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1771–1780 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-East_and_West_Indies,_1771–1780-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nelson's_views_on_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nelson's_views_on_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nelson's views on slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nelson's_views_on_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command,_1781–1796" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command,_1781–1796"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Command, 1781–1796 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Command,_1781–1796-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Command, 1781–1796 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Command,_1781–1796-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Captain_of_Albemarle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_of_Albemarle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Captain of Albemarle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_of_Albemarle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Island_of_Nevis,_marriage_and_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Island_of_Nevis,_marriage_and_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Island of Nevis, marriage and peace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Island_of_Nevis,_marriage_and_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mediterranean service </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mediterranean_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mediterranean service subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corsica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Corsica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corsica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genoa_and_the_fight_of_the_Ça_Ira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genoa_and_the_fight_of_the_Ça_Ira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Genoa and the fight of the Ça Ira </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genoa_and_the_fight_of_the_Ça_Ira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skirmishes_and_the_retreat_from_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skirmishes_and_the_retreat_from_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Skirmishes and the retreat from Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skirmishes_and_the_retreat_from_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jervis_and_the_evacuation_of_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jervis_and_the_evacuation_of_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Jervis and the evacuation of the Mediterranean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jervis_and_the_evacuation_of_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admiral,_1797–1801" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admiral,_1797–1801"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Admiral, 1797–1801 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Admiral,_1797–1801-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Admiral, 1797–1801 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Admiral,_1797–1801-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Battle of Cape St Vincent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_off_Cadiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_off_Cadiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Action off Cadiz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_off_Cadiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Return to England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 The Mediterranean </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Mediterranean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Mediterranean subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunting_the_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_the_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Hunting the French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_the_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_the_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_the_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The Battle of the Nile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_the_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rewards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rewards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Rewards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rewards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neapolitan_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neapolitan_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Neapolitan campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neapolitan_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Siege of Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Return to England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Baltic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Baltic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 The Baltic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Baltic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Baltic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Baltic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Copenhagen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Copenhagen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Battle of Copenhagen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Copenhagen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leave_in_England,_1801–1803" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leave_in_England,_1801–1803"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Leave in England, 1801–1803 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leave_in_England,_1801–1803-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leave in England, 1801–1803 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leave_in_England,_1801–1803-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Grand tour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witness_at_the_treason_trial_of_Edward_Despard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witness_at_the_treason_trial_of_Edward_Despard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Witness at the treason trial of Edward Despard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witness_at_the_treason_trial_of_Edward_Despard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_sea,_1803" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_sea,_1803"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Return to sea, 1803 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_sea,_1803-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Trafalgar,_1805" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Trafalgar,_1805"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Battle of Trafalgar, 1805 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle_of_Trafalgar,_1805-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle of Trafalgar, 1805 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Trafalgar,_1805-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_is_joined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_is_joined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Battle is joined </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_is_joined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wounding_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wounding_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Wounding and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wounding_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_England_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_England_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Return to England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Assessment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Titles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armorial_bearings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armorial_bearings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Armorial bearings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armorial_bearings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%89%D0%B8%D3%80%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="ХьорэщиӀо Нэльсын – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="ХьорэщиӀо Нэльсын" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Nelson" title="Lord Nelson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lord Nelson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هوراشيو نيلسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوراشيو نيلسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8" title="লৰ্ড নেলছন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লৰ্ড নেলছন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatsio_Nelson" title="Horatsio Nelson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Horatsio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гарацыа Нельсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарацыа Нельсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%91_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гарацыё Нэльсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарацыё Нэльсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Хорацио Нелсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорацио Нелсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Нельсон Горацио – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нельсон Горацио" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1._Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1. Viscount Nelson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horatio Nelson, 1. Viscount Nelson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Οράτιος Νέλσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οράτιος Νέλσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هوریشیو نلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوریشیو نلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EB%84%AC%EC%8A%A8_%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%91_%ED%97%88%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%87%BC_%EB%84%AC%EC%8A%A8" title="제1대 넬슨 자작 허레이쇼 넬슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 넬슨 자작 허레이쇼 넬슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8_%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հորացիո Նելսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորացիո Նելսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="होरेशियो नेलसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होरेशियो नेलसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הוריישו נלסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוריישו נלסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰორაციო ნელსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰორაციო ნელსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Горацио Нельсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Горацио Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Горацио Нельсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Горацио Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Nelson" title="Horatius Nelson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Horatius Nelson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C4%81cijs_Nelsons" title="Horācijs Nelsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Horācijs Nelsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хорацио Нелсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хорацио Нелсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ഹൊറേഷ്യോ നെൽസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൊറേഷ്യോ നെൽസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="होरेशियो नेल्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होरेशियो नेल्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰორაციო ნელსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰორაციო ნელსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هوراتيو نيلسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوراتيو نيلسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5)" title="ホレーショ・ネルソン (初代ネルソン子爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホレーショ・ネルソン (初代ネルソン子爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ہوریشیو نیلسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوریشیو نیلسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Нельсон, Горацио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нельсон, Горацио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscoont_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscoont Nelson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscoont Nelson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хорејшио Нелсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорејшио Нелсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹோரஷியோ நெல்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹோரஷியோ நெல்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="โฮราชิโอ เนลสัน ไวเคานต์เนลสันที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฮราชิโอ เนลสัน ไวเคานต์เนลสันที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гораціо Нельсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гораціо Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Horatio Nelson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British admiral (1758–1805)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horatio Nelson (disambiguation)">Horatio Nelson (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lord Nelson (disambiguation)">Lord Nelson (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Nelson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Admiral Nelson (disambiguation)">Admiral Nelson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">The Viscount Nelson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Bath_(1399%E2%80%931725)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Bath (1399–1725)">KB</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:HoratioNelson1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/220px-HoratioNelson1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/330px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/440px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Nelson by <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Francis_Abbott" title="Lemuel Francis Abbott">L. F. Abbott</a> (1799)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">29 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 September] 1758 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Thorpe" title="Burnham Thorpe">Burnham Thorpe</a>, Norfolk, Great Britain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 1805(1805-10-21) (aged 47) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar" title="Cape Trafalgar">Cape Trafalgar</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">Gunshot wound</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Nelson" title="Frances Nelson">Frances Nisbet</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1787)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Nelson_(priest)" title="Edmund Nelson (priest)">Edmund Nelson</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Suckling" title="Catherine Suckling">Catherine Suckling</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1771–1805</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice-admiral_of_the_White" title="Vice-admiral of the White">Vice-admiral of the White</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort San Juan">Battle of Fort San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Turk" title="Battle of Grand Turk">Battle of Grand Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_October_1793" title="Action of 22 October 1793">Action of 22 October 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastia" title="Siege of Bastia">Siege of Bastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calvi" title="Siege of Calvi">Siege of Calvi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genoa_(1795)" title="Battle of Genoa (1795)">Battle of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hy%C3%A8res_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hyères Islands">Battle of Hyères Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_31_May_1796" title="Action of 31 May 1796">Action of 31 May 1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_December_1796" title="Action of 19 December 1796">Action of 19 December 1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockade of Cádiz (1797)">Assault on Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Neapolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy" title="Battle of the Malta Convoy">Battle of the Malta Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Siege of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Boulogne_(1801)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Boulogne (1801)">Raid on Boulogne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> <ul><li><a href="#Titles">Several others (see below)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg/150px-Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg/225px-Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg/300px-Horatio_Nelson_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="77" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice-Admiral</a> Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte <a href="/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath_(1725%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath (1725–1815)">KB</a> (29 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 September] 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval commanders in British history. Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Suckling" title="Maurice Suckling">Maurice Suckling</a>, a high-ranking naval officer. Nelson rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command at the age of 20, in 1778. He developed a reputation for personal valour and a firm grasp of tactics, but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> allowed Nelson to return to service, where he was particularly active in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. He fought in several minor engagements off <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> and was important in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, where he was wounded and partially lost sight in one eye, and subsequently performed diplomatic duties with the Italian states. In 1797, he distinguished himself while in command of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Captain_(1787)" title="HMS Captain (1787)">HMS Captain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent</a>. Shortly after that battle, Nelson took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, where the attack failed and he lost his right arm, forcing him to return to England to recuperate. The following year he won a decisive victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> and remained in the Mediterranean to support the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> against a French invasion. In 1801, Nelson was dispatched to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and defeated <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>. He commanded the blockade of the French and Spanish fleets at Toulon and, after their escape, chased them to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and back but failed to bring them to battle. After a brief return to England, he took over the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> blockade, in 1805. On 21 October 1805, the Franco-Spanish fleet came out of port, and Nelson's fleet engaged them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. The battle became one of Britain's greatest naval victories, but Nelson, aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, was fatally wounded by a <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> ball fired from the French ship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Redoutable_(1795)" title="French ship Redoutable (1795)">Redoutable</a>. His body was brought back to England, where he was accorded a state funeral. Nelson's death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of Britain's most heroic figures. His signal just prior to the commencement of the battle, "<a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a>", is regularly quoted and paraphrased. Numerous monuments, including <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London, and the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Monument,_Edinburgh" title="Nelson Monument, Edinburgh">Nelson Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, have been created in his memory. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson,_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson%2C_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson%2C_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson%2C_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg/330px-Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson%2C_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson%2C_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg/440px-Birthplace_of_Admiral_Lord_Nelson%2C_Burnham_Thorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_377940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The site of the rectory in <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Thorpe" title="Burnham Thorpe">Burnham Thorpe</a> where Nelson was born in 1758</figcaption></figure> Horatio Nelson was born on 29 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 September] 1758, at a rectory in <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Thorpe" title="Burnham Thorpe">Burnham Thorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, England; the sixth of eleven children of the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Nelson_(priest)" title="Edmund Nelson (priest)">Edmund Nelson</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Suckling" title="Catherine Suckling">Catherine Suckling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_36-1">[1]</a> He was named "<a href="/wiki/Horatio_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio (given name)">Horatio</a>" after his godfather <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford">Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford</a> (third creation), (1723–1809),<a href="#cite_note-Memoirs1-2">[2]</a> the first cousin of his maternal great-grandmother Anne Turner (1691–1768). Horatio Walpole was a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, 1st Earl of Orford, (second creation) the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Great Britain">prime minister of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11brit352-3">[3]</a> Nelson retained a strong Christian faith throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Nelson's uncle <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Suckling" title="Maurice Suckling">Maurice Suckling</a> was a high-ranking naval officer, and is believed to have had a major impact on Nelson's life.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_394-5">[5]</a> Catherine Suckling lived in the village of <a href="/wiki/Barsham,_Suffolk" title="Barsham, Suffolk">Barsham, Suffolk</a>, and married the Reverend Edmund Nelson at <a href="/wiki/Beccles" title="Beccles">Beccles</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, in 1749.<a href="#cite_note-Sir_Nicholas_Harris_18-6">[6]</a> Nelson attended <a href="/wiki/Paston_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Paston Grammar School">Paston Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Walsham" title="North Walsham">North Walsham</a>, until he was 12 years old, and also attended <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School_(educational_institution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich School (educational institution)">King Edward VI's Grammar School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. His naval career began on 1 January 1771, when he reported to the newly commissioned <a href="/wiki/Third-rate" title="Third-rate">third-rate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Raisonnable_(1768)" title="HMS Raisonnable (1768)">HMS Raisonnable</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_seaman_(rating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary seaman (rating)">ordinary seaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coxswain" title="Coxswain">coxswain</a> under his maternal uncle, Captain Maurice Suckling, who commanded the vessel. Shortly after reporting aboard, Nelson was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a>, and began officer training. Early in his service, Nelson discovered that he experienced <a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">seasickness</a>, a chronic complaint that he experienced for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_56-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_and_West_Indies,_1771–1780">East and West Indies, 1771–1780</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: East and West Indies, 1771–1780">edit</a>]</div> Raisonnable had been commissioned during a period of tension with Spain, but when this passed, Suckling was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Nore" title="Nore">Nore</a> <a href="/wiki/Guardship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardship">guardship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1764)" title="HMS Triumph (1764)">HMS Triumph</a> and Nelson was dispatched to serve aboard the West Indiaman Mary Ann of the merchant shipping firm of <a href="/wiki/Hibbert,_Purrier_and_Horton" title="Hibbert, Purrier and Horton">Hibbert, Purrier and Horton</a>, in order to gain experience at sea.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He sailed from <a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a>, Kent, on 25 July 1771, heading to Jamaica and Tobago, and returning to Plymouth on 7 July 1772.<a href="#cite_note-NArch-9">[9]</a> He twice crossed the Atlantic, before returning to serve under his uncle as the commander of Suckling's longboat, which carried men and dispatches, to and from shore. Nelson then learnt of a <a href="/wiki/1773_Phipps_expedition_towards_the_North_Pole" title="1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole">planned expedition</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_2nd_Baron_Mulgrave" title="Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave">Constantine Phipps</a>, intended to survey a passage in the Arctic by which it was hoped that India could be reached: the fabled <a href="/wiki/North-East_Passage" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East Passage">North-East Passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Memoirs4-10">[10]</a> At his nephew's request, Suckling arranged for Nelson to join the expedition as coxswain<a href="#cite_note-Memoirs4-10">[10]</a> to Commander <a href="/wiki/Skeffington_Lutwidge" title="Skeffington Lutwidge">Skeffington Lutwidge</a> aboard the converted <a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">bomb vessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Carcass_(1759)" title="HMS Carcass (1759)">HMS Carcass</a>. The expedition reached within ten degrees of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, but, unable to find a way through the dense ice floes, was forced to turn back. By 1800, Lutwidge had begun to circulate a story that, while the ship had been trapped in the ice, Nelson had spotted and pursued a <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>, before being ordered to return to the ship. Later, in 1809, Lutwidge had it that Nelson, and a companion, gave chase to the bear and upon being questioned as to why, replied: "I wished, Sir, to get the skin for my father."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Nelson briefly returned to Triumph, after the expedition's return to Britain, in September 1773. Suckling then arranged for his transfer to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1748)" title="HMS Seahorse (1748)">HMS Seahorse</a>; one of two ships about to sail for the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Young_Nelson.jpg/220px-Young_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Young_Nelson.jpg/330px-Young_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Young_Nelson.jpg/440px-Young_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>Captain Horatio Nelson, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Rigaud" title="John Francis Rigaud">John Francis Rigaud</a> in 1781, with Fort San Juan—the scene of his most notable achievement up to that point—in the background. The painting itself was begun and nearly finished prior to the battle, when Nelson held the rank of lieutenant; when Nelson returned, the artist added the new captain's gold-braided sleeves.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> Nelson sailed for the East Indies on 19 November 1773, and arrived at the British outpost at <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> on 25 May 1774.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Nelson and Seahorse spent the rest of the year cruising off the coast and escorting <a href="/wiki/Merchantmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantmen">merchantmen</a>. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>, the British fleet operated in support of the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">East India Company</a> and in early 1775, Seahorse was dispatched to carry a cargo of the company's money to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>. On 19 February, two of <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">ketches</a> attacked Seahorse, which drove them off after a brief exchange of fire. This was Nelson's first experience of battle.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Nelson spent the rest of the year escorting convoys, during which he continued to develop his navigation and ship handling skills. In early 1776, he contracted malaria and became seriously ill. He was discharged from Seahorse on 14 March and returned to England aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dolphin_(1751)" title="HMS Dolphin (1751)">HMS Dolphin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Nelson spent the six-month voyage recuperating and had almost recovered by the time he arrived in Britain, in September. His patron, Suckling, had risen to the post of <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Navy_(Navy_Board)" title="Comptroller of the Navy (Navy Board)">Comptroller of the Navy</a> in 1775, and used his influence to help Nelson gain further promotion.<a href="#cite_note-11brit352-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-suckling-17">[17]</a> Nelson was appointed <a href="/wiki/Acting_rank" title="Acting rank">acting</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant (Royal Navy)">lieutenant</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Worcester_(1769)" title="HMS Worcester (1769)">HMS Worcester</a>, which was about to sail to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Worcester, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer)">Mark Robinson</a>, sailed as a convoy escort on 3 December, and returned with another convoy in April 1777.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Nelson then travelled to London to take his lieutenant's examination on 9 April; his examining board consisted of Captains <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Campbell (Royal Navy officer)">John Campbell</a>, Abraham North, and his uncle, Suckling. Nelson passed the examination, and the next day received his commission, and an appointment to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lowestoffe_(1761)" title="HMS Lowestoffe (1761)">HMS Lowestoffe</a>, which was preparing to sail to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, under Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Locker_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Locker (Royal Navy)">William Locker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> She sailed on 16 May, arrived on 19 July, and after reprovisioning, carried out several cruises in Caribbean waters. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, Lowestoffe took several prizes, one of which was taken into Navy service as Little Lucy. Nelson asked for, and was given, command of her, and took her on two cruises of his own.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As well as giving him his first taste of command, it gave Nelson the opportunity to explore his fledgling interest in science. During his first cruise in command of Little Lucy, Nelson led an expeditionary party to the <a href="/wiki/Caicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Caicos">Caicos</a> Islands,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> where he made detailed notes of the wildlife and in particular a bird—now believed to be the <a href="/wiki/White-necked_jacobin" title="White-necked jacobin">white-necked jacobin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_166-23">[23]</a> Locker, impressed by Nelson's abilities, recommended him to the new <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Station_(Royal_Navy)" title="Jamaica Station (Royal Navy)">commander-in-chief at Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Parker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet">Sir Peter Parker</a>. Parker duly took Nelson onto his flagship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bristol_(1775)" title="HMS Bristol (1775)">HMS Bristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The entry of the French into the war, in support of the Americans, meant further targets for Parker's fleet. It took many prizes towards the end of 1778, which brought Nelson an estimated £400 (equivalent to £64,400 in 2023) in <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a>. Parker appointed him as <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">master and commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Badger_(1777)" title="HMS Badger (1777)">HMS Badger</a> on 8 December.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Nelson and Badger spent most of 1779 cruising off of the Central American coast, ranging as far as the British settlements at <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">British Honduras</a> (now Belize), and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, but without much success at interception of enemy prizes.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> On his return to <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a>, he learnt that Parker had promoted him to <a href="/wiki/Post-captain" title="Post-captain">post-captain</a> on 11 June, and intended to give him another command. Nelson handed over the Badger to <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood" title="Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a>, while he awaited the arrival of his new ship: the 28-gun <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hinchinbrook_(1778)" title="HMS Hinchinbrook (1778)">HMS Hinchinbrook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[a]</a> newly captured from the French.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> While Nelson waited, news reached Parker that a French fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing</a>, was approaching Jamaica. Parker hastily organized his defences and placed Nelson in command of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Charles_(Jamaica)" title="Fort Charles (Jamaica)">Fort Charles</a>, which covered the approaches to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> D'Estaing instead headed north, and the anticipated invasion never materialised. Nelson took command of the Hinchinbrook on 1 September 1779.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Hinchinbrook sailed from Port Royal on 5 October and, in company with other British ships, proceeded to capture a number of American prizes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> On his return to Jamaica in December, Nelson began to be troubled by recurrent attacks of malaria. Nelson remained in the West Indies in order to take part in Major-General <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Dalling,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Dalling, 1st Baronet">John Dalling's</a> attempt to <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition_(1780)" title="San Juan Expedition (1780)">capture the Spanish colonies in Central America</a>, including an assault on the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Fortress of the Immaculate Conception">Fortress of the Immaculate Conception</a> on the San Juan River in Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-Oman30-32">[31]</a> In February 1780, Hinchinbrook sailed from Jamaica as an escort for Dalling's invasion force. After sailing up the mouth of the San Juan River, Nelson's expeditionary force obtained the surrender of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception and its 160 Spanish defenders after a two-week siege.