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Market model </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market_model-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Market model subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Market_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Products_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Products and services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pricing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_and_acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mergers and acquisitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shill_review_offer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shill_review_offer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Shill review offer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shill_review_offer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blocking_text_mining_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocking_text_mining_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Blocking text mining research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocking_text_mining_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_company_consulting_and_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_company_consulting_and_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Fossil fuel company consulting and advocacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_company_consulting_and_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_academic_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_academic_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism of academic practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_academic_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism of academic practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_academic_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 "Who's Afraid of Peer Review" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fake_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fake_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Fake journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fake_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaos,_Solitons_&_Fractals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaos,_Solitons_&_Fractals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Chaos, Solitons & Fractals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaos,_Solitons_&_Fractals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Plagiarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Scientific racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulation_of_bibliometrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulation_of_bibliometrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Manipulation of bibliometrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulation_of_bibliometrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Control of journals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Control_of_journals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Control of journals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Control_of_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resignation_of_editorial_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_of_editorial_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Resignation of editorial boards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_of_editorial_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Cost_of_Knowledge"_boycott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Cost_of_Knowledge"_boycott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 "The Cost of Knowledge" boycott </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Cost_of_Knowledge"_boycott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_S" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_S"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Plan S </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_S-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Academic_Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Academic_Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Relationship with Academic Institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_Academic_Institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with Academic Institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Academic_Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissemination_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissemination_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dissemination of research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dissemination_of_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dissemination of research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dissemination_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lobbying_efforts_against_open_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_efforts_against_open_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lobbying efforts against open access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_efforts_against_open_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selling_open-access_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selling_open-access_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Selling open-access articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selling_open-access_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_against_academics_posting_their_own_articles_online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_against_academics_posting_their_own_articles_online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Action against academics posting their own articles online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_against_academics_posting_their_own_articles_online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sci-Hub_and_LibGen_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sci-Hub_and_LibGen_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Sci-Hub and LibGen lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sci-Hub_and_LibGen_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_rejection_of_the_Initiative_for_Open_Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_rejection_of_the_Initiative_for_Open_Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Initial rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_rejection_of_the_Initiative_for_Open_Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ResearchGate_take_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ResearchGate_take_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 ResearchGate take down </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ResearchGate_take_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antitrust_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antitrust_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Antitrust lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antitrust_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Imprints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Elsevier</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="إلزيفير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلزيفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الزویر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الزویر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="এলসেভিয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এলসেভিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الزویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الزویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EC%8A%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%96%B4" title="엘스비어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘스비어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אלסוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלסוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier_(uitgeverij)" title="Elsevier (uitgeverij) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elsevier (uitgeverij)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="エルゼビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルゼビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%B2%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ئێلزڤییر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلزڤییر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elsevier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier_(f%C3%B6rlag)" title="Elsevier (förlag) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elsevier (förlag)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எல்செவியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எல்செவியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch publishing and analytics company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elsevier (disambiguation)">Elsevier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Elsevier</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Elsevier_logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Elsevier_logo_2019.svg/220px-Elsevier_logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Elsevier_logo_2019.svg/330px-Elsevier_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Elsevier_logo_2019.svg/440px-Elsevier_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Publishing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1880; 144 years ago (1880)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Kumsal Bayazit, Chief Executive Officer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">£2.909 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-RELX-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">£1.078 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-RELX-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">£2.021 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9500<a href="#cite_note-about-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/">www.elsevier.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Elsevier (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɛlzəviːr]</a>) is a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing</a> company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ScienceDirect" title="ScienceDirect">ScienceDirect</a> collection of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">electronic journals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trends_(journals)" title="Trends (journals)">Trends</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Current_Opinion_(Elsevier)" title="Current Opinion (Elsevier)">Current Opinion</a> series, the online citation database <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools for <a href="/wiki/Data_management_platform" title="Data management platform">data management</a>, instruction, research analytics, and assessment.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Elsevier is part of the <a href="/wiki/RELX_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="RELX Group">RELX Group</a>, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals;<a href="#cite_note-RELX-1">[1]</a> as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-books</a>, with over one billion annual downloads.