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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bladder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bladder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bladder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prostate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penile_urethra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penile_urethra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Penile urethra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penile_urethra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postoperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postoperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Postoperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postoperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catheter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catheter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Catheter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catheter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sitting_voiding_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sitting_voiding_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sitting voiding position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sitting_voiding_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urinary retention</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="احتباس البول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="احتباس البول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retenci%C3%B3_urin%C3%A0ria" title="Retenció urinària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Retenció urinària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retence_mo%C4%8Di" title="Retence moči – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Retence moči" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnverhalt" title="Harnverhalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harnverhalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Επίσχεση ούρων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επίσχεση ούρων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retenci%C3%B3n_urinaria" title="Retención urinaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Retención urinaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernu-debeku" title="Gernu-debeku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gernu-debeku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="احتباس ادرار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احتباس ادرار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9tention_aigu%C3%AB_d%27urine" title="Rétention aiguë d'urine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rétention aiguë d'urine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%8F%90" title="요폐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요폐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միզակապություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միզակապություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retensi_urin" title="Retensi urin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Retensi urin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritenzione_urinaria" title="Ritenzione urinaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ritenzione urinaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="אצירת שתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצירת שתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83" title="Туттугуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Туттугуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penahanan_kencing" title="Penahanan kencing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penahanan kencing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%96%89" title="尿閉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="尿閉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8" title="ୟୁରିନାରି ରିଟେନସନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟୁରିନାରି ରିଟେନସନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatrzymanie_moczu" title="Zatrzymanie moczu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zatrzymanie moczu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reten%C3%A7%C3%A3o_urin%C3%A1ria" title="Retenção urinária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Retenção urinária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Острая задержка мочи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Острая задержка мочи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میزگیران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میزگیران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Ретенција мокраће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ретенција мокраће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retencija_mokra%C4%87e" title="Retencija mokraće – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Retencija mokraće" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtsaumpi" title="Virtsaumpi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virtsaumpi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinretention" title="Urinretention – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urinretention" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ішурія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ішурія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD_ti%E1%BB%83u" title="Bí tiểu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bí tiểu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%80%A6%E7%95%99" title="尿瀦留 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尿瀦留" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inability to completely empty the bladder</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Urinary retention</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Ischuria, bladder failure, bladder obstruction</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harnverhalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Harnverhalt.jpg/220px-Harnverhalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Harnverhalt.jpg/330px-Harnverhalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Harnverhalt.jpg/440px-Harnverhalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="2214" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Urinary retention with greatly enlarged bladder as seen by <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Sudden onset</b>: Inability to urinate, low abdominal pain<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Long term</b>: Frequent urination, loss of bladder control, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infection</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Acute, chronic<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Blockage of the urethra, nerve problems, certain medications, weak bladder muscles<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Amount of urine in the bladder post urination<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">Catheter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethral_dilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urethral dilation">urethral dilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethral_stents" class="mw-redirect" title="Urethral stents">urethral stents</a>, surgery<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha blockers">Alpha blockers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">terazosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase inhibitors">5α-reductase inhibitors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">6 per 1,000 per year (males > 40 years old)<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Urinary retention</b> is an inability to completely empty the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset can be sudden or gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When of sudden onset, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When of gradual onset, symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">loss of bladder control</a>, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with long-term problems are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Causes include blockage of the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>, nerve problems, certain medications, and weak bladder muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blockage can be caused by <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH), <a href="/wiki/Urethral_stricture" title="Urethral stricture">urethral strictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladder_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder stones">bladder stones</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cystocele" title="Cystocele">cystocele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumors">tumors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nerve problems can occur from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, trauma, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal poisoning">heavy metal poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medications that can cause problems include <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">cyclobenzaprine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAID), <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acdj_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acdj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is typically based on measuring the amount of urine in the bladder after urinating.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment is typically with a <a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">catheter</a> either through the urethra or <a href="/wiki/Suprapubic_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprapubic catheter">lower abdomen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a <a href="/wiki/Urethral_stent" class="mw-redirect" title="Urethral stent">urethral stent</a>, or surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males are more often affected than females.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among males over 80 this increases 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Onset can be sudden or gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the onset is sudden, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When of gradual onset, symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">loss of bladder control</a>, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with long-term problems are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/220px--Sequence_02_1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Sequence_02_1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sequence_02_1.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/Sequence_02_1.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/Sequence_02_1.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/Sequence_02_1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/Sequence_02_1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/Sequence_02_1.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sequence_02_1.ogv/Sequence_02_1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>The urinary bag of a person with post obstructive diuresis</figcaption></figure> <p>Acute urinary retention is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergency</a> and requires prompt treatment. The pain can be excruciating when urine is not able to flow out. Moreover, one can develop severe <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>. Other patients may develop a shock-like condition and may require admission to a hospital. Serious complications of untreated urinary retention include <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a> damage and chronic <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urinary retention is a disorder treated in a hospital, and the quicker one seeks treatment, the fewer the complications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_stone" title="Bladder stone">Bladder stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_muscle" title="Detrusor muscle">detrusor muscle</a> (atonic bladder is an extreme form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronephrosis" title="Hydronephrosis">Hydronephrosis</a> (congestion of the kidneys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_muscle" title="Detrusor muscle">detrusor muscle</a> (the muscle that squeezes the bladder to empty it during urination)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticula" class="mw-redirect" title="Diverticula">Diverticula</a> (formation of pouches) in the bladder wall (which can lead to stones and infection)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bladder">Bladder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bladder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Infection<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_sphincter_dyssynergia" title="Bladder sphincter dyssynergia">Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenic_bladder_dysfunction" title="Neurogenic bladder dysfunction">Neurogenic bladder</a> (commonly spinal cord damage, pelvic splanchic nerve damage, cauda equina syndrome, pontine micturition or storage center lesions, <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Demyelinating diseases">demyelinating diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Meningitis-retention_syndrome" title="Meningitis-retention syndrome">meningitis-retention syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenic</a> (caused by medical treatment/procedure) scarring of the bladder neck (commonly from removal of indwelling <a href="/wiki/Catheters" class="mw-redirect" title="Catheters">catheters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cystoscopy" title="Cystoscopy">cystoscopy</a> operations)</li> <li>Damage to the bladder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prostate">Prostate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prostate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a> and other pelvic <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">malignancies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penile_urethra">Penile urethra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Penile urethra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_urethral_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital urethral valves">Congenital urethral valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimosis" title="Phimosis">Phimosis</a> or pinhole meatus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li>Obstruction in the urethra, for example a stricture (usually caused either by injury or STD), a metastasis or a precipitated <a href="/wiki/Pseudogout" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudogout">pseudogout</a> crystal in the urine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudodyssynergia" title="Pseudodyssynergia">Pseudodyssynergia</a></li> <li>STD lesions (<a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhoea</a> causes numerous strictures, leading to a "rosary bead" appearance, whereas chlamydia usually causes a single stricture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emasculation" title="Emasculation">Emasculation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postoperative">Postoperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postoperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk factors include </p> <ul><li>Age: Older people may have <a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration (medical)">degeneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural pathways</a> involved with bladder function and it can lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of postoperative urinary retention increases up to 2.11 fold for people older than 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medications: <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinergics">Anticholinergics</a> and medications with anticholinergic properties, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">alpha-adrenergic agonists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a>, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium-channel blockers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta-adrenergic agonist">beta-adrenergic agonists</a>, may increase the risk.<sup id="cite_ref-acdj_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acdj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anesthesia: General anesthetics during surgery may cause bladder <a href="/wiki/Atony" class="mw-redirect" title="Atony">atony</a> by acting as a smooth muscle relaxant.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General anesthetics can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_muscle" title="Detrusor muscle">detrusor</a> tone and predispose people to bladder overdistention and subsequent retention.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">micturition reflex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention compared to general anesthesia.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>: Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia are at an increased risk of acute urinary retention.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surgery related: Operative times longer than 2 hours may lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Postoperative pain.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic">Chronic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Stof2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stof2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between the brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-Stof2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stof2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the retention is due to muscle damage, it is likely that the muscles are not able to contract enough to completely empty the bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-Stof2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stof2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common cause of chronic urinary retention is BPH.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tethered_spinal_cord_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethered spinal cord syndrome">Tethered spinal cord syndrome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Psychogenic</a> causes – psychosocial stresses, fear associated with urination, <a href="/wiki/Paruresis" title="Paruresis">paruresis</a> ("shy bladder syndrome") – in extreme cases, urinary retention can result.</li> <li>Consumption of some <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive substances</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>.</li> <li>Use of NSAIDs, or drugs with <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> properties.</li> <li>Stones or metastases, which can theoretically appear anywhere along the urinary tract, but vary in frequency depending on anatomy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Muscarinic antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a>.</li> <li>Malfunctioning <a href="/wiki/Artificial_urinary_sphincter" title="Artificial urinary sphincter">artificial urinary sphincter</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinaryobstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Urinaryobstruction.png/220px-Urinaryobstruction.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Urinaryobstruction.png/330px-Urinaryobstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Urinaryobstruction.png/440px-Urinaryobstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>As seen on axial CT</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg/220px-Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg/330px-Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg/440px-Ultrasound_of_trabeculated_urinary_bladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">Ultrasonography</a> showing a trabeculated wall, seen as small irregularities mainly at left (superior part). This is strongly associated with urinary retention.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Analysis of urine flow may aid in establishing the type of <a href="/wiki/Micturition" class="mw-redirect" title="Micturition">micturition</a> (urination) abnormality. Common findings, determined by ultrasound of the bladder, include a slow rate of flow, intermittent flow, and a large amount of urine retained in the bladder after urination. A normal test result should be 20-25 mL/s peak flow rate. A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the <a href="/wiki/Detrusor_urinae_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrusor urinae muscle">detrusor muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stof2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stof2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chronic retention, ultrasound of the bladder may show massive increase in bladder capacity (normal capacity is 400-600 ml).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Non-neurogenic chronic urinary retention does not have a standardized definition; however, urine volumes >300mL can be used as an informal indicator.<sup id="cite_ref-Stof2017_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stof2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis of urinary retention is conducted over a period of 6 months, with 2 separate measurements of urine volume 6 months apart. Measurements should have a PVR (post-void residual) volume of >300mL.