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class="comp article-header-block mntl-block "><ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Geography</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-basics-4133034" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Basics</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">Medical Geography</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">A History and Overview of Medical Geography</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="Medical 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mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Amanda Briney, M.A., is a professional geographer. She holds a Certificate of Advanced Study in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from California State University." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/amanda-briney-1433400" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Amanda Briney</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/amanda-briney-1433400" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Amanda Briney</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Geography Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Geography, California State University - East Bay</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., English and Geography, California State University - Sacramento</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Amanda Briney, M.A., is a professional geographer. She holds a Certificate of Advanced Study in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from California State University. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on January 22, 2020</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Medical geography, sometimes called health geography, is an area of medical research that incorporates geographic techniques into the study of health around the world and the spread of diseases. In addition, medical geography studies the impact of climate and location on an individual's health as well as the distribution of health services. Medical geography is an important field because it aims to provide an understanding of health problems and improve the health of people worldwide based on the various geographic factors influencing them. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-history-of-medical-geography"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> History of Medical Geography </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Medical geography has a long history. Since the time of the Greek doctor, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/hippocrates-and-greek-medicine-120280" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Hippocrates</a> (5th-4th centuries BCE), people have studied the effect of location on one’s health. For example, early medicine studied the differences in diseases experienced by people living at high versus low elevation. It was easily understood that those at living low elevations near waterways would be more prone to malaria than those at higher elevations or in drier, less humid areas. Though the reasons for these variations were not fully understood at the time, the study of this spatial distribution of disease is the beginnings of medical geography. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> This field of geography did not gain prominence until the mid-1800s though when cholera gripped London. As more and more people became ill, they believed they were becoming infected by vapors escaping the ground. <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/map-stops-cholera-1433538" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">John Snow</a>, a doctor in London, believed that if he could isolate the source of the toxins infecting the population they and cholera could be contained. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> As part of his study, Snow plotted the distribution of deaths throughout London on a map. After examining these locations, he found a cluster of unusually high deaths near a water pump on Broad Street. He then concluded that the water coming from this pump was the reason people were becoming sick and he had authorities remove the handle to the pump. Once people then stopped drinking the water, the number of cholera deaths dramatically decreased. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Snow’s use of mapping to find the source of disease is the earliest and most famous example of medical geography. Since he conducted his research, however, geographic techniques have found their place in a number of other medical applications. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Another example of geography aiding medicine occurred in the early 20th Century in Colorado. There, dentists noticed that children living in certain areas had fewer cavities. After plotting these locations on a map and comparing them with chemicals found in the groundwater, they concluded that the children with fewer cavities were clustered around areas that had high levels of fluoride. From there, the use of fluoride gained prominence in dentistry. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-medical-geography-today"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Medical Geography Today </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Today, medical geography has a number of applications as well. Since the spatial distribution of disease is still a large matter of importance though, mapping plays a huge role in the field. Maps are created to show historic outbreaks of things like the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/1918-spanish-flu-pandemic-1779224" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">1918 influenza pandemic</a>, for example, or current issues like the index of pain or Google Flu Trends across the United States. In the pain map example, factors like climate and environment can be considered to determine why high amounts of pain cluster where they do at any given time. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Other studies have also been conducted to show where the highest outbreaks of certain types of disease occur. The <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) in the United States, for instance, uses what they call the <em>Atlas of United States Mortality</em> to look at a wide range of health factors across the U.S. Data ranges from the spatial distribution of people at different ages to places with the best and worst air quality. Subjects such as these are important because they have implications for the population growth of an area and the instances of health problems such as asthma and lung cancer. Local governments can then consider these factors when planning their cities and/or determining the best use of city funds. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The CDC also features a website for traveler’s health. Here, people can get information about the distribution of disease in countries worldwide and learn about the different vaccines needed to travel to such places. This application of medical geography is important for reducing or even stopping the spread of the world’s diseases through travel. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In addition to the United States’ CDC, the <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/global-warming-150000-deaths-every-year-1203900" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) also features similar health data for the world with its Global Health Atlas. Here, the public, medical professionals, researchers, and other interested persons can gather data about the distribution of the world’s diseases in an attempt to find patterns of transmission and possibly cures to some of the more deadly illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and various cancers. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-obstacles-in-medical-geography"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Obstacles in Medical Geography </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Although medical geography is a prominent field of study today, geographers have some obstacles to overcome when gathering data. The first problem is associated with recording a disease’s location. Since people sometimes do not always go to a doctor when ill, it can be difficult to get entirely accurate data about a disease’s location. The second problem is associated with the accurate diagnosis of disease. While the third deals with the timely reporting of a disease’s presence. Often, doctor-patient confidentiality laws can complicate the reporting of a disease. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Since, data such as this needs to be as complete as possible to monitor the spread of illness effectively, the International Classification of Disease (ICD) was created to make sure that all countries use the same medical terms to classify a disease and the WHO helps monitor the global surveillance of diseases to help data get to geographers and other researchers as quickly as possible. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Through the efforts of the ICD, the WHO, other organizations, and local governments, geographers are in fact able to monitor the spread of disease fairly accurately and their work, like that of Dr. John Snow’s cholera maps, is essential to reducing the spread of and understanding contagious disease. As such, medical geography has become a significant area of expertise within the discipline. </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Briney, Amanda. "Medical Geography." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/medical-geography-overview-1434508.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Briney, Amanda. (2023, April 5). Medical Geography. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/medical-geography-overview-1434508</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Briney, Amanda. "Medical Geography." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/medical-geography-overview-1434508 (accessed December 19, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp 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src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TN6W5k1eCBIjN2wb_3P6y1F0mj4=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1127138946-2eca6d8ce0424216af75e7b0a4013e17.jpg" width="250" height="1414" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Rear view of woman taking photos of traditional Chinese red lanterns with smartphone on city street" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Human Geography</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_2-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_2-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1434556" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/economic-geography-overview-1434556" data-ordinal="2" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image 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src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FzqNA_4YGMAsoMbRaKImC1bfR0Y=/250x999/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/159228296-58b9d12a3df78c353c38c050-5b6b2c5846e0fb00509c5b94-5bc7a90a46e0fb00260ef4c0.jpg" width="250" height="999" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Boys Playing With a Ship in a Bottle" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Geography for Kids</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_4-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_4-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435603" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regional-geography-guide-1435603" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/u5OcWnSGAoeMi1Qji-9ln5ytg3M=/250x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1004435566-5bbe73414cedfd002636b1af.jpg" width="250" height="1000" alt="Boy Studying at Table Against Blackboard" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/u5OcWnSGAoeMi1Qji-9ln5ytg3M=/250x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1004435566-5bbe73414cedfd002636b1af.jpg" width="250" height="1000" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Boy Studying at Table Against Blackboard" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Regional Geography Overview</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_5-0" class="comp 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src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/M-JUDP1C0BrWLUlrYQ900xkrbEA=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-685006767-ce52766042054737961f16bdbb39f24e.jpg" width="250" height="1414" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Teacher and students using digital tablets in classroom" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">An Overview of Cultural Geography</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_6-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_6-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435600" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/about-geography-journals-1435600" data-ordinal="6" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:70.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DjPkIxuGPlAmCTx-dcD4LAeVVOk=/250x1449/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-106349444-2--58e169395f9b58ef7e503909.jpg" width="250" height="1449" alt="woman studying journals in the library" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.429" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DjPkIxuGPlAmCTx-dcD4LAeVVOk=/250x1449/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-106349444-2--58e169395f9b58ef7e503909.jpg" width="250" height="1449" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="woman studying journals in the library" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Important Geographical Journals</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_7-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_7-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435187" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/latitude-geography-overview-1435187" data-ordinal="7" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:60.8%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SNBjPm_bXuN9uCfFkvcobdXxRZo=/250x2600/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mitad-del-mundo-533979244-5c43d9d4c9e77c000132d2d1.jpg" width="250" height="2600" alt="The line of the Equator in Ecuador." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.643" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SNBjPm_bXuN9uCfFkvcobdXxRZo=/250x2600/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/mitad-del-mundo-533979244-5c43d9d4c9e77c000132d2d1.jpg" width="250" height="2600" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="The line of the Equator in Ecuador." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">How Latitude Is Measured</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_8-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_8-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435188" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/longitude-geography-overview-1435188" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QrdaWSEpPjB2soyWhHkM6gg4xdA=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-934798442-5ac942358023b90036f37fc2.jpg" width="250" height="1414" alt="Interior of Santa Maria degli with prime meridian" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QrdaWSEpPjB2soyWhHkM6gg4xdA=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-934798442-5ac942358023b90036f37fc2.jpg" width="250" height="1414" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Interior of Santa Maria degli with prime meridian" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Longitude</span></div> </div> </a></li></ul> <div id="reference-outbrain_2-0" class="comp reference-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN js-outbrain-widget" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/medical-geography-overview-1434508" data-widget-id="AR_2"></div> </div> <ul id="mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_2-0" class="comp 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<img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4m9cCfjFSbLN6XZYWVba0Zvx0l0=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-188093734-58e0b3683df78c5162febdae.jpg" width="250" height="1414" alt="college students in classroom" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.499" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4m9cCfjFSbLN6XZYWVba0Zvx0l0=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-188093734-58e0b3683df78c5162febdae.jpg" width="250" height="1414" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="college students in classroom" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Geography Degree</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_11-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_11-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435592" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/branches-of-geography-1435592" data-ordinal="3" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/afMu9sov0g23TGJQ7aOSHhJARGw=/250x1333/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-171720713-5b8899a5c9e77c0057f92163.jpg" width="250" height="1333" alt="Compass next to map" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/afMu9sov0g23TGJQ7aOSHhJARGw=/250x1333/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-171720713-5b8899a5c9e77c0057f92163.jpg" width="250" height="1333" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Compass next to map" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Major Sub-Disciplines of Geography</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_12-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_12-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435594" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definitions-of-geography-1435594" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qfZsBggtfUS1tzObXDzi6bxiIcw=/250x1501/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/173076321-58b9d1353df78c353c38c089.jpg" width="250" height="1501" alt="Hiker looks at map from rock buttress, sunrise" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.333" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qfZsBggtfUS1tzObXDzi6bxiIcw=/250x1501/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/173076321-58b9d1353df78c353c38c089.jpg" width="250" height="1501" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Hiker looks at map from rock buttress, sunrise" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Geography Definition</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_13-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_13-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435190" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-the-tropic-of-cancer-1435190" data-ordinal="5" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/chogAepDLDV8md17QHKVWN0INdM=/250x3445/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tropic-of-cancer-500658440-5c45336cc9e77c00011a41ea.jpg" width="250" height="3445" alt="Tropic of Cancer" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/chogAepDLDV8md17QHKVWN0INdM=/250x3445/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tropic-of-cancer-500658440-5c45336cc9e77c00011a41ea.jpg" width="250" height="3445" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Tropic of Cancer" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Geography of the Tropic of Cancer</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_14-0" class="comp 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card__img universal-image__image" alt="evening view of Kashmir" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Geography and History of Kashmir</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_15-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_15-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1434917" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-iditarod-overview-1434917" data-ordinal="7" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/GLE86x6xEbk6tZ68QwcOqnpMmao=/250x3069/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/iditarod-huskies-144475269-5a4fcbbab39d030037130960.jpg" width="250" height="3069" alt="Iditarod huskies" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/GLE86x6xEbk6tZ68QwcOqnpMmao=/250x3069/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/iditarod-huskies-144475269-5a4fcbbab39d030037130960.jpg" width="250" height="3069" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Iditarod huskies" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Iditarod</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_16-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_16-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1435605" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-study-geography-1435605" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media 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