<a href="#cite_note-RELX_2018_Report-6">[6]</a> Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit margins and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">copyright practices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boyc-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swoger_2013-8">[8]</a> The company had a reported profit before tax of £2,295 million with an adjusted <a href="/wiki/Operating_margin" title="Operating margin">operating margin</a> of 33.1% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-relx-results-press-release-2018-9">[9]</a> Much of the research that Elsevier publishes is publicly funded; its high costs have led to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> boycotts, and the rise of alternate avenues for publication and access, such as <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> servers and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow libraries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Resnick_2019-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buranyi_2017-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elsevier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Elsevier.svg/200px-Elsevier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Elsevier.svg/300px-Elsevier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Elsevier.svg/400px-Elsevier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The original seal of the Elsevier family is used by Elsevier company as its logo.</figcaption></figure> Elsevier was founded in 1880<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2007217-13">[13]</a> and adopted the name and logo from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> publishing house <a href="/wiki/House_of_Elzevir" title="House of Elzevir">Elzevir</a> that was an inspiration but has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2007217-13">[13]</a> The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; the founder, <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Elzevir" title="Lodewijk Elzevir">Lodewijk Elzevir</a> (1542–1617), lived in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and established that business in 1580. As a company logo, Elsevier used the Elzevir family's <a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_mark" title="Printer's mark">printer's mark</a>, a tree entwined with a vine and the words Non Solus, which is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "not alone".<a href="#cite_note-AT_2019-03-14">[14]</a> According to Elsevier, this logo represents "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier (magazine)">Elsevier</a>, which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and very profitable.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The weekly was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthly Elsevier, which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">German occupation of the Netherlands</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In May 1939 Klautz established the Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd. in London to distribute these academic titles in the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> (except Canada). When the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazis occupied the Netherlands</a> for the duration of five years from May 1940, he had just founded a second international office, the Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, <a href="/wiki/Biochimica_et_Biophysica_Acta" title="Biochimica et Biophysica Acta">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RET-18">[18]</a> In 1971 the firm acquired <a href="/wiki/Excerpta_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Excerpta Medica">Excerpta Medica</a>,a small medical abstract publisher based in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RET-18">[18]</a> As the first and only company in the world that employed a database for the production of journals, it introduced computer technology to Elsevier.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1978 Elsevier merged with Dutch newspaper publisher NDU, and devised a strategy to broadcast textual news to people's television sets through <a href="/wiki/Viewdata" title="Viewdata">Viewdata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1979 Elsevier Science Publishers launched the Article Delivery Over Network Information System (ADONIS) project in conjunction with four business partners. The project aims to find a way to deliver scientific articles to libraries electronically, and would continue for over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1991, in conjunction with nine American universities, Elsevier's The University Licensing Project (TULIP) was the first step in creating published, copyrighted material available over the Internet. It formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/ScienceDirect" title="ScienceDirect">ScienceDirect</a>, launched six years later.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1997, after almost two decades of experiments, ScienceDirect was launched as the first online repository of electronic (scientific) books and articles. Though librarians and researchers were initially hesitant regarding the new technology, more and more of them switched to e-only subscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 2004 Elsevier launched <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> - a multidisciplinary metadata database of scholarly publications, only the second of such kind (after the <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>, although free <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> was also launched in 2004). <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> covers journals, some conference papers and books from various publishers, and measures performance on both author and publication levels.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2009 SciVal Spotlight was released. This tool enabled research administrators to measure their institution's relative standing in terms of productivity, grants, and publications .<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2013, Elsevier acquired <a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a>, a UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the sale, which users saw as acceding to the "<a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>" approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open-sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups.<a href="#cite_note-fast-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> described Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt an <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">open-science</a> icon that threatens its <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_statistics">Company statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Company statistics">edit</a>]</div> During 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit">[update]</a>, researchers submitted over 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">research papers</a> to Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals.<a href="#cite_note-RELX_2018_Report-6">[6]</a> Editors are generally unpaid volunteers who perform their duties alongside a full-time job in academic institutions,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> although exceptions have been reported. In 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> published more than half of all academic papers in the peer-reviewed literature.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> At that time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the world market in science, technology, and medical publishing.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 2019, Elsevier accounted for the review, editing and dissemination of 18% of the world's scientific articles.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> About 45% of revenue by geography in 2019 derived from North America, 24% from Europe, and the remaining 31% from the rest of the world. Around 84% of revenue by format came from electronic usage and 16% came from print.<a href="#cite_note-RELX_2018_Report-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> The firm employs 8,100 people.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> The CEO is Kumsal Bayazit, who was appointed on 15 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ataglance-37">[37]</a> In 2018, it reported a mean 2017 <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a> of 29.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 40.4%, the highest yet reported by a publisher in UK. Elsevier attributed the result to the under-representation of women in its senior ranks and the prevalence of men in its technical workforce.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[38]</a> The UK workforce consists of 1,200 people in the UK, and represents 16% of Elsevier's global employee population.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[38]</a> Elsevier's parent company, RELX, has a global workforce that is 51% female to 49% male, with 43% female and 57% male managers, and 29% female and 71% male senior operational managers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 2018, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX group (£2.538 billion of £7.492 billion). In <a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">operating profits</a>, it represented 40% (£942 million of £2,346 million). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2017 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-RELX_2018_Report-6">[6]</a> Profits grew further from 2018 to 2019, to a total of £982 million.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> the first half of 2019, RELX reported the first slowdown in revenue growth for Elsevier in several years: 1% vs. an expectation of 2% and a typical growth of at least 4% in the previous 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Overall for 2019, Elsevier reported revenue growth of 3.9% from 2018, with the underlying growth at constant currency at 2%.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 2019, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX (£2.637billion of £7.874billion). In adjusted <a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">operating profits</a>, it represented 39% (£982m of £2.491bn). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2018 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> In 2019, researchers submitted over two million <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">research papers</a> to Elsevier-based publications. Over 22,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of about 500,000 articles in over 2,500 journals.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> In 2020 Elsevier was the largest academic publisher, with approximately 16% of the academic publishing market and more than 3000 journals.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_model">Market model</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Market model">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products_and_services">Products and services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Products and services">edit</a>]</div> Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a>, and cover the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">health</a>, life, physical, and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>. The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, editors, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">pharmaceutical companies</a>, hospitals, and research establishments. It publishes in 13 languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese, Hindi, and Chinese. Flagship products and services include VirtualE, <a href="/wiki/ScienceDirect" title="ScienceDirect">ScienceDirect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scirus" title="Scirus">Scirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMBASE" class="mw-redirect" title="EMBASE">EMBASE</a>, Engineering Village, <a href="/wiki/Compendex" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendex">Compendex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a>, Knovel, SciVal, Pure, and Analytical Services, The Consult series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, and major reference works such as <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a>, Nelson Pediatrics, <a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_Illustrated_Medical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary">Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Netter" title="Frank H. Netter">Netter</a>'s Atlas of Human Anatomy, and online versions of many journals<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> including <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. ScienceDirect is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 40,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections: Physical Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Health Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities. For most articles on the website, abstracts are freely available; access to the full text of the article (in PDF, and also HTML for newer publications) often requires a subscription or pay-per-view purchase.