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id="toc-Origin_(1950s–1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_(1950s–1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin (1950s–1970s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_(1950s–1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acid_house_(1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_house_(1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Acid house (1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_house_(1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_(1990s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_(1990s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Growth (1990s–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_(1990s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Notable venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dancing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dancing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dancing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dancing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Light shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Drug use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_of_UK_rave_scene_(1980s–1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_UK_rave_scene_(1980s–1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Birth of UK rave scene (1980s–1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_UK_rave_scene_(1980s–1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_parties_and_outlawing_of_raves_(1992–1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_parties_and_outlawing_of_raves_(1992–1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Free parties and outlawing of raves (1992–1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_parties_and_outlawing_of_raves_(1992–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_underground_raves_(1994–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_underground_raves_(1994–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Legal and underground raves (1994–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_underground_raves_(1994–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_lockdown_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_lockdown_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Illegal lockdown gatherings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_lockdown_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_disco_and_psychedelia_(1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_disco_and_psychedelia_(1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Origins in disco and psychedelia (1970s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_disco_and_psychedelia_(1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_Chicago_(1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_Chicago_(1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Growth in Chicago (1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_Chicago_(1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_Raves_and_Party_Promoters_(1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_Raves_and_Party_Promoters_(1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>New York Raves and Party Promoters (1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_Raves_and_Party_Promoters_(1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_California_and_Latin_America_(1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_California_and_Latin_America_(1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Southern California and Latin America (1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_California_and_Latin_America_(1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>Growth in California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.6</span> <span>Seattle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_years_(2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_years_(2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.7</span> <span>Recent years (2000s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_years_(2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s_and_1990s:_outdoor_raves_and_the_Sydney_scene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_1990s:_outdoor_raves_and_the_Sydney_scene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>1980s and 1990s: outdoor raves and the Sydney scene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_1990s:_outdoor_raves_and_the_Sydney_scene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>2000s–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_soundsystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_soundsystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable soundsystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_soundsystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Music further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyv" title="Reyv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reyv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рейв музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рейв музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Rave (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rave (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reivimiskultuur" title="Reivimiskultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reivimiskultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B2" title="Ρέιβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρέιβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave_party" title="Rave party – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rave party" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="रेब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reif" title="Reif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Reif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave_party" title="Rave party – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rave party" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91" title="רייב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רייב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%A4" title="موسيقى الرڤ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسيقى الرڤ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave_(feest)" title="Rave (feest) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rave (feest)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="レイブ (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レイブ (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2" title="Рейв – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejv" title="Rejv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rejv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2" title="Рејв – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рејв" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F" title="เรฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave" title="Rave – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rave" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2" title="Рейв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C)" title="ریو (پارٹی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریو (پارٹی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rave (disambiguation)">Rave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Rave</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG/220px-Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG/330px-Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG/440px-Sven_Vath_playing_at_Amnesia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">DJ <a href="/wiki/Sven_V%C3%A4th" title="Sven Väth">Sven Väth</a> mixes tracks for a crowd of dancers at Amnesia, an Ibiza nightclub, in 2013.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;">General Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Types of street rave dance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Shuffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Shuffle">Melbourne Shuffle</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">Electronic dance music festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technoparades" class="mw-redirect" title="List of technoparades">technoparades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">Acid house party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">doof</a></li><li>Orchestra</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trance_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance festival">Trance festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li><li>House party</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_festival" title="Free festival">Free festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Topics</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/VJing" title="VJing">VJing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Light_beam" title="Light beam">Light beam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial dance">Industrial dance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">Hardcore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian techno">Belgian techno</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a> <small> (late 1980s)</small></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> <small>(1990s)</small></li><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice Act</a> <small>(1994)</small></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Part of a series on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology#Nature,_science,_and_technology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology of nature,<br /> science, and technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%E2%80%93culture_divide" title="Nature–culture divide">Nature–culture divide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brassier" title="Ray Brassier">Ray Brassier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Bratton" title="Benjamin H. Bratton">Benjamin H. Bratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman" title="Gabriella Coleman">Gabriella Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ellen" title="Roy Ellen">Roy Ellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuko_Ito" title="Mizuko Ito">Mizuko Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Negarestani" title="Reza Negarestani">Reza Negarestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Plant" title="Sadie Plant">Sadie Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Virilio" title="Paul Virilio">Paul Virilio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Wesch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Wesch">Mike Wesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_Culture_Research_Unit" title="Cybernetic Culture Research Unit">Cybernetic Culture Research Unit</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCRU)</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybertext" title="Cybertext">Cybertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fanged_Noumena" title="Fanged Noumena">Fanged Noumena</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kunzru" title="Hari Kunzru">Hari Kunzru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">Hypermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertext fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Machines" title="Literary Machines">Literary Machines</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyber_anthropology" title="Template:Cyber anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyber_anthropology" title="Template talk:Cyber anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyber_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyber anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>rave</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rave#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:rave">to rave</a></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">dance party</a> at a warehouse, club, or other public or private venue, typically featuring performances by <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc jockeys">DJs</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>. The style is most associated with the early 1990s dance music scene when DJs played at illegal events in musical styles dominated by electronic dance music from a wide range of sub-genres, including <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">break</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">happy hardcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">hardcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">alternative dance</a>. Occasionally <a href="/wiki/Live_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Live music">live</a> musicians have been known to perform at raves, in addition to other types of performance artists such as <a href="/wiki/Go-go_dancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-go dancers">go-go dancers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancers</a>. The music is amplified with a large, powerful <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a>, typically with large <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a> to produce a deep bass sound. The music is often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">laser light shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Image projector">projected coloured images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fog_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fog machines">fog machines</a>. </p><p>While some raves may be small parties held at nightclubs or private homes, some raves have grown to immense size, such as the large festivals and events featuring multiple DJs and dance areas (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Castlemorton_Common_Festival" title="Castlemorton Common Festival">Castlemorton Common Festival</a> in 1992). Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">electronic dance music festivals</a> have features of raves, but on a larger, often commercial scale. Raves may last for a long time, with some events continuing for twenty-four hours, and lasting all through the night. <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> raids and anti-rave laws have presented a challenge to the rave scene in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-coen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the association of rave culture with illegal drugs such as <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a><sup id="cite_ref-drugabuse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugabuse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (often referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">club drug</a>" or "party drug" along with <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-drugabuse_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugabuse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-drugabuse_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugabuse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-drugabuse_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugabuse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-drugabuse_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugabuse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nih_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to drugs, raves often make use of non-authorized, secret venues, such as <a href="/wiki/Squat_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Squat parties">squat parties</a> at unoccupied homes,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unused warehouses,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or aircraft hangars.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These concerns are often attributed to a type of <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a> surrounding rave culture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_(1950s–1970s)"><span id="Origin_.281950s.E2.80.931970s.29"></span>Origin (1950s–1970s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin (1950s–1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1950s in London, England, the term "rave" was used to describe the "wild <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> parties" of the <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> <a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">beatnik</a> set.<sup id="cite_ref-outofsight_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsight-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jazz musician <a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulligan" title="Mick Mulligan">Mick Mulligan</a>, known for indulging in such excesses, had the nickname "king of the ravers".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a> recorded the hit "<a href="/wiki/Rave_On" title="Rave On">Rave On</a>", citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "rave" was later used in the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a> youth culture of the early 1960s as the way to describe any wild party in general. People who were gregarious party animals were described as "ravers". Pop musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Marriott" title="Steve Marriott">Steve Marriott</a> of <a href="/wiki/Small_Faces" title="Small Faces">Small Faces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Moon" title="Keith Moon">Keith Moon</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a> were self-described "ravers".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg/220px-Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg/330px-Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg/440px-Mur_Ultim_Atom%26Biobanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A huge bank of speakers and <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a> from a rave <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Presaging the word's subsequent 1980s association with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, the word "rave" was a common term used regarding the music of mid-1960s <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelia</a> bands (most notably <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a>, who released an album in the United States called <i><a href="/wiki/Having_a_Rave_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Having a Rave Up">Having a Rave Up</a></i>). Along with being an alternative term for partying at such garage events in general, the "rave-up" referred to a specific crescendo moment near the end of a song where the music was played faster, more heavily and with intense soloing or elements of controlled feedback. It was later part of the title of an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> performance event held on 28 January 1967 at London's <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">Roundhouse</a> titled the "Million Volt Light and Sound Rave". The event featured the only known public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> – the legendary "<a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Light" title="Carnival of Light">Carnival of Light</a>" recording.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rapid change of British pop culture from the mod era of 1963–1966 to the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> era of 1967 and beyond, the term fell out of popular usage. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a> movement is cited by many as being a significant step towards the creation of contemporary club culture and of the <a href="/wiki/Notable_Club_DJs" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Club DJs">superstar DJ</a> culture of the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in contemporary club culture, Northern soul DJs built up a following based on satisfying the crowd's desires for music that they could not hear anywhere else. Many argue that Northern soul was instrumental in creating a network of clubs, DJs, record collectors and dealers in the UK, and was the first music scene to provide the British charts with records that sold entirely on the strength of club play.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A technique employed by northern soul DJs in common with their later counterparts was the sequencing of records to create euphoric highs and lows for the crowd; DJ Laurence 'Larry' Proxton was known for using this method. DJ personalities and their followers involved in the original Northern soul movement went on to become important figures in the <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s and early 1980s until its resurrection, the term was not in vogue, one notable exception being in the lyrics of the song "<a href="/wiki/Drive-In_Saturday" title="Drive-In Saturday">Drive-In Saturday</a>" by <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> (from his 1973 album <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Sane" title="Aladdin Sane">Aladdin Sane</a></i>) which includes the line, "It's a crash course for the ravers." Its use during that era would have been perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang: part of the dated 1960s lexicon along with words such as "groovy". </p><p>The perception of the word "rave" changed again in the late 1980s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture, possibly inspired by the use of the term in Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-outofsight_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsight-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid_house_(1980s)"><span id="Acid_house_.281980s.29"></span>Acid house (1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Acid house (1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg/170px-Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg/255px-Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg/340px-Rave_-_Juiz_de_Fora_-_MG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Rave – Juiz de Fora – MG, featuring bright psychedelic theming common at many raves</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid to late 1980s, a wave of psychedelic and other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a> music, emerged from <a href="/wiki/Acid_house_music_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid house music party">acid house music parties</a> in the mid-to-late 1980s in the Chicago area in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Chicago acid house artists began experiencing overseas success, acid house quickly spread and caught on in the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within clubs, warehouses and free-parties, first in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in the mid-1980s and then later in London. In the late 1980s, the word "rave" was adopted to describe the <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> that grew out of the acid house movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_Parkin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_Parkin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activities were related to the party atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, a Mediterranean island in Spain, frequented by British, Italian, Greek, Irish and German youth on vacation, who would hold raves and dance parties.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_(1990s–present)"><span id="Growth_.281990s.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Growth (1990s–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth (1990s–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv/220px--MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv/MTAC_Prime_Rave_dance.