into smaller cakes. Aromatic herbs were often added to the rendered soap to impart their fragrance, such as <a href="/wiki/Yarrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarrow">yarrow</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germander" class="mw-redirect" title="Germander">germander</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3></div> <p>A detergent similar to soap was manufactured in ancient China from the seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Gleditsia_sinensis" title="Gleditsia sinensis">Gleditsia sinensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another traditional detergent is a mixture of pig pancreas and plant ash called <i>zhuyizi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">猪胰子</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">豬胰子</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhūyízǐ</span></i>). Soap made of animal fat did not appear in China until the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soap-like detergents were not as popular as ointments and creams.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Golden_Age">Islamic Golden Age</h3></div> <p>Hard toilet soap with a pleasant smell was produced in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for soap-making are described by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a> (c. 865–925), who also gave a recipe for producing <a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty oil">fatty oils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>. Soap was exported from Syria to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 12th-century document describes the process of soap production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mentions the key ingredient, <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>, which later became crucial to modern chemistry, derived from <i>al-qaly</i> or "ashes". </p><p>By the 13th century, the manufacture of soap in the Middle East had become a major cottage industry, with sources in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3></div> <p>Soapmakers in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> were members of a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> in the late sixth century (then under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the eighth century, soap-making was well known in Italy and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitulary" title="Capitulary">capitulary</a> <i>De Villis</i>, dating to around 800, representing the royal will of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, mentions soap as being one of the products the stewards of royal estates are to tally. The lands of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Spain">Medieval Spain</a> were a leading soapmaker by 800, and soapmaking began in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> about 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soapmaking is mentioned both as "women's work" and as the produce of "good workmen" alongside other necessities, such as the produce of carpenters, blacksmiths, and bakers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, soap in the 9th century was produced from animal fats and had an unpleasant smell. This changed when olive oil began to be used in soap formulas instead, after which much of Europe's soap production moved to the Mediterranean olive-growing regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard toilet soap was introduced to Europe by Arabs and gradually spread as a luxury item. It was often perfumed.<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 15th century, the manufacture of soap in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> often took place on an industrial scale, with sources in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th–17th_century"><span id="16th.E2.80.9317th_century"></span>16th–17th century</h3></div> <p>In France, by the second half of the 16th century, the semi-industrialized professional manufacture of soap was concentrated in a few centers of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>—<a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>—which supplied the rest of France.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Marseilles, by 1525, production was concentrated in at least two factories, and soap production at Marseille tended to eclipse the other Provençal centers.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English manufacture tended to concentrate in London.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for high-quality hard soap was significant enough during the Tudor period that barrels of ashes were imported for the manufacture of soap.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finer soaps were later produced in Europe from the 17th century, using vegetable oils (such as <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>) as opposed to animal fats. Many of these soaps are still produced, both industrially and by small-scale artisans. <a href="/wiki/Castile_soap" title="Castile soap">Castile soap</a> is a popular example of the vegetable-only soaps derived from the oldest "white soap" of Italy. In 1634 Charles I granted the newly formed Society of Soapmakers a monopoly in soap production who produced certificates from 'foure Countesses, and five Viscountesses, and divers other Ladies and Gentlewomen of great credite and quality, besides common Laundresses and others', testifying that 'the New White Soap washeth whiter and sweeter than the Old Soap'.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration era</a> (February 1665 – August 1714) a soap tax was introduced in England, which meant that until the mid-1800s, soap was a luxury, used regularly only by the well-to-do. The soap manufacturing process was closely supervised by revenue officials who made sure that soapmakers' equipment was kept under lock and key when not being supervised. Moreover, soap could not be produced by small makers because of a law that stipulated that soap boilers must manufacture a minimum quantity of one imperial ton at each boiling, which placed the process beyond the reach of the average person. The soap trade was boosted and deregulated when the tax was repealed in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <p>Industrially manufactured <i>bar soaps</i> became available in the late 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and America promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the use of soap has become commonplace in industrialized nations due to a better understanding of the role of <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> in reducing the population size of <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic">pathogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap,_advertising,_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertising for Dobbins' medicated toilet soap"><img alt="Advertising for Dobbins' medicated toilet soap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap%2C_advertising%2C_1869.jpg/167px-Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap%2C_advertising%2C_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap%2C_advertising%2C_1869.jpg/251px-Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap%2C_advertising%2C_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap%2C_advertising%2C_1869.jpg/335px-Dobbins%27_medicated_toilet_soap%2C_advertising%2C_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5961" data-file-height="7122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertising for Dobbins' medicated toilet soap</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1922 magazine advertisement for Palmolive Soap"><img alt="A 1922 magazine advertisement for Palmolive Soap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg/154px-Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg/231px-Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg/309px-Palmolive_soap_1922_advertisement_ladies_home_journal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1922 magazine advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive" title="Colgate-Palmolive">Palmolive Soap</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liquid soap"><img alt="Liquid soap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg/200px-Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg/300px-Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg/400px-Liquid_antibacterial_soap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liquid soap</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A soap dispenser"><img alt="A soap dispenser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg/200px-Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg/300px-Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg/400px-Pexels-pixabay-433624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A soap dispenser</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langtry_cartoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Langtry_cartoon.png/170px-Langtry_cartoon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Langtry_cartoon.png/255px-Langtry_cartoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Langtry_cartoon.png/340px-Langtry_cartoon.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, Christmas 1890: The soap box on which she sits reflects her endorsements of cosmetics and soaps.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, soapmaking was conducted on a small scale and the product was rough. In 1780, <a href="/wiki/James_Keir" title="James Keir">James Keir</a> established a chemical works at <a href="/wiki/Tipton" title="Tipton">Tipton</a>, for the manufacture of alkali from the sulfates of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> and soda, to which he afterwards added a soap manufactory. The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. In 1790, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Leblanc" title="Nicolas Leblanc">Nicolas Leblanc</a> discovered how to make alkali from <a href="/wiki/Common_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Common salt">common salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pears" title="Andrew Pears">Andrew Pears</a> started making a high-quality, transparent soap, <a href="/wiki/Pears_(soap)" title="Pears (soap)">Pears soap</a>, in 1807 in London.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barratt" title="Thomas J. Barratt">Thomas J. Barratt</a>, became the brand manager (the first of its kind) for Pears in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, Barratt recruited English actress and socialite <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> to become the poster-girl for Pears soap, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Gossage" title="William Gossage">William Gossage</a> produced low-priced, good-quality soap from the 1850s. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spear_Hudson_(soap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Spear Hudson (soap)">Robert Spear Hudson</a> began manufacturing a soap powder in 1837, initially by grinding the soap with a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>. American manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_T._Babbitt" title="Benjamin T. Babbitt">Benjamin T. Babbitt</a> introduced marketing innovations that included the sale of bar soap and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">product samples</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Hesketh_Lever" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hesketh Lever">William Hesketh Lever</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/James_Lever" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lever">James</a>, bought a small soap works in <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_soap">Liquid soap</h3></div> <p>Liquid soap was invented in the nineteenth century; in 1865, William Sheppard patented a liquid version of soap.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, B.J. Johnson developed a soap derived from palm and olive oils; his company, the <a href="/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive#History" title="Colgate-Palmolive">B.J. Johnson Soap Company</a>, introduced "<a href="/wiki/Palmolive_(soap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmolive (soap)">Palmolive</a>" brand soap that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new brand of soap became popular rapidly, and to such a degree that B.J. Johnson Soap Company changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive" title="Colgate-Palmolive">Palmolive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s, other companies began to develop their own liquid soaps. Such products as <a href="/wiki/Pine-Sol" title="Pine-Sol">Pine-Sol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tide_(brand)" title="Tide (brand)">Tide</a> appeared on the market, making the process of cleaning things other than skin, such as clothing, floors, and bathrooms, much easier. </p><p>Liquid soap also works better for more traditional or non-machine washing methods, such as using a <a href="/wiki/Washboard_(laundry)" title="Washboard (laundry)">washboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soap-related">Soap-related</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_misuse" title="Antibiotic misuse">Antibiotic misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwashing_soap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishwashing soap">Dishwashing soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">Foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cleaning_products" title="List of cleaning products">List of cleaning products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble" title="Soap bubble">Soap bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_dish" title="Soap dish">Soap dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_dispenser" title="Soap dispenser">Soap dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap plant">Soap plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_substitute" title="Soap substitute">Soap substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Soapwort">Soapwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower_gel" title="Shower gel">Shower gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_made_from_human_corpses" title="Soap made from human corpses">Soap made from human corpses</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05721.html">Soap</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05721">10.1351/goldbook.S05721</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleancult.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-soap-and-detergent/">"What's The Difference Between Soap and Detergent"</a>. cleancult.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218165118/https://www.cleancult.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-soap-and-detergent/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+The+Difference+Between+Soap+and+Detergent&rft.pub=cleancult.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleancult.com%2Fblog%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-soap-and-detergent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllSoap-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UllSoap_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllSoap_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_SchumannKurt_Siekmann2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klaus Schumann; Kurt Siekmann (2005). "Soaps". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_247">10.1002/14356007.a24_247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soaps&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a24_247&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Klaus+Schumann&rft.au=Kurt+Siekmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumosa2001" class="citation web cs1">Tumosa, Charles S. (2001-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn23/wn23-3/wn23-304.html">"A Brief History of Aluminum Stearate as a Component of Paint"</a>. <i>cool.conservation-us.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085239/http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn23/wn23-3/wn23-304.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cool.conservation-us.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Aluminum+Stearate+as+a+Component+of+Paint&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.aulast=Tumosa&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fwaac%2Fwn%2Fwn23%2Fwn23-3%2Fwn23-304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmanStone2001" class="citation book cs1">Holman, John S.; Stone, Phil (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9auT6Jd_JMC&pg=PA174"><i>Chemistry</i></a>. Nelson Thornes. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748762392" title="Special:BookSources/9780748762392"><bdi>9780748762392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780748762392&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9auT6Jd_JMC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsten_Bartels2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thorsten Bartels; et al. (2005). "Lubricants and Lubrication". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a15_423">10.1002/14356007.a15_423</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lubricants+and+Lubrication&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a15_423&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Thorsten+Bartels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.2001" class="citation web cs1">S., Tumosa, Charles (2001-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn23/wn23-3/wn23-304.html">"A Brief History of Aluminum Stearate as a Component of Paint"</a>. <i>cool.conservation-us.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085239/http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn23/wn23-3/wn23-304.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cool.conservation-us.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Aluminum+Stearate+as+a+Component+of+Paint&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Tumosa%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fwaac%2Fwn%2Fwn23%2Fwn23-3%2Fwn23-304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ammonium-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ammonium_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-031802_01-Nov-06.pdf">"Ammonium nonanoate (031802) Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>epa.gov</i>. 2006-09-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116165514/https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-031802_01-Nov-06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=Ammonium+nonanoate+%28031802%29+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Fpesticides%2Fchem_search%2Freg_actions%2Fregistration%2Ffs_PC-031802_01-Nov-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiebachGrimm2000" class="citation book cs1">Fiebach, Klemens; Grimm, Dieter (2000). "Resins, Natural". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_073">10.1002/14356007.a23_073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-30673-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-30673-0"><bdi>3-527-30673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resins%2C+Natural&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a23_073&rft.isbn=3-527-30673-0&rft.aulast=Fiebach&rft.aufirst=Klemens&rft.au=Grimm%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavitch,_Susan_Miller_1994-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavitch,_Susan_Miller_1994_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavitch, Susan Miller. <i>The Natural Soap Book</i>. Storey Publishing, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88266-888-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88266-888-9">0-88266-888-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garzena, Patrizia, and Tadiello, Marina (2013). <i>The Natural Soapmaking Handbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demetra.com.au/">Online information and Table of Contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150730033519/http://www.demetra.com.au/">Archived</a> 2015-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9874995-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9874995-0-9">978-0-9874995-0-9</a>/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715192100/http://edtech.mcc.edu/~abaker/comw100/finalproject/process.html">"The Process of Making Soap"</a>. <i>edtech.mcc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edtech.mcc.edu/~abaker/comw100/finalproject/process.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edtech.mcc.edu&rft.atitle=The+Process+of+Making+Soap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedtech.mcc.edu%2F~abaker%2Fcomw100%2Ffinalproject%2Fprocess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AntibacterialABC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AntibacterialABC_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=117985">"Antibacterial Soaps Concern Experts"</a>. ABC News. 2006-01-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112070010/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=117985">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antibacterial+Soaps+Concern+Experts&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FHealth%2Fstory%3Fid%3D117985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Anneken, Sabine Both, Ralf Christoph, Georg Fieg, Udo Steinberner, Alfred Westfechtel "Fatty Acids" in Ullmann's <i>Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i> 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a10_245.