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</span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> Health & Medicine </span> </nav> <h1 class="font-serif mt-30 mb-20">Health & Medicine</h1> <div class="font-serif grid"> <div class="col-sm-70 col-sm-offset-15"> The study of the human mind and body, how these function, and how they interact鈥攏ot only with each other but also with their environment鈥攈as been of utmost importance in ensuring human well-being. 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In addition, nutrition provides the energy that fuels all physical and mental activities, including the aforementioned displays of weight-lifting mastery.</div> <div class="label mt-20">Articles</div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/metabolism">metabolism</a> <div class="font-serif">biology</div> </li> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/nutrition">nutrition</a> <div class="font-serif">diet</div> </li> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/physical-culture">physical culture</a> <div class="font-serif"></div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <a href="/browse/Human-Development"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/68/78168-004-7B612BBD/babies-diapers.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="babies" class="col-100 mb-20" /> </a> <a href="/browse/Human-Development" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Human Development</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 line-clamp clamp-3">Even if you feel like a kid at heart, you probably still went through (or are currently undergoing) the typical process of change and growth that takes place between human infancy and maturity. After birth, human beings undergo infant and toddler development, moving on to child development before progressing to puberty and adolescence on the way to adulthood. Human growth involves not only biological development鈥攖he progressive changes in size, shape, and function during the life of an organism鈥攂ut also emotional and psychological development.</div> <div class="label mt-20">Articles</div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/adulthood">adulthood</a> <div class="font-serif"></div> </li> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/human-aging">human aging</a> <div class="font-serif">physiology and sociology</div> </li> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/parenting">parenting</a> <div class="font-serif"></div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <a href="/browse/Medicine"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/47/78447-050-B9FCFB04/practice-dentistry-disease-deformities-teeth-cavity-jaws.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="dentistry" class="col-100 mb-20" /> </a> <a href="/browse/Medicine" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Medicine</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 line-clamp clamp-3">Humans have long sought to find cures for the ailments and injuries that befall them. This has led to a long history of diverse attempted treatments, including herbal remedies, leeching, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, homeopathy, and more, all the way up to the most recent science-based treatments that have come into use during the development of today's modern medicine. Medical research and the study of the causes of disease have led to rapid and significant advances in medicine, improving both the efficacy of treatments and our understanding of illnesses and how they operate. The importance of preventive medicine has grown, and the field of medicine has become increasingly specialized as medical disciplines and branches such as endocrinology, immunology, psychiatry, radiology, epidemiology, and nanomedicine have emerged.</div> <div class="label mt-20">Articles</div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine">history of medicine</a> <div class="font-serif"></div> </li> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/intensive-care-unit">intensive care unit</a> <div class="font-serif">medicine</div> </li> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/birth-control">birth control</a> <div class="font-serif"></div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <a href="/browse/Psychology-Mental-Health"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/29/59229-050-F6C36BC9/Portrait-Sigmund-Freud-1921.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Sigmund Freud" class="col-100 mb-20" /> </a> <a href="/browse/Psychology-Mental-Health" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Psychology & Mental Health</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 line-clamp clamp-3">Although Sigmund Freud was once one of the most recognizable faces of psychology, this scientific discipline has developed significantly since the time of his predominance. Psychology has become an increasingly integrative science at the hub of diverse other disciplines, from biology and neurology to sociology, anthropology, and economics. At the same time, old sub-disciplinary boundaries within pyschology itself are now crossed more freely; interdisciplinary teams may work on a common problem using methods that draw on multiple levels of analysis, whether social, cognitive, or biological.</div> <div class="label mt-20">Articles</div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="mt-20"> <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/G-Stanley-Hall">G. 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