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dancing at a rave in 2007</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">List of electronic dance music festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></div> <p>By the 1990s, genres such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">breakbeat hardcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music)">hardcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">happy hardcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">gabber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-industrial music">post-industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> were all being featured at raves, both large and small. There were mainstream events which attracted thousands of people (up to 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the 4,000 that came to earlier warehouse parties). Acid house music parties were first re-branded "rave parties" in the media, during the summer of 1989 by <a href="/wiki/Genesis_P-Orridge" title="Genesis P-Orridge">Genesis P-Orridge</a> during a television interview; however, the ambience of the rave was not fully formed until the early 1990s. In 1990, raves were held "underground" in several cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Milan and <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, in basements, warehouses and forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Generation_Ecstasy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Generation_Ecstasy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British politicians responded with hostility to the emerging rave party trend. Politicians spoke out against raves and began to <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fine</a> promoters who held unauthorised parties. Police crackdowns on these often unauthorised parties drove the rave scene into the countryside. The word "rave" somehow caught on in the UK to describe common semi-spontaneous weekend parties occurring at various locations linked by the brand new <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 London orbital</a> motorway that ringed London and the <a href="/wiki/Home_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Counties">Home Counties</a>; it was this that gave the band <a href="/wiki/Orbital_(band)" title="Orbital (band)">Orbital</a> their name. These ranged from former warehouses and industrial sites in London, to fields and country clubs in the countryside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg/220px-Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg/330px-Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg/440px-Roland_TB-303_Panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roland_TB-303" title="Roland TB-303">Roland TB-303</a> is a synthesizer featured in <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a> music.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_TR-909_(large).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Roland_TR-909_%28large%29.png/220px-Roland_TR-909_%28large%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Roland_TR-909_%28large%29.png/330px-Roland_TR-909_%28large%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Roland_TR-909_%28large%29.png/440px-Roland_TR-909_%28large%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">TR-909</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> and many other genres.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg/220px-Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg/330px-Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg/440px-Volxvergnuegen_Party_Munich_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Rave music is usually presented in a <a href="/wiki/DJ_set" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ set">DJ set</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">mixer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turntable" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable">turntables</a> or <a href="/wiki/CDJ" title="CDJ">CDJs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rave music may either refer to the late 1980s/early 1990s genres of <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">new beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">hardcore techno</a>, which were the first genres of music to be played at rave parties, or to any other genre of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> (EDM) that may be played at a rave. </p><p>The genre "rave", also known as <b>hardcore</b> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>) by early ravers, first appeared amongst the UK "acid" movement during the late 1980s at warehouse parties and other <a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">underground</a> venues, as well as on <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pirate radio in the United Kingdom">UK pirate radio stations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another genre called "rave" during the early 1990s, was the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_hardcore_techno" title="Belgian hardcore techno">Belgian hardcore techno</a> music that emerged from <a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">new beat</a>, when techno became the main style in the Belgian EDM scene.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "rave" genre would develop into <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">oldschool hardcore</a>, which lead onto newer forms of rave music such as <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-step_garage" title="2-step garage">2-step</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">happy hardcore</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">hardcore techno</a> genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">gabber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">hardstyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rave music is usually presented in a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a> set, although live performances are not uncommon. </p><p>Styles of music include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a>: Breakbeat music (or breaks for short) refers to any form of rave music with breakbeats, this may range from <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">breakbeat hardcore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nu_skool_breaks" title="Nu skool breaks">nu skool breaks</a>, including genres such as <a href="/wiki/Hardstep" title="Hardstep">hardstep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">breakcore</a> cross over into the <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">hardcore techno</a> sound. Fusions of house and trance also exist but the drum 'n' bass still remains the most popular form of breakbeat played at rave parties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a>: Drum and bass music refers to a music genre with a very specific sound of four significant notes called breakbeat, that serves as a bassline for the song – that's why most drum and bass songs use 170 – 176 BPM, most frequently specifically 174 BPM. Drum and bass includes multiple large subgenres, those who are frequently played at raves include <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drum_%26_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drum & bass">liquid</a> (known for harmonic vocals, less aggressive bass drops and emotional atmosphere), classic dancefloor (energetic and overall positive party music, sometimes even drum and bass remixes of popular songs), <a href="/wiki/Jump-up_(drum_and_bass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jump-up (drum and bass)">jump-up</a> (a less complicated beat, sometimes using machine-like sounds, amplified for consumers of heavier music) and <a href="/wiki/Neurofunk" title="Neurofunk">neurofunk</a> (almost sci-fi like subgenre of a heavy and dark drum and bass, only rarely using well-known samples or even traditional music melodies).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a>: Electro and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> are two genres which largely featured <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic sounds</a> and are largely considered the earliest forms of electronic dance music genres to use the term "rave music" in respect to its modern terminological use. Techno sometimes crosses boundaries with <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>, hence the genres <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_techno" title="Acid techno">acid techno</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">crunk</a> is sometimes included as "electro".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_tekno_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free tekno (music)">Free tekno</a>: This style of electronic music started in the early 1990s and was mostly played in illegal parties hosted by <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">sound systems</a>, such as Spiral Tribe, Desert Storm, Hekate, Heretik, in warehouse, dismissed buildings, or even illegal open-air festivals, called Teknivals. It takes inspiration from various other genres, and mainly focuses on quick beats, 170/200 bpm, acid bassline, mentals sounds, and often samples taken from movies, popular songs or many other different media sources.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a>: Gqom music, heavily influenced by techno and <a href="/wiki/Broken_beat" title="Broken beat">broken beat</a>, features diverse rhythmic patterns,subgenres and styles. It incorporates <a href="/wiki/Drone_(sound)" title="Drone (sound)">drone sounds</a> to create a hypnotic or trance-like effect. <a href="/wiki/Gqom#Taxi_kick" title="Gqom">Taxi kick</a> is occasionally tailored by some record producers particularly for illegal raves.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Hardcore techno</a>: Any <a href="/wiki/Hard_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard dance">hard dance</a> genre that was influenced by the rave genre, usually these genres have a distorted kick drum, and a 4/4 rhythm. <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a> blended the Dutch hardcore sound with <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a>, the genre (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Happycore" class="mw-redirect" title="Happycore">happycore</a>" for short) featured pitched-up vocals and a less distorted 4/4 beat. <a href="/wiki/Trancecore" class="mw-redirect" title="Trancecore">Trancecore</a> also exists and is a less vocal fusion of happy hardcore with <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance music</a>, however <a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">hardstyle</a> is a more pure form of the trance/hardcore genre since it retains the hardcore sound.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House music</a>: House music, especially <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, is the first genre of music to be played at the earliest raves, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a>. House is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> that originated out of the 1980s African-American and Latino <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> scene in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House music uses a constant <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> on every beat, electronic <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a> hi-hats and synth <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a>. There are many subgenres of house music (found below). Since house was originally <a href="/wiki/Club_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Club music">club music</a>, there are many forms of it, some more appropriate to be played at raves than others. In the UK, subgenres such as <a href="/wiki/UK_funky" title="UK funky">UK funky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_garage" title="Speed garage">speed garage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a> emerged from <a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">garage house</a>. Many "pop house" club music producers branded themselves as "<a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>", however, so in rave culture it is often disputed whether pop house should be considered as a subgenre of house. "Rave house" is a subgenre label of house music that originated from the styles of house that were typically played in the rave scene of the 1993–1999 period. It is a term used by the general population who do not follow the <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a> scene specifically, but identify certain house records as "rave music". It is a loose term that generally identifies <a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">progressive house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard house">hard house</a> or trance house styles (often instrumental with no words) that one would imagine being played at a large rave.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">Industrial dance</a>: Industrial is a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">goth</a>/rock/<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> related genre. While the genre is not usually considered rave music in itself, it is often fused with rave music genres. Industrial is the origin of many sounds found in rave music; it is one of the first genres that took the sounds that are now popular in rave music such as "acid" as its musical backdrop. Industrial music fans are usually considered <a href="/wiki/Rivethead" title="Rivethead">rivetheads</a> and do not tend to call themselves ravers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance music</a>: Trance music in its most popular and modern form is an offshoot of house music that originated from the <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a> movement and rave scene in the late 1980s. The history of <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance music</a> is complicated to refer to, as multiple generations of listeners and musicians have influenced the genre. The term "trance" was (and still to this day by many) used interchangeably with "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">progressive house</a>" in the early rave years (1990–1994).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Downtempo" title="Downtempo">Downtempo</a> and less dance-oriented styles which are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Chill-out_music" title="Chill-out music">chill-out music</a>, that might be heard in a rave "chill-out" room or at a rave that plays slower electronic music includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">minimalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Budd" title="Harold Budd">Harold Budd</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATB_(DJ)" title="ATB (DJ)">ATB</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Orb" title="The Orb">the Orb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_(musician)" title="Biosphere (musician)">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakstep" title="Breakstep">breakstep</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Man" title="Magnetic Man">Magnetic Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskmo_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskmo (producer)">Eskmo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burial_(musician)" title="Burial (musician)">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">glitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_techno" title="Detroit techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental hip hop">experimental hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">industrial hip hop</a> – <a href="/wiki/Flying_Lotus" title="Flying Lotus">Flying Lotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Atkins" title="Juan Atkins">Juan Atkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/MARRS" title="MARRS">MARRS</a>, Dopplereffekt, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lover" title="Egyptian Lover">Egyptian Lover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno_Animal" title="Techno Animal">Techno Animal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coldcut" title="Coldcut">Coldcut</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glitch_Mob" title="The Glitch Mob">the Glitch Mob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom#Gqom_tech" title="Gqom">Gqom tech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gqom#Sgubhu" title="Gqom">sgubhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gqom#3-Step" title="Gqom">3-step</a> – <a href="/wiki/DJ_Tira" title="DJ Tira">DJ Tira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mr_Thela" title="Mr Thela">Mr Thela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">IDM</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autechre" title="Autechre">Autechre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_Canada" title="Boards of Canada">Boards of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music)">grime</a> – <a href="/wiki/Todd_Edwards" title="Todd Edwards">Todd Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_Nelson_(disc_jockey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Nelson (disc jockey)">Grant Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunship">Sunship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wookie_(musician)" title="Wookie (musician)">Wookie</a>, <a href="/wiki/So_Solid_Crew" title="So Solid Crew">So Solid Crew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roll_Deep" title="Roll Deep">Roll Deep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal" title="Dizzee Rascal">Dizzee Rascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (rapper)">Wiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastician" title="Plastician">Plastician</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OZORA_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/OZORA_Festival.jpg/300px-OZORA_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/OZORA_Festival.jpg/450px-OZORA_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/OZORA_Festival.jpg/600px-OZORA_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Rave in Hungary in 2010, showing the fantastical thematic elements at such events</figcaption></figure> <p>Raves have historically referred to grassroots organised, anti-establishment and unlicensed all‐night dance parties.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the commercialisation of the rave scene, when large legal venues became the norm for these events, the location of the rave was kept secret until the night of the event, usually being communicated through <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machine</a> messages,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mobile messaging, secret flyers, and websites. This level of secrecy, necessary for avoiding any interference by the police, also on account of the illicit drug use, enabled the ravers to use locations they could stay in for ten hours at a time. It promoted the sense of deviance and removal from social control.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000s, this level of secrecy still exists in the underground rave scene. However "after-hours" clubs, as well as large outdoor events, create a similar type of alternate atmosphere, but focus much more on vibrant visual effects, such as props and décor. In more recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> large commercial events are held at the same locations year after year with similar reoccurring themes every year. Events like <a href="/wiki/Electric_Daisy_Carnival" title="Electric Daisy Carnival">Electric Daisy Carnival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)" title="Tomorrowland (festival)">Tomorrowland</a> are typically held at the same venue that holds mass numbers of people. </p><p>Some raves make use of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> symbolism. Modern raving venues attempt to immerse the raver in a fantasy-like world. Indigenous imagery and spirituality can be characteristic in the Raving ethos. In both the New Moon and Gateway collectives, "pagan altars are set up, sacred images from primitive cultures decorate the walls, and rituals of cleansing are performed over the turntables and the dance floor"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of spatial strategy is an integral part of the raving experience because it sets the initial "vibe" in which the ravers will immerse themselves. This said "vibe" is a concept in the raver ethos that represents the allure and receptiveness of an environment's portrayed and or innate energy. The landscape is an integral feature in the composition of rave, much like it is in pagan rituals. For example, The Numic Ghost Dancers rituals were held on specific geographical sites, considered to hold powerful natural flows of energy. These sites were later represented in the rhythmic dances, to achieve a greater level of connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Falls_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls festival">Falls festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Byron_Bay" title="Byron Bay">Byron Bay</a> features a rave party hidden behind a <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machine</a> in a laundromat.