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/issue-2024-3/at/experimental-exploration-earliest-soapmaking">"An Experimental Exploration of the Earliest Soapmaking"</a>. <i>EXARC Journal</i> (EXARC Journal Issue 2024/3). 2024-08-22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-8956">2212-8956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EXARC+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Experimental+Exploration+of+the+Earliest+Soapmaking&rft.issue=EXARC+Journal+Issue+2024%2F3&rft.date=2024-08-22&rft.issn=2212-8956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexarc.net%2Fissue-2024-3%2Fat%2Fexperimental-exploration-earliest-soapmaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJess_Shaw2024" class="citation podcast cs1">Jess Shaw (2 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/podcast/meaning-cleaning">"The Meaning of Cleaning"</a>. <i>Exarc.net</i> (Podcast). Exarc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Cleaning&rft.pub=Exarc&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft.au=Jess+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexarc.net%2Fpodcast%2Fmeaning-cleaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcox2000" class="citation book cs1">Willcox, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HI8dGHgeIQC&pg=PA453">"Soap"</a>. In Hilda Butler (ed.). <i>Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps</i> (10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0479-1"><bdi>978-0-7514-0479-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820150103/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HI8dGHgeIQC&pg=PA453">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-20. <q>The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soap&rft.btitle=Poucher%27s+Perfumes%2C+Cosmetics+and+Soaps&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=453&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0479-1&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HI8dGHgeIQC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-falbe-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-falbe_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-falbe_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeerbek2012" class="citation book cs1">Veerbek, H. (2012). "1 Historical Review". In Falbe, Jürgen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjvtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Surfactants in Consumer Products</i></a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642715457" title="Special:BookSources/9783642715457"><bdi>9783642715457</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+Historical+Review&rft.btitle=Surfactants+in+Consumer+Products&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783642715457&rft.aulast=Veerbek&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjvtCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey,_Martin1958" class="citation journal cs1">Levey, Martin (1958). "Gypsum, salt and soda in ancient Mesopotamian chemical technology". <i>Isis</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 336–342 (341). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F348678">10.1086/348678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/226942">226942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143632451">143632451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Gypsum%2C+salt+and+soda+in+ancient+Mesopotamian+chemical+technology&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=336-342+%28341%29&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143632451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F226942%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F348678&rft.au=Levey%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerryWilliams1960" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor Illtyd (1960-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mf88HKKYEbQC&dq=origin+of+soap+history&pg=PA265"><i>A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A. D. 1900</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486274720" title="Special:BookSources/9780486274720"><bdi>9780486274720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Technology%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+A.+D.+1900&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1960-01-01&rft.isbn=9780486274720&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kingston&rft.au=Williams%2C+Trevor+Illtyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmf88HKKYEbQC%26dq%3Dorigin%2Bof%2Bsoap%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Cassidy, Cody (2020-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5831828/soap-origins/">"Who Discovered Soap? What to Know About the Origins of the Life-Saving Substance"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Who+Discovered+Soap%3F+What+to+Know+About+the+Origins+of+the+Life-Saving+Substance&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5831828%2Fsoap-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking">"The history of soapmaking"</a>. <i>The history of soapmaking</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812172210/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+history+of+soapmaking&rft.atitle=The+history+of+soapmaking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fhistory-the-arts%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-science-technology-and-medicine%2Fhistory-science%2Fthe-history-soapmaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBognolo" class="citation book cs1">Bognolo, Guido. <i>Surface Active Agents: Historical Perspectives and Future Developments</i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surface+Active+Agents%3A+Historical+Perspectives+and+Future+Developments&rft.pages=5&rft.aulast=Bognolo&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208192853/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=soap">"Soap"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=soap">the original</a> on 2011-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Soap&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsoap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/28*.html#191">XXVIII.191</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, Epigrammata, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/martial/mart8.shtml">VIII, 33, 20.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121162318/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/martial/mart8.shtml">Archived</a> 2013-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman2019" class="citation web cs1">Foreman, Amanda (October 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-road-to-cleanliness-11570196433?mod=e2fb">"The Long Road to Cleanliness"</a>. <i>www.wsj.