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Despite this initial success, the British forces never reached Lake Nicaragua and, decimated by <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, were forced to return to Jamaica. The British destroyed the fortress when they evacuated in January 1781. The failed campaign cost the lives of more than 2,500 men, making it the costliest British disaster of the entire war.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Despite this, Nelson was praised for his efforts.<a href="#cite_note-San_Juan-35">[34]</a> Parker recalled Nelson and gave him command of the 44-gun frigate, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Janus_(1778)" title="HMS Janus (1778)">HMS Janus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In 1780, Nelson fell seriously ill with what seemed to be dysentery<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[37]</a> in the jungles of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and was unable to take command. He was taken to Kingston, Jamaica, to be nursed by "doctoress" <a href="/wiki/Cubah_Cornwallis" title="Cubah Cornwallis">Cubah Cornwallis</a>, a rumoured mistress of fellow captain <a href="/wiki/William_Cornwallis" title="William Cornwallis">William Cornwallis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-RH12-39">[38]</a> she ran a combination lodging-house and convalescence home for sailors.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[37]</a> He was discharged in August and returned to Britain aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lion_(1777)" title="HMS Lion (1777)">HMS Lion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> arriving in late November. Nelson gradually recovered over several months, and soon began agitating for a command. He was appointed to the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Albemarle_(1779)" title="HMS Albemarle (1779)">HMS Albemarle</a> on 15 August 1781.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nelson's_views_on_slavery">Nelson's views on slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nelson's views on slavery">edit</a>]</div> While Nelson served in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, he came into contact with several prominent white colonists residing there, forming friendships with many of them. These relationships led Nelson to absorb their <a href="/wiki/Proslavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Proslavery">proslavery</a> views, particularly the view that slavery was necessary to the islands' economic prosperity. According to Grindal, Nelson later used his social influence to counter the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">emerging abolitionist movement in Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> academic Christer Petley contextualises this view: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The debate over the future of slavery divided Britons. <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">Wilberforce</a> personified one type of British patriotism—arguing for an end to slave-trading on the basis that it was a blot on the reputation of a proud and Christian nation. Slaveholders offered their own patriotic arguments—maintaining that the trade was so instrumental to the imperial economy that Britain could ill-afford to stop it. Nelson had befriended several slaveholding colonists during his time in the Caribbean. Privately, he came to sympathise with their political outlook. It is clear that, by the time of his death at Trafalgar, he despised Wilberforce and stood in staunch opposition to the British abolitionist campaign.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></blockquote> Over the course of his life, Nelson came into contact numerous times with aspects of slavery and the people who were involved in that institution. These included both his relationships with Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">plantation owners</a> and his marriage to Fanny, a slaveowner who was born into a family which belonged to the Antiguan <a href="/wiki/Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">plantocracy</a>. One of his friends in the West Indies was <a href="/wiki/Simon_Taylor_(sugar_planter)" title="Simon Taylor (sugar planter)">Simon Taylor</a>, one of the richest plantation owners in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> who owned hundreds of slaves. In 1805, Taylor wrote to Nelson, requesting that he publicly intervene in favour of the pro-slavery side in Britain's debate over abolition. Nelson wrote a letter back to Taylor, writing that "while [he had] ... a tongue", he would "launch [his] voice against the damnable and cursed (sic)<a href="#cite_note-45">[b]</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">Wilberforce</a> and his hypocritical allies".<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> In the same letter, Nelson also wrote that he had always "[endeavoured] to serve the Public weal, of which the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">West India Colonies</a> form so prominent and interesting a part. I have ever been, and shall die, a firm friend to our present Colonial system. I was bred, as you know, in the good old school, and taught to appreciate the value of our West India possessions."<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> This letter was published in 1807, by the anti-abolitionist faction; some eighteen months after Nelson's death, and out of context, in an apparent attempt to bolster their cause prior to the parliamentary vote on the Abolition Bill. The wording of the letter as published in 1807—not in Nelson's handwriting, and with a poor facsimile of his signature—appears out of character for Nelson whose many other surviving letters never expressed racist or pro-slavery sentiments. Comparison with the "pressed copy" of the original letter—now part of the Bridport papers held in the British Library—shows that the published copy had 25 alterations,<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> distorting it to give it a more anti-Abolitionist slant. Many of Nelson's actions indicate his position on the matter of slavery, most notably: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG/220px-Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG/330px-Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG/440px-Nelson%27s_column_-_Death_of_Nelson_at_Trafalgar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> – Death of Nelson at Trafalgar panel, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ryan_(sailor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ryan (sailor) (page does not exist)">George Ryan</a> standing on the left-hand edge, holding a rifle</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Any West Indian slave escaping to a navy ship, including Nelson's, were signed on, paid, and treated the same as other crew members. At the end of their service they were discharged as free men. In fact, the bronze relief at the base of Nelson's column clearly shows the black <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ryan_(sailor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ryan (sailor) (page does not exist)">George Ryan</a>, aged 23, with <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> shooting the French alongside the dying Admiral.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></li> <li>In 1799, Nelson intervened to secure the release of 24 slaves being held in Portuguese galleys off Palermo.<a href="#cite_note-Downer,_Martyn_2017,_p.77-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicolas_p._231-51">[49]</a></li> <li>In 1802, when it was proposed that West Indian plantation slaves should be replaced by free, paid industrious Chinese workers—Nelson supported the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_2013-52">[50]</a></li> <li>In 1805, Nelson rescued the black Haitian General Joseph Chretien, and his servant, from the French. They asked if they could serve with Nelson, and Nelson recommended to the Admiralty that they be paid until they could be discharged and granted passage to Jamaica. The General's mission was to end slavery, a fact of which Nelson was well aware. The general and his servant were well treated and paid.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></li> <li>The Nelson family used to have a free black servant called Price. Nelson said of him he was "as good a man as ever lived" and he suggested to Emma that she invite the elderly Price to live with them. In the event, Price declined.<a href="#cite_note-Pettigrew_1849-54">[52]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command,_1781–1796">Command, 1781–1796</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Command, 1781–1796">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_of_Albemarle">Captain of Albemarle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Captain of Albemarle">edit</a>]</div> Nelson received orders on 23 October 1781, to take the newly refitted Albemarle to sea. He was instructed to collect an inbound convoy of the <a href="/wiki/Russia_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia Company">Russia Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Elsinore" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsinore">Elsinore</a>, and escort them back to Britain. For this operation, the Admiralty placed the frigates <a href="/wiki/HMS_Argo_(1781)" title="HMS Argo (1781)">HMS Argo</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Enterprise_(1774)" title="HMS Enterprise (1774)">HMS Enterprise</a> under his command.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_190-55">[53]</a> Nelson successfully organised the convoy and escorted it into British waters. He then left the convoy to return to port, but severe storms hampered him.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_195-56">[54]</a> Gales almost wrecked Albemarle, as she was a poorly designed ship and an earlier accident had left her damaged, but Nelson eventually brought her into <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, in February 1782.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_197-57">[55]</a> There, the Admiralty ordered him to fit Albemarle for sea and join the escort for a convoy collecting at <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, Ireland, to sail for <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_202-58">[56]</a> Nelson arrived off <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> with the convoy in late May, then detached on a cruise to hunt American <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>. Nelson was generally unsuccessful; he succeeded only in retaking several captured British merchant ships, and capturing a number of small fishing boats and assorted craft.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_204-5-59">[57]</a> In August 1782, Nelson had a narrow escape from a far superior French force under <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_de_Vaudreuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil">Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil</a>, only evading them after a prolonged chase.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_206-60">[58]</a> Nelson arrived at Quebec on 18 September.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_209-61">[59]</a> He sailed again as part of the escort for a convoy to New York. He arrived in mid-November and reported to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood</a>, commander of the New York station.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_219-62">[60]</a> At Nelson's request, Hood transferred him to his fleet and Albemarle sailed in company with Hood, bound for the West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_215-63">[61]</a> On their arrival, the British fleet took up position off Jamaica to await the arrival of de Vaudreuil's force. Nelson and the Albemarle were ordered to scout the numerous passages for signs of the enemy, but it became clear by early 1783 that the French had eluded Hood.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_220-64">[62]</a> During his scouting operations, Nelson had developed a plan to attack the French garrison of the <a href="/wiki/Turks_%26_Caicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks & Caicos">Turks Islands</a>. Commanding a small flotilla of frigates, and smaller vessels, he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Turk" title="Battle of Grand Turk">landed a force of 167 seamen and marines</a> early on the morning of 8 March, under a supporting bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_222-3-65">[63]</a> The French were found to be heavily entrenched and, after several hours, Nelson called off the assault. Several of the officers involved criticised Nelson, but Hood does not appear to have reprimanded him.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_224-66">[64]</a> Nelson spent the rest of the war cruising in the West Indies, where he captured a number of French and Spanish prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_225-67">[65]</a> After news of the peace reached Hood, Nelson returned to Britain in late June 1783.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_227-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Island_of_Nevis,_marriage_and_peace">Island of Nevis, marriage and peace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Island of Nevis, marriage and peace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanny_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fanny_Nelson.jpg/220px-Fanny_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fanny_Nelson.jpg/330px-Fanny_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fanny_Nelson.jpg/440px-Fanny_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Nelson's wife, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Nelson" title="Frances Nelson">Lady Nelson</a>, formerly Frances "Fanny" Nisbet of the island of <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. A painting of the British school, circa 1800, formerly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cosway" title="Richard Cosway">Richard Cosway</a>, from an earlier copy.</figcaption></figure> Nelson visited France in late 1783 and stayed with acquaintances at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>; briefly attempting to learn <a href="/wiki/French_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="French (language)">French</a> during his stay. He returned to England in January 1784, and attended court as part of Lord Hood's entourage.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_241-3-69">[67]</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">the factional politics of the time</a>, he contemplated standing for <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a>, but was unable to find a <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">seat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_243-70">[68]</a> In 1784, Nelson received command of the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Boreas_(1774)" title="HMS Boreas (1774)">HMS Boreas</a>, with the assignment to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Act_1651" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation Act 1651">Navigation Acts</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_244-71">[69]</a> Nelson hated Antigua and the only consolation was (Mrs) <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moutray" title="Mary Moutray">Mary Moutray</a> whom he greatly admired.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The Acts were unpopular with both the Americans and the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_265-73">[71]</a> Nelson served on the station under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hughes,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hughes, 2nd Baronet">Sir Richard Hughes</a>, and often came into conflict with his superior officer over their differing interpretation of the Acts.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_292-74">[72]</a> The captains of the American vessels Nelson had seized sued him for illegal seizure. Because the merchants of the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> supported the American claim, Nelson was in peril of imprisonment; he remained sequestered on Boreas for eight months, until the courts ruled in his favour.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_67-75">[73]</a> In the interim, Nelson met <a href="/wiki/Frances_Nelson" title="Frances Nelson">Frances "Fanny" Nisbet</a>, a young widow from a Nevis plantation family.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_307-76">[74]</a> Nelson developed an affection for her. In response, her uncle, John Herbert, offered him a massive <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>. Both Herbert and Nisbet concealed the fact that their famed riches were a fiction, and Fanny did not disclose the fact that she was infertile due to a womb infection. Once they were engaged, Herbert offered Nelson nowhere near the dowry he had promised.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>, breaking a marital engagement was seen as quite dishonourable,<a href="#cite_note-Williams-77">[75]</a> and so Nelson and Nisbet were married at Montpelier Estate, on the island of Nevis, on 11 March 1787, shortly before the end of his tour of duty in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_351-78">[76]</a> The marriage was registered at Fig Tree Church in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Figtree_Parish" title="Saint John Figtree Parish">St John's Parish</a> on Nevis. Nelson returned to England in July, with Fanny following later.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_366-79">[77]</a> Following the marriage he became the stepfather of Nisbet's 7-year-old son, Josiah Nisbet. Nelson remained with Boreas until she was paid off in November 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_371-80">[78]</a> He and Fanny then divided their time between <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> and London, occasionally visiting Nelson's relations in Norfolk. In 1788, they settled at Nelson's childhood home at Burnham Thorpe.