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_venues">Notable venues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_dance_music_venues" title="Category:Electronic dance music venues">Category:Electronic dance music venues</a></div> <p>The following is an incomplete list of venues associated with the rave subculture: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 260px;"> <ul><li>Asia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgeHa" title="AgeHa">AgeHa</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouk_(club)" title="Zouk (club)">Zouk</a>, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submerge_(nightclub)" title="Submerge (nightclub)">Submerge</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womb_(nightclub)" title="Womb (nightclub)">Womb</a>, Japan</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Europe">Europe</h5></div> <ul><li>Belgium: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio_(nightclub)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio (nightclub)">Boccaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_d%27Anvers_(Club)" title="Café d'Anvers (Club)">Café d'Anvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kompass_Klub" title="Kompass Klub">Kompass Klub</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Papaya Club">Papaya Club</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boogaloo_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boogaloo Club (page does not exist)">Boogaloo Club</a></li></ul></li> <li>England: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_(nightclub)" title="Angels (nightclub)">Angels</a> (1989–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Astoria" title="London Astoria">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagleys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagleys (page does not exist)">Bagleys</a> (later Canvas) (1991–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(nightclub)" title="Cream (nightclub)">Cream</a> (1992–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_Country_Club" title="Epping Forest Country Club">Epping Forest Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_(club)" title="Fabric (club)">Fabric</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden Palace">Camden Palace</a> (1982–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatecrasher_One" title="Gatecrasher One">Gatecrasher One</a> (1996–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godskitchen" title="Godskitchen">Godskitchen</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_(nightclub)" title="Heaven (nightclub)">Heaven</a> (1979–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_(nightclub_chain)" title="Home (nightclub chain)">Home</a> (1998–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koko_(venue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koko (venue)">Koko</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konspiracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konspiracy (page does not exist)">Konspiracy</a> (1989–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Aces_Club#Labrynth" title="The Four Aces Club">Labrynth</a> (1990–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_(club)" title="Lakota (club)">Lakota</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound" title="Ministry of Sound">Ministry of Sound</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mint_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mint Club (page does not exist)">Mint Club</a> (1998–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(venue)" title="Matter (venue)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megatripolis" title="Megatripolis">Megatripolis</a> (1993–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popscene_(club)" title="Popscene (club)">Popscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_Park" title="Quadrant Park">Quadrant Park</a> (1988–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(club)" title="Renaissance (club)">Renaissance</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_Music_Arena" title="Sanctuary Music Arena">Sanctuary Music Arena</a> (1991–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankeys" title="Sankeys">Sankeys</a> (1994–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Laserdome" title="Shelley's Laserdome">Shelley's Laserdome</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoom" title="Shoom">Shoom</a> (1987–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-mm_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mm-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterns_Nightclub" title="Sterns Nightclub">Sterns Nightclub</a> (1991–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">The Academy</a> (1990–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eclipse_(venue)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eclipse (venue)">The Eclipse</a> (later Edge) (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_(club)" title="The End (club)">The End</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fridge_(nightclub)" title="The Fridge (nightclub)">The Fridge</a> (1981–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a> (1982–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zap" title="The Zap">The Zap</a> (1984–2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thunderdome_(Manchester_Nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thunderdome (Manchester Nightclub) (page does not exist)">Thunderdome</a> (1989–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(nightclub)" title="Trade (nightclub)">Trade</a> (1990–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnmills" title="Turnmills">Turnmills</a> (1990–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vague_(club)" title="Vague (club)">Vague (club)</a> (1993–1996)</li></ul></li> <li>France: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Palace" title="Le Palace">Le Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Queen" title="Le Queen">Le Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babalu_Club" title="Babalu Club">Babalu Club</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berghain" title="Berghain">Berghain</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_(Berlin)" title="Bunker (Berlin)">Bunker</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(club)" title="Dorian Gray (club)">Dorian Gray</a> (1978–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Werk_(Berlin)" title="E-Werk (Berlin)">E-Werk</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KitKatClub" title="KitKatClub">KitKatClub</a> (1994–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk" title="KW – Das Heizkraftwerk">KW – Das Heizkraftwerk</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natraj_Temple" title="Natraj Temple">Natraj Temple</a> (1996–2008)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen_(Frankfurt_am_Main)" class="extiw" title="de:Omen (Frankfurt am Main)">Omen</a> (1988–1998)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_(Bingen)" class="extiw" title="de:Palazzo (Bingen)">Palazzo</a> (1989–2003)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammheim_(Diskothek)" class="extiw" title="de:Stammheim (Diskothek)">Stammheim</a> (1994–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresor_(club)" title="Tresor (club)">Tresor</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U60311" class="extiw" title="de:U60311">U60311</a> (1998–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufo_(Club,_Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ufo (Club, Berlin)">Ufo</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall">Ultraschall</a> (1994–2003)</li></ul></li> <li>Georgia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassiani" title="Bassiani">Bassiani</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KHIDI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KHIDI (page does not exist)">KHIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mtkvarze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mtkvarze (page does not exist)">Mtkvarze</a> (2012–present)</li></ul></li> <li>Ireland: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry%27s" title="Sir Henry's">Sir Henry's</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Netherlands: <ul><li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_(club)" class="extiw" title="nl:IT (club)">iT</a> (1989–2004)</li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoXY" class="extiw" title="nl:RoXY">RoXY</a> (1987–1999)</li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkzicht" class="extiw" title="nl:Parkzicht">Parkzicht</a> (1990–1997)</li></ul></li> <li>Poland: <ul><li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador_(klub_muzyczny)" class="extiw" title="pl:Ekwador (klub muzyczny)">Ekwador</a> (1998–2014, 2015–present)</li></ul></li> <li>Romania: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clubguesthouse.ro/">Guesthouse</a> (1998–2014, 2015–present)</li></ul></li> <li>Russia: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadro_Club_(Ekaterinodar_Krasnodar_nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadro Club (Ekaterinodar Krasnodar nightclub) (page does not exist)">Quadro</a> (1995–2004)</li></ul></li> <li>Scotland: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Arches_(Glasgow)" title="The Arches (Glasgow)">The Arches</a> (1991–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayr_Pavilion" title="Ayr Pavilion">Hangar 13</a> (1993–95)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Club" title="Sub Club">Sub Club</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tunnel_(Glasgow_nightclub)" title="The Tunnel (Glasgow nightclub)">The Tunnel</a> (1990–2014)</li></ul></li> <li>Slovakia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subclub" title="Subclub">Subclub</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slovenia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambasada_Gavioli" title="Ambasada Gavioli">Ambasada Gavioli</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesia_(nightclub)" title="Amnesia (nightclub)">Amnesia</a> (1976–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(nightclub)#Cream_Ibiza" title="Cream (nightclub)">Cream Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC10_(nightclub)" title="DC10 (nightclub)">DC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_Group" title="Pacha Group">Pacha Group</a> (1967–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_Ibiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege Ibiza">Privilege Ibiza</a> (1978–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankeys" title="Sankeys">Sankeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(Ibiza_nightclub)" title="Space (Ibiza nightclub)">Space Ibiza</a> (1986–2016)</li></ul></li> <li>Sweden: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docklands_(Stockholm_nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Docklands (Stockholm nightclub) (page does not exist)">Docklands</a> (1995–2002)</li></ul></li> <li>Greece: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavo_Paradiso_Club_Mykonos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavo Paradiso Club Mykonos (page does not exist)">Cavo Paradiso Club Mykonos</a> (1993–present)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h5></div> <ul><li>Egypt: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Sharm" title="Space Sharm">Space Sharm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haoman_17" title="Haoman 17">Haoman 17</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_018" title="B 018">B 018</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_America">North America</h5></div> <ul><li>Canada: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23_Hop" title="23 Hop">23 Hop</a> (1990–1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_nightclub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry nightclub (page does not exist)">Industry nightclub</a> (1996–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_nightclub" title="Stereo nightclub">Stereo nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_Soundbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System Soundbar (page does not exist)">System Soundbar</a> (1999–2005)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Comfort_Zone_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Comfort Zone (nightclub) (page does not exist)">The Comfort Zone</a> (1996–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guvernment" title="The Guvernment">The Guvernment</a> (1996–2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbo_Niteclub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbo Niteclub (page does not exist)">Turbo Niteclub</a> (2000–2003)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Circus" title="Magic Circus">Magic Circus</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacham_Theatre" title="Beacham Theatre">Aahz/Beacham Theater (1988–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_Nightclub_Philadelphia" title="Catacombs Nightclub Philadelphia">Catacombs Nightclub Philadelphia</a> (1978–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Glow" title="Club Glow">Club Glow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Zanzibar" title="Club Zanzibar">Club Zanzibar</a> (1979–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masterdome" title="Masterdome">Masterdome</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Garage" title="Paradise Garage">Paradise Garage</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saint_(club)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saint (club)">The Saint</a> (1980–1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shulertown_(Fayetteville,_AR)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shulertown (Fayetteville, AR) (page does not exist)">Shulertown (Fayetteville, AR)</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_(New_York_nightclub)" title="Tunnel (New York nightclub)">Tunnel</a> (1986–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_(nightclub)" title="Warehouse (nightclub)">Warehouse</a> (1977–1987)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oceania">Oceania</h5></div> <ul><li>Australia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_Filter_Melbourne" title="Club Filter Melbourne">Club Filter Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_(nightclub_chain)" title="Home (nightclub chain)">Home (nightclub chain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_nightclub" title="Mansion nightclub">Mansion nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HellFire_nightclub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HellFire nightclub (page does not exist)">HellFire nightclub</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Palladium_Niteclub" title="The Palladium Niteclub">The Palladium Niteclub</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dancing">Dancing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dancing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-Step.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/T-Step.gif/220px-T-Step.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/T-Step.gif/330px-T-Step.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/T-Step.gif 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>T-step of the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Shuffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Shuffle">Melbourne Shuffle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A sense of participation in a group event is among the chief appeals of rave music and dancing to pulsating beats is its immediate outlet.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raving in itself is a syllabus-free dance, whereby the movements are <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Freestyle dance">not predefined and the dance is performed randomly</a>, dancers take immediate inspiration from the music, their mood and watching other people dancing. Thus, the electronic, rave and club dances, also known as Post-Internet Dances<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refer to the <a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">street dance</a> styles that evolved alongside electronic music culture. </p><p>A common feature shared by all these dances, along with being originated at clubs, raves and music festivals around the world and in different years, is that when YouTube and other social media started to become popular (around 2006), these dances began to be popularised by videos of raves.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Shuffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Shuffle">Melbourne Shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloving" title="Gloving">Gloving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glowsticking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glowsticking">Glowsticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_dance" title="Electro dance">Electro dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivethead" title="Rivethead">Rivethead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phat_pants" title="Phat pants">Phat pants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluffy_(footwear)" title="Fluffy (footwear)">Fluffy (footwear)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg/109px-Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg/164px-Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg/218px-Union_Move_Munich_1998_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Raver with <a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">feather boa</a> in Germany (1998)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_@_TomorrowWorld_(edm_rave_club_event)_(10290749064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_%40_TomorrowWorld_%28edm_rave_club_event%29_%2810290749064%29.jpg/275px-Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_%40_TomorrowWorld_%28edm_rave_club_event%29_%2810290749064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_%40_TomorrowWorld_%28edm_rave_club_event%29_%2810290749064%29.jpg/413px-Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_%40_TomorrowWorld_%28edm_rave_club_event%29_%2810290749064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_%40_TomorrowWorld_%28edm_rave_club_event%29_%2810290749064%29.jpg/550px-Fairy_fashion_girls_-_Festival_fashion_photo_%40_TomorrowWorld_%28edm_rave_club_event%29_%2810290749064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Fairy fashion rave wear (2013)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg/203px-2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg/305px-2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg/406px-2008-03-13_Rave_glowsticking_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Glowsticking in the United States (2008)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candy_To_Trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Candy_To_Trade.jpg/181px-Candy_To_Trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Candy_To_Trade.jpg/272px-Candy_To_Trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Candy_To_Trade.jpg/362px-Candy_To_Trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A collection of handmade bracelets known as <a href="/wiki/Kandi_bracelet" title="Kandi bracelet">Kandi bracelets</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Since the late 1980s, rave fashion has undergone constant evolution with each new generation of ravers. Many of the rave fashion trends have appeared internationally, but there were also individual developments from region to region and from scene to scene.<sup id="cite_ref-redbull_rave_fashion_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbull_rave_fashion-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At early rave parties, often costume-like clothes and garments with signal color look such as protective suits, <a href="/wiki/High-visibility_clothing" title="High-visibility clothing">safety vests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">dust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">gas masks</a> were worn and combined with accessories such as vacuum cleaners or <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a>. Clothing with slogans such as "<a href="/wiki/Peace_Love_Unity_Respect" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Love Unity Respect">Peace, Love, Unity</a>" and smiley-face T-shirts first appeared with the acid house movement of the 1980s. Further popular themes of the early rave scene were plastic aesthetics, various fetish styles, <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a>, 1970s, second-hand optics, retro sportswear (such as <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> tracksuits), sex (showing much skin and nudity, e.g. wearing transparent or crop tops), war (e.g. in the form of combat boots or camouflage trousers), and science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-rave_and_clubwear_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rave_and_clubwear-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common fashion styles of the 1990s include tight-fitting nylon shirts, tight nylon quilted vests, <a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">bell-bottoms</a>, neoprene jackets, studded belts, <a href="/wiki/Platform_shoe" title="Platform shoe">platform shoes</a>, jackets, scarves and bags made of <a href="/wiki/Flokati" class="mw-redirect" title="Flokati">flokati</a> fur, <a href="/wiki/Fluffy_(footwear)" title="Fluffy (footwear)">fluffy boots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phat_pants" title="Phat pants">phat pants</a>, often in bright and neon colours. Also gaudy coloured hair, dreadlocks, tattoos and piercings came into fashion with ravers. Widespread accessories included wristbands and collars, <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifier" title="Pacifier">pacifiers</a>, white gloves, <a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">glow sticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">feather boas</a>, oversized <a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>, and record bags made of truck tarpaulins.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_special_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_special-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muri_1999_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muri_1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s the first commercial rave fashion trends developed from this, which were quickly taken up by the fashion industry and marketed under the term <i>clubwear</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rave_and_clubwear_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rave_and_clubwear-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different dress codes also evolved in the various sub-scenes of the rave culture. For example, the typical <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">gabber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psytrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Psytrance">psytrance</a> raver dressed significantly different from "normal" ravers, but common basic features remained recognisable. </p><p>Since the 2000s, the clothing style of the rave culture remains heterogeneous, as do its followers. Particularly in North America, rave fashion continues to be characterised by colourful clothing and accessories, most notably the "kandi" jewellery that fluoresces under ultraviolet light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They contain words or phrases that are unique to the raver and that they can choose to trade with each other using "PLUR" (Peace, Love, Unity, Respect). This style of attire was again taken up by the fashion industry and marketed as "rave fashion" or "festival fashion", now includling all kinds of accessories to create unique looks depending on event.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to this and starting at Berlin techno clubs like <a href="/wiki/Berghain" title="Berghain">Berghain</a> in the 2000s, a strictly black style, partly borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">dark scene</a>, has established itself within parts of the techno scene.<sup id="cite_ref-black_fashion_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black_fashion-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain rave events such as <a href="/wiki/Sensation_(event)" title="Sensation (event)">Sensation</a> also have a strict minimalistic dress policy, either all white or black attire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_shows">Light shows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Light shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gloving" title="Gloving">Gloving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glowsticking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glowsticking">Glowsticking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holographic_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Holographic show">Holographic show</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laser_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser show">Laser show</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaga_gathering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Yaga_gathering.jpg/192px-Yaga_gathering.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Yaga_gathering.jpg/288px-Yaga_gathering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Yaga_gathering.jpg/384px-Yaga_gathering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Laser lighting show at a <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a> festival.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg/192px-Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg/288px-Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg/384px-Aphex_Twin_ilosaarirock_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5399" data-file-height="3599" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">light show</a> for the electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a> in 2011.