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807091833/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-road-to-cleanliness-11570196433?mod=e2fb">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wsj.com&rft.atitle=The+Long+Road+to+Cleanliness&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-long-road-to-cleanliness-11570196433%3Fmod%3De2fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aretaeus, <i>The Extant Works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian</i>, ed. and tr. Francis Adams (London) 1856:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4gIAAAAIAAJ">238 and 496</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210236/https://books.google.com/books?id=v4gIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=it">Archived</a> 2016-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, noted in Michael W. Dols, "Leprosy in medieval Arabic medicine" <i>Journal of the History of Medicine</i> 1979:316 note 9; the Gauls with whom the Cappadocian would have been familiar are those of Anatolian <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Puma" class="citation journal cs1">De Puma, Richard. "A Third-Century B.C.E. Etruscan Tomb Group from Bolsena in the Metropolitan Museum of Art". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>: 429–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Third-Century+B.C.E.+Etruscan+Tomb+Group+from+Bolsena+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art.&rft.pages=429-40&rft.aulast=De+Puma&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgett2002" class="citation book cs1">Padgett, J. Michael (2002). <i>Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection</i>. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Desire%3A+Greek+Vases+from+the+John+B.+Elliot+Collection.&rft.pages=36-48&rft.pub=Record+of+the+Art+Museum%2C+Princeton+University.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartingtonHall,_Bert_S1999" class="citation book cs1">Partington, James Riddick; Hall, Bert S (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/307"><i>A History of Greek Fire and Gun Powder</i></a></span>. JHU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/307">307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5954-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5954-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-5954-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Fire+and+Gun+Powder&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=James+Riddick&rft.au=Hall%2C+Bert+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekfi00part%2Fpage%2F307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zohar_Amar" title="Zohar Amar">Zohar Amar</a>, <i>Flora of the Bible</i>, Jerusalem 2012, s.v. <b>ברית</b>, p. 216 (note 34) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783455868">783455868</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Rabiʻa2001" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Rabiʻa, ʻAref (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/AbuRabiaBedouin"><i>Bedouin Century: Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. New York. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47119256">47119256</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725005846/http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/AbuRabiaBedouin">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedouin+Century%3A+Education+and+Development+among+the+Negev+Tribes+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47119256&rft.aulast=Abu-Rabi%CA%BBa&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAref&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Ftitle%2FAbuRabiaBedouin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen1989-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen1989_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen1989_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1989" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Amnon (1989). <i>Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521365511" title="Special:BookSources/0521365511"><bdi>0521365511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Life+in+Ottoman+Jerusalem&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0521365511&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Geoffrey2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Geoffrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qki6zZ4aWd0C&pg=PP101">"Cleanliness and Civilization"</a>. <i>Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160961-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160961-9"><bdi>978-0-19-160961-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507004012/https://books.google.com/books?id=qki6zZ4aWd0C&pg=PP101">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleanliness+and+Civilization&rft.btitle=Beauty+Imagined%3A+A+History+of+the+Global+Beauty+Industry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160961-9&rft.au=Jones%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqki6zZ4aWd0C%26pg%3DPP101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn,_Charles2002" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Charles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ile3jSveb4sC&pg=PA116"><i>Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517665-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517665-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505002603/https://books.google.com/books?id=ile3jSveb4sC&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+in+the+Tang+Dynasty&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517665-0&rft.au=Benn%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dile3jSveb4sC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hassan-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassan_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassan_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA73"><i>Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences</i>, pages 73–74</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209061203/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> 2017-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC <i>Science and Islam</i> Part 2, Jim Al-Khalili. BBC Productions. Accessed 30 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">footnote 48, p. 104, <i>Understanding the Middle Ages: the transformation of ideas and attitudes in the Medieval world</i>, Harald Kleinschmidt, illustrated, revised, reprint edition, Boydell & Brewer, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-770-X">0-85115-770-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Related_Lime_Soap_Dispersants_1996,_p._632_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants, Raymond G. Bistline Jr., in <i>Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry</i>, Helmut Stache, ed., Volume 56 of Surfactant science series, CRC Press, 1996, chapter 11, p. 632, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-9394-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-9394-3">0-8247-9394-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soap-flakes.com/history.html">www.soap-flakes.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526035507/http://www.soap-flakes.com/history.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. soap-flakes.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1904" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, James Harvey (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol-devillis.html"><i>Readings in European History: Vol. I</i></a>. Ginn and co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925094733/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol-devillis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+European+History%3A+Vol.