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_378-80-81">[79]</a> Now in reserve and on half-pay, he attempted to persuade the Admiralty—and other senior figures he was acquainted with, such as Hood—to provide him with a command. He was unsuccessful, as there were too few ships in the peacetime navy, and Hood did not intercede on his behalf.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_397-82">[80]</a> Nelson spent his time trying to find employment for former crew members, attending to family affairs, and cajoling contacts in the navy for a posting. In 1792, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French revolutionary</a> government annexed the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> (modern Belgium), which were traditionally preserved as a buffer state. The Admiralty recalled Nelson to service and gave him command of the 64-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(1781)" title="HMS Agamemnon (1781)">HMS Agamemnon</a>, in January 1793. Nelson took his stepson Josiah with him as a midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_420-83">[81]</a> On 1 February, France declared war.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_412-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediterranean_service">Mediterranean service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mediterranean service">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon (1793)</a></div> In May 1793, Nelson sailed as part of a division under the command of Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Hotham,_1st_Baron_Hotham" title="William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham">William Hotham</a>, joined later in the month by the rest of Lord Hood's fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_422-85">[83]</a> The force initially sailed to Gibraltar and—with the intention of establishing naval superiority in the Mediterranean—made their way to <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, anchoring off the port in July.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_427-86">[84]</a> Toulon was largely under the control of moderate republicans and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">royalists</a>, but was threatened by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>, which were marching on the city. Short of supplies and doubting their ability to defend themselves, the city authorities requested that Hood take it under his protection. Hood readily acquiesced, and sent Nelson to carry dispatches to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, requesting reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_429-87">[85]</a> After delivering the dispatches to Sardinia, Agamemnon arrived at Naples in early September. There, Nelson met King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand IV of Naples">Ferdinand IV of Naples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_431-88">[86]</a> followed by the British ambassador to the kingdom, <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_434-89">[87]</a> At some point during the negotiations for reinforcements, Nelson was introduced to Hamilton's new wife, <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma Hamilton</a>, the former mistress of Hamilton's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Greville" title="Charles Francis Greville">Charles Greville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_437-90">[88]</a> The negotiations were successful, and 2,000 men and several ships were mustered by mid-September. Nelson put to sea in pursuit of a French frigate, but on failing to catch her, sailed for <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Leghorn</a>, and then to Corsica.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_444-91">[89]</a> He arrived at Toulon on 5 October, where he found that a large French army had occupied the hills surrounding the city and was bombarding it. Hood still hoped the city could be held if more reinforcements arrived, and sent Nelson to join a squadron operating off <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_445-6-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corsica">Corsica</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corsica">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1794)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1794)">Invasion of Corsica (1794)</a></div> Early on the morning of 22 October 1793, Agamemnon sighted five sails. Nelson closed with them and discovered that they were a French squadron. He promptly gave chase, firing on the 40-gun Melpomene.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_446-7-93">[91]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_October_1793" title="Action of 22 October 1793">action of 22 October 1793</a>, he inflicted considerable damage, but the remaining French ships turned to join the battle. Realising he was outnumbered, Nelson withdrew and continued to Cagliari, arriving on 24 October.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_446-7-93">[91]</a> After making repairs, Nelson and Agamemnon sailed for <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> on 26 October with a squadron under Commodore <a href="/wiki/Robert_Linzee" title="Robert Linzee">Robert Linzee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_452-3-94">[92]</a> On his arrival, Nelson was given command of a small squadron consisting of Agamemnon, three frigates, and a sloop, and ordered to blockade the French garrison on Corsica.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_452-3-94">[92]</a> The fall of Toulon at the end of December 1793 severely damaged British fortunes in the Mediterranean. Hood had failed to make adequate provisions for a withdrawal and 18 French <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships-of-the-line</a> fell into republican hands.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_455-95">[93]</a> Nelson's mission to Corsica took on an added significance, as it could provide the British with a naval base close to the French coast.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_455-95">[93]</a> Hood therefore reinforced Nelson with extra ships during January 1794.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_461-96">[94]</a> A British assault force landed on the island on 7 February, after which, Nelson moved to intensify the blockade off <a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a>. For the rest of the month, he carried out raids along the coast and intercepted enemy shipping. By late February, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Fiorenzo" title="Siege of San Fiorenzo">San Fiorenzo had fallen</a> and British troops, under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">David Dundas</a>, entered the outskirts of Bastia.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_471-97">[95]</a> However, Dundas merely assessed the enemy positions and then withdrew, arguing that the French were too well entrenched to risk an assault. Nelson convinced Hood otherwise, but a protracted debate between the army and naval commanders meant that Nelson did not receive permission to proceed until late March. Nelson began to land guns from his ships and emplace them in the hills surrounding the town. On 11 April, the British squadron entered the harbour and opened fire, while Nelson took command of the land forces and commenced bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_487-98">[96]</a> After 45 days, the town surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_493-99">[97]</a> Nelson then prepared for an assault on <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calvi" title="Siege of Calvi">Calvi</a>, working in company with Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_(1753%E2%80%931801)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stuart (1753–1801)">Charles Stuart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oman127-100">[98]</a> British forces landed at Calvi on 19 June, and immediately began moving guns ashore to occupy the heights surrounding the town. While Nelson directed a continuous bombardment of the enemy positions, Stuart's men began to advance. On the morning of 12 July, Nelson was at one of the forward batteries when a shot struck one of the nearby sandbags protecting the position, spraying stones and sand. Nelson was struck by debris in his right eye and forced to retire from the position. However, his wound was soon bandaged and he returned to action.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_509-10-101">[99]</a> By 18 July, most of the enemy positions had been disabled and that night Stuart, supported by Nelson, stormed the main defensive position and captured it. Repositioning their guns, the British brought Calvi under constant bombardment, and the town surrendered on 10 August.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_513-4-102">[100]</a> Nelson did regain partial sight in his damaged eye after the siege, but by his own account could only "...distinguish light from dark but no object." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genoa_and_the_fight_of_the_Ça_Ira">Genoa and the fight of the Ça Ira</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genoa and the fight of the Ça Ira">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genoa_(1795)" title="Battle of Genoa (1795)">Battle of Genoa (1795)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capnoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Capnoli.jpg/220px-Capnoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Capnoli.jpg/330px-Capnoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Capnoli.jpg/440px-Capnoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>The fight of the Ça Ira</figcaption></figure> After the occupation of Corsica, Hood ordered Nelson to open diplomatic relations with the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>—a strategically important potential ally.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_522-103">[101]</a> Soon afterwards, Hood returned to England and was succeeded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Hotham,_1st_Baron_Hotham" title="William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham">William Hotham</a> as commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean. Nelson put into Leghorn and, while Agamemnon underwent repairs, met with other naval officers at the port and entertained a brief affair with a local woman, Adelaide Correglia.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_533-104">[102]</a> Hotham arrived with the rest of the fleet in December, whereupon Nelson and Agamemnon sailed on a number of cruises with them in late 1794 and early 1795.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_537-105">[103]</a> On 8 March, news reached Hotham that the French fleet was at sea and heading for Corsica. He immediately set out to intercept them, and Nelson eagerly anticipated his first fleet action. The French were reluctant to engage, and the two fleets shadowed each other on 12 March. The following day, two of the French ships collided, allowing Nelson to engage the much larger, 84-gun <a href="/wiki/French_ship_%C3%87a_Ira_(1781)" title="French ship Ça Ira (1781)">Ça Ira</a>. This engagement went on for two and a half hours, until the arrival of two French ships forced Nelson to veer away, having inflicted heavy casualties and considerable damage.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_546-106">[104]</a> The fleets continued to shadow each other before making contact again on 14 March in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genoa_(1795)" title="Battle of Genoa (1795)">Battle of Genoa</a>. Nelson joined the other British ships in attacking the battered Ça Ira, now under tow from <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Censeur_(1782)" title="French ship Censeur (1782)">Censeur</a>. Heavily damaged, the two French ships were forced to surrender, and Nelson took possession of Censeur. Defeated at sea, the French abandoned their plan to invade Corsica and returned to port.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_550-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skirmishes_and_the_retreat_from_Italy">Skirmishes and the retreat from Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Skirmishes and the retreat from Italy">edit</a>]</div> Nelson and the fleet remained in the Mediterranean throughout the summer of 1795. On 4 July, Agamemnon sailed from San Fiorenzo, with a small force of frigates and sloops, bound for Genoa. On 6 July, Nelson ran into the French fleet and found himself pursued by several, much larger ships-of-the-line. He retreated to San Fiorenzo, arriving just ahead of the pursuing French, who broke off as Nelson's signal guns alerted the British fleet in the harbour.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_556-108">[106]</a> Hotham pursued the French to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_d%27Hy%C3%A8res" title="Îles d'Hyères">Hyères Islands</a>, but failed to bring them to a decisive action. A <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hy%C3%A8res_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Battle of Hyères Islands">number of small engagements were fought</a>, but to Nelson's dismay, he saw little action.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_556-108">[106]</a> Nelson returned to operate out of Genoa, intercepting and inspecting merchantmen and cutting-out suspicious vessels, in both enemy and neutral harbours.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_574-109">[107]</a> Nelson formulated ambitious plans for amphibious landings and naval assaults to frustrate the progress of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army of Italy">French Army of Italy</a>, which was now advancing on Genoa, but could excite little interest in Hotham.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_579-110">[108]</a> In November, Hotham was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Parker_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyde Parker (admiral)">Sir Hyde Parker</a>, but the situation in Italy was rapidly deteriorating: the French were raiding around Genoa and strong <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> sentiment was rife within the city itself.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_584-111">[109]</a> A large French assault at the end of November, broke the allied lines, forcing a general retreat towards Genoa. Nelson's forces were able to cover the withdrawing army and prevent them from being surrounded, but he had too few ships and men to materially alter the strategic situation. The British were forced to withdraw from the Italian ports. Nelson returned to Corsica on 30 November, angry and depressed with the British failure, and questioning his future in the navy.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_588-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jervis_and_the_evacuation_of_the_Mediterranean">Jervis and the evacuation of the Mediterranean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jervis and the evacuation of the Mediterranean">edit</a>]</div> In January 1796, the position of commander-in-chief of the fleet in the Mediterranean passed to Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a>, who appointed Nelson to exercise independent command over the ships blockading the French coast as a <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">commodore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_594-113">[111]</a> Nelson spent the first half of the year conducting operations to frustrate French advances and bolster Britain's Italian allies. Despite some minor successes in intercepting small French warships—such as in the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_31_May_1796" title="Action of 31 May 1796">action of 31 May 1796</a>, when Nelson's squadron captured a convoy of seven small vessels—he began to feel the British presence on the Italian peninsula was rapidly becoming useless.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_603-114">[112]</a> In June, the Agamemnon was sent back to Britain for repairs, and Nelson was appointed to the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Captain_(1787)" title="HMS Captain (1787)">HMS Captain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_603-114">[112]</a> In the same month, the French thrust towards Leghorn and were certain to capture the city. Nelson hurried there to oversee the evacuation of British nationals and transport them to Corsica. After which, Jervis ordered him to blockade the newly captured French port.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_641-115">[113]</a> In July, he oversaw the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, but by September, the Genoese had broken their neutrality to declare in favour of the French.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_647-116">[114]</a> By October, the Genoese position and continued French advances, led the British to decide that the Mediterranean fleet could no longer be supplied. They ordered it to be evacuated to Gibraltar. Nelson helped oversee the withdrawal from Corsica and, by December 1796, was aboard the frigate <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Minerve_(1794)" title="French frigate Minerve (1794)">HMS Minerve</a>, covering the evacuation of the garrison at Elba. He then sailed for Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_683-117">[115]</a> During the passage, Nelson <a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_December_1796" title="Action of 19 December 1796">captured the Spanish frigate</a> Santa Sabina and placed Lieutenants Jonathan Culverhouse and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Hardy,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet">Thomas Hardy</a> in charge of the captured vessel; taking the frigate's Spanish captain on board Minerve. Santa Sabina was part of a larger Spanish force and, the following morning, two Spanish ships-of-the-line, and a frigate, were sighted closing fast. Unable to outrun them, Nelson was initially determined to fight, but Culverhouse and Hardy raised the British colours and sailed northeast, drawing the Spanish ships after them until being captured, giving Nelson the opportunity to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_21-2-118">[116]</a> Nelson went on to rendezvous with the British fleet at Elba, where he spent Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-Sugden_685-119">[117]</a> He sailed for Gibraltar in late January, and—after learning that the Spanish fleet had sailed from <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>—stopped just long enough to collect Hardy, Culverhouse, and the rest of the prize crew captured with Santa Sabina, before pressing on through the straits to join Sir John Jervis off <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oman_1987_174-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admiral,_1797–1801">Admiral, 1797–1801</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Admiral, 1797–1801">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent">Battle of Cape St Vincent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Cape St Vincent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_the_San_Nicolas_at_St_Vincent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Nelson receives the surrender of the San Nicholas, an 1806 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Westall" title="Richard Westall">Richard Westall</a></figcaption></figure> Nelson joined Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a>' fleet off <a href="/wiki/Cape_St_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape St Vincent">Cape St Vincent</a>, and reported the Spanish movements.