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> In 2019, Elsevier published 49,000 free <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> articles and 370 full open access journals. Moreover, 1,900 of its journals sold <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">hybrid open access</a> options.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pricing">Pricing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pricing">edit</a>]</div> The subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and many British universities pay more than a million pounds to Elsevier annually.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The company has been criticized not only by advocates of a switch to the <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open-access</a> publication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal prices. For example, in 2004, a resolution by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In July 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Universities_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Universities in the Netherlands">Association of Universities in the Netherlands</a> threatened to boycott Elsevier, which refused to negotiate on any <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> policy for Dutch universities.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After a year of negotiation, Elsevier pledged to make 30% of research published by Dutch researchers in Elsevier journals open access by 2018.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In October 2018, a complaint against Elsevier was filed with the European Commission, alleging anticompetitive practices stemming from Elsevier's confidential subscription agreements and market dominance. The European Commission decided not to investigate.<a href="#cite_note-competition_plaint-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> to launch the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Journal" title="American Economic Journal">American Economic Journal</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mergers_and_acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions">edit</a>]</div> RELX Group has been <a href="/wiki/RELX_Group#Significant_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="RELX Group">active</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a>. Elsevier has incorporated other businesses that were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and that reinforce its <a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a> (after the closure of <a href="/wiki/2collab" title="2collab">2collab</a>), <a href="/wiki/SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bepress" title="Bepress">bepress</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_Commons_(Elsevier)" title="Digital Commons (Elsevier)">Digital Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlumX" class="mw-redirect" title="PlumX">PlumX</a>, Hivebench, Newsflo, Science-Metrix,<a href="#cite_note-Herb2019-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interfolio" title="Interfolio">Interfolio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conferences">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier also conducts conferences, exhibitions, and workshops around the world, with over 50 conferences a year covering life sciences, physical sciences and engineering, social sciences, and health sciences.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shill_review_offer">Shill review offer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shill review offer">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, in 2009, the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbook Clinical Psychology if they would go on <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> (a large US books retailer) and give it five stars. Elsevier responded by stating "Encouraging interested parties to post book reviews isn't outside the norm in scholarly publishing, nor is it wrong to offer to nominally compensate people for their time. But in all instances the request should be unbiased, with no incentives for a positive review, and that's where this particular e-mail went too far", and that it was a mistake by a marketing employee.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blocking_text_mining_research">Blocking text mining research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blocking text mining research">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier seeks to regulate <a href="/wiki/Text_and_data_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Text and data mining">text and data mining</a> with private licenses,<a href="#cite_note-nature527413f-60">[60]</a> claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that the publisher holds copyright on <a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_originality" title="Threshold of originality">output of automated processes</a>. The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulted in researchers being blocked from their work.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In November 2015, Elsevier blocked a scientist from performing <a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">text mining</a> research at scale on Elsevier papers, even though his institution already pays for access to Elsevier journal content.<a href="#cite_note-nature527413f-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The data was collected using the <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> package "statcheck".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_company_consulting_and_advocacy">Fossil fuel company consulting and advocacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fossil fuel company consulting and advocacy">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier is one of the most prolific publishers of books aimed at expanding the production of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Since at least 2010 the company has worked with the fossil fuel industry to optimise fossil fuel extraction. It commissions authors, journal advisory board members and editors who are employees of the largest oil firms. In addition it markets data services and research portals directly to the fossil fuel industry to help "increase the odds of exploration success".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_academic_practices">Criticism of academic practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism of academic practices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Who's_Afraid_of_Peer_Review"">"Who's Afraid of Peer Review"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "Who's Afraid of Peer Review"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Peer_Review%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Peer Review?">Who's Afraid of Peer Review?</a></div> In 2013, one of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set up by <a href="/wiki/John_Bohannon" title="John Bohannon">John Bohannon</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?"<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon2013-65">[65]</a> The journal Drug Invention Today accepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have been rejected by any good peer-review system.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Instead, Drug Invention Today was among many open-access journals that accepted the fake paper for publication. As of 2014, this journal had been transferred to a different publisher.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fake_journals">Fake journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fake journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Journal_of_Bone_%26_Joint_Medicine" title="Australasian Journal of Bone & Joint Medicine">Australasian Journal of Bone & Joint Medicine</a></div> At a 2009 court case in Australia where <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a> was being sued by a user of <a href="/wiki/Vioxx" class="mw-redirect" title="Vioxx">Vioxx</a>, the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Journal_of_Bone_and_Joint_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine">Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine</a>, which had the appearance of being a peer-reviewed <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> but in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Merck described the journal as a "complimentary publication", denied claims that articles within it were <a href="/wiki/Ghost_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost writer">ghost written</a> by Merck, and stated that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In May 2009, Elsevier Health Sciences CEO Hansen released a statement regarding Australia-based sponsored journals, conceding that they were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked the proper disclosures". The statement acknowledged that it "was an unacceptable practice".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_(magazine)" title="The Scientist (magazine)">The Scientist</a> reported that, according to an Elsevier spokesperson, six sponsored publications "were put out by their Australia office and bore the <a href="/wiki/Excerpta_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Excerpta Medica">Excerpta Medica</a> imprint from 2000 to 2005", namely the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine (Australas. J. Bone Joint Med.), the Australasian Journal of General Practice (Australas. J. Gen. Pract.), the Australasian Journal of Neurology (Australas. J. Neurol.), the Australasian Journal of Cardiology (Australas. J. Cardiol.), the Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy (Australas. J. Clin. Pharm.), and the Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Australas. J. Cardiovasc. Med.).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Excerpta Medica was a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to the imprint's web page.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In October 2010, Excerpta Medica was acquired by Adelphi Worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaos,_Solitons_&_Fractals">Chaos, Solitons & Fractals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chaos, Solitons & Fractals">edit</a>]</div> There was speculation<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> that the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journal Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_El_Naschie" title="Mohamed El Naschie">Mohamed El Naschie</a>, misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue of December 2008 featured five of his papers.