+I&rft.pub=Ginn+and+co&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James+Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fcarol-devillis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Springer1954" class="citation book cs1">Charles Springer, ed. (1954). <i>A History of Technology, Volume 2</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 355–356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198581062" title="Special:BookSources/9780198581062"><bdi>9780198581062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Technology%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=355-356&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9780198581062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNef,_John_U.1936" class="citation journal cs1">Nef, John U. (1936). "A Comparison of Industrial Growth in France and England from 1540 to 1640: III". <i>The Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>44</b> (5): 643–666 (660ff.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F254976">10.1086/254976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1824135">1824135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222453265">222453265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+Industrial+Growth+in+France+and+England+from+1540+to+1640%3A+III&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=643-666+%28660ff.%29&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222453265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1824135%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F254976&rft.au=Nef%2C+John+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthélemy, L. (1883) "La savonnerie marseillaise", noted by Nef 1936:660 note 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nef 1936:653, 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Thomas, 'Noisomeness,' <i>London Review of Books</i>, Vol. 42 No. 14, 16 July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-april-1833/14/the-soap-tax">"The Soap Tax"</a>. <i>The Spectator Archive</i>. The Spectator, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084455/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-april-1833/14/the-soap-tax">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Soap+Tax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F27th-april-1833%2F14%2Fthe-soap-tax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1838/apr/03/repeal-of-the-soap-tax">"Repeal of the Soap Tax"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 3 April 1838. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084015/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1838/apr/03/repeal-of-the-soap-tax">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Repeal+of+the+Soap+Tax&rft.date=1838-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1838%2Fapr%2F03%2Frepeal-of-the-soap-tax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansard1864" class="citation book cs1">Hansard, Thomas Curson (1864). <i>Hansard's Parliamentary Debates</i>. Uxbridge, England: Forgotten Books. pp. 363–374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780243121328" title="Special:BookSources/9780243121328"><bdi>9780243121328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hansard%27s+Parliamentary+Debates&rft.place=Uxbridge%2C+England&rft.pages=363-374&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=9780243121328&rft.aulast=Hansard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Curson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1990" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Ian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA203"><i>An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2003–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01306-2"><bdi>978-0-415-01306-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505145316/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pages=2003-205&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01306-2&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxsOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhveninen2020" class="citation web cs1">Ahveninen, Anna (2020-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org.au/curious/people-medicine/hand-sanitiser-or-soap-making-informed-choice-covid-19">"Hand sanitiser or soap: making an informed choice for COVID-19"</a>. <i>Curious</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805233531/https://www.science.org.au/curious/people-medicine/hand-sanitiser-or-soap-making-informed-choice-covid-19">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curious&rft.atitle=Hand+sanitiser+or+soap%3A+making+an+informed+choice+for+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.aulast=Ahveninen&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Fcurious%2Fpeople-medicine%2Fhand-sanitiser-or-soap-making-informed-choice-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPears,_Francis1859" class="citation book cs1">Pears, Francis (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFlJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100"><i>The Skin, Baths, Bathing, and Soap</i></a>. The author. pp. 100–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504074628/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFlJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skin%2C+Baths%2C+Bathing%2C+and+Soap&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Pears%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFlJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2013" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/200"><i>Guinness World Records 2014</i></a>. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908843159" title="Special:BookSources/9781908843159"><bdi>9781908843159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2014&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781908843159&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/">"When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116081428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=When+Celebrity+Endorsers+Go+Bad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F2002%2F02%2F03%2Fwhen-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad%2F260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2022" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jef I. (2022). <i>A History of Advertising: The First 300,000 Years</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Advertising%3A+The+First+300%2C000+Years&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jef+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSheppard,_William1865"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US49561">US patent 49561</a>, Sheppard, William, "Improved liquid soap", issued 1865-08-22</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=49561&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Improved+liquid+soap&rft.inventor=Sheppard%2C+William&rft.date=1865-08-22"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrigge2018" class="citation web cs1">Prigge, Matthew (2018-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milwaukeemag.com/story-behind-this-bar-of-palmolive-soap/">"The Story Behind This Bar of Palmolive Soap"</a>. <i>Milwaukee Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125175123/https://www.milwaukeemag.com/story-behind-this-bar-of-palmolive-soap/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Story+Behind+This+Bar+of+Palmolive+Soap&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Prigge&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milwaukeemag.com%2Fstory-behind-this-bar-of-palmolive-soap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/History/1806.cvsp">"Colgate-Palmolive Company History: Creating Bright Smiles for 200 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive" title="Colgate-Palmolive">Colgate-Palmolive</a> Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502094906/http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/History/1806.cvsp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colgate-Palmolive+Company+History%3A+Creating+Bright+Smiles+for+200+Years&rft.pub=Colgate-Palmolive+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colgate.com%2Fapp%2FColgate%2FUS%2FCorp%2FHistory%2F1806.cvsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueaspenoriginals.org/liquid-soap.html">"The History of Liquid Soap"</a>. Blue Aspen Originals. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201140608/http://www.blueaspenoriginals.org/liquid-soap.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Liquid+Soap&rft.pub=Blue+Aspen+Originals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueaspenoriginals.org%2Fliquid-soap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunatsaKaterere2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kunatsa, Yvonne; Katerere, David R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143558">"Checklist of African Soapy Saponin-Rich Plants for Possible Use in Communities' Response to Global Pandemics"</a>. <i>Plants</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants10050842">10.3390/plants10050842</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2223-7747">2223-7747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143558">8143558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33922037">33922037</a>. <q>Modern toilet soaps and detergents trace their origin to the ancient use of plants, commonly referred to as soapy plants, which possess foaming ability when they are agitated in water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Checklist+of+African+Soapy+Saponin-Rich+Plants+for+Possible+Use+in+Communities%27+Response+to+Global+Pandemics&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=842&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8143558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2223-7747&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33922037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fplants10050842&rft.aulast=Kunatsa&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft.au=Katerere%2C+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8143558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterLeask1895" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, William Lant; Leask, Henry (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SD43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PAPR3"><i>A treatise on the manufacture of soap and candles, lubricants and glycerin</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+the+manufacture+of+soap+and+candles%2C+lubricants+and+glycerin&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=William+Lant&rft.au=Leask%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSD43AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPAPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span> Free ebook at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Donkor, Peter (1986). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/v2zq/yze151">Small-Scale Soapmaking: A Handbook</a></i>. Ebook online at <a href="/wiki/SlideShare" title="SlideShare">SlideShare</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946688-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-946688-37-0">0-946688-37-0</a>.</li> <li>Dunn, Kevin M. (2010). <i>Scientific Soapmaking: The Chemistry of Cold Process</i>. Clavicula Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935652-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935652-09-0">978-1-935652-09-0</a>.</li> <li>Garzena, Patrizia, and Marina Tadiello (2004). <i>Soap Naturally: Ingredients, methods and recipes for natural handmade soap</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soap-naturally.com/">Online information and Table of Contents</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9756764-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9756764-0-0">978-0-9756764-0-0</a>/</li> <li>Garzena, Patrizia, and Marina Tadiello (2013). <i>The Natural Soapmaking Handbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demetra.com.au/">Online information and Table of Contents</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9874995-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9874995-0-9">978-0-9874995-0-9</a>/</li> <li>Mohr, Merilyn (1979). <i>The Art of Soap Making</i>. A Harrowsmith Contemporary Primer. Firefly Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920656-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920656-03-7">978-0-920656-03-7</a>.</li> <li>Spencer, Bob; Practical Action (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countryfarm-lifestyles.com/support-files/soapmaking-how-to-make-soap.pdf">SOAPMAKING</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921125507/https://www.countryfarm-lifestyles.com/support-files/soapmaking-how-to-make-soap.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Ebook online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpon,_IV1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epNJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Spons'%20Workshop%20Receipts&pg=PA143">"Soap"</a>. <i>Workshop Receipts, for Manufacturers and Scientific Amateurs</i>. Vol. IV <i>Rain Water to Wire Ropes</i>. London: E. & F. N. Spon. 1909. pp. 143–179. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159761115">1159761115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soap&rft.btitle=Workshop+Receipts%2C+for+Manufacturers+and+Scientific+Amateurs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143-179&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.+N.+Spon&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159761115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepNJAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DSpons%27%2520Workshop%2520Receipts%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomssen, E. G., Ph.D. (1922). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34114">Soap-Making Manual</a></i>. Free ebook at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Soap</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soap" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Soap">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Soap" class="extiw" title="q:Soap">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Soap"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Soap">"Soap" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soap&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=296-299&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soaphistory.net/">History of Soap making</a> – SoapHistory</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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