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_126-121">[119]</a> Jervis decided to engage and the two fleets met on 14 February 1797. Nelson found himself towards the rear of the British line and realised that it would be a long time before he could bring Captain into action.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_126-121">[119]</a> Instead of continuing to follow the line, Nelson disobeyed orders and <a href="/wiki/Jibe" title="Jibe">wore ship</a>, breaking from the line and heading to engage the Spanish van—consisting of the 112-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_San_Josef_(1797)" title="HMS San Josef (1797)">San Josef</a>, the 80-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_San_Nicolas_(1797)" title="HMS San Nicolas (1797)">San Nicolas</a>, and the 130-gun <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_(1769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad (1769)">Santísima Trinidad</a>. Captain engaged all three, assisted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1783)" title="HMS Culloden (1783)">HMS Culloden</a>, which had come to Nelson's aid.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_128-122">[120]</a> After an hour of exchanging broadsides, which left both Captain and Culloden badly damaged, Nelson found himself alongside San Nicolas. He led a boarding party across, crying, "Westminster Abbey or glorious victory!" and forced her to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_128-122">[120]</a> San Josef attempted to come to the San Nicolas' aid, but became entangled with her compatriot and was left immobile. Nelson led his party from the deck of San Nicolas onto San Josef and captured her as well.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_126-121">[119]</a> As night fell, the Spanish fleet broke off and sailed for Cadiz. Four ships had surrendered to the British and two of them were Nelson's.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_127-123">[121]</a> Nelson was victorious, but had disobeyed direct orders. Jervis liked Nelson and so did not officially reprimand him,<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_127-123">[121]</a> but did not mention Nelson's actions in his official report of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-StVincent-124">[122]</a> He did write a private letter to <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">George Spencer</a>, in which he said that Nelson "contributed very much to the fortune of the day".<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_127-123">[121]</a> Nelson also wrote several letters about his victory, reporting that his action was being referred to amongst the fleet as "Nelson's Patent Bridge for boarding first rates".<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_128-122">[120]</a> Nelson's account was later challenged by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Parker,_1st_Baronet,_of_Harburn" title="Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn">William Parker</a>, who had been aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_(1772)" title="HMS Prince George (1772)">HMS Prince George</a>. Parker claimed that Nelson had been supported by several more ships than he acknowledged, and that San Josef had already <a href="/wiki/Striking_the_colors" title="Striking the colors">struck her colours</a> by the time Nelson boarded her.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_120-125">[123]</a> Nelson's account of his role prevailed, and the victory was well received in Britain; Jervis was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_St_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl St Vincent">Earl St Vincent</a> and Nelson, on 17 May,<a href="#cite_note-compeerage2-126">[124]</a> was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_130-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-KB-128">[126]</a> On 20 February, in a standard promotion according to his seniority and unrelated to the battle, Nelson was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral (United Kingdom)">Rear Admiral of the Blue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_131-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_off_Cadiz">Action off Cadiz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Action off Cadiz">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockade of Cádiz (1797)">Blockade of Cádiz (1797)</a></div> Nelson was given <a href="/wiki/HMS_Theseus_(1786)" title="HMS Theseus (1786)">HMS Theseus</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>, and on 27 May 1797, was ordered to lie off Cadiz; monitoring the Spanish fleet and awaiting the arrival of Spanish treasure ships from the American colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_118-130">[128]</a> He carried out a bombardment, and personally led an amphibious assault, on 3 July. During the action, Nelson's barge collided with that of the Spanish commander, and a hand-to-hand struggle ensued between the two crews. Twice, Nelson was nearly cut down and—both times—his life was saved by a seaman named John Sykes, who took the blows himself and was badly wounded. The British raiding force captured the Spanish boat and towed her back to Theseus.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_118-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cadiz-131">[129]</a> During this period, Nelson developed a scheme to capture <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, aiming to seize a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">specie</a> from the treasure ship Principe de Asturias, which was reported to have recently arrived.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2001_133-4-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg/220px-Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg/330px-Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg/440px-Sir_Horatio_Nelson_when_wounded_at_Teneriffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Nelson wounded during the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife; 1806 painting by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Westall" title="Richard Westall">Richard Westall</a></figcaption></figure> The battle plan called for a combination of naval bombardments and an amphibious landing. The initial attempt was called off after adverse currents hampered the assault and the element of surprise was lost.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_121-133">[131]</a> Nelson immediately ordered another assault, but this was beaten back. He prepared for a third attempt, to take place during the night. Although he personally led one of the battalions, the operation ended in failure, as the Spanish were better prepared than had been expected and had secured strong defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_122-134">[132]</a> Several of the boats failed to land at the correct positions in the confusion, while those that did were swept by gunfire and <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>. Nelson's boat reached its intended landing point, but as he stepped ashore, he was hit in the right arm by a musketball, which fractured his <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> in multiple places.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_122-134">[132]</a> He was rowed back to Theseus to be attended to by its surgeon, Thomas Eshelby.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Upon arriving at his ship, he refused to be helped aboard, declaring: <dl><dd>"Let me alone! I have yet legs left and one arm. Tell the surgeon to make haste and get his instruments. I know I must lose my right arm and the sooner it is off, the better".<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_122-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></dd></dl> Most of the right arm was amputated and, within half an hour, Nelson had returned to issuing orders to his captains.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_1994_123-137">[135]</a> Years later, he would excuse himself to Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Duckworth" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thomas Duckworth">John Thomas Duckworth</a> for not writing longer letters due to not being naturally left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Later on, he developed the sensation of <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">phantom limb</a> in the area of his amputation and declared that he had "found the direct evidence of the existence of soul".<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Meanwhile, a force under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Troubridge,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Troubridge</a> had fought their way to the main square but could go no further. Unable to return to the fleet because their boats had been sunk, Troubridge was forced to enter into negotiations with the Spanish commander, and the British were allowed to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_160-140">[138]</a> The expedition had failed to achieve any of its objectives and had left a quarter of the landing force dead or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_160-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Cruz-141">[139]</a> The squadron remained off Tenerife for a further three days and, by 16 August, had rejoined Lord <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a>' fleet off Cadiz. Despondently, Nelson wrote to Jervis: <dl><dd>"A left-handed Admiral will never again be considered as useful, therefore the sooner I get to a very humble cottage the better, and make room for a better man to serve the state".<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_162-142">[140]</a></dd></dl> He returned to England, aboard HMS Seahorse, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a> on 1 September. He was met with a hero's welcome; the British public had lionised Nelson after Cape St Vincent, and his wound earned him sympathy.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_164-143">[141]</a> They refused to attribute the defeat at Tenerife to him, preferring instead to blame poor planning on the part of St Vincent, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Windham" title="William Windham">William Windham</a>, or even Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_164-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_England">Return to England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Return to England">edit</a>]</div> Nelson returned to Bath with Fanny, before moving to London in October 1797, to seek expert medical attention concerning his amputation wound. While in London, news reached him that <a href="/wiki/Adam_Duncan,_1st_Viscount_Duncan_of_Camperdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan of Camperdown">Admiral Duncan</a> had defeated the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Dutch</a> fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown" title="Battle of Camperdown">Battle of Camperdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_166-144">[142]</a> Nelson exclaimed that he would have given his other arm to have been present.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_166-144">[142]</a> He spent the last months of 1797 recuperating in London, during which time, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City_of_London" title="Freedom of the City of London">Freedom of the City of London</a> and a pension of £1,000 (equivalent to £130,800 in 2023) a year. He used this money to buy Round Wood Farm, near <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, and intended to retire there with Fanny.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_167-145">[143]</a> Despite his plans, Nelson was never to live there.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_167-145">[143]</a> Although surgeons had been unable to remove the central <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligature</a> from his amputation site, which had caused considerable inflammation and infection, it came out of its own accord in early December, and Nelson rapidly began to recover. Eager to return to sea, he began agitating for a command and was promised the 80-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Foudroyant_(1798)" title="HMS Foudroyant (1798)">HMS Foudroyant</a>. As she was not yet ready for sea, Nelson was instead given command of the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(1787)" title="HMS Vanguard (1787)">HMS Vanguard</a>, to which he appointed <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Berry,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Berry, 1st Baronet">Edward Berry</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Flag_captain" title="Flag captain">flag captain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_168-146">[144]</a> French activities in the Mediterranean theatre were raising concern among the Admiralty as <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> was gathering forces in Southern France, but the destination of his army was unknown. Nelson, and the Vanguard, were to be dispatched to Cadiz to reinforce the fleet. On 28 March 1798, Nelson hoisted his flag and sailed to join <a href="/wiki/Earl_St_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl St Vincent">Earl St Vincent</a>. St Vincent sent him on to Toulon with a small force to <a href="/wiki/Reconnoitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnoitre">reconnoitre</a> French activities.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_172-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mediterranean">The Mediterranean</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Mediterranean">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_the_French">Hunting the French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hunting the French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean campaign of 1798</a></div> Nelson passed through the Straits of Gibraltar, and took up position off Toulon, by 17 May, but his squadron was dispersed and blown southwards by a strong gale which struck the area, on 20 May.<a href="#cite_note-Lavery_2003_65-6-148">[146]</a> While the British were battling the storm, Napoleon had sailed with his invasion fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Paul_Brueys_d%27Aigalliers" title="François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers">François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers</a>. Nelson, having been reinforced with a number of ships from St Vincent, went in pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-Lavery_2003_101-149">[147]</a> Nelson began searching the Italian coast for Napoleon's fleet, but was hampered by a lack of frigates that could operate as fast scouts. Napoleon had already arrived at <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and, after a show of force, secured the island's surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_176-7-150">[148]</a> Nelson followed him there, but by the time he arrived, the French had already left. After a conference with his captains, he decided Napoleon's most likely destination now was Egypt and headed for Alexandria. However, upon Nelson's arrival, on 28 June, he found no sign of the French. Dismayed, he withdrew and began searching to the east of the port. During this time, on 1 July, Napoleon's fleet arrived in Alexandria and landed their forces unopposed.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_188-9-151">[149]</a> Brueys anchored his fleet in <a href="/wiki/Aboukir_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboukir Bay">Aboukir Bay</a>, ready to support Napoleon, if required.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_192-152">[150]</a> Nelson, meanwhile, had crossed the Mediterranean again, in a fruitless attempt to locate the French, and returned to Naples to re-provision.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_193-4-153">[151]</a> When he again set sail, his intentions were to search the seas off <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, but he decided to pass Alexandria again for a final check. Along the way, his force found and captured a French merchant ship, which provided the first news of the French fleet: they had passed south-east of Crete a month prior—heading to Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_196-154">[152]</a> Nelson hurried to the port, but again found it empty of the French. Searching along the coast, he finally discovered the French fleet in Aboukir Bay, on 1 August 1798.<a href="#cite_note-Oman_1987_252-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_the_Nile">The Battle of the Nile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Battle of the Nile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg/260px-Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg/390px-Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg/520px-Luny_Thomas_Battle_Of_The_Nile_August_1st_1798_At_10pm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>, 1 August 1798 at 10 pm, painting by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a>, 1834</figcaption></figure> Nelson immediately prepared for battle, repeating a sentiment he had expressed at the battle of Cape St Vincent: "Before this time tomorrow, I shall have gained a peerage or Westminster Abbey."