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The controversy was covered extensively in blogs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The publisher announced in January 2009 that El Naschie had retired as editor-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> As of November 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit">[update]</a> the co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal were Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In June 2011, El Naschie sued the journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> for libel, claiming that his reputation had been damaged by their November 2008 article about his retirement, which included statements that Nature had been unable to verify his claimed affiliations with certain international institutions.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-CSF-libel-83">[83]</a> The suit came to trial in November 2011 and was dismissed in July 2012, with the judge ruling that the article was "substantially true", contained "honest comment", and was "the product of responsible journalism". The judgement noted that El Naschie, who represented himself in court, had failed to provide any documentary evidence that his papers had been peer-reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2-84">[84]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Sharp" title="Victoria Sharp">Victoria Sharp</a> also found "reasonable and serious grounds" for suspecting that El Naschie used a range of false names to defend his editorial practice in communications with Nature, and described this behavior as "curious" and "bizarre".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plagiarism">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier's 'Duties of Authors' states that authors should ensure they have written entirely original works, and that proper acknowledgement of others' work must always be given. Elsevier claims plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Some Elsevier journals automatically screen submissions for plagiarism,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> but not all.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Albanian politician Taulant Muka claimed that Elsevier journal <a href="/wiki/Procedia" title="Procedia">Procedia</a> had plagiarized in the abstract of one of its articles. It is unclear whether or not Muka had access to the entirety of the article.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_racism">Scientific racism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scientific racism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Angela Saini</a> has criticized the two Elsevier journals <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(journal)" title="Intelligence (journal)">Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Individual_Differences" title="Personality and Individual Differences">Personality and Individual Differences</a> for having included on their editorial boards such well-known proponents of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Richard Lynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Meisenberg" title="Gerhard Meisenberg">Gerhard Meisenberg</a>; in response to her inquiries, Elsevier defended their presence as editors.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The journal Intelligence has been criticized for having "occasionally included papers with pseudoscientific findings about intelligence differences between races".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It is the official journal of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Intelligence_Research" title="International Society for Intelligence Research">International Society for Intelligence Research</a>, which organizes the controversial series of conferences <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">London Conference on Intelligence</a>, described by the New Statesman as a forum for scientific racism.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In response to a 2019 open letter, efforts by <a href="/wiki/Retraction_Watch" title="Retraction Watch">Retraction Watch</a> and a petition signed by over 1000 people, on 17 June 2020 Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Templer" title="Donald Templer">Donald Templer</a> published in 2012 in the Elsevier journal Personality and Individual Differences.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The article had claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> One of their journals, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, was involved in the manipulation of the peer review report.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manipulation_of_bibliometrics">Manipulation of bibliometrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Manipulation of bibliometrics">edit</a>]</div> According to the signatories of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law" title="Goodhart's law">Goodhart's law</a>), commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a>. The impact factor, which is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(statistics)" title="Proxy (statistics)">proxy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_prestige" title="Occupational prestige">prestige</a>, can influence revenues, subscriptions, and academics' willingness to contribute unpaid work.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> However, there's evidence suggesting that reliability of published research works in several fields may decrease with increasing journal rank.<a href="#cite_note-Brembs2018-97">[97]</a> Nine Elsevier journals, which exhibited unusual levels of <a href="/wiki/Self-citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-citation">self-citation</a>, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from <a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a> in 2020, a sanction that hit 34 journals in total.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2023, the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, which is published by Elsevier, was criticized for desk-rejecting a submitted article for the main reason that it did not cite enough articles from the same journal.<a href="#cite_note-cen23-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-singh23-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_of_journals">Control of journals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Control of journals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_of_editorial_boards">Resignation of editorial boards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Resignation of editorial boards">edit</a>]</div> The editorial boards of a number of journals have resigned because of disputes with Elsevier over pricing: <ul><li>In 1999, the entire editorial board of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Logic_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Logic Programming">Journal of Logic Programming</a> resigned after 16 months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier about the price of library subscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-birman-101">[101]</a> The personnel created a new journal, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, with <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> at a much lower price,<a href="#cite_note-birman-101">[101]</a> while Elsevier continued publication with a new editorial board and a slightly different name (the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Logic_and_Algebraic_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming">Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming</a>).</li> <li>In 2002, dissatisfaction at Elsevier's pricing policies caused the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Association" title="European Economic Association">European Economic Association</a> to terminate an agreement with Elsevier designating Elsevier's <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Review" title="European Economic Review">European Economic Review</a> as the official journal of the association. The EEA launched a new journal, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_European_Economic_Association" title="Journal of the European Economic Association">Journal of the European Economic Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>In 2003, the entire editorial board of the Journal of Algorithms resigned to start <a href="/wiki/ACM_Transactions_on_Algorithms" title="ACM Transactions on Algorithms">ACM Transactions on Algorithms</a> with a different, lower-priced, not-for-profit publisher,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> at the suggestion of Journal of Algorithms founder <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The Journal of Algorithms continued under Elsevier with a new editorial board until October 2009, when it was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>In 2005, the editors of the International Journal of Solids and Structures resigned to start the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mechanics_of_Materials_and_Structures" title="Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures">Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures</a>. However, a new editorial board was quickly established and the journal continues in apparently unaltered form.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>In 2006, the entire editorial board of the distinguished <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical journal">mathematical journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Topology_(journal)" title="Topology (journal)">Topology</a> resigned because of stalled negotiations with Elsevier to lower the subscription price.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This board then launched the new <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Topology" title="Journal of Topology">Journal of Topology</a> at a far lower price, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Topology then remained in circulation under a new editorial board until 2009.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>In 2023, the editorial board of the open access journal <a href="/wiki/NeuroImage" title="NeuroImage">NeuroImage</a> resigned and started a new journal, because of Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce article-processing charges.<a href="#cite_note-NeuroImage2023-112">[112]</a> The editors called Elsevier's $3,450 per article processing charge "unethical and unsustainable".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li></ul> Editorial boards have also resigned over open access policies or other issues: <ul><li>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leeder" title="Stephen Leeder">Stephen Leeder</a> was removed from his role as editor of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Journal_of_Australia" title="Medical Journal of Australia">Medical Journal of Australia</a> when its publisher decided to outsource the journal's production to Elsevier. As a consequence, all but one of the journal's editorial advisory committee members co-signed a letter of resignation.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>In 2015, the entire editorial staff of the <a href="/wiki/General_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="General linguistics">general linguistics</a> journal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_(journal)" title="Lingua (journal)">Lingua</a> resigned in protest of Elsevier's unwillingness to agree to their terms of <a href="/wiki/Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act" title="Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act">Fair Open Access</a>. Editor-in-chief Johan Rooryck also announced that the Lingua staff would establish a new journal, <a href="/wiki/Glossa_(journal)" title="Glossa (journal)">Glossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>In 2019, the entire editorial board of Elsevier's <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Informetrics" title="Journal of Informetrics">Journal of Informetrics</a> resigned over the open-access policies of its publisher and founded open-access journal called Quantitative Science Studies.