Gary Johnson | Biography & Facts

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Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). </div> <div class="type-menu"> <label for="feedback-type" class="label mb-10">Feedback Type</label> <select id="feedback-type" class="form-select mb-30" name="feedbackTypeId" required> <option value="" selected="selected">Select a type (Required)</option> <option value="1">Factual Correction</option> <option value="2">Spelling/Grammar Correction</option> <option value="3">Link Correction</option> <option value="4">Additional Information</option> <option value="5">Other</option> </select> </div> <label for="feedback" class="label mb-10">Your Feedback</label> <textarea id="feedback" class="form-control mb-30" name="feedback" maxlength="3000" rows="7" required></textarea> <button class="btn btn-blue" type="submit">Submit Feedback</button> </form> <div class="success-messaging d-none mt-30"> <div class="title">Thank you for your feedback</div> <p>Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-websites-modal size-lg d-none"> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="h2 font-serif pb-15 border-bottom font-weight-bold"> External Websites </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="toc-header-marker"></div> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 js-header-ai-ask-button d-none btn-sm btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 mr-0 mr-lg-10 ml-5 ml-sm-10 ml-lg-0 p-10"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> <div class="caption alternate-titles">Also known as: Gary Earl Johnson</div> <div class="md-byline module-spacing "> <div class="font-serif font-12"> <span class="written-by text-gray-700"> Written by </span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor" href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">Amy Tikkanen</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 clamp-description text-black">Amy Tikkanen is Managing Editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> Amy Tikkanen</span></div> <div class="font-serif font-12 text-gray-700"> <span class="qa-fact-checked-by">Fact-checked by</span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 font-12" href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 text-black">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link font-12 "> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gary-Johnson/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="qf-title font-weight-bold font-14 mb-10 text-center"> Quick Facts</div> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>In full: </dt> <dd>Gary Earl Johnson</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Born: </dt> <dd>January 1, 1953, <a href="/place/Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/place/North-Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/place/United-States">U.S.</a> (age 71)</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Also Known As: </dt> <dd>Gary Earl Johnson</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Title / Office: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/governor-government-official">governor (1995-2003)</a>, <a href="/place/New-Mexico">New Mexico</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Political Affiliation: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/Libertarian-Party">Libertarian Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/Republican-Party">Republican Party</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Role In: </dt> <dd><a href="/event/United-States-Presidential-Election-of-2012">United States presidential election of 2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/United-States-presidential-election-of-2016">United States presidential election of 2016</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/Gary-Johnson"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> <button class="facts-list-show-more-btn mt-15 p-0 mx-auto btn font-14 d-block font-weight-normal"> <span class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></span> <span class="show-more-label">Show More</span> </button> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref1234571"></span>Gary Johnson</strong> (born January 1, 1953, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Minot" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Minot</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Dakota" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">North Dakota</a>, U.S.) is an American business executive and politician who, while a member of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republican-Party" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Republican Party</a>, served as governor of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Mexico" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">New Mexico</a> (1995–2003). He was the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Libertarian-Party" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Libertarian Party</a>’s presidential candidate in <span id="ref1234574"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-Presidential-Election-of-2012" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">2012</a> and <span id="ref1234573"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-States-presidential-election-of-2016" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">2016</a>.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">While studying <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-science" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">political science</a> at the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-New-Mexico" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">University of New Mexico</a>, Johnson worked as a handyman. After graduating with a B.A. in 1975, he started a construction company the following year. The business became extremely successful; he sold it in 1999 for a reported $10 million.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Although he lacked political experience, Johnson successfully ran for the governorship of New Mexico in 1994, campaigning as a fiscally <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="conservative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conservative" data-type="MW">conservative</a> Republican; he took office in 1995 and was reelected in 1998. During his two terms, he notably lowered taxes and balanced the state budget. In addition, he vetoed more than 750 bills. Constitutionally barred from seeking a third consecutive term, he left office in 2003.</p><div class="module-spacing"> </div><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Johnson remained involved in politics, and he sought the Republican Party’s nomination in the 2012 presidential <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/election-political-science" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">election</a>. However, his liberal stance on a number of issues—he notably supported both the legalization of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/marijuana" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">marijuana</a> and immigration reform—were at odds with many Republicans, and in 2011 he switched to the Libertarian Party, which traditionally favoured a smaller government and individual rights. The following year he became the party’s presidential candidate, with Jim Gray, a retired <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/California-state" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">California</a> judge, as his running mate. The duo earned fewer than 1 percent of the ballots cast in the general election—which was won by the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Democratic-Party" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Democratic</a> incumbents, Pres. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barack-Obama" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Barack Obama</a> and Vice Pres. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joe-Biden" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Joe Biden</a>—but they claimed nearly 1.3 million votes, the most won by a Libertarian presidential ticket.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">In 2014 Johnson became CEO and president of Cannabis Sativa, Inc., which sold marijuana products. Two years later he left the company and shortly thereafter entered the presidential race. However, he faced opposition from some Libertarians who believed his <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="pragmatic" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pragmatic" data-type="MW">pragmatic</a> approach was at the expense of party <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="ideology" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideology" data-type="MW">ideology</a>. At a contested convention in May 2016, he secured the nomination on the second ballot, and his running mate was <span id="ref1234575"></span>William Weld, a former Republican who had served as governor of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Massachusetts" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Massachusetts</a> (1991–97).</p><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">On the campaign trail, Johnson ran as a social liberal and fiscal conservative. He advocated for tax reform, notably the adoption of a national <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/consumption-tax" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">consumption tax</a> and the elimination of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Internal-Revenue-Service" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">IRS</a>. He also called for the end of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Security-Agency" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">National Security Agency</a> and various cabinet-level departments but stated that he would keep the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Environmental-Protection-Agency" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">EPA</a>. On <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-policy" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">foreign policy</a>, he largely opposed military intervention. With the two major-party candidates, Republican <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Trump" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Donald Trump</a> and Democrat <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hillary-Clinton" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hillary Clinton</a>, proving historically unpopular, Johnson looked to be a factor in the election. In September 2016 he secured his name on the ballot in all U.S. states, with national polls showing his support at 10 percent. Some speculated that he might reach the 15 percent required to participate in the presidential debates. However, shortly thereafter his poll numbers began to wane, partly because of a series of gaffes. Notably, he said during a television interview that he was not familiar with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aleppo" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Aleppo</a>, a Syrian city that was the scene of intense fighting in the country’s <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Syrian-Civil-War" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">civil war</a>. Johnson ultimately did not qualify for any of the three debates. In the election he placed a distant third, receiving approximately 3 percent of the vote. In 2018 he also ran for the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Senate-United-States-government" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">U.S. Senate</a> but was defeated.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">An <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="avid" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/avid" data-type="MW">avid</a> sportsman, Johnson competed in triathlons and was a noted mountain climber. He summitted the highest peaks on all seven continents, including <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Everest" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mount Everest</a> (2003).</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Get Unlimited Access</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.</div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"> <a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=black-friday-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </DIV></div><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a></span><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":2071288,"pageLength":584,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"A","adLeg":"A","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"BIO_MEDIUM","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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Gary Johnson | Biography & Facts | Britannica