<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_198-156">[154]</a> It was late by the time the British arrived, and the French—having anchored in a strong position and possessing a combined firepower greater than that of Nelson's fleet—did not expect them to attack.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_200-157">[155]</a> Nelson, however, immediately ordered his ships to advance. The French line was anchored close to a line of <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a>, in the belief that this would secure their <a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a> side from attack; Brueys had assumed the British would follow convention and attack his centre from the <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a> side. However, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Foley_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Foley (Royal Navy officer)">Captain Thomas Foley</a>, aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Goliath_(1781)" title="HMS Goliath (1781)">HMS Goliath</a>, discovered a gap between the shoals and the French ships, and took Goliath into this channel. The unprepared French found themselves attacked on both sides; the British fleet splitting, with some following Foley and others passing down the starboard side of the French line.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_209-158">[156]</a> The British fleet was soon heavily engaged, passing down the French line and engaging their ships one by one. Nelson, on Vanguard, personally engaged <a href="/wiki/HMS_Spartiate_(1798)" title="HMS Spartiate (1798)">Spartiate</a>, while also coming under fire from <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Aquilon_(1789)" title="French ship Aquilon (1789)">Aquilon</a>. At about eight o'clock, he was with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Berry" title="Edward Berry">Edward Berry</a> on the quarterdeck, when a piece of French shot struck him in the forehead. He fell to the deck, with a flap of torn skin obscuring his good eye. Blinded and half-stunned, he felt sure he would die and cried out, "I am killed. Remember me to my wife." He was taken below to be seen by the surgeon.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_205-159">[157]</a> After examining Nelson, the surgeon pronounced the wound non-threatening and applied a temporary bandage.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_142-160">[158]</a> The French van, pounded by British fire from both sides, had begun to surrender, and the victorious British ships continued to move down the line, bringing Brueys' 118-gun flagship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1791)" title="French ship Orient (1791)">Orient</a> under constant, heavy fire. Orient caught fire under this bombardment, and later exploded. Nelson briefly came on deck to direct the battle, but returned to the surgeon after watching the destruction of Orient.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-161">[159]</a> The Battle of the Nile was a major blow to Napoleon's ambitions in the east. The fleet had been destroyed; Orient, another ship and two frigates had been burnt, while seven 74-gun ships and two 80-gun ships had been captured. Only two ships-of-the-line and two frigates escaped.<a href="#cite_note-Nile-162">[160]</a> The forces Napoleon had brought to Egypt were stranded.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford_2005_209-158">[156]</a> Napoleon attacked north along the Mediterranean coast, but Turkish defenders supported by Captain Sir <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Smith (admiral)">Sidney Smith</a> defeated his army at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a>. Napoleon then left his army and sailed back to France, evading detection by British ships. Given its strategic importance, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ernle_Bradford" title="Ernle Bradford">Ernle Bradford</a>, regard Nelson's achievement at the Nile as the most significant of his career, even greater than that at Trafalgar, seven years later.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rewards">Rewards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rewards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg/220px-Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg/330px-Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg/440px-Emma_Hamilton_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Lady Hamilton</a> as either a bacchante or Ariadne, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Louise_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun">Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1790; a painting owned by Nelson, which hung above his bed until his death</figcaption></figure> Nelson wrote dispatches to the Admiralty and oversaw temporary repairs to the Vanguard before sailing to Naples, where he was met with enthusiastic celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_147-164">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">King Ferdinand IV of Naples</a>, in company with the Hamiltons, greeted him in person when he arrived at port, and <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">Sir William Hamilton</a> invited Nelson to stay at his home.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_153-165">[163]</a> Celebrations were held in honour of Nelson's birthday that September 1798, and he attended a banquet at the Hamiltons' house, where other officers had begun to notice his attentions to <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma, Lady Hamilton</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">Lord Jervis</a> himself had begun to grow concerned about reports of Nelson's behaviour, but in early October, word of Nelson's victory had reached London and overshadowed the matter. The <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">George Spencer</a>, fainted upon hearing the news.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_156-166">[164]</a> Scenes of celebration erupted across the country; balls and victory feasts were held, and church bells were rung. The City of London awarded Nelson, and his captains, swords, while the King ordered they be presented with special medals. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a> sent Nelson a gift, and <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> awarded Nelson the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crescent" title="Order of the Crescent">Order of the Turkish Crescent</a>, as well as the diamond <a href="/wiki/Chelengk" title="Chelengk">chelengk</a> from his own turban,<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> for Nelson's role in restoring Ottoman rule to Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood</a>, after a conversation with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_William_Pitt_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger">Prime Minister</a>, told Nelson's wife, Fanny, that her husband would likely be given a <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscountcy</a>, similarly to Jervis' <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earldom</a> after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Cape St Vincent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Duncan,_1st_Viscount_Duncan" title="Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan">Adam Duncan</a>'s viscountcy after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown" title="Battle of Camperdown">Camperdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_159-168">[166]</a> Lord Spencer, however, demurred, arguing that as Nelson had only been detached in command of a squadron—rather than being the commander in chief of the fleet—such an award would create an unwelcome precedent. Instead, Nelson received the title of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Nelson">Baron Nelson</a> of the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-Baron-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_160-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neapolitan_campaign">Neapolitan campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Neapolitan campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg/300px-CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg/450px-CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg/600px-CastelloDiManiace_Bronte_Sicily_By_JW_Walrond_1876_RoyalCollection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Castello di Maniace, <a href="/wiki/Caput" title="Caput">caput</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dukedom_of_Bronte" title="Dukedom of Bronte">Dukedom of Bronte</a>, situated 5 miles north of the town of Bronte. Viewed from north across the dried up river bed of the River Saraceno, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in the background (the main crater of which is 15 km to the south-east). Painted in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Walrond,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Walrond, 1st Baronet">Sir John Walrond, 1st Baronet</a> (1818–1889), son-in-law of the 3rd Duchess of Bronte. Royal Collection</figcaption></figure> Nelson was dismayed by Lord <a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">Spencer</a>'s decision, and declared that he would rather have received no title than that of a mere <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_160-170">[168]</a> He was, however, cheered by the attention showered on him by the citizens of Naples, the prestige accorded him by the kingdom's elite, and the comforts he received at the Hamiltons' residence. He made frequent visits to their residence to attend functions in his honour, or tour nearby attractions with Emma, who was almost constantly at his side and with whom, by now, he had fallen deeply in love.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_162-171">[169]</a> Orders arrived from the Admiralty to blockade the French forces in Alexandria and Malta, a task Nelson delegated to his captains, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Hood,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet">Samuel Hood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ball" title="Alexander Ball">Alexander Ball</a>. Despite enjoying his lifestyle in Naples—even while judging it to be a "country of fiddlers and poets, whores and scoundrels", which he found less than desirable<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a>—Nelson began to think of returning to England.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_162-171">[169]</a> However, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>, had just faced an extended period of pressure from his wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a>, who was advocating for an aggressive foreign policy towards France; a country which, five years earlier, had beheaded her sister, and its queen, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> was joined in agreement with Queen Maria Carolina, and the King finally agreed to declare war on France.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_165-172">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Army_(Napoleonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Army (Napoleonic)">Neapolitan Army</a>, led by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">General Mack</a>, and supported by Nelson's fleet, retook Rome from the French in late November 1798. The French regrouped outside Rome and after being reinforced, routed the Neapolitans. In disarray, the Neapolitan army fled back to Naples, with the pursuing French close behind.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_165-172">[170]</a> Nelson hastily organised the evacuation of the Royal Family, several nobles, and British nationals—including the Hamiltons. The evacuation got underway on 23 December and sailed through heavy gales before reaching the safety of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, on 26 December.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_170-173">[171]</a> With the departure of the Royal Family, Naples descended into anarchy, and news reached Palermo, in January, that the French had entered the city under General <a href="/wiki/Jean_%C3%89tienne_Championnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Étienne Championnet">Championnet</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenopaean Republic">Parthenopaean Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_178-174">[172]</a> Nelson was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Rear-Admiral_of_the_Red" title="Rear-Admiral of the Red">Rear-Admiral of the Red</a> on 14 February 1799,<a href="#cite_note-RARed-175">[173]</a> and was occupied for several months in blockading Naples, while a popular counter-revolutionary force, under <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Cardinal Ruffo</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedisti</a>, marched to retake the city. In late June, Ruffo's army entered Naples, forcing the French and their supporters to withdraw to the city's fortifications, as rioting and looting broke out amongst the ill-disciplined Neapolitan troops.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_181-176">[174]</a> Dismayed by the bloodshed, Ruffo agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)" title="Capitulation (surrender)">capitulation</a> with the Jacobin forces, which allowed them safe conduct to France. Nelson arrived off Naples on 24 June, to find the treaty put into effect. His subsequent role is still controversial.<a href="#cite_note-North-177">[175]</a> Nelson, aboard Foudroyant, was outraged, and backed by King Ferdinand IV, he insisted that the rebels must surrender unconditionally.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_184-178">[176]</a> They refused. Nelson appears to have relented and the Jacobin forces marched out to the awaiting transports. Nelson then had the transports seized.<a href="#cite_note-North-177">[175]</a> He took those who had surrendered under the treaty under armed guard, as well as the former Admiral <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Caracciolo_(naval_officer)" title="Francesco Caracciolo (naval officer)">Francesco Caracciolo</a>, who had commanded the Neapolitan navy, under King Ferdinand IV, but had changed sides during the brief Jacobin rule.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_186-179">[177]</a> Nelson ordered his trial by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> and refused Caracciolo's request that it be held by British officers. Caracciolo was also not allowed to summon witnesses in his defence and was tried by royalist Neapolitan officers. He was sentenced to death. Caracciolo requested to be shot rather than hanged, but Nelson, following the wishes of Queen Maria Carolina, a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Hamilton">Lady Hamilton</a>, also denied this request, and even ignored the court's request to allow 24 hours for Caracciolo to prepare himself. Caracciolo was hanged aboard the Neapolitan frigate Minerva at 5 o'clock the same afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_187-180">[178]</a> Nelson kept the bulk of the Jacobins on the transports and began to hand hundreds over for trial and execution, refusing to intervene, despite pleas for <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> from both the Hamiltons and Queen Maria Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_190-181">[179]</a> When the transports were finally allowed to carry the Jacobins to France, less than one-third were still alive.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_193-182">[180]</a> On 13 August 1799, in reward for his support of the monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_194-183">[181]</a> King Ferdinand IV gave Nelson the newly created title <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bronte" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bronte">Duke of Bronte</a>, in the peerage of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, as his perpetual property, as well as the estate of the former <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine abbey">Benedictine abbey</a> of Santa Maria di Maniace—which he later transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Maniace" title="Castello di Maniace">Castello di Nelson</a>—situated between the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comunes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bronte,_Sicily" title="Bronte, Sicily">Bronte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maniace" title="Maniace">Maniace</a>, later known as the Duchy of Nelson.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> In 1799, Nelson opposed the mistreatment of slaves held in Portuguese galleys off Palermo and intervened to secure their release. Nelson petitioned the Portuguese commander Marquiz de Niza: <dl><dd>"As a friend, as an English admiral—as a favour to me, as a favour to my country—that you will give me the Slaves".</dd></dl> The marquis acquiesced to the unusual request, allowing twenty-four slaves to be transferred to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonne_Citoyenne_(1796)" title="HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796)">HMS Bonne Citoyenne</a>; their blessings to Nelson ringing out across the harbour, as their names were added to the sloop's already crowded muster book.<a href="#cite_note-Downer,_Martyn_2017,_p.77-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicolas_p._231-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy,_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy%2C_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy%2C_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy%2C_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy%2C_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy%2C_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg/440px-Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy%2C_HMS_Success_attacks_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_on_18_February_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of the Malta convoy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Malta">Siege of Malta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Siege of Malta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Siege of Malta (1798–1800)</a></div> Nelson returned to Palermo in August, and in September, became the senior officer in the Mediterranean, after Lord <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a>' successor, <a href="/wiki/George_Elphinstone,_1st_Viscount_Keith" title="George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith">George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith</a>, left to chase the French and Spanish fleets into the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_197-185">[183]</a> Nelson spent most of 1799 at the Neapolitan court, but put to sea again in February 1800, after Lord Keith's return. Keith ordered Nelson to assist in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">siege of Malta</a>—of which the Royal Navy was conducting a tight blockade. On 18 February, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux_(1785)" title="French ship Généreux (1785)">Généreux</a>—a survivor of the Battle of the Nile—was sighted and Nelson gave chase, capturing her after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy_(1800)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Malta Convoy (1800)">a short battle</a>, and winning Keith's approval.