<a href="#cite_note-editors-resign-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>In 2020, Elsevier effectively severed the tie between the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Economics" title="Journal of Asian Economics">Journal of Asian Economics</a> and the academic society that founded it, the American Committee on Asian Economic Studies (ACAES), by offering the ACAES-appointed editor, Calla Wiemer, a terminal contract for 2020. As a result, a majority of the editorial board eventually resigned.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiemer-119">[119]</a></li> <li>In 2023, the editorial board of the journal <a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Studies</a> resigned over Elsevier's 1) plans to increase publications seven-fold; 2) the appointment of an external Editor-in-Chief who had not previously published in the journal; and 3) changing the scope of the journal without consulting the editorial team or the journal's parent society.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Cost_of_Knowledge"_boycott">"The Cost of Knowledge" boycott</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: "The Cost of Knowledge" boycott">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></div> In 2003, various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's "<a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">big deal</a>" journal bundling packages, in which the company offered a group of journal subscriptions to libraries at a certain rate, but in which librarians claimed no economical option was available to subscribe to only the popular journals at a rate comparable to the bundled rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2007177-121">[121]</a> Librarians continued to discuss the implications of the pricing schemes, many feeling pressured into buying the Elsevier packages without other options.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2007180-122">[122]</a> On 21 January 2012, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gowers" title="Timothy Gowers">Timothy Gowers</a> publicly announced he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in the field have been doing so privately. The reasons for the <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support for <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">SOPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act" title="PROTECT IP Act">PIPA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a>, which would have prohibited open-access mandates for U.S. federally-funded research and severely restricted the sharing of scientific data.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist-125">[125]</a> Following this, a petition advocating noncooperation with Elsevier (that is, not submitting papers to Elsevier journals, not refereeing articles in Elsevier journals, and not participating in journal editorial boards), appeared on the site "The Cost of Knowledge". By February 2012, this petition had been signed by over 5,000 academics,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-124">[124]</a> growing to over 17,000 by November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The firm disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below the industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-123">[123]</a> The company also claimed that its profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation".<a href="#cite_note-Economist-125">[125]</a> The academics replied that their work was funded by public money, thus should be freely available. On 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it has withdrawn support from the Research Works Act.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Carolyn Maloney</a>, issued a joint statement saying that they would not push the bill in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_S">Plan S</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Plan S">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a> open-access initiative, which began in Europe and has since spread to some US research funding agencies, would require researchers receiving some grants to publish in open-access journals by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-US_funders-129">[129]</a> A spokesman for Elsevier said "If you think that information should be free of charge, go to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> advised to sell Elsevier (RELX) stocks, noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Academic_Institutions">Relationship with Academic Institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Relationship with Academic Institutions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, Finnish research organizations paid a total of 27 million euros in subscription fees. Over one-third of the total costs went to Elsevier. The information was revealed after successful court appeal following a denied request on the subscription fees, due to confidentiality clauses in contracts with the publishers.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Establishing of this fact lead to creation of tiedonhinta.fi petition demanding more reasonable pricing and open access to content signed by more than 2800 members of the research community.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> While deals with other publishers have been made, this was not the case for Elsevier, leading to the nodealnoreview.org boycott of the publisher signed more than 600 times.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In January 2018, it was confirmed that a deal had been reached between those concerned.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> The French <a href="/wiki/Couperin_(consortium)" title="Couperin (consortium)">Couperin consortium</a> agreed in 2019 to a 4-year contract with Elsevier,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> despite criticism from the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> has stopped having Elsevier publish the journal <a href="/wiki/Annales_Scientifiques_de_l%27%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure">Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> (as of 2008).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Effective on 1 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> stopped publishing its 7 journals <a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences</a> with Elsevier and switched to <a href="/wiki/Centre_Mersenne" title="Centre Mersenne">Centre Mersenne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Since 2018 and as of 2023,<a href="#cite_note-science202308-143">[143]</a> almost no academic institution in Germany is subscribed to Elsevier.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Germany's DEAL project (<a href="/wiki/Projekt_DEAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Projekt DEAL">Projekt DEAL</a>), which includes over 60 major research institutions, has announced that all of its members are cancelling their contracts with Elsevier, effective 1 January 2017. The boycott is in response to Elsevier's refusal to adopt "transparent business models" to "make publications more openly accessible".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature1-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Horst Hippler, spokesperson for the DEAL consortium states that "taxpayers have a right to read what they are paying for" and that "publishers must understand that the route to open-access publishing at an affordable price is irreversible".<a href="#cite_note-nature1-148">[148]</a> In July 2017, another 13 institutions announced that they would also be cancelling their subscriptions to Elsevier journals.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In August 2017, at least 185 German institutions had cancelled their contracts with Elsevier.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 2018, whilst negotiations were ongoing, around 200 German universities that cancelled their subscriptions to Elsevier journals were granted complimentary open access to them until this ended in July of the year.<a href="#cite_note-matthews-2018-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-schiermeier-2018-157">[157]</a> On 19 December 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> (MPS) announced that the existing subscription agreement with Elsevier would not be renewed after the expiration date of 31 December 2018. MPS counts 14,000 scientists in 84 research institutes, publishing 12,000 articles each year.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-mps20181219-159">[159]</a> In 2023 Elsevier and DEAL reached a tentative agreement on a <a href="/wiki/Project_DEAL#Publish_and_read_model" title="Project DEAL">publish and read model</a>, which would take effect until 2028 if at least 70% of the eligible institutions opt into it.<a href="#cite_note-science202308-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> In March 2018, the Hungarian Electronic Information Service National Programme entered negotiations on its 2019 Elsevier subscriptions, asking for a read-and-publish deal.<a href="#cite_note-hungary_terminates-160">[160]</a> Negotiations were ended by the Hungarian consortium in December 2018, and the subscription was not renewed.<a href="#cite_note-editors-resign-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, Elsevier changed its policies in response to sanctions announced by the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> that year. This included a request that all Elsevier journals avoid publishing papers by Iranian nationals who are employed by the Iranian government.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Elsevier executive Mark Seeley expressed regret on behalf of the company, but did not announce an intention to challenge this interpretation of the law.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> CRUI (an association of Italian universities) sealed a 5-year-long deal for 2018–2022,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> despite protests from the scientific community, protests focused on aspects such as the lack of prevention of cost increases by means of the <a href="/wiki/Double_dipping_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double dipping (publishing)">double dipping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, a consortium of all of Netherlands' 14 universities threatened to boycott Elsevier if it could not agree that articles by Dutch authors would be made open access and settled with the compromise of 30% of its Dutch papers becoming open access by 2018. Gerard Meijer, president of <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Radboud University">Radboud University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and lead negotiator on the Dutch side noted, "it's not the 100% that I hoped for".<a href="#cite_note-nature1-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> In March 2019, the Norwegian government on behalf of 44 institutions — universities, university colleges, research institutes, and hospitals — decided to break negotiations on renewal of their subscription deal with Elsevier, because of disagreement regarding open-access policy and Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce the cost of reading access.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, over 70 university libraries confirmed a "contract boycott" movement involving three publishers including Elsevier. As of January 2018, whilst negotiations remain underway, a decision will be made as to whether or not continue the participating libraries will continue the boycott.