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some ravers participate in one of four light-oriented dances, called <i>glowsticking</i>, <i>glowstringing</i>, <i>gloving</i>, and <i>lightshows</i>. Of the four types of light-orientated dances, gloving in particular has evolved far beyond the rave culture. Other types of light-related dancing include <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> lights, flash-lights and blinking strobe lights. LEDs come in various colours with different settings. <a href="/wiki/Gloving" title="Gloving">Gloving</a> has evolved into a separate dance form that has grown exponentially in the last couple of years early 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glovers use their fingers and hands to move with the beat of the music. And they use the color to create patterns and have different speed settings for the lights on their gloves.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These components give the glove artist different ways to fascinate spectators of their light shows. The use of lights can improve the way people react during the songs or throughout the concert itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the culture has extended to all ages, ranging from kids in their early teens to college students and more. The traditional Rave lights are limited now, but many stores have developed newer, brighter, and more advanced version of lights with a plethora of colours and modes—modes include solid, stribbon, <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe</a>, dops, hyper flash, and other variations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_use">Drug use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Drug use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_pills" title="Party pills">Party pills</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bzptablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Bzptablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">This impure tablet sold as MDMA in the U.S. contained no MDMA, but instead <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/199px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/299px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/398px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A selection of <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> tablets, better known as "ecstasy".</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HOpoppers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HOpoppers.jpg/388px-HOpoppers.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HOpoppers.jpg/582px-HOpoppers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HOpoppers.jpg/776px-HOpoppers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A selection of poppers, a volatile drug inhaled for the "rush" it can provide.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Among the various elements of 1970s disco subculture that ravers drew on, in addition to basing their scene around dance music mixed by DJs, ravers also inherited the positive attitude towards using <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">club drugs</a> to "enhanc[e]...the sensory experience" of dancing to loud music.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mufe_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mufe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of mind referred to as "ecstasy" (not to be confused with the slang term for <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>) sought by ravers has been described as "a result of when various factors harmonise the ego with the other elements such as place and music and [one] enter[s] a "one state" where [they] cannot distinguish what is material or not, where things enter into syntony and constitute a unique moment, precisely the kind sought in medi[t]ation".<sup id="cite_ref-Coutinho_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutinho-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, disco dancers and ravers preferred different drugs. Whereas 1970s disco scene members preferred <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and the depressant/sedative <a href="/wiki/Quaaludes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaaludes">Quaaludes</a>, ravers preferred MDMA, 2C-B, <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, and other pills. According to the FBI, raves are one of the most popular venues where <a href="/wiki/Club_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Club drugs">club drugs</a> are distributed, and as such feature a prominent drug subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AdlafSmart1997_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdlafSmart1997-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Club drugs include <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (more commonly known as "ecstasy", "E" or "molly"), <a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a> (more commonly known as "nexus"), <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> (commonly referred to as "speed"), <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (commonly referred to as "fantasy" or "liquid E"), <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> (commonly referred to as "coke"), <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a> (commonly referred to as "lucy" or "acid").<sup id="cite_ref-CMAJ_2000_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ_2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Am._J._Health-Syst._Pharm_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Am._J._Health-Syst._Pharm-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AANA_2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANA_2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Subst._Use_Misuse_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subst._Use_Misuse-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hum._Exp._Toxicol._67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hum._Exp._Toxicol.-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a>" is the street name for <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a> (the most well-known being <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a>), which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects, notably the "rush" or "high" they can provide. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, which led to the nickname "poppers." The drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenethylamines">phenethylamines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a> and <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a> have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature (and their chemical relationship with <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 2012, derivates of the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic</a> 2C-X drugs, the <a href="/wiki/NBOMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NBOMe">NBOMes</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a>, had become common at raves in Europe. In the U.S., some law enforcement agencies have branded the subculture as a <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drug-centric</a> culture, as rave attendees have been known to use drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2CB" class="mw-redirect" title="2CB">2C-B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Medical_professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical professional">medical professionals</a> have acknowledged and addressed the problem of the increasing consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drinks">alcoholic drinks</a> and club drugs (such as <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohypnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohypnol">rohypnol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>) associated with <a href="/wiki/Rave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave culture">rave culture</a> among adolescents and young adults in the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-CMAJ_2000_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ_2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Am._J._Health-Syst._Pharm_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Am._J._Health-Syst._Pharm-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AANA_2004_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANA_2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Subst._Use_Misuse_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subst._Use_Misuse-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hum._Exp._Toxicol._67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hum._Exp._Toxicol.-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the consumption of club drugs is highly associated with the presence of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal behavior">criminal behaviors</a> and recent <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">dependence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2007, Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>, advocated drug testing on highways as a countermeasure against drug use at raves.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the controversy, <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>, and law enforcement attention directed at rave culture and its association with drug use may be due to reports of drug overdoses (particularly MDMA) at raves, concerts, and festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_by_country">History by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Belgian rave scene and sound have their roots in the late 1980s Belgian EBM and New Beat scenes. </p><p>Originally created by DJs slowing down gay Hi-NRG 45rpm records to 33rpm to create a trance-dance groove, New Beat evolved into a <a href="/wiki/Belgian_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian techno">native form of hardcore techno</a> in the 1990s with the introduction of techno records played at their original speeds or even slightly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brutal new hardcore style spread throughout the European rave circuit and penetrated the pop charts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musical contribution of Brooklyn's DJ-producer Joey Beltram to R&S Records, run by Renaat Vandepapeliere, was instrumental in the development of iconic <a href="/wiki/Belgian_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian techno">Belgian techno</a> sounds and anthems.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exodus Productions was arguably the first production company in Canada to throw regular rave style events at the warehouse space known as 23 Hop, located at 318 Richmond Street West in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Entertainment_District" title="Toronto Entertainment District">Entertainment District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first party was held on 31 August 1991. Multiple production companies would quickly follow suit, and the rave scene would soon explode into a massive scene, with 23 Hop as the initial launching pad, until its closure in 1995. The documentary film <i>The Legend of 23 Hop</i> highlighted the early stages of Exodus and similarly modelled production companies.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable DJs that performed at 23 Hop included <a href="/wiki/Moby" title="Moby">Moby</a>, Mark Oliver, Dino & Terry, Sean L., Dr. No, Malik X, DJ Ruffneck, Jungle PhD, Kenny Glasgow, Matt C, John E, Danny Henry and David Crooke.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 Calgary, Alberta became the first major municipality in Canada to pass a bylaw with respect to raves. The intent of the bylaw was to ensure that raves would be safe for participants, and also not unduly disruptive to adjacent neighbourhoods. The bylaw was created in consultation with representatives from the municipality, the province of Alberta, and the rave community.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technoparade" title="Technoparade">Technoparade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music)">Hardcore (electronic dance music)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">Gabber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">Electronic body music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg/188px-KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg/282px-KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg/376px-KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk_Nightclub_Munich_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ravers in a German techno club (<a href="/wiki/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk" title="KW – Das Heizkraftwerk">KW</a> in Munich) in the 1990s</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:279px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg/188px-Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg/282px-Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg/376px-Franconia-Love-Truck_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1159" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a> 1995 in Berlin</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In West Germany and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, a substantial acid house scene had established itself in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West Berlin club <a href="/wiki/Ufo_(club,_Berlin)" title="Ufo (club, Berlin)">Ufo</a>, an illegal party venue located in the basement of an old apartment building, the first acid house parties took place in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBB_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBB-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_20080731_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_20080731-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> at this time, the <i>Negerhalle</i> (1983–1989) and the <i>ETA-Halle</i> established themselves as the first acid house clubs in temporarily used, dilapidated industrial halls, marking the beginning of the so-called hall culture in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-ertl_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ertl-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mjunikdisco_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1989, the first <a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a> took place in West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_20080731_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_20080731-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-munichfoundcom_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munichfoundcom-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> fell on 9 November 1989, free underground techno parties mushroomed in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBB_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBB-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to East German DJ <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk" title="Paul van Dyk">Paul van Dyk</a> the techno-based rave scene was a major force in re-establishing social connections between East and West Germany during the unification period.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon the first techno clubs emerged in East Berlin such as the <a href="/wiki/Tresor_(club)" title="Tresor (club)">Tresor</a> (est. 1991), the <i>Planet</i> (1991–1993), and the <a href="/wiki/Bunker_(Berlin)" title="Bunker (Berlin)">Bunker</a> (1992–1996).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, the Omen opened in 1988, which under its operator <a href="/wiki/Sven_V%C3%A4th" title="Sven Väth">Sven Väth</a> became the center of the scene in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Rhein-Main</a> area in the following years. In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Babalu_Club" title="Babalu Club">Babalu Club</a> opened in Munich, introducing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Afterhours_club" title="Afterhours club">afterhours</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_19960714_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_19960714-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, the venues <i>Tresor</i> and <a href="/wiki/E-Werk_(Berlin)" title="E-Werk (Berlin)">E-Werk</a> (1993–1997) in Berlin, <i>Omen</i> (1988–1998) and <a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(club)" title="Dorian Gray (club)">Dorian Gray</a> (1978–2000) in Frankfurt, <a href="/wiki/Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall">Ultraschall</a> (1994–2003), <a href="/wiki/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk" title="KW – Das Heizkraftwerk">KW – Das Heizkraftwerk</a> (1996–2003) and <a href="/wiki/Natraj_Temple" title="Natraj Temple">Natraj Temple</a> (1996–2008) in Munich, as well as <i>Stammheim</i> (1994–2002) in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, had established themselves as the most renowned techno clubs in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-ronaldhitzler_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronaldhitzler-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parallel to the established club scene, illegal raves remained an integral part of the German rave scene throughout the 1990s. In urbanised Germany illegal raves and techno parties often preferred industrial sceneries such as decommissioned power stations, factories, the canalisation or former military properties of the cold war.<sup id="cite_ref-illegalraves_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illegalraves-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the 1990s, rave culture became part of a new youth movement in Germany and Europe. DJs and electronic-music producers such as <a href="/wiki/WestBam" title="WestBam">WestBam</a> proclaimed the existence of a "raving society" and promoted <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> as legitimate competition for <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> and rave subculture became mass movements. Since the mid-1990s, raves had tens of thousands of attendees, youth magazines featured styling tips, and television networks launched music magazines on house and techno music.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_special_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_special-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-munichfoundcom_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munichfoundcom-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a> festivals in Berlin and later the Metropolitan Ruhr area repeatedly attracted more than one million party-goers between 1997 and 2010. Dozens of other annual <a href="/wiki/Technoparade" title="Technoparade">technoparades</a> took place in Germany and Central Europe in the 1990s and early 2000s, the largest ones being <a href="/wiki/Union_Move" title="Union Move">Union Move</a>, Generation Move, Reincarnation and Vision Parade as well as <a href="/wiki/Street_Parade" title="Street Parade">Street Parade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Parade" title="Lake Parade">Lake Parade</a> in Switzerland. Large commercial raves since the nineties include <a href="/wiki/Mayday_(music_festival)" title="Mayday (music festival)">Mayday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_One" title="Nature One">Nature One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Warp_Festival" title="Time Warp Festival">Time Warp</a>, <a href="/wiki/SonneMondSterne" title="SonneMondSterne">SonneMondSterne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melt!_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Melt! Festival">Melt!</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-munichfoundcom_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munichfoundcom-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 2000s, Berlin is still called the capital of techno and rave, and techno clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Berghain" title="Berghain">Berghain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tresor_(club)" title="Tresor (club)">Tresor</a>, <a href="/wiki/KitKatClub" title="KitKatClub">KitKatClub</a> or <i>Watergate</i> and the way to party in barely renovated venues, ruins or wooden shacks such as, among many others, <a href="/wiki/Club_der_Visionaere" title="Club der Visionaere">Club der Visionaere</a>, <i>Wilde Renate</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Bar_25" title="Bar 25">Bar 25</a>, attracted international media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_berlin_23112014_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_berlin_23112014-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One movie that portraits the scene of the 2000s is <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Calling" title="Berlin Calling">Berlin Calling</a> starring Paul Kalkbrenner. In the 2010s, there continued to be a vivid rave and techno scene throughout the country, including numerous festivals and world-class techno clubs also outside of Berlin, such as for example <a href="/wiki/MMA_Club" title="MMA Club">MMA Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blitz_Club" title="Blitz Club">Blitz Club</a> in Munich, <i>Institut für Zukunft</i> in Leipzig or <i>Robert Johnson</i> in Offenbach.<sup id="cite_ref-electronicbeats_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electronicbeats-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_of_UK_rave_scene_(1980s–1990s)"><span id="Birth_of_UK_rave_scene_.281980s.E2.80.931990s.29"></span>Birth of UK rave scene (1980s–1990s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Birth of UK rave scene (1980s–1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">Acid house party</a></div> <p>The UK was finally recognised for its rave culture in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1991, organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Fantazia_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantazia (dance)">Fantazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raindance_(rave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindance (rave)">Raindance</a> were holding massive legal raves in fields and warehouses around the country. The <a href="/wiki/Fantazia_(rave_music_promoter)" title="Fantazia (rave music promoter)">Fantazia</a> party at Castle Donington, July 1992 was an open-air, all-night event. The Vision at Pophams airfield in August 1992 and Universe's <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Gathering" title="Tribal Gathering">Tribal Gathering</a> in 1993 had a more festival feel. </p><p>By the middle of 1992, the scene was slowly changing, with local councils passing by-laws and increasing fees in an effort to prevent or discourage rave organisations from acquiring necessary licences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This meant that the days of the large one-off parties were numbered. By the mid-1990s, the scene had also fragmented into many different styles of dance music, making large parties more expensive to set up and more difficult to promote. The sound driving the big raves of the early 1990s had by the end of 1993 split into two distinct and polarising styles, the darker <a href="/wiki/Oldschool_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldschool jungle">jungle</a> and the faster <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">happy hardcore</a>. Although many ravers left the scene due to the split, promoters such as ESP Dreamscape and <a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(rave_music_promoter)" title="Helter Skelter (rave music promoter)">Helter Skelter</a> still enjoyed widespread popularity and capacity attendances with multi-arena events catering to the various genres. Notable events of this period included ESP's outdoor Dreamscape 20 event on 9 September 1995 at Brafield aerodrome fields, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northants</a> and Helter Skelter's Energy 97 outdoor event on 9 August 1997 at Turweston Aerodrome, Northants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_parties_and_outlawing_of_raves_(1992–1994)"><span id="Free_parties_and_outlawing_of_raves_.281992.E2.80.931994.29"></span>Free parties and outlawing of raves (1992–1994)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Free parties and outlawing of raves (1992–1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free party</a></div> <p>The illegal <a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">free party</a> scene also reached its zenith for that time after a particularly large festival, when many individual sound systems such as Bedlam, Circus Warp, DIY, and <a href="/wiki/Spiral_Tribe" title="Spiral Tribe">Spiral Tribe</a> set up near <a href="/wiki/Castlemorton_Common_Festival" title="Castlemorton Common Festival">Castlemorton</a> Common. The government acted. Under the <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a></i>, the definition of music played at a rave was given as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Music" includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Sections 63, 64 and 65 of the Act targeted <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> played at raves. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act empowered police to stop a rave in the open air when a hundred or more people are attending, or where two or more are making preparations for a rave. Section 65 allows any uniformed constable who believes a person is on their way to a rave within a five-mile radius to stop them and direct them away from the area; non-compliant citizens may be subject to a maximum fine not exceeding level 3 on the <a href="/wiki/Standard_scale" title="Standard scale">standard scale</a> (£1000). The Act was officially introduced because of the noise and disruption caused by all night parties to nearby residents, and to protect the countryside. However, some participants in the scene claimed it was an attempt to lure youth culture away from MDMA and back to taxable <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1994, the Zippies staged an act of <a href="/wiki/Intervasion_of_the_UK" title="Intervasion of the UK">electronic civil disobedience</a> to protest against the CJB (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice Bill</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_and_underground_raves_(1994–present)"><span id="Legal_and_underground_raves_.281994.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Legal and underground raves (1994–present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legal and underground raves (1994–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1993, the main outlet for raves in the UK were a number of licensed parties, amongst them <a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(rave_music_promoter)" title="Helter Skelter (rave music promoter)">Helter Skelter</a>, Life at Bowlers (Trafford Park, Manchester), The Edge (formerly the Eclipse [Coventry]), The Sanctuary (Milton Keynes) and Club Kinetic.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London, itself, there were a few large clubs that staged raves on a regular basis, most notably "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Laser_Dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Laser Dome (page does not exist)">The Laser Dome</a>", "The Fridge", "<a href="/wiki/Hippodrome,_Aldershot" title="Hippodrome, Aldershot">The Hippodrome</a>", "Club U.K.", and "Trade." "The Laser Dome" featured two separate dance areas, "Hardcore" and "Garage", as well as over 20 video game machines, a silent-movie screening lounge, replicas of the "Statue of Liberty", "San Francisco Bridge", and a large glass maze. In Scotland, event promoters Rezerection held large-scale events across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1997, the popularity of weekly <a href="/wiki/Superclub" title="Superclub">Superclub</a> nights had taken over from the old Rave format, with a raft of new club-based genres sweeping in (e.g. Trance, Hard House, Speed and UK garage) alongside the more traditional House sound that had regained popularity. Clubs like <a href="/wiki/Gatecrasher_One" title="Gatecrasher One">Gatecrasher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cream_(nightclub)" title="Cream (nightclub)">Cream</a> rose to prominence with dress codes and door policies that were the polar opposite of their rave counterparts; stories of refused entry due to not wearing the right clothing were commonplace, but seemingly did nothing to deter Superclub attendance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illegal_lockdown_gatherings">Illegal lockdown gatherings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Illegal lockdown gatherings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2020, following a proliferation of illegal gatherings, the British government introduced additional legislation allowing police to issue organisers of illegal gatherings with fines of £10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_in_disco_and_psychedelia_(1970s)"><span id="Origins_in_disco_and_psychedelia_.281970s.29"></span>Origins in disco and psychedelia (1970s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Origins in disco and psychedelia (1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></div> <p>The American electronic dance music scene is one of the earliest, and rave culture has its roots in the "<a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">circuit parties</a>" and disco clubs of the late 1970s. These were scattered in cities large and small throughout the United States, from <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a>. Cities like Chicago, Detroit, Miami, and New York City soon saw the rise of electronic music genres foundational to rave culture, such as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a>. American ravers, like their UK and European counterparts, have been compared to the hippies of the 1960s due to their shared interest in non-violence and psychedelia.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rave culture incorporated disco culture's same love of dance music spun by DJs, drug exploration, sexual promiscuity, and hedonism. Although disco culture had thrived in the mainstream, the rave culture would make an effort to stay underground to avoid the animosity that was still surrounding disco and dance music. The key motive for remaining underground in many parts of the US had to do with curfew and the standard 2:00 am closing of clubs. It was a desire to keep the party going past legal hours that created the underground direction. Because of the legality, they had to be secretive about time and place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_in_Chicago_(1980s)"><span id="Growth_in_Chicago_.281980s.29"></span>Growth in Chicago (1980s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Growth in Chicago (1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the early 1980s Chicago created "<a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House music</a>" and quickly grew with the city. This music scene has been one of the earliest and most influential scenes in dance music history. <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles" title="Frankie Knuckles">Frankie Knuckles</a> also known as "Godfather of House Music"<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was a dj-producer that was considered to have invented "Chicago House Music". He would mix a range of disco classics, indie-label soul tunes, European synth-disco that is now considered to be "<a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House Music</a>". Frankie played his house beats at <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_(nightclub)" title="Warehouse (nightclub)">The Warehouse</a> (1977–1982) that was a club for members only, that attracted many black gay men but his music gained a wider crowd which then attracted straighter, whiter crowds. Leading its owner of the club, Robert Williams, to get rid of memberships entirely. Frankie left to create his own club called, "Power Plant" (1983–1985)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gained the attention of an entirely diverse crowd. He created his House music by using his own edits and extending the grooves within the tunes to keep the dance floor filled all-night. Ultimately, this phenomenon spread exponentially throughout Chicago during 1986–1987. Chicago house influenced music which is what created "House Music" in England during 1986<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is what grew into Electronic Dance Music today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_Raves_and_Party_Promoters_(1980s)"><span id="New_York_Raves_and_Party_Promoters_.281980s.29"></span>New York Raves and Party Promoters (1980s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New York Raves and Party Promoters (1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, rave culture began to filter through into North America from English expatriates and from US DJs who would visit Europe. However, rave culture's major expansion in North America is often credited to <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Bones" title="Frankie Bones">Frankie Bones</a>, who after spinning a party in an aircraft hangar in England, helped organise some of the earliest American raves in the 1990s in New York City called "Storm Raves". Storm Raves had a consistent core audience, fostered by zines by fellow Storm DJ (and co-founder, with Adam X and Frankie Bones, of the US techno record store, Groove Records). <a href="/wiki/Heather_Heart" title="Heather Heart">Heather Heart</a> held Under One Sky. Simultaneously in NYC, events were introducing electronic dance music to this city's dance scene. Between 1992 and 1994, promotional groups sprung up across the east coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_California_and_Latin_America_(1990s)"><span id="Southern_California_and_Latin_America_.281990s.29"></span>Southern California and Latin America (1990s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Southern California and Latin America (1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, San Diego held large raves with audiences of thousands. These festivals were held on Indian reservations and ski resorts during the summer months and were headlined by DJs such as Doc Martin, Daniel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moontribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moontribe (page does not exist)">Moontribe</a>, Dimitri of <a href="/wiki/Deee-lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Deee-lite">Deee-lite</a>, Afrika Islam and the <a href="/wiki/Hardkiss" title="Hardkiss">Hardkiss</a> brothers from San Francisco. They helped to create the Right to Dance movement—a non-violent protest held in San Diego and later in Los Angeles. </p><p>Featuring local San Diego DJs Jon Bishop, Steve Pagan, Alien Tom, Jeff Skot, Jon-e Thin, Paolo, Merlyn, Gmaxim, Tony Fiore, Damon and Mark E. Quark performed at these events. The events used large props and themes. The fairy and pixie craze, with ravers getting fairy tattoos and wearing fairy wings to parties was associated with the region. The percussive group <a href="/wiki/Crash_Worship" title="Crash Worship">Crash Worship</a> was active here. </p><p>In 1993 out of the Los Angeles underground rave movement came <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moontribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moontribe (page does not exist)">Moontribe</a> the original Southern California Full Moon Gathering and featured Dj's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Moontribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Moontribe (page does not exist)">Daniel Moontribe</a> (aka Daniel Chavez aka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dcomplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dcomplex (page does not exist)">Dcomplex</a> aka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dcomplexity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dcomplexity (page does not exist)">Dcomplexity</a>) and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_in_California">Growth in California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Growth in California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a boom in rave culture in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>. At first, small underground parties sprung up all over the <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco" title="South of Market, San Francisco">SOMA</a> district in vacant warehouses, loft spaces, and clubs. The no alcohol rule fuelled the ecstasy-driven parties. Small underground raves were just starting out and expanding beyond SF to include the East Bay, the South Bay area including San Jose, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz beaches. </p><p>In late 1991, raves started to expand across northern California, and cities like Sacramento, Oakland, Silicon Valley (Palo Alto, San Jose). The massive parties were taking place in outdoor fields, aeroplane hangars and hilltops that surround the valley. San Francisco's early promoters and DJs were from the UK and Europe. Raves took place in some of the SOMA art museum event such as, 'Where the wild things are' in the museum on top of the Sony Metreon, and in the Maritime hall (1998–2002). </p><p>By the end of 1994, a new generation of ravers were attracted by the new sounds. EDM began to become popular. Raves could be found in many different kinds of venues, as opposed to just basements and warehouses. Promoters started to take notice and put together the massives of the late 1990s with many music forms under one roof for 12-hour events. Until 2003, the raves scene continued to grow slow and stay stable until there was increasingly awareness and publicity about illicit drug usage at raves, particularly ecstasy. Parallel to the rave scene growth, was an increase in anti drug policies, which were directly aimed and indirectly influenced rave organizational management and event. On 30 April 2003, the US Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Illicit_Drug_Anti-Proliferation_Act" title="Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act">Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act</a>, which has origins from a similarly purposed, but not passed, 2002 bill. That bill is notably named The <a href="/wiki/Reducing_Americans%27_Vulnerability_to_Ecstasy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing Americans' Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act">RAVE Act</a>. Consequentially, by mid 2000s and late 2000s larger raves appeared more sporadically.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.attn.com_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.attn.com-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, and parallel to new city ordinances regarding curfews and drug enforcement, rave event promoter companies like Go ventures and <a href="/wiki/Insomniac_(promoter)" title="Insomniac (promoter)">Insomniac</a> persisted and continued annual scheduled rave events like <a href="/wiki/Monster_Massive" title="Monster Massive">Monster Massive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Together_as_One_(festival)" title="Together as One (festival)">Together as One</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_Daisy_Carnival" title="Electric Daisy Carnival">Electric Daisy Carnival</a>. From this base of routine and consistency scheduled events, the rave scene reemerged with in 2010 with even more attendance and dance locations. The overwhelming attendance, including from lack of underage attendance restrictions, reached a changing point with the 185,000 estimated in attendance 2010 <a href="/wiki/Electric_Daisy_Carnival" title="Electric Daisy Carnival">Electric Daisy Carnival</a> (EDC). That 2010 event gained widespread attention because of the death and overdose of a 15-year-old girl, Sasha Rodriguez.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.attn.com_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.attn.com-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death prompted an investigation of EDC's Insomniac's founder Pasquale Rotella. That investigation resulted in him being charged with bribery of public employee Todd DeStefano. At the time, DeStefano was the LA Coliseum event manager, which was the location of 2010's EDC.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotella_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotella-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn lead to a reorganisation of Insomniac rave events. For EDC in particular, while free on bail, Pasquale Rotella moved 2011's EDC from Los Angeles to Las Vegas from then on as well as increased the EDC scheduled locations. Rotella later reached a plea bargain and avoided jail time.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotella_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotella-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seattle">Seattle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Seattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the mid-1990s and into the 2000s the city of Seattle also shared in the tradition of West Coast rave culture. Though a smaller scene compared to San Francisco, Seattle also had many different rave crews, promoters, DJs, and fans. Candy Raver style, friendship and culture became popular in the West Coast rave scene, both in Seattle and San Francisco. At the peak of West Coast rave, Candy Raver, and massive rave popularity (1996–1999,) it was common to meet groups of ravers, promoters, and DJs who frequently travelled between Seattle and San Francisco, as well as Bellingham, Vancouver, Canada and Portland, Oregon. This spread the overall sense of West Coast rave culture and the phenomenon of West Coast "massives". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_years_(2000s)"><span id="Recent_years_.282000s.29"></span>Recent years (2000s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Recent years (2000s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">List of electronic dance music festivals</a></div> <p>By 2010, raves were becoming the equivalent of large-scale rock music festivals, but many times even bigger and more profitable. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_Daisy_Carnival" title="Electric Daisy Carnival">Electric Daisy Carnival</a> in Las Vegas drew more than 300,000 fans over three days in the summer of 2012, making it the largest EDM music festival in North America. <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival" title="Ultra Music Festival">Ultra Music Festival</a> in Miami drew 150,000 fans over three days in 2012 while other raves like <a href="/wiki/Electric_Zoo" title="Electric Zoo">Electric Zoo</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Wonderland" title="Beyond Wonderland">Beyond Wonderland</a> in LA, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Electronic_Music_Festival" title="Detroit Electronic Music Festival">Movement</a> in Detroit, <a href="/wiki/Electric_Forest" title="Electric Forest">Electric Forest</a> in Michigan, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_Music_Festival" title="Spring Awakening Music Festival">Spring Awakening Music Festival</a> in Chicago, and dozens more now attract hundreds of thousands of "ravers" every year. These new EDM-based rave events (now simply referred generically to as "<a href="/wiki/Music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Music festivals">music festivals</a>") sell out. Festival attendance at the Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC) increased by 39.1%, or 90,000 attendees from 2011 to 2012. In 2013, EDC had attendance of approximately 345,000 people, a record for the festival. The average ticket for EDC cost over $300 and the event contributed $278 million to the Clark County economy in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This festival takes place at a 1,000-acre complex featuring a half dozen custom built stages, enormous interactive art installations, and hundreds of EDM artists. <a href="/wiki/Insomniac_Events" class="mw-redirect" title="Insomniac Events">Insomniac</a>, a US EDM event promoter, holds yearly EDC and other EDM events. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Rave_in_Seoul,_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Rave_in_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg/220px-A_Rave_in_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Rave_in_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg/330px-A_Rave_in_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Rave_in_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg/440px-A_Rave_in_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_in_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>A Rave in Seoul, South Korea in 2001</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s_and_1990s:_outdoor_raves_and_the_Sydney_scene">1980s and 1990s: outdoor raves and the Sydney scene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s: outdoor raves and the Sydney scene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rave parties began in Australia as early as the 1980s and continued well into the late 1990s. They were mobilised versions of the 'warehouse parties', across Britain. Similar to the United States and Britain, raves in Australia were unlicensed and held in spaces normally used for industrial and manufacturing purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Warehouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehouses">warehouses</a>, factories and carpet showrooms. In addition, suburban locations were also used: basketball gymnasiums, train stations and even circus tents were all common venues. In <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, common areas used for outdoor events included <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Park" title="Sydney Park">Sydney Park</a>, a reclaimed garbage dump in the inner south west of the city, Cataract Park and various other natural, unused locations and bush lands. The raves placed a heavy emphasis on the connection between humans and the natural environment, thus many raves in Sydney were held outdoors, notably the 'Happy Valley' parties (1991–1994), 'Ecology' (1992) and 'Field of Dreams 4' (6 July 1996).