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_203-186">[184]</a> Nelson and the Hamiltons sailed aboard the Foudroyant from Naples, on a brief cruise around <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, in April 1800 and anchored at <a href="/wiki/Marsaxlokk" title="Marsaxlokk">Marsa Sirocco</a>. Here Nelson and Emma lived together openly, and were hosted by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Troubridge,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet">Thomas Troubridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham,_1st_Baron_Lynedoch" title="Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch">Thomas Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB250-187">[185]</a> It was during this time that Nelson and Lady Emma Hamilton's illegitimate daughter, <a href="/wiki/Horatia_Nelson" title="Horatia Nelson">Horatia Nelson</a>, was likely conceived.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_207-188">[186]</a> Nelson had a difficult relationship with his superior officer; he was gaining a reputation for insubordination, having initially refused to send ships when Keith requested them, and on occasion, returning to Palermo without orders, pleading poor health.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_204-189">[187]</a> Keith's reports, and rumours of Nelson's close relationship with Emma Hamilton, were now circulating around London, and Lord Spencer wrote a pointed letter suggesting that he return home: <blockquote>You will be more likely to recover your health and strength in England than in any inactive situation at a foreign Court, however pleasing the respect and gratitude shown to you for your services may be.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_205-190">[188]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_England_2">Return to England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Return to England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma,_Lady_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton.jpg/170px-Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton.jpg/255px-Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton.jpg/340px-Johann_Heinrich_Schmidt_-_Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma Hamilton</a> in an 1800 portrait owned by Nelson</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg/170px-Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg/255px-Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg/340px-Horatia_Ward_n%C3%A9e_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>An antique photograph of a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Horatia_Nelson" title="Horatia Nelson">Horatia Ward</a> (née Nelson) from the Style/Ward Family collection; Horatia was the daughter of Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson and Lady Emma Hamilton.</figcaption></figure> The recall of Sir William Hamilton to Britain was a further incentive for Nelson to return. In June Nelson left Malta and conveyed Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina</a>, and her suite, to <a href="/wiki/Leghorn_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leghorn (city)">Leghorn</a>. Upon his arrival, Nelson shifted his flag to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alexander_(1778)" title="HMS Alexander (1778)">HMS Alexander</a>, but again disobeyed Lord <a href="/wiki/George_Elphinstone,_1st_Viscount_Keith" title="George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith">Keith</a>'s orders by refusing to join the main fleet. Keith travelled to Leghorn to demand, in person, an explanation, and refused to be moved by the Queen's pleas to allow her to be conveyed in a British ship.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_211-191">[189]</a> In the face of Keith's demands, Nelson reluctantly <a href="/wiki/Struck_his_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Struck his flag">struck his flag</a> and bowed to Lady Hamilton's request to return to England over land.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_212-192">[190]</a> Nelson, the Hamiltons, and several other British travellers, left Leghorn for <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, on 13 July. They made stops at <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, spending three weeks in the latter, where they were entertained by the local nobility and heard the <a href="/wiki/Missa_in_Angustiis" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa in Angustiis">Missa in Angustiis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, which now bears Nelson's name. Haydn would meet them that August when they visited Eisenstaedt.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_216-193">[191]</a> By September, they were in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and later called at <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>; from there, they caught a packet ship to <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>, arriving on 6 November.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_224-194">[192]</a> Nelson was given a hero's welcome, and after being sworn in as a freeman of the borough, received the amassed crowd's applause. He then made his way to London, arriving on 9 November.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_230-195">[193]</a> He attended court and was guest of honour at a number of banquets and balls. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Nelson">Fanny Nelson</a> and Lady Emma Hamilton met for the first time; Nelson was reported as being cold and distant to his wife, while his attentions to Lady Hamilton and her obesity became the subject of gossip.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_230-195">[193]</a> With the marriage breaking down, Nelson began to hate even being in the same room as Fanny. Events came to a head around Christmas, when according to Nelson's solicitor, Fanny issued an ultimatum on whether he was to choose her or Lady Hamilton. Nelson replied: <blockquote>I love you sincerely but I cannot forget my obligations to Lady Hamilton or speak of her otherwise than with affection and admiration.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_235-196">[194]</a></blockquote> The two never lived together again.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_235-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Baltic">The Baltic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Baltic">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after his arrival in England, Nelson was appointed to be second-in-command of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Fleet" title="Channel Fleet">Channel Fleet</a>, under Lord <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">John Jervis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_237-197">[195]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_of_the_Blue" title="Vice-Admiral of the Blue">Vice-Admiral of the Blue</a> on 1 January 1801,<a href="#cite_note-VABlue-198">[196]</a> and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, where on 22 January, he was granted the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the city">freedom of the city</a>. On 29 January 1801, Lady <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Hamilton">Emma Hamilton</a> gave birth to their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Horatia_Nelson" title="Horatia Nelson">Horatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_242-199">[197]</a> Nelson was delighted, but subsequently disappointed, when he was instructed to move his flag from <a href="/wiki/HMS_San_Josef_(1797)" title="HMS San Josef (1797)">HMS San Josef</a> to <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_George_(1785)" title="HMS St George (1785)">HMS St George</a>, in preparation for a planned expedition to the Baltic.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_246-200">[198]</a> Tired of British ships imposing a blockade against French trade and stopping and searching their merchantmen, the Russian, Prussian, Danish and Swedish governments had formed an alliance to break the blockade. Nelson joined Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Parker_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1739)" title="Hyde Parker (Royal Navy officer, born 1739)">Hyde Parker</a>'s fleet at Yarmouth, from where they sailed for the Danish coast in March. On their arrival, Parker was inclined to blockade Denmark and control the entrance to the Baltic, but Nelson urged a pre-emptive attack on the Danish fleet in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_254-201">[199]</a> He convinced Parker to allow him to make an assault and was given significant reinforcements. Parker himself would wait in the <a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a>, covering Nelson's fleet in case of the arrival of the Swedish or Russian fleets.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_256-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Copenhagen">Battle of Copenhagen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battle of Copenhagen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen (1801)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen,_2_April_1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801.jpg/260px-Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801.jpg/390px-Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801.jpg/520px-Nicholas_Pocock_-_The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Copenhagen, 2 April 1801, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pocock" title="Nicholas Pocock">Nicholas Pocock</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, Greenwich, London). Nelson's fleet exchanges fire with the Danes, with the city of Copenhagen in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Copenhagen_Commemorative_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>This glass was one of a set commissioned by Lord Nelson to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Copenhagen</figcaption></figure> On the morning of 2 April 1801, Nelson began to advance into Copenhagen harbour. The battle began badly for the British, with HMS Agamemnon, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bellona_(1760)" title="HMS Bellona (1760)">Bellona</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Russell_(1764)" title="HMS Russell (1764)">Russell</a> running aground, and the rest of the fleet encountering heavier fire from the Danish shore batteries than had been anticipated. Sir <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Parker_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1739)" title="Hyde Parker (Royal Navy officer, born 1739)">Hyde Parker</a> sent the signal for Nelson to withdraw, reasoning:<blockquote>I will make the signal for recall for Nelson's sake. If he is in a condition to continue the action he will disregard it; if he is not, it will be an excuse for his retreat and no blame can be attached to him.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_260-203">[201]</a></blockquote> Nelson, directing action aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Elephant_(1786)" title="HMS Elephant (1786)">HMS Elephant</a>, was informed of the signal by the signal lieutenant, Frederick Langford, but angrily responded: "I told you to look out on the Danish commodore and let me know when he surrendered. Keep your eyes fixed on him."<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_261-204">[202]</a> He then turned to his flag captain, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Foley_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Foley (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Foley</a>, and said "You know, Foley, I have only one eye. I have a right to be blind sometimes." He raised the telescope to his blind eye, and said "I really do not see the signal."<a href="#cite_note-206">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_261-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> The battle lasted three hours, leaving both Danish and British fleets heavily damaged. At length, Nelson dispatched a letter to the Danish commander, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Crown Prince Frederick</a>, calling for a truce, which the Prince accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_263-208">[205]</a> Parker approved of Nelson's actions in retrospect, and Nelson was given the honour of going into Copenhagen the next day to open formal negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_264-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copenhagen-210">[207]</a> At a banquet that evening, he told Prince Frederick that the battle had been the most severe he had ever participated in.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_265-211">[208]</a> The outcome of the battle—and several weeks of ensuing negotiations—was a fourteen-week armistice, with Nelson becoming commander-in-chief in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, upon Parker's recall in May.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_268-212">[209]</a> As a reward for the victory, he was created <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Nelson_of_the_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Nelson of the Nile">Viscount Nelson of the Nile</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Thorpe" title="Burnham Thorpe">Burnham Thorpe</a> in the County of Norfolk, on 19 May 1801.<a href="#cite_note-Viscount-213">[210]</a> In addition, on 4 August 1801, he was created Baron Nelson of the Nile and of <a href="/wiki/Hilborough" title="Hilborough">Hilborough</a> in the County of Norfolk, with a special remainder to his father and sisters.<a href="#cite_note-BaronNile-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Nelson sailed to the Russian naval base at <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval</a> in May, and there learnt that the pact of armed neutrality was to be disbanded. Satisfied with the outcome of the expedition, he returned to England, arriving on 1 July.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_272-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leave_in_England,_1801–1803">Leave in England, 1801–1803</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Leave in England, 1801–1803">edit</a>]</div> In France, Napoleon was amassing forces to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of England">invade Great Britain</a>. After a brief spell in London, where he again visited the Hamiltons, Nelson was placed in charge of defending the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to prevent the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_279-217">[214]</a> He spent the summer of 1801 <a href="/wiki/Reconnoitering" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnoitering">reconnoitring</a> the French coast, but apart from <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Boulogne_(1801)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Boulogne (1801)">a failed attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a> in August, saw little action.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_281-218">[215]</a> On 1 October, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of amiens">Peace of Amiens</a> was signed between the British and the French,<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> and Nelson—in poor health again—retired once more to Britain, where he stayed with Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Hamilton">Lady Hamilton</a>. On 30 October, Nelson spoke in support of the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington,_1st_Viscount_Sidmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth">Addington</a> government in the House of Lords, and afterwards, made regular visits to attend sessions.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_298-219">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_tour">Grand tour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Grand tour">edit</a>]</div> In the summer of 1802, Nelson, and the Hamiltons, embarked on a tour of England and Wales,<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> visiting <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> (Star Inn), <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a> 4th Duke of Marlborough – Blenheim Palace, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, Forest of Dean, <a href="/wiki/Ross-on-Wye" title="Ross-on-Wye">Ross-on-Wye</a>, then by river to <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milford_Haven" title="Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a> (New Inn), <a href="/wiki/Tenby" title="Tenby">Tenby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Carmarthen, <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> (Star Inn) visited <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a> to see the place were the 104 guns had been made for his flagship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, Ffos y Gerddinen coaching inn, now both village and inn renamed <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Caerphilly" title="Nelson, Caerphilly">Nelson, Caerphilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a> (Beaufort Arms), <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludlow" title="Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a> (Hop Pole Inn), <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (Styles hotel), <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Althorp" title="Althorp">Althorp</a> (Lord Spencer) and returning to Merton Place Sunday 5 September,<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> passing through numerous other towns and villages along the way. Nelson often found himself received as a hero, (except at Woodstock) and was the centre of celebrations and events held in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_281-218">[215]</a> In September, Lady Hamilton purchased <a href="/wiki/Merton_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Place">Merton Place</a>, a country estate in <a href="/wiki/Merton,_London_(parish)" title="Merton, London (parish)">Merton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> (now within the borders of south-west London) for Nelson, where he lived with the Hamiltons until William's death, on 6 April 1803.