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> It was subsequently confirmed that an agreement had been reached.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Bibsam_Consortium" title="Bibsam Consortium">Bibsam Consortium</a>, which negotiates license agreements on behalf of all Swedish universities and research institutes, decided not to renew their contract with Elsevier,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-sparc-173">[173]</a> alleging that the publisher does not meet the demands of transition towards a more open-access model, and referring to the rapidly increasing costs for publishing.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Swedish universities will still have access to articles published before 30 June 2018. Astrid Söderbergh Widding, chairman of the Bibsam Consortium, said, "the current system for scholarly communication must change and our only option is to cancel deals when they don't meet our demands for a sustainable transition to open access".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Sweden has a goal of open access by 2026.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In November 2019 the negotiations concluded, with Sweden paying for reading access to Elsevier journals and open access publishing for all its researchers' articles.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> In Taiwan, more than 75% of universities, including the country's top 11 institutions, have joined a collective boycott against Elsevier. On 7 December 2016, the Taiwanese consortium, CONCERT, which represents more than 140 institutions, announced it would not renew its contract with Elsevier.<a href="#cite_note-nature1-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>'s faculty elected to cancel its $2 million subscription to a bundle of several journals. Starting in 2019, it will instead buy access to titles à la carte.<a href="#cite_note-sparc-173">[173]</a> In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> said it would terminate subscriptions "in [a] push for open access to publicly funded research".<a href="#cite_note-:0-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-AT_2019-03-14">[14]</a> After months of negotiations over open access to research by UC researchers and prices for subscriptions to Elsevier journals, a press release by the UC Office of the President issued Thursday, 28 February 2019 stated "Under Elsevier's proposed terms, the publisher would have charged UC authors large publishing fees on top of the university's multimillion dollar subscription, resulting in much greater cost to the university and much higher profits for Elsevier."<a href="#cite_note-:0-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> On 10 July 2019, Elsevier began restricting access to all new paywalled articles and approximately 5% of paywalled articles published before 2019.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> elected not to renew its bundled Elsevier package, citing a failure "to provide an affordable path".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Rather than extend the license, which was stated to cost $2.6 million annually, the university decided to continue subscribing to a smaller set of individual journals. The <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> Libraries Consortium also announced similar outcome,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> with the help of estimates from <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall Journals">Unpaywall Journals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> announced in June 2020 that it would no longer pay for access to new Elsevier articles.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 2022 Elsevier and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> established an agreement to support authors who wish to publish open access.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> In June 2020 the Ukrainian government cancelled subscriptions for all universities in the country after failed negotiations. The Ministry of Education stated that Elsevier indexes journals in its register that call themselves Russian but are from occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissemination_of_research">Dissemination of research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dissemination of research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_efforts_against_open_access">Lobbying efforts against open access</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lobbying efforts against open access">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier have been known to be involved in lobbying against open access.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> These have included the likes of: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Public_Access_Act" title="Federal Research Public Access Act">Federal Research Public Access Act</a> (FRPPA)<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>PRISM.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In the case of PRISM, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a> hired <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dezenhall" title="Eric Dezenhall">Eric Dezenhall</a>, the so-called "Pit Bull Of Public Relations".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP)<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open Science</a> Monitor was criticised after Elsevier were confirmed as a subcontractor.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selling_open-access_articles">Selling open-access articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Selling open-access articles">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Elsevier was found to be selling some articles that should have been open access, but had been put behind a paywall.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> A related case occurred in 2015, when Elsevier charged for downloading an open-access article from a journal published by <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. However, whether Elsevier was in violation of the license under which the article was made available on their website was not clear.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_against_academics_posting_their_own_articles_online">Action against academics posting their own articles online</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Action against academics posting their own articles online">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Digimarc" title="Digimarc">Digimarc</a>, a company representing Elsevier, told the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> to remove articles published by faculty authors on university web pages; although such <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self-archiving</a> of academic articles may be legal under the <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> provisions in Canadian <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> the university complied. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> also received <a href="/wiki/Notice_and_take_down" title="Notice and take down">takedown notices</a> for self-archived academic articles, a first for Harvard, according to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Months after its acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a> rival <a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a>, Elsevier sent thousands of takedown notices to Academia.edu, a practice that has since ceased following widespread complaint by academics, according to Academia.edu founder and chief executive Richard Price.<a href="#cite_note-Parr2014-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard2013-225">[225]</a> After Elsevier acquired the repository <a href="/wiki/SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a> in May 2016, academics started complaining that some of their work has been removed without notice. The action was explained as a technical error.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sci-Hub_and_LibGen_lawsuit">Sci-Hub and LibGen lawsuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sci-Hub and LibGen lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, Elsevier filed a lawsuit against the sites <a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">LibGen</a>, which make copyright-protected articles available for free. Elsevier also claimed illegal access to institutional accounts.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_rejection_of_the_Initiative_for_Open_Citations">Initial rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Initial rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations">edit</a>]</div> Among the major academic publishers, Elsevier alone declined to join the <a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a>. In the context of the resignation of the Journal of Informetrics' editorial board, the firm stated: "Elsevier invests significantly in citation extraction technology. While these are made available to those who wish to license this data, Elsevier cannot make such a large corpus of data, to which it has added significant value, available for free."<a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-229">[229]</a> Elsevier finally joined the initiative in January 2021 after the data was already available with an <a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data Commons">Open Data Commons</a> license in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leid_Q&Aa-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ResearchGate_take_down">ResearchGate take down</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: ResearchGate take down">edit</a>]</div> A chamber of the Munich Regional Court has ruled that the research networking site ResearchGate has to take down articles uploaded without consent from their original publishers and <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a> must take down Elsevier articles. A case was brought forward in 2017 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Responsible_Sharing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition for Responsible Sharing (page does not exist)">Coalition for Responsible Sharing</a>, a group of publishers that includes Elsevier and the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antitrust_lawsuit">Antitrust lawsuit</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Antitrust lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In September 2024, <a href="/wiki/Lucina_Uddin" title="Lucina Uddin">Lucina Uddin</a>, a neuroscience professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>, sued Elsevier along with five other <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> publishers in a proposed <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class-action</a> lawsuit, alleging that the publishers violated <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust</a> law by agreeing not to compete against each other for manuscripts and by denying scholars payment for <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier has partnered with a number of organisations and lent its name to several awards. Since 1987, Elsevier has partnered with the academic journal <a href="/wiki/Spectrochimica_Acta_Part_B" title="Spectrochimica Acta Part B">Spectrochimica Acta Part B</a> to award the Elsevier / Spectrochimica Acta Atomic Spectroscopy Award. This award is given each year for a jury-selected best paper of the year. The award is worth $1000.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Starting in 1987, the <a href="/wiki/IBMS_Elsevier_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="IBMS Elsevier Award">IBMS Elsevier Award</a> was awarded in 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bone_and_Mineral_Society" title="International Bone and Mineral Society">International Bone and Mineral Society</a> in partnership with Elsevier, "for outstanding research and teaching throughout their career by an IBMS member in the fields of bone and mineral metabolism".