<sup id="cite_ref-Stof2017_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stof2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determining the serum <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">prostate-specific antigen</a> (PSA) may help diagnose or rule out prostate cancer, though this is also raised in BPH and <a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">prostatitis</a>. A <a href="/wiki/TRUS" class="mw-redirect" title="TRUS">TRUS</a> biopsy of the prostate (transrectal ultrasound guided) can distinguish between these prostate conditions. Serum <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage. <a href="/wiki/Cystoscopy" title="Cystoscopy">Cystoscopy</a> may be needed to explore the urinary passage and rule out blockages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In acute cases of urinary retention where associated symptoms in the lumbar spine are present such as pain, numbness (<a href="/wiki/Saddle_anesthesia" title="Saddle anesthesia">saddle anesthesia</a>), parasthesias, decreased anal sphincter tone, or altered deep tendon reflexes, an MRI of the lumbar spine should be considered to further assess <a href="/wiki/Cauda_equina_syndrome" title="Cauda equina syndrome">cauda equina syndrome</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In acute urinary retention, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">urinary catheterization</a>, placement of a <a href="/wiki/Prostatic_stent" title="Prostatic stent">prostatic stent</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Suprapubic_cystostomy" title="Suprapubic cystostomy">suprapubic cystostomy</a> relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. BPH may respond to <a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">alpha blocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/5-alpha-reductase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="5-alpha-reductase inhibitor">5-alpha-reductase inhibitor</a> therapy, or surgically with <a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">prostatectomy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral resection of the prostate">transurethral resection of the prostate</a> (TURP).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Use of alpha-blockers can provide relief of urinary retention following de-catheterization for both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In case, if catheter can't be negotiated, suprapubic puncture can be done with lumbar puncture needle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some people with BPH are treated with medications. These include <a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">tamsulosin</a> to relax smooth muscles in the bladder neck, and <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">dutasteride</a> to decrease prostate enlargement. The drugs only work for mild cases of BPH but also have mild side effects. Some of the medications decrease <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and may cause <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, fatigue and <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catheter">Catheter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catheter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute urinary retention is treated by placement of a urinary catheter (small thin flexible tube) into the bladder. This can be either an <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent catheter">intermittent catheter</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Foley_catheter" title="Foley catheter">Foley catheter</a> that is placed with a small inflatable bulb that holds the catheter in place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Intermittent catheterization can be done by a health care professional or by the person themselves (clean intermittent self catheterization). Intermittent catheterization performed at the hospital is a sterile technique. Patients can be taught to use a <a href="/wiki/Self_catheterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self catheterization">self catheterization</a> technique in one simple demonstration,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that reduces the rate of infection from long-term Foley catheters. Self catheterization requires doing the procedure periodically during the day, the frequency depending on fluid intake and bladder capacity. If fluid intake/outflow is around 1.5 litres per day, this would typically be performed roughly three times per day, i.e. roughly every six to eight hours during the day, more frequently when fluid intake is higher and/or bladder capacity lower. </p><p>For acute urinary retention, treatment requires urgent placement of a urinary catheter. A permanent urinary catheter may cause discomfort and pain that can last several days. </p><p>Older people with ongoing problems may require continued intermittent self catheterization (CISC). CISC has a lower infection risk compared to catheterization techniques that stay within the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Challenges with CISC include compliance issues as some people may not be able to place the catheter themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> form of urinary retention may require some type of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> procedure. While both procedures are relatively safe, complications can occur. </p><p>In most patients with <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostate_hyperplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign prostate hyperplasia">benign prostate hyperplasia</a> (BPH), a procedure known as <a href="/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral resection of the prostate">transurethral resection of the prostate</a> (TURP) may be performed to relieve bladder obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgical complications from TURP include a bladder infection, bleeding from the prostate, scar formation, inability to hold urine, and inability to have an erection. The majority of these complications are short lived, and most individuals recover fully within 6–12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sitting_voiding_position">Sitting voiding position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sitting voiding position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> on the influence of voiding position on <a href="/wiki/Urodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Urodynamics">urodynamics</a> in males with <a href="/wiki/Lower_urinary_tract_symptoms" title="Lower urinary tract symptoms">lower urinary tract symptoms</a> showed that in the sitting position, the residual urine in the bladder was significantly reduced, the maximum urinary flow was increased, and the voiding time was decreased. For healthy males, no influence was found on these parameters, meaning that they can urinate in either position.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urinary retention is a common disorder in elderly males. The most common cause of urinary retention is BPH. This disorder starts around age 50 and symptoms may appear after 10–15 years. BPH is a progressive disorder and narrows the neck of the bladder leading to urinary retention. By the age of 70, almost 10 percent of males have some degree of BPH and 33% have it by the eighth decade of life. While BPH rarely causes sudden urinary retention, the condition can become acute in the presence of certain medications including <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">antiparkinson</a> medications, and after <a href="/wiki/Spinal_anaesthesia" title="Spinal anaesthesia">spinal anaesthesia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In young males, the most common cause of urinary retention is infection of the prostate (<i>acute <a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">prostatitis</a></i>). The infection is acquired during sexual intercourse and presents with low back pain, penile discharge, low grade <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> and an inability to pass urine. The exact number of individuals with acute prostatitis is unknown, because many do not seek treatment. In the US, at least 1–3 percent of males under the age of 40 develop urinary difficulty as a result of acute prostatitis. Most physicians and other health care professionals are aware of these disorders. Worldwide, both BPH and acute prostatitis have been found