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid-late 1990s saw a slight decline in rave attendance, attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Anna_Wood_(born_1980)" title="Anna Wood (born 1980)">death of Anna Wood</a> at a licensed inner-city Sydney venue, which was hosting a rave party known as "Apache". Wood had taken <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">ecstasy</a> and died in hospital a few days later, leading to extensive media exposure on the correlation of drug culture and its links to the rave scene in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s–present"><span id="2000s.E2.80.93present"></span>2000s–present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2000s–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition continued in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, with 'Earthcore' parties. Raves also became less underground as they were in the 1990s, and many were held at licensed venues well into the 2000s. Despite this, rave parties of 1990s size became less common. Nonetheless, the rave scene in Australia experienced a resurgence during the 2010s. During this period the resurfacing of the "Melbourne Shuffle", a Melbourne club/rave dance style, became a YouTube trend and videos were uploaded. The rave subculture in Melbourne was strengthened with the opening of clubs such as Bass Station and Hard Candy and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">free party</a> groups such as Melbourne Underground. In Melbourne, warehouse squat party and outdoor raves were frequently held throughout the 2010s, with attendance occasionally entering the thousands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_events">Notable events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_technoparades" class="mw-redirect" title="List of technoparades">List of technoparades</a></div> <p>The following is an incomplete list of notable raves. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Bones" title="Frankie Bones">Storm Raves</a> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Parties" title="Rat Parties">Rat Parties</a> (1983– 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Moon_Party" title="Full Moon Party">Full Moon Party</a> (1985–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Music_Conference" title="Winter Music Conference">Winter Music Conference</a> (1985–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_%2788" title="Genesis '88">Genesis '88</a> (1988–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindance_(rave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindance (rave)">Raindance (rave)</a> (1989–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise/Back_to_the_Future" title="Sunrise/Back to the Future">Sunrise/Back to the Future</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Bad" title="Real Bad">Real Bad</a> (1989–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(rave_music_promoter)" title="Helter Skelter (rave music promoter)">Helter Skelter</a> (1989–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a> (1989–2010)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 4em;"> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayday_(music_festival)" title="Mayday (music festival)">Mayday (music festival)</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantazia_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantazia (dance)">Fantazia (dance)</a> (1991–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthcore" title="Earthcore">Earthcore</a> (1992–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemorton_Common_Festival" title="Castlemorton Common Festival">Castlemorton Common Festival</a> (one-time event, 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(event)" title="Energy (event)">Energy (event)</a> (1992–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderdome_(music_festival)" title="Thunderdome (music festival)">Thunderdome (music festival)</a> (1992–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaZantip" title="KaZantip">KaZantip</a> (1992–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Parade" title="Street Parade">Street Parade</a> (1992–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Gathering" title="Tribal Gathering">Tribal Gathering</a> (1993–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CzechTek" title="CzechTek">CzechTek</a> (1994–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_en_Blanc" title="Bal en Blanc">Bal en Blanc</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Serpent_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Serpent Festival">Rainbow Serpent Festival</a> (1997–present)</li> <li>Scattered (rave) (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteryland" title="Mysteryland">Mysteryland</a> (1993–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Valley" title="Dance Valley">Dance Valley</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Dance_Event" title="Amsterdam Dance Event">Amsterdam Dance Event</a> (1996–present)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 4em;"> <dl><dt>2000s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O.Z.O.R.A." class="mw-redirect" title="O.Z.O.R.A.">O.Z.O.R.A.</a> (2004–present, originally started in 1999 under the name Solipse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cxema" title="Cxema">Cxema</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)" title="Tomorrowland (festival)">Tomorrowland</a> (2005–present)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artists">Artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-List_missing_criteria plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list has no <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LSC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LSC">precise inclusion criteria</a></b> as described in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Manual of Style for standalone lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rave" title="Talk:Rave">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_techno" title="Acid techno">Acid techno</a> – <a href="/wiki/808_State" title="808 State">808 State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Josh" title="Guru Josh">Guru Josh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dougans" title="Brian Dougans">Brian Dougans</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_KLF" title="The KLF">the KLF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Wink" title="Josh Wink">Josh Wink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Sainte" title="Michele Sainte">Michele Sainte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuture" title="Phuture">Phuture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Vibert" title="Luke Vibert">Luke Vibert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acidwolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidwolf">Acidwolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lone_(musician)" title="Lone (musician)">Lone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chase_%26_Status" title="Chase & Status">Chase & Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">Breakbeat hardcore</a> a.k.a. "Oldskool Rave" – <a href="/wiki/Acen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acen">Acen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altern-8" title="Altern-8">Altern-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers" title="The Chemical Brothers">the Chemical Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Big (band)">Little Big</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">the Prodigy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_Rhythm" title="Shades of Rhythm">Shades of Rhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shut_Up_and_Dance_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shut Up and Dance (band)">Shut Up and Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brostep" title="Brostep">Brostep</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rusko_(musician)" title="Rusko (musician)">Rusko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skrillex" title="Skrillex">Skrillex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flux_Pavilion" title="Flux Pavilion">Flux Pavilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datsik_(musician)" title="Datsik (musician)">Datsik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chase_%26_Status" title="Chase & Status">Chase & Status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_P" title="Doctor P">Doctor P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgore" title="Borgore">Borgore</a>, <a href="/wiki/TC_(musician)" title="TC (musician)">TC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modestep" title="Modestep">Modestep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Gooch" title="Jon Gooch">Feed Me</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jake_Stanczak" class="mw-redirect" title="Jake Stanczak">Kill the Noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excision_(musician)" title="Excision (musician)">Excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oldschool_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldschool jungle">Jungle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drumsound_%26_Bassline_Smith" title="Drumsound & Bassline Smith">Drumsound & Bassline Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/4Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="4Hero">4Hero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics (artist)">Logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_C" title="Andy C">Andy C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Gooch" title="Jon Gooch">Spor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldie" title="Goldie">Goldie</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Ron" title="DJ Ron">DJ Ron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieselboy" title="Dieselboy">Dieselboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Fresh" title="DJ Fresh">DJ Fresh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_(drum_and_bass_band)" title="Pendulum (drum and bass band)">Pendulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freq_Nasty" title="Freq Nasty">Freq Nasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freaky_Flow" title="Freaky Flow">Freaky Flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shy_FX" title="Shy FX">Shy FX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebel_MC" title="Rebel MC">Rebel MC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragga_Twins" title="Ragga Twins">Ragga Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Drumstep">Drumstep</a> – <a href="/wiki/Excision_(musician)" title="Excision (musician)">Excision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirtyphonics" title="Dirtyphonics">Dirtyphonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figure_(musician)" title="Figure (musician)">Figure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knife_Party" title="Knife Party">Knife Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kill_The_Noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill The Noise">Kill The Noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Au5" title="Au5">Au5</a></li> <li>Future rave – <a href="/wiki/David_Guetta" title="David Guetta">David Guetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morten" title="Morten">Morten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapov" title="Shapov">Shapov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance" title="Goa trance">Goa trance</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_trance" title="Psychedelic trance">Psychedelic trance</a> – Ajja,<sup id="cite_ref-Ajja_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajja-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burn in Noise, <a href="/wiki/Alien_Project_(musician)" title="Alien Project (musician)">Alien Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astral_Projection_(band)" title="Astral Projection (band)">Astral Projection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_Universe" title="Electric Universe">Electric Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen_(musician)" title="Hallucinogen (musician)">Hallucinogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infected_Mushroom" title="Infected Mushroom">Infected Mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hardcore_techno" title="Belgian hardcore techno">Belgian hardcore techno</a> a.k.a. "Rave Techno" – <a href="/wiki/Channel_X" title="Channel X">Channel X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Orgasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Orgasm">Digital Orgasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/L.A._Style" title="L.A. Style">L.A. Style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(UK_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah (UK band)">Messiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praga_Khan" title="Praga Khan">Praga Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrophonia" title="Quadrophonia">Quadrophonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/T99" title="T99">T99</a>, <a href="/wiki/U96" title="U96">U96</a>.</li> <li>Modern <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Hardcore techno</a> styles – <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a>, Acidcore, <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_hardcore" title="Mainstream hardcore">Hardcore house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">Gabber</a>, Frenchcore – <a href="/wiki/Punish_Yourself" title="Punish Yourself">Punish Yourself</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angerfist" title="Angerfist">Angerfist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dune_(German_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dune (German band)">Dune</a>, Outblast, <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(band)" title="Scooter (band)">Scooter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Acid" title="Anthony Acid">Anthony Acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darren_Styles" title="Darren Styles">Darren Styles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastis_%26_Buenri" title="Pastis & Buenri">Pastis & Buenri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">Hardstyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubstyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubstyle">Dubstyle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Technoboy" title="Technoboy">Technoboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Showtek" title="Showtek">Showtek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headhunterz" title="Headhunterz">Headhunterz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildstylez" title="Wildstylez">Wildstylez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brennan_Heart" title="Brennan Heart">Brennan Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Lady_Dana" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Lady Dana">DJ Lady Dana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blutonium_Boy" title="Blutonium Boy">Blutonium Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_funk" title="Liquid funk">Liquid funk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Netsky_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsky (musician)">Netsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Contrast" title="High Contrast">High Contrast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_V_%26_Grafix" title="Fred V & Grafix">Fred V & Grafix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Stevenson" title="Fox Stevenson">Fox Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookes_Brothers" title="Brookes Brothers">Brookes Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudimental" title="Rudimental">Rudimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Knife_Party" title="Knife Party">Knife Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dillon_Francis" title="Dillon Francis">Dillon Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munchi_(DJ)" title="Munchi (DJ)">Munchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplo_(DJ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplo (DJ)">Diplo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evol_Intent" title="Evol Intent">Bro Safari</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a> – <a href="/wiki/Klaxons" title="Klaxons">Klaxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadouken!_(band)" title="Hadouken! (band)">Hadouken!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shitdisco" title="Shitdisco">Shitdisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trash_Fashion" title="Trash Fashion">Trash Fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Young_Pony_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="New Young Pony Club">New Young Pony Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_garage" title="Speed garage">Speed garage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bassline_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassline house">Bassline</a> – <a href="/wiki/Platnum" title="Platnum">Platnum</a>, DJXP, <a href="/wiki/T2_(producer)" title="T2 (producer)">T2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_soundsystems">Notable soundsystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable soundsystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sound_System.jpg/220px-Sound_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sound_System.jpg/330px-Sound_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sound_System.jpg/440px-Sound_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Audio technicians set up massive <a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">speaker enclosures</a> for a Jamaican sound system party.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following is an incomplete list of notable <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">sound systems</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defunkt" title="Defunkt">Defunkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiY_Sound_System" title="DiY Sound System">DiY Sound System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomniac_Events" class="mw-redirect" title="Insomniac Events">Insomniac Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_Tribe" title="Spiral Tribe">Spiral Tribe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball" title="ArtRave: The Artpop Ball">ArtRave: The Artpop Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Rave" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rave">New Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_entertainment" title="Outline of entertainment">Outline of entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAVE_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="RAVE Act">RAVE Act</a> – An American law targeting raves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_Board_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave Board Game"><i>Rave</i> Board Game</a> – 1991 board game based on the UK Rave scene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use#On_festivals" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use § On festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Zippies">Zippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cxema" title="Cxema">Cxema</a>, organiser of raves in Ukraine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Volume II</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 334–335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826463210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826463210"><bdi>978-0826463210</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458153">"Illicit Drug Use among Rave Attendees in a Nationally Representative Sample of US High School Seniors"</a>. <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</i>. <b>152</b>: 24–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.05.002">10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458153">4458153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26005041">26005041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.atitle=Illicit+Drug+Use+among+Rave+Attendees+in+a+Nationally+Representative+Sample+of+US+High+School+Seniors&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26005041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.05.002&rft.aulast=Palamar&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Griffin-Tomas%2C+M.&rft.au=Ompad%2C+D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/scott-weiland-drugs-death-2511702-Dec2015/">"Cocaine, ethanol and party drug MDA found in Scott Weiland's body"</a>. 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cocaine%2C+ethanol+and+party+drug+MDA+found+in+Scott+Weiland%27s+body&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fscott-weiland-drugs-death-2511702-Dec2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/681175/ketamine-better-known-as-the-rave-drug-special-k-could-be-our-next-anti-depressant/">"Ketamine, better known as the rave drug Special-K, could be our next anti-depressant"</a>. 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ketamine%2C+better+known+as+the+rave+drug+Special-K%2C+could+be+our+next+anti-depressant&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F681175%2Fketamine-better-known-as-the-rave-drug-special-k-could-be-our-next-anti-depressant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190315205128/http://www.ministryofcannabisblog.com/2018/02/06/marijuana-in-the-rave-culture-of-the-90s/">"Marijuana in the Rave Culture of the 90's"</a>. 6 February 2018. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+right-wing+government+to+criminalise+raves&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-63468598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outofsight-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outofsight_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outofsight_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hehe.org.free.fr/hehe/texte/rave/#hist">"OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND: An Analysis of Rave culture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2007</span>. <q>The term rave first came into use in late 50s Britain as a name for the wild bohemian parties of the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OUT+OF+SIGHT%2C+OUT+OF+MIND%3A+An+Analysis+of+Rave+culture&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhehe.org.free.fr%2Fhehe%2Ftexte%2Frave%2F%23hist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordham2007" class="citation news cs1">Fordham, John (4 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/jan/04/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1">"Obituary: Mick Mulligan"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Mick+Mulligan&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Fordham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjan%2F04%2Fguardianobituaries.artsobituaries1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThinkmap,_Inc." class="citation web cs1">Thinkmap, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/1687/">"Buddy Holly, Wordsmith"</a>. <i>visualthesaurus.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visualthesaurus.com&rft.atitle=Buddy+Holly%2C+Wordsmith&rft.au=Thinkmap%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualthesaurus.com%2Fcm%2Fwordroutes%2F1687%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jungledrumandbass.co.uk/news/history-rave">"The History of Rave"</a>. <i>Jungle Drum and Bass</i>. 30 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2007</span>. <q>Perhaps the most famous event that Unit Delta Plus participated in was the 1967 <i>Million Volt Light and Sound Rave</i> at London's Roundhouse, organised by designers Binder, Edwards and Vaughan (who had previously been hired by Paul McCartney to decorate a piano). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+%22The+in+Crowd%22+to+the+%22Happy+People%22+%26%23124%3B+Uppers+Culture+Lifestyle&rft.pub=Uppers.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uppers.org%2FshowArticle.asp%3Farticle%3D383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brewster_(DJ)" title="Bill Brewster (DJ)">Bill Brewster</a> and Frank Broughton. <i>Last Night a DJ Saved My Life</i>, Chapter 4, "From Northern Soul to Nu-NRG", page 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheeseman-fu" class="citation magazine cs1">Cheeseman-fu, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.hyperreal.org/library/history_of_house.html">"The History of House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DJ_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Magazine">DJ Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acid+House+Music+%E2%80%93+The+Timeline+%28The+History+of+House+%E2%80%93+%22Garage%2C+Techno%2C+Jungle.