<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> From 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Coordena%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Aperfeicoamento_de_Pessoal_de_N%C3%ADvel_Superior" title="Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior">Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</a> (CAPES) in Brazil partnered with Elsevier to award the CAPES Elsevier Award, the award being restricted to women from 2013 to encourage more women to pursue scientific careers. Several awards were awarded each year, as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> From 2011, the <a href="/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Awards_for_Early-Career_Women_Scientists_in_the_Developing_World" class="mw-redirect" title="OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World">OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World</a> (OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards) have been awarded annually to early-career women scientists in selected developing countries in four regions: <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific region">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Women_in_Science_for_the_Developing_World" title="Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World">Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World</a> (OWSD), the Elsevier Foundation, and <a href="/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences" title="The World Academy of Sciences">The World Academy of Sciences</a> first partnered to recognize achievements of early-career women scientists in developing countries in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> In 2016, the Elsevier Foundation awarded the Elsevier Foundation-ISC3 Green and Sustainable Chemistry Challenge. From 2021 and as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit">[update]</a>, the annual award is known as the Elsevier Foundation Chemistry for Climate Action Challenge. Two prizes have been awarded each year; until 2020, the first prizewinner was awarded €50,000, and the second prize was €25,000. Since then, €25,000 has been awarded to each winner, usually an entrepreneur who has created a project or proposal that aids the fight against <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprints">Imprints</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Imprints">edit</a>]</div> Elsevier uses its <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprints</a> (that is, <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand names</a> used in publishing) to market to different consumer segments. Many of the imprints have previously been the names of publishing companies that were purchased by Reed Elsevier. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a></li> <li>Baillière Tindall</li> <li>BC Decker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterworth–Heinemann">Butterworth–Heinemann</a></li> <li>CMP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_Press" title="Cell Press">Cell Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Livingstone" title="Churchill Livingstone">Churchill Livingstone</a></li> <li>Digital Press</li> <li>Elsevier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Professional_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Professional Publishing">Gulf Professional Publishing</a></li> <li>GW Medical Publishing</li> <li>Hanley & Belfus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masson_(publisher)" title="Masson (publisher)">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Publishing" title="Medicine Publishing">Medicine Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers" title="Morgan Kaufmann Publishers">Morgan Kaufmann Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosby_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosby (publisher)">Mosby</a></li> <li>Newnes</li> <li>North-Holland Publishing Company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a></li> <li>Pergamon Flexible Learning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunders (publisher)">Saunders</a></li> <li>Syngress <a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li>Urban & Fischer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_(publisher)" title="William Andrew (publisher)">William Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Publishing" title="Woodhead Publishing">Woodhead Publishing</a> (including Chandos and Horwood)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elsevier_periodicals" title="List of Elsevier periodicals">List of Elsevier periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2collab" title="2collab">2collab</a>, a free researcher collaboration tool launched by Elsevier in 2007 and discontinued in 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a>, a website providing free access to otherwise paywalled academic papers that is involved in a legal case with Elsevier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" title="Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Publishing" title="Lagardère Publishing">Lagardère Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education" title="McGraw Hill Education">McGraw Hill Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley (publisher)</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RELX-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RELX_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RELX_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RELX_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.relx.com/investors/annual-reports/2022">"RELX Annual Report"</a>. RELX. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720111741/https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/relx-2022-annual-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RELX&rft.atitle=RELX+Annual+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.relx.com%2Finvestors%2Fannual-reports%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720112214/http://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/RELX/relx/net-income">"RELX Net Income 2006-2020"</a>. Macrotrends. 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Retrieved 14 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elsevier&rft.atitle=Who+we+are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fabout%2Fthis-is-elsevier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2017" class="citation web cs1">Carpenter, Todd (2 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/02/02/plum-goes-orange-elsevier-acquires-plum-analytics/">"Plum Goes Orange – Elsevier Acquires Plum Analytics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scholarly_Kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scholarly Kitchen">The Scholarly Kitchen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Scholarly_Publishing" title="Society for Scholarly Publishing">Society for Scholarly Publishing</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203647/https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/02/02/plum-goes-orange-elsevier-acquires-plum-analytics/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scholarly+Kitchen&rft.atitle=Plum+Goes+Orange+%E2%80%93+Elsevier+Acquires+Plum+Analytics&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlykitchen.sspnet.org%2F2017%2F02%2F02%2Fplum-goes-orange-elsevier-acquires-plum-analytics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ors.ubc.ca/resources-links/elseviers-scival">"Elsevier's SciVal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124085807/https://ors.ubc.ca/resources-links/elseviers-scival">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. 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Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+RELX+Group+Annual+Report&rft.pub=RELX&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.relx.com%2F2021%2Fesef-ar-uk%2F549300WSX3VBUFFJOO66-2021-12-31-Viewer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyc-7"><a href="#cite_ref-boyc_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2012" class="citation news cs1">Lin, Thomas (13 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/science/researchers-boycott-elsevier-journal-publisher.html">"Mathematicians Organize Boycott of a Publisher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329132139/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/science/researchers-boycott-elsevier-journal-publisher.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021. 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Scientific American Blog Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413011430/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/is-elsevier-really-for-science-or-just-for-profit/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022. 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Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+war+to+free+science&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fthe-highlight%2F2019%2F6%2F3%2F18271538%2Fopen-access-elsevier-california-sci-hub-academic-paywalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buranyi_2017-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Buranyi_2017_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuranyi2017" class="citation web cs1">Buranyi, Stephen (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science">"Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science?"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Interesting+Fact+-+History+of+the+Elsevier+Logo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnotes%2Felsevier-india%2Finteresting-fact-history-of-the-elsevier-logo%2F295913917111368%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Gerry van der List, Meer dan een weekblad. 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De Volkskrant (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221521/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/11-eu-landen-besluiten-vanaf-2020-moet-alle-wetenschappelijke-literatuur-gratis-beschikbaar-zijn~be002c39/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018. 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Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OWSD&rft.atitle=Awards&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fowsd.net%2Fawards%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elsevierfoundation.org/partnerships/research-in-developing-countries/greenchem/our-winners/">"Our winners"</a>. The Elsevier Foundation. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Elsevier+Foundation&rft.atitle=Our+winners&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felsevierfoundation.org%2Fpartnerships%2Fresearch-in-developing-countries%2Fgreenchem%2Four-winners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/corporate/elsevier-acquires-syngress-publishing">"Elsevier Acquires Syngress Publishing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614025811/https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/corporate/elsevier-acquires-syngress-publishing">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elsevier+Acquires+Syngress+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fabout%2Fpress-releases%2Fcorporate%2Felsevier-acquires-syngress-publishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroen2007" class="citation book cs1">Groen, Frances K. (2007). Access to medical knowledge : libraries, digitization, and the public good. Lanham, Mar.: Scarecrow Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-52723" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-52723"><bdi>978-0-8108-52723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+to+medical+knowledge+%3A+libraries%2C+digitization%2C+and+the+public+good&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Mar.