in males of all races and ethnic backgrounds. Cancers of the urinary tract can cause urinary obstruction but the process is more gradual. <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">Cancer of the bladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ureter_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureter cancer">ureters</a> can gradually obstruct urine output. Cancers often present with <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">blood in the urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, lower back pain or gradual distension in the flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urinary retention in females is uncommon, occurring 1 in 100,000 every year, with a female-to-male incidence rate of 1:13. It is usually transient. The causes of UR in women can be multi-factorial, and can be postoperative and postpartum. Prompt urethral catheterization usually resolves the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/urinary-retention">"Urinary Retention"</a>. <i><a 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A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (7): e101320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j1320D">2014PLoSO...9j1320D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0101320">10.1371/journal.pone.0101320</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106761">4106761</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051345">25051345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Urinating+standing+versus+sitting%3A+position+is+of+influence+in+men+with+prostate+enlargement.+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e101320&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4106761%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25051345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0101320&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j1320D&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Pinckaers%2C+JH&rft.au=ten+Brinck%2C+RM&rft.au=Lycklama+%C3%A0+Nijeholt%2C+AA&rft.au=Dekkers%2C+OM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4106761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrinary+retention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310143204/http://www.urologychannel.com/emergencies/acute.shtml">"Urologic Emergencies"</a>. <i>Urology Channel Portal</i>. 10 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urologychannel.com/emergencies/acute.shtml">the original</a> on 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urology+Channel+Portal&rft.atitle=Urologic+Emergencies&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urologychannel.com%2Femergencies%2Facute.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrinary+retention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzverenKeskin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Özveren B, Keskin S (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100150">"Presentation and prognosis of female acute urinary retention: Analysis of an unusual clinical condition in outpatients"</a>. <i>Urology Annals</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 444–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-7796.192111">10.4103/0974-7796.192111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100150">5100150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28057989">28057989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology+Annals&rft.atitle=Presentation+and+prognosis+of+female+acute+urinary+retention%3A+Analysis+of+an+unusual+clinical+condition+in+outpatients&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-448&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5100150%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28057989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0974-7796.192111&rft.aulast=%C3%96zveren&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Keskin%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5100150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrinary+retention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urinary_retention&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366695" class="extiw" title="d:Q1366695">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R33">R33</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=788.2">788.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D016055">D016055</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13582.htm">13582</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-obstruction">Urinary retention</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_urinary_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urinary_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Urinary system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urinary_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Urinary system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_urinary_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">Dysuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_colic" title="Renal colic">Renal colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costovertebral_angle_tenderness" title="Costovertebral angle tenderness">Costovertebral angle tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_tenesmus" title="Vesical tenesmus">Vesical tenesmus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enuresis" title="Enuresis">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_enuresis" title="Diurnal enuresis">Diurnal enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giggle_incontinence" title="Giggle incontinence">Giggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis" title="Nocturnal enuresis">Nocturnal enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-void_dribbling" title="Post-void dribbling">Post-void dribbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overactive_bladder" title="Overactive bladder">Urge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_incontinence" title="Overflow incontinence">Overflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urinary retention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">Oliguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuria" title="Anuria">Anuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">Polyuria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_urinary_tract_symptoms" title="Lower urinary tract symptoms">Lower urinary tract symptoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocturia" title="Nocturia">Nocturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_urgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary urgency">urgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent_urination" title="Frequent urination">frequency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravasation_of_urine" title="Extravasation of urine">Extravasation of urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_eponymously_named_medical_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of eponymously named medical signs">Eponymous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addis_count" title="Addis count">Addis count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewer_infarcts" title="Brewer infarcts">Brewer infarcts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_sign" title="Lloyd's sign">Lloyd's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathe%27s_sign" title="Mathe's sign">Mathe's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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