+It%27s+all+House%22%29&rft.pub=Fantazia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantazia.org.uk%2FScene%2Fthemusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Altered State – The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House</i>, Matthew Collin (contributions by John Godfrey), Serpent's Tail, 1997 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852423773" title="Special:BookSources/1852423773">1852423773</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_Parkin-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_Parkin_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkin1999" class="citation web cs1">Parkin, Simon (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperreal.org/raves/database/visuale/ve1.htm">"Visual Energy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visual+Energy&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperreal.org%2Fraves%2Fdatabase%2Fvisuale%2Fve1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2002" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Michael S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popcenter.org/problems/rave_parties/">"Rave Parties"</a>. <i>Center for Problem Oriented Policing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Problem+Oriented+Policing&rft.atitle=Rave+Parties&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popcenter.org%2Fproblems%2Frave_parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.are.na/block/6087030">"Are.na"</a>. <i>are.na</i>. 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Picador. <q>The seeds of the new sound, however, germinated somewhere between Belgium and Brooklyn, New York, where DJ–producers like Lenny Dee, Mundo Muzique and Joey Beltram were pushing rave music in a harder and faster direction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Flash%3A+A+Journey+Through+Rave+Music+and+Dance+Culture&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/ez7b4n/the-untold-story-of-joey-beltram-the-techno-titan-behind-the-90s-most-iconic-rave-anthems">"The Untold Story of Joey Beltram, the Techno Titan Behind the 90s' Most Iconic Rave Anthems"</a>. <i>Vice</i>. 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Story+of+Joey+Beltram%2C+the+Techno+Titan+Behind+the+90s%27+Most+Iconic+Rave+Anthems&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fez7b4n%2Fthe-untold-story-of-joey-beltram-the-techno-titan-behind-the-90s-most-iconic-rave-anthems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommunic8r.com/2009/08/23-hop-318-richmond-street-west">"23 Hop | Rave, Warehouse and Afterhours Venue"</a>. 24 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23+Hop+%7C+Rave%2C+Warehouse+and+Afterhours+Venue&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommunic8r.com%2F2009%2F08%2F23-hop-318-richmond-street-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitizedgraffiti.com/2019/08/31/the-legend-of-23-hop-a-documentary-on-the-murky-origins-of-torontos-rave-scene/">"The Legend of 23 Hop: A Documentary on the Murky Origins of Toronto's Rave Scene"</a>. 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+23+Hop%3A+A+Documentary+on+the+Murky+Origins+of+Toronto%27s+Rave+Scene.&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitizedgraffiti.com%2F2019%2F08%2F31%2Fthe-legend-of-23-hop-a-documentary-on-the-murky-origins-of-torontos-rave-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenandnowtoronto.com/2014/09/then-now-23-hop/">"Then & Now: 23 Hop"</a>. <i>Then and Now: Toronto Nightlife History</i>. 17 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Then+and+Now%3A+Toronto+Nightlife+History&rft.atitle=Then+%26+Now%3A+23+Hop&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenandnowtoronto.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fthen-now-23-hop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Sylvia (2002). "Raves reviewed: An extended dance event bylaw". <i>Plan Canada</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 27–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25316%2Fir-158">10.25316/ir-158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0544">0032-0544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plan+Canada&rft.atitle=Raves+reviewed%3A+An+extended+dance+event+bylaw&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25316%2Fir-158&rft.issn=0032-0544&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpC0qlWKb_Q">excerpt</a> from special on German "Tele 5" from Dec.8, 1988. The show is called "Tanzhouse" hosted by a young Fred Kogel. It includes footage from Hamburg's "Front" with Boris Dlugosch, Kemal Kurum's "Opera House" and the "Prinzenbar".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROBB-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROBB_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBB_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robb, D. (2002), Techno in Germany: Its Musical Origins and Cultural Relevance, <i>German as a Foreign Language Journal</i>, No.2, 2002, (p. 134).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_20080731-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_20080731_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_20080731_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/die-pioniertage-des-techno-a-949509.html">"The pioneering days of techno"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i> (in German). 31 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=The+pioneering+days+of+techno&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Feinestages%2Fdie-pioniertage-des-techno-a-949509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ertl-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ertl_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtl2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ertl, Christian (2010). <i>Macht's den Krach leiser! Popkultur in München von 1945 bis heute</i> [<i>Turn down the noise! Pop culture in Munich from 1945 to today</i>] (in German). Allitera Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86906-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86906-100-9"><bdi>978-3-86906-100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macht%27s+den+Krach+leiser%21+Popkultur+in+M%C3%BCnchen+von+1945+bis+heute&rft.pub=Allitera+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-86906-100-9&rft.aulast=Ertl&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mjunikdisco-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecktorvon_UslarSmithNeumeister2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hecktor, Mirko; von Uslar, Moritz; Smith, Patti; Neumeister, Andreas (1 November 2008). <i>Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Blumenbar" title="Blumenbar">Blumenbar</a>. pp. 212, 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3936738476" title="Special:BookSources/978-3936738476"><bdi>978-3936738476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mjunik+Disco+%E2%80%93+from+1949+to+now&rft.pages=212%2C+225&rft.pub=Blumenbar&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.isbn=978-3936738476&rft.aulast=Hecktor&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft.au=von+Uslar%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Smith%2C+Patti&rft.au=Neumeister%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-munichfoundcom-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-munichfoundcom_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munichfoundcom_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munichfoundcom_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/">"Corpus Techno: The music of the future will soon be history"</a>. MUNICHfound.com. July 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpus+Techno%3A+The+music+of+the+future+will+soon+be+history&rft.pub=MUNICHfound.com&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munichfound.com%2Farchives%2Fid%2F27%2Farticle%2F496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messmer, S. (1998), <i>Eierkuchensozialismus</i>, <i>die Tageszeitung</i>, 10 July 1998, (p. 26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henkel, O.; Wolff, K. (1996) <i>Berlin Underground: Techno und Hiphop; Zwischen Mythos und Ausverkauf</i>, Berlin: FAB Verlag, (pp. 81–83).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_19960714-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_19960714_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischervon_UslarKrachtRoshani1996" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Marc; von Uslar, Moritz; Kracht, Christian; Roshani, Anuschka; Hüetlin, Thomas; Jardine, Anja (14 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/der-pure-sex-nur-besser-a-b27e6717-0002-0001-0000-000008947048">"Der pure Sex. Nur besser"</a> [The pure sex. Only better.]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Der+pure+Sex.+Nur+besser.&rft.date=1996-07-14&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=von+Uslar%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Kracht%2C+Christian&rft.au=Roshani%2C+Anuschka&rft.au=H%C3%BCetlin%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Jardine%2C+Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpanorama%2Fder-pure-sex-nur-besser-a-b27e6717-0002-0001-0000-000008947048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ronaldhitzler-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ronaldhitzler_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitzlerPfadenhauerHillebrandtKneer1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hitzler, Ronald; Pfadenhauer, Michaela; Hillebrandt, Frank; Kneer, Georg; Kraemer, Klaus (1998). 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Lifestyles between multi-optionality and scarcity</i> (in German). p. 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-83316-7">10.1007/978-3-322-83316-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-13228-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-13228-0"><bdi>978-3-531-13228-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+posttraditional+society%3A+Integration+and+distinction+within+the+techno+scene&rft.btitle=Loss+of+safety%3F+Lifestyles+between+multi-optionality+and+scarcity.&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-322-83316-7&rft.isbn=978-3-531-13228-0&rft.aulast=Hitzler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Pfadenhauer%2C+Michaela&rft.au=Hillebrandt%2C+Frank&rft.au=Kneer%2C+Georg&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illegalraves-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-illegalraves_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/9085950">"Youth: Love and Cabbage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). 26 August 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Youth%3A+Love+and+Cabbage&rft.date=1996-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazin.spiegel.de%2FEpubDelivery%2Fspiegel%2Fpdf%2F9085950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_berlin_23112014-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_berlin_23112014_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/23/travel/in-berlin-still-partying-in-the-ruins.html">"In Berlin, Still Partying in the Ruins"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 21 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+%28magazine%29&rft.atitle=How+Frankie+Bones%27+Storm+Rave+Birthed+the+%22PLUR%22+Movement&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=wender&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthump.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fhow-frankie-bones-storm-rave-birthed-the-plur-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajja-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ajja_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traxmag.com/ajja-le-veteran-de-la-psytrance-livre-1h-de-set-galopant-inspire-par-son-enfance-a-goa/">"Ajja, le vétéran de la psytrance livre 1H de set galopant inspiré par son enfance à Goa"</a>. 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ajja%2C+le+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9ran+de+la+psytrance+livre+1H+de+set+galopant+inspir%C3%A9+par+son+enfance+%C3%A0+Goa&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traxmag.com%2Fajja-le-veteran-de-la-psytrance-livre-1h-de-set-galopant-inspire-par-son-enfance-a-goa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Collin, Matthew. <i>Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy and Acid House</i>. London: 1997 : Serpent's Tail – How rave dances began in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England in the Summer of 1988 (the <a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a>) and the aftermath. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85242-604-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85242-604-7">1-85242-604-7</a>.</li> <li>Griffin, Tom. <i>Playgrounds: a portrait of rave culture</i>. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-45135-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-45135-9">0-646-45135-9</a>. Official Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.whatisplaygrounds.com">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405075015/http://www.whatisplaygrounds.com/">Archived</a> 5 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> WALLAWALLA</li> <li>Evans, Helen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hehe.org.free.fr/hehe/texte/rave/">Out of Sight, Out of Mind: An Analysis of Rave Culture</a>". Wimbledon School of Art, London. 1992. Includes bibliography through 1994.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329215407/https://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/clubdrugs">Tips for Parents: The Truth About Club Drugs</a>. FBI.</li> <li>Kotarba, Joseph. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/sa/research/populations/houstonrave.pdf">The Rave Scene in Houston, Texas: An Ethnographic Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112954/http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/sa/research/populations/houstonrave.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Austin: Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse.</li> <li>Ott, Brian L. and Herman, Bill D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002554420">Excerpt from <i>Mixed Messages: Resistance and Reappropriation in Rave Culture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923202548/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002554420">Archived</a> 23 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Reynolds, Simon</a>. <i>Generation Ecstasy: Into the world of Techno and Rave culture</i>. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-74111-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-74111-6">0-316-74111-6</a>.</li> <li>St John, Graham (ed.) 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgecentral.net/rcr.htm"><i>Rave Culture and Religion</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219211449/http://www.edgecentral.net/rcr.htm">Archived</a> 19 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31449-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31449-6">0-415-31449-6</a>.</li> <li>St John, Graham 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgecentral.net/technomad.htm"><i>Technomad: Global Raving Countercultures</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219211121/http://www.edgecentral.net/technomad.htm">Archived</a> 19 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Equinox. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-626-8">978-1-84553-626-8</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, Majeedah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://togetherfridaynightsattheroxy.webs.com"><i>Together: Friday Nights at the Roxy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405075016/https://togetherfridaynightsattheroxy.webs.com/">Archived</a> 5 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1630005788" title="Special:BookSources/978-1630005788">978-1630005788</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_further_reading">Music further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bennett Andy, Peterson Richard A.:<i>Music Scenes: Local, Translocal and Virtual</i>. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004</li> <li>Lang, Morgan: <i>Futuresound: Techno Music and Mediation</i>. University of Washington, Seattle, 1996.</li> <li>Matos, Michaelangelo: <i>The Underground Is Massive</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishing, 2015.</li> <li>Reynolds, Simon: <i>Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture</i>. New York: Routledge, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rave&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rave" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rave">Rave</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_music_events" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_music_events" title="Template:Electronic music events"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_music_events" title="Template talk:Electronic music events"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_music_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic music events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_music_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">Electronic music events</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronic music</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">Acid house party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Squat party">Squat party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoparade" title="Technoparade">Technoparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_music_festivals" title="List of industrial music festivals">List of industrial music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">List of electronic dance music festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deejay" class="mw-redirect" title="Deejay">Deejay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freetekno" title="Freetekno">Freetekno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demo_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Demo party">demo party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">hip hop festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">reggae festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_festivals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_festivals" title="Template:Music festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_festivals" title="Template talk:Music festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_festivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festivals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bluegrass_music_festivals" title="List of bluegrass music festivals">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals" title="List of blues festivals">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of blues festivals in Canada">Canadian blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Music_festivals_and_venues" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_music_festivals" title="List of maritime music festivals">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music#Festivals" title="World music">World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_classical_music_festivals" title="List of Indian classical music festivals">Indian classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">Reggae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bach_festival" title="Bach festival">Bach festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_festivals" title="List of chamber music festivals">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_choral_festivals" title="List of choral festivals">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals" title="List of opera festivals">Opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_festival" title="Free festival">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals" title="List of heavy metal festivals">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jam_band_music_festivals" title="List of jam band music festivals">Jam band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop#Conventions_and_music_festivals" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Squat party">Squat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_classical_music_festivals" title="List of Indian classical music festivals">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reggae_festivals" title="List of reggae festivals">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">Electronic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">Electronic dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_music_festivals" title="List of industrial music festivals">Industrial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoparade" title="Technoparade">Technoparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance festival">Trance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nigeria#Music_festivals_in_Nigeria" title="List of festivals in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia" title="List of festivals in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of music festivals in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Israel" title="List of music festivals in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_South_Korea" title="List of music festivals in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Taiwan" title="List of music festivals in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Estonia" title="List of music festivals in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Italy" title="List of music festivals in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of music festivals in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of music festivals in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of music festivals in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_United_States" title="List of music festivals in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Chicago#Music" title="List of festivals in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Massachusetts" title="List of music festivals in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Australia" title="List of music festivals in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_music_festivals" title="New Zealand music festivals">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_South_America" title="List of festivals in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of music festivals in Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_festivals" title="Lists of festivals">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Street_dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Street_dance" title="Template:Street dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_dance" title="Template talk:Street dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Street dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Street_dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Step_(song)" title="2 Step (song)">2 step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breakdancing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">Toprock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">Downrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze (breakdance move)">Freezes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_moves" class="mw-redirect" title="Power moves">Power