&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-52723&rft.aulast=Groen&rft.aufirst=Frances+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElsevier" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elsevier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elsevier">Elsevier</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746413#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/arms-fairs/reed-elsevier/">Campaign success: Reed Elsevier sells international arms fairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024547/https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/arms-fairs/reed-elsevier/">Archived</a> 6 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_H._Munroe2004" class="citation web cs1">Mary H. 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Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_Press" title="Cell Press">Cell Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Livingstone" title="Churchill Livingstone">Churchill Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masson_(publisher)" title="Masson (publisher)">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Publishing" title="Medicine Publishing">Medicine Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers" title="Morgan Kaufmann Publishers">Morgan Kaufmann Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosby_(imprint)" title="Mosby (imprint)">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_(imprint)" title="Saunders (imprint)">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_(publisher)" title="William Andrew (publisher)">William Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Publishing" title="Woodhead Publishing">Woodhead Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochimica_et_Biophysica_Acta" title="Biochimica et Biophysica Acta">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Opinion_(Elsevier)" title="Current Opinion (Elsevier)">Current Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Allergy_and_Clinical_Immunology" title="The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology">The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron_(journal)" title="Tetrahedron (journal)">Tetrahedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trends_(journals)" title="Trends (journals)">Trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elsevier_periodicals" title="List of Elsevier periodicals">List of Elsevier periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bepress" title="Bepress">Bepress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ei_Compendex" title="Ei Compendex">Ei Compendex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embase" title="Embase">Embase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOBASE" title="GEOBASE">GEOBASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HESI_exam" title="HESI exam">HESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaxys" title="Reaxys">Reaxys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScienceDirect" title="ScienceDirect">ScienceDirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scirus" title="Scirus">Scirus</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CaseMap" title="CaseMap">CaseMap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law360" title="Law360">Law360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martindale-Hubbell" title="Martindale-Hubbell">Martindale-Hubbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicklaw" title="Quicklaw">Quicklaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard%27s_Citations" title="Shepard's Citations">Shepard's Citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estates_Gazette" title="Estates Gazette">Estates Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LexisNexis_Risk_Solutions" title="LexisNexis Risk Solutions">LexisNexis Risk Solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Exhibitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Exhibitions">RX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Travel_Market" title="Arabian Travel Market">Arabian Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitana" title="Equitana">Equitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Gaming_Expo" title="Global Gaming Expo">Global Gaming Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Book_Fair" title="London Book Fair">London Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPCOM" title="MIPCOM">MIPCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPTV_Media_Market" title="MIPTV Media Market">MIPTV Media Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hardware_Show" title="National Hardware Show">National Hardware Show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ReedPop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Comic_%26_Entertainment_Expo" title="Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo">Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGX_(expo)" title="EGX (expo)">EGX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_City_Comic_Con" title="Emerald City Comic Con">Emerald City Comic Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Supercon" title="Florida Supercon">Florida Supercon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCM_London_Comic_Con" class="mw-redirect" title="MCM London Comic Con">MCM London Comic Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con" title="New York Comic Con">New York Comic Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX_(event)" title="PAX (event)">PAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Celebration" title="Star Wars Celebration">Star Wars Celebration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:RELX" title="Category:RELX">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746413#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106729757">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152166420">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1572153126228524750007">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2009508-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021939">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121414808">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121414808">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an64522770">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002102447&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20090615020&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/816629">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810607532405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007433183505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029883091">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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1,\n [\"CITEREFDobbs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoctorow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Knuth2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEffeDesign\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElse2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsevier\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFischman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalimberti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiussani1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlyn_Moody2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGretchen_Vogel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagve2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaufe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerther2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_Oransky2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaschik2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Bohannon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJump2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakaes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellBerkeley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeulemans2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Jung-hyun2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKukkonen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupferschmidtVogel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyriakidesHills,_David_A.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarousserie2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLykkjaMyklebust2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie-Mason2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_H._Munroe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasnick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKiernanSchimanskiMuñoz_NievesMatthias2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Masnick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Masnick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonbiot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoody2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolò_OmenettoGreet_de_Loos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson,_Patricia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuijtenHartgerinkvan_AssenEpskamp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOransky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrchard1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParr2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosadaChen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRaman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResnick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss_Mounce2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRout2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaini2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarcella2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiermeier2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiermeier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiermeierMega2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeeley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh_Chawla2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkibba2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachokas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwoger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeddLarge2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_DRS_Executive_Board\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Merwe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Noorden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent_LarivièreStefanie_HausteinPhilippe_Mongeon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVollmer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWentzel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiemer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYirka2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahneis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFannwen\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 132,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 2,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reed Elsevier\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","13.6"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Elsevier","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elsevier","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q746413","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q746413","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-04T20:51:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T12:48:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/6\/6a\/Elsevier_logo_2019.svg","headline":"Dutch publishing and analytics company"}</script> </body> </html>