moves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(freestyle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogaloo (freestyle dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Walk" title="Bird Walk">Bird Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_Patch_(dance)" title="Cabbage Patch (dance)">Cabbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Daddy" title="Cat Daddy">Cat Daddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Noodle_Soup_(Webstar_and_Young_B_song)" title="Chicken Noodle Soup (Webstar and Young B song)">Chicken Noodle Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_That_(Soulja_Boy)" title="Crank That (Soulja Boy)">Crank That</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_Walk" title="Crip Walk">Crip Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_Shuffle" title="Cupid Shuffle">Cupid Shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dab_(dance)" title="Dab (dance)">Dab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougie" title="Dougie">Dougie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)" title="Electric boogaloo (dance)">Electric boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_Walking" title="Gangsta Walking">Gangsta Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_shake_(dance)" title="Harlem shake (dance)">Harlem shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wall_Dance" title="John Wall Dance">John Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krumping" title="Krumping">Krumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffy_Taffy_(song)" title="Laffy Taffy (song)">Laffy Taffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It" title="Lean wit It, Rock wit It">Lean wit It, Rock wit It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_(dance)" title="Robot (dance)">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_man_(dance)" title="Running man (dance)">Running man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_Lean" title="Shoulder Lean">Shoulder Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanky_Legg" title="Stanky Legg">Stanky Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turfing" title="Turfing">Turfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprock" title="Uprock">Uprock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wop_(song)" title="Wop (song)">Wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacking" title="Jacking">Jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(dance)" title="Vogue (dance)">Vogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_dance" title="Electro dance">Electro dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard dance">Hard dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth#industrial_dance" title="Cybergoth">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_and_digits" title="Liquid and digits">Liquid and digits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_shuffle" title="Melbourne shuffle">Melbourne shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass#Dancing" title="Drum and bass">X-Outing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Jazz dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">Cakewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Street_dance#List_of_street_dances" title="Street dance">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_guitar" title="Air guitar">Air guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budots#Origins" title="Budots">Budots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall#Dancehall_dances" title="Dancehall">Dancehall dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexing_(dance)" title="Flexing (dance)">Flexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">Clogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">Novelty and fad dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsula" title="Pantsula">Pantsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(dance)" title="Pogo (dance)">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">Salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic-based_music_styles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronica" title="Template:Electronica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronica" title="Template talk:Electronica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic-based_music_styles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a>-based music styles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a></b> · <b><a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres">Genres</a> by<br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_electronic_music_genres" title="Timeline of electronic music genres">decade of origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Amplified guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">Electric blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Guitar_innovations" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronische_Musik" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronische Musik">Elektronische Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_age_pop" title="Space age pop">Space age pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">Psychedelic funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampledelia" title="Sampledelia">Sampledelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro/cosmic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Space disco">Space disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropunk">Electropunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Japanoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_wave" title="Minimal wave">Minimal wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient pop">Ambient pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_ambient" title="Dark ambient">Dark ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubtronica" title="Dubtronica">Dubtronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-industrial" title="Electro-industrial">Electro-industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">Electronic body music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_electronica" title="Ethnic electronica">Ethnic electronica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_house" title="Ambient house">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_beat" title="Balearic beat">Balearic beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_sound" title="New Jersey sound">Jersey sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_house" title="Tribal house">Tribal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_industrial" title="Martial industrial">Martial industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">New beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power electronics (music)">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Synth-metal">Synth-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_techno" title="Acid techno">Acid techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_techno" title="Bleep techno">Bleep techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_techno" title="Detroit techno">Detroit techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker music">Tracker music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_dub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient dub">Ambient dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_techno" title="Ambient techno">Ambient techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian underground">Asian underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangragga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangragga">Bhangragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_beat" title="Big beat">Big beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">Breakbeat hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkcore" title="Darkcore">Darkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toytown_techno" title="Toytown techno">Toytown techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_beat" title="Broken beat">Broken beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changa_tuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Changa tuki">Changa tuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_electro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark electro">Dark electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">Denpa song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva_house" title="Diva house">Diva house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbag" title="Hardbag">Hardbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtempo" title="Downtempo">Downtempo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol sound">Bristol sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psybient" class="mw-redirect" title="Psybient">Psybient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a> <ul><li>Heavy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkstep">Darkstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstep" title="Hardstep">Hardstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofunk" title="Neurofunk">Neurofunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techstep" title="Techstep">Techstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">Jungle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragga_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragga jungle">Ragga jungle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Light <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric drum and bass">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent drum and bass">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazzstep">Jazzstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_funk" title="Liquid funk">Liquid funk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_techno" title="Dub techno">Dub techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">Dungeon synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktronica" title="Folktronica">Folktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nu_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu disco">Nu disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funkot" title="Funkot">Funkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurepop" title="Futurepop">Futurepop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">Hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hardcore_techno" title="Belgian hardcore techno">Belgian techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_techno" title="Bouncy techno">Bouncy techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">Breakcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_tekno_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free tekno (music)">Free tekno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchcore" title="Frenchcore">Frenchcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">Gabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">Hardstyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lento_violento" title="Lento violento">Lento violento</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-core" title="J-core">J-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1kina" title="Mákina">Mákina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedcore" title="Speedcore">Speedcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_noise_wall" title="Harsh noise wall">Harsh noise wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indietronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indietronica">Indietronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_techno" title="Industrial techno">Industrial techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_%27n%27_bass" title="Drill 'n' bass">Drill 'n' bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidandali" title="Kidandali">Kidandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band#1996–2008:_rise_of_Phish_and_music_festivals" title="Jam band">Livetronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhouse" title="Merenhouse">Merenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhouse" title="Microhouse">Microhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_techno" title="Minimal techno">Minimal techno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schaffel" title="Schaffel">Schaffel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_swing" title="Electro swing">Electro swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_skool_breaks" title="Nu skool breaks">Nu skool breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_noise" title="Power noise">Power noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">Progressive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psydub" title="Psydub">Psydub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dembow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dembow">Dembow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_trance" title="Acid trance">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_trance" title="Balearic trance">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_trance" title="Dream trance">Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance" title="Goa trance">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance#Hands_Up" title="Eurodance">Hands Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_trance" title="Hard trance">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive trance">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_trance" title="Psychedelic trance">Psy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_trance" title="Tech trance">Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplifting_trance" title="Uplifting trance">Uplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal trance">Vocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-step_garage" title="2-step garage">2-step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakstep" title="Breakstep">Breakstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_garage" title="Speed garage">Speed garage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_hard_house" title="UK hard house">UK hard house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbass" title="Hardbass">Hardbass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_NRG" title="Hard NRG">Hard NRG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline_(music_genre)" title="Bassline (music genre)">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budots" title="Budots">Budots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9-d%C3%A9cal%C3%A9" title="Coupé-décalé">Coupé-décalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_pop" title="Dancehall pop">Dancehall pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggaestep" title="Reggaestep">Reggaestep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">Electro house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complextro" class="mw-redirect" title="Complextro">Complextro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch house">Dutch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidget_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidget house">Fidget house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_garage" title="Future garage">Future garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grindie" title="Grindie">Grindie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology_(music)" title="Hauntology (music)">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogic_pop" title="Hypnagogic pop">Hypnagogic pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glo-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Glo-fi">Glo-fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club" title="Jersey club">Jersey club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juke_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Juke house">Juke house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_hardcore" title="Mainstream hardcore">Mainstream hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortec" title="Nortec">Nortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab%C3%B2day" title="Rabòday">Rabòday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism_(music)" title="Reductionism (music)">Reductionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lowercase_(music)" title="Lowercase (music)">Lowercase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyokei" title="Onkyokei">Onkyokei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_music" title="Russ music">Russ music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambass" title="Sambass">Sambass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangaan_electro" title="Shangaan electro">Shangaan electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthwave" title="Synthwave">Synthwave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovietwave" title="Sovietwave">Sovietwave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_brega" title="Tecno brega">Tecno brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trival">Trival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_bass" title="UK bass">UK bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_funky" title="UK funky">UK funky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkstep" title="Funkstep">Funkstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocaloid music">Vocaloid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_pop" title="Wonky pop">Wonky pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_room_house" title="Big room house">Big room house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_MIDI" title="Black MIDI">Black MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian bass">Brazilian bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreampunk" title="Dreampunk">Dreampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funktronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktronica">Funktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_bass" title="Future bass">Future bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_future_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawaii future bass">Kawaii future bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_house" title="Future house">Future house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_soul" title="Future soul">Future soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle terror">Jungle terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">Mahraganat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_bounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne bounce">Melbourne bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moombahcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahcore">Moombahcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahsoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahsoul">Moombahsoul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_house" title="Outsider house">Outsider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-dubstep" title="Post-dubstep">Post-dubstep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brostep" title="Brostep">Brostep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim_(genre)" title="Riddim (genre)">Riddim (genre)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rara_tech" title="Rara tech">Rara tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seapunk" title="Seapunk">Seapunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamstep" title="Shamstep">Shamstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music_(EDM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap music (EDM)">EDM trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_house" title="Tropical house">Tropical house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardvapour" title="Hardvapour">Hardvapour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallsoft" title="Mallsoft">Mallsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_%26_screwed#Slowed_and_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopped & screwed">Slowed and reverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwave">Hardwave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_SoundCloud" title="Weird SoundCloud">Weird SoundCloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakcore#2020s_revival" title="Breakcore">Breakcore revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_phonk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift phonk">Drift phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop#Related_genres" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop microgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)#Proliferation_of_micro-subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg microgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage rap">Rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(music)" title="Drop (music)">Beat drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgenre" title="Microgenre">Microgenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">Acid house party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">EDM festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_music" title="Bass music">Bass music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chill-out_music" title="Chill-out music">Chill-out music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lounge_music" title="Lounge music">Lounge music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music">Doujin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_electronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive electronica">Progressive electronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave music">Rave music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_music" title="Adaptive music">Adaptive music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)#Music_shows_and_dances" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum break">Drum break</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sampled_drum_breaks" title="Category:Sampled drum breaks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645767#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4563108-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rave&oldid=1259234052#Music">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rave&oldid=1259234052#Music</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rave" title="Category:Rave">Rave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nightclubs" title="Category:Nightclubs">Nightclubs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_fads_and_trends" title="Category:1980s fads and trends">1980s fads and trends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_fads_and_trends" title="Category:1990s fads and trends">1990s fads and trends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_fads_and_trends" title="Category:2000s fads and trends">2000s fads and trends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_1980s" title="Category:Counterculture of the 1980s">Counterculture of the 1980s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_music" title="Category:Dance music">Dance music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DJing" title="Category:DJing">DJing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drug_culture" title="Category:Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_dance_music" title="Category:Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generation_X" title="Category:Generation X">Generation X</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_subcultures" title="Category:Musical subcultures">Musical subcultures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_and_fashion" title="Category:Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a 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