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_298-221">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> The following month, war broke out once again, and Nelson prepared to return to sea.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_323-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witness_at_the_treason_trial_of_Edward_Despard">Witness at the treason trial of Edward Despard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Witness at the treason trial of Edward Despard">edit</a>]</div> In January 1803, Nelson appeared as a <a href="/wiki/Character_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Character witness">character witness</a> in the treason trial of a former comrade in arms, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Edward Despard</a>. Despard, who had been moving in radical circles in London—a member both of the <a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>—was the alleged ringleader of a conspiracy to assassinate <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> and seize the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>; the so-called <a href="/wiki/Despard_Plot" title="Despard Plot">Despard Plot</a>. In court, Nelson recollected his service with Despard in the Caribbean, during the American War: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"We went on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> together; we slept many nights together in our clothes upon the ground; we have measured the height of the enemies walls together. In all that period of time, no man could have shewn more zealous attachment to his Sovereign and his Country".</blockquote> Under cross-examination, however, Nelson had to concede to having "lost sight of Despard for the last twenty years".<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Nelson directed a further plea for clemency to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a>, who was later to tell Nelson that "he and his family had sat up after supper, weeping over the letter".<a href="#cite_note-Jay-225">[222]</a> Following Despard's execution in February, Lady <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Nelson">Fanny Nelson</a> is reported to have taken <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Despard" title="Catherine Despard">Catherine Despard</a>, the Colonel's black Jamaican wife, under her "protection".<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_sea,_1803">Return to sea, 1803</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Return to sea, 1803">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafalgar Campaign">Trafalgar Campaign</a></div> Nelson was appointed commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> and given the <a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first-rate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> as his flagship. He joined her at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, where he received orders to sail to Malta and take command of a squadron there, before joining the blockade of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_326-227">[224]</a> Nelson arrived off Toulon in July 1803, and spent the next year and a half enforcing the blockade. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Vice-admiral_of_the_White" title="Vice-admiral of the White">Vice-Admiral of the White</a> while still at sea, on 23 April 1804.<a href="#cite_note-VAWhite-228">[225]</a> In January 1805, the French fleet, under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a>, escaped Toulon and eluded the blockading British. Nelson set off in pursuit, but after searching the eastern Mediterranean, learnt the French had been blown back into Toulon.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_336-229">[226]</a> Villeneuve managed to break out a second time in April, and this time, succeeded in passing through the Strait of Gibraltar, and into the Atlantic—bound for the West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_336-229">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg/260px-Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg/390px-Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg/520px-Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Sir Robert Calder's action off Cape Finisterre, 23 July 1805, by <a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_(artist)" title="William Anderson (artist)">William Anderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, Greenwich)</figcaption></figure> Nelson gave chase, but after arriving in the Caribbean, spent June in a fruitless search for the fleet. Villeneuve had briefly cruised around the islands, before heading back to Europe, in <a href="/wiki/Contravention" title="Contravention">contravention</a> of Napoleon's orders.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_337-230">[227]</a> The returning French fleet was intercepted by a British fleet, under Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Calder" title="Robert Calder">Robert Calder</a>, and engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Battle of Cape Finisterre</a>, but managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol</a> with only minor losses.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_338-231">[228]</a> Nelson returned to Gibraltar at the end of July, and travelled from there to England, dismayed at his failure to bring the French to battle and expecting to be censured.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_339-232">[229]</a> To his surprise, he was given a rapturous reception from crowds who had gathered to view his arrival. Senior British officials congratulated him for sustaining the close pursuit, crediting him with saving the West Indies from a French invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_339-232">[229]</a> Nelson briefly stayed in London, where he was cheered wherever he went, before visiting <a href="/wiki/Merton_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Place">Merton Place</a> to see <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Lady Hamilton</a>, arriving in late August. He entertained a number of his friends and relations there over the coming month, and began plans for a grand engagement with the enemy fleet, one that would surprise his foes by forcing a <a href="/wiki/Pell-mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell-mell">pell-mell</a> battle on them.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_350-233">[230]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blackwood" title="Henry Blackwood">Henry Blackwood</a> arrived at Merton early on 2 September, bringing news that the French and Spanish fleets had combined and were currently at anchor in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>. Nelson hurried to London, where he met with cabinet ministers and was given command of the fleet blockading Cádiz. It was while awaiting one of these meetings, on 24 September, with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Castlereagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>, that Nelson and Major General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>—the future <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Duke of Wellington</a>—met briefly in a waiting area. Wellington was waiting to be debriefed on his Indian operations, and Nelson on his chase and future plans.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_351-234">[231]</a> Wellington later recalled, "[Nelson] entered at once into conversation with me, if I can call it conversation, for it was almost all on his side and all about himself and, in reality, a style so vain and so silly as to surprise and almost disgust me".<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_351-234">[231]</a> After a few minutes, Nelson left the room, but having then been informed who his companion had been, returned and entered into a more earnest and intelligent discussion with the young Wellesley. This lasted for a quarter of an hour, and encompassed topics such as the war, the state of the colonies, and the geopolitical situation. On this second discussion, Wellesley recalled, "I don't know that I ever had a conversation that interested me more". This was the only meeting between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Nelson returned briefly to Merton to set his affairs in order, and bid farewell to Emma, before travelling back to London and then on to Portsmouth; arriving there early on the morning of 14 September. He breakfasted at the George Inn with his friends <a href="/wiki/George_Rose_(Treasurer_of_the_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Rose (Treasurer of the Navy)">George Rose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the Board of Trade">Vice-President of the Board of Trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a>. During the breakfast, word spread of Nelson's presence at the inn and a large crowd of well-wishers gathered. They accompanied Nelson to his barge and cheered him off, which Nelson acknowledged by raising his hat. He was recorded as having turned to his colleague and stated: "I had their huzzas before; I have their hearts now."<a href="#cite_note-Sir_Nicholas_Harris_35-236">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tom_Pocock_316-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_356-238">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> reported on the onlookers for Nelson's walk to the dock: "Many were in tears and many knelt down before him and blessed him as he passed."<a href="#cite_note-Southey_296-239">[236]</a> Victory joined the British fleet off Cádiz, on 27 September, and Nelson took over from Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood" title="Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_362-240">[237]</a> Nelson spent the following weeks preparing and refining his tactics for the anticipated battle, and dining with his captains to ensure they understood his intentions.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_360-241">[238]</a> He had devised a plan of attack that anticipated the allied fleet would form up in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a>. Drawing on his own experience from the Nile and Copenhagen, and the examples of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Duncan,_1st_Viscount_Duncan" title="Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan">Duncan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown" title="Battle of Camperdown">Camperdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Saintes</a>, Nelson decided to split his fleet into squadrons rather than forming it into a similar line parallel to the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Adkin411-242">[239]</a> These squadrons would then cut the enemy's line in a number of places, allowing a pell-mell battle to develop. The British ships could overwhelm and destroy parts of their opponents' formation, before unengaged enemy ships could come to their aid.<a href="#cite_note-Adkin411-242">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Trafalgar,_1805">Battle of Trafalgar, 1805</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Battle of Trafalgar, 1805">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</a>]</div> The combined French and Spanish fleet under Villeneuve's command numbered thirty-three ships of the line. Napoleon had intended for Villeneuve to sail into the English Channel and cover a planned invasion of Britain. However, the entry of Austria and Russia into the war forced Napoleon to call off this invasion, and transfer troops to Germany. Villeneuve had been reluctant to risk engagement with the British and this reluctance led Napoleon to send Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_%C3%89tienne_de_Rosily-Mesros" title="François Étienne de Rosily-Mesros">François Rosily</a> to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, in order to take command of the fleet. Rosily was then to sail it into the Mediterranean and land troops at Naples, before making port at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_362-240">[237]</a> Villeneuve decided to sail the fleet out before his successor could arrive.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_362-240">[237]</a> On 20 October 1805, the fleet was sighted making its way out of harbour, by patrolling British frigates, and Nelson was informed that they appeared to be heading to the west.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_363-243">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/260px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/390px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/520px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(painting)" title="The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)">The Battle of Trafalgar</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) shows the last three letters of the signal, "<a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a>" flying from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">Victory</a></figcaption></figure> At four o'clock in the morning of 21 October, Nelson ordered the Victory to turn towards the approaching enemy fleet, and signalled the rest of his force to battle stations. He then went below and made out his will, before returning to the quarterdeck to carry out an inspection.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_365-244">[241]</a> Despite having twenty-seven ships to Villeneuve's thirty-three, Nelson was confident of success, declaring that he would not be satisfied with taking fewer than twenty prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_365-244">[241]</a> He returned briefly to his cabin to write a final prayer, after which he joined Victory's signal lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/John_Pasco" title="John Pasco">John Pasco</a>. <blockquote>Mr Pasco, I wish to say to the fleet "England confides that every man will do his duty". You must be quick, for I have one more signal to make, which is for close action.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_366-245">[242]</a></blockquote> Pasco suggested changing confides to expects which, being in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_flag_signalling#History" title="Naval flag signalling">Signal Book</a>, could be signalled by the use of a single code (three flags), whereas confides would have to be spelt out letter by letter. Nelson agreed, and <a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">the signal was hoisted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_366-245">[242]</a> As the fleets converged, Victory's Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Hardy,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet">Thomas Hardy</a>, suggested that Nelson remove the decorations on his coat, so that he would not be so easily identified by enemy sharpshooters. Nelson replied that it was too late "to be shifting a coat", adding that they were "military orders and he did not fear to show them to the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-247">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_368-248">[244]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blackwood" title="Henry Blackwood">Henry Blackwood</a>, of the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(1803)" title="HMS Euryalus (1803)">HMS Euryalus</a>, suggested Nelson come aboard his ship to better observe the battle. Nelson refused, and also turned down Hardy's suggestion to let Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Eliab_Harvey" title="Eliab Harvey">Eliab Harvey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)" title="HMS Temeraire (1798)">HMS Temeraire</a> come ahead of Victory and lead the line into battle.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_368-248">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_is_joined">Battle is joined</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Battle is joined">edit</a>]</div> Victory came under fire, initially passing wide, but then with greater accuracy as the distances decreased. A cannonball struck and killed Nelson's secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Scott (Royal Navy officer)">John Scott</a>, nearly cutting him in two. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Hardy,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet">Hardy</a>'s clerk then took over, but he too, was almost immediately killed. Victory's wheel was shot away; another cannonball cut down eight marines. Standing next to Nelson on the quarterdeck, Hardy's shoe buckle was suddenly dented by a splinter. Nelson observed, "This is too warm work to last long."<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_370-249">[245]</a> Victory had, by now, reached the enemy line and Hardy asked Nelson which ship to engage first. Nelson told him to take his pick, whereupon Hardy moved Victory across the stern of the 80-gun French flagship, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)" title="French ship Bucentaure (1803)">Bucentaure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_370-249">[245]</a> Victory then came under fire from the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Redoutable_(1795)" title="French ship Redoutable (1795)">Redoutable</a>, which was lying off Bucentaure's stern, as well as the 130-gun Santísima Trinidad. As sharpshooters from the enemy ships fired onto Victory's deck from their rigging, Nelson and Hardy continued directing and giving orders.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_370-249">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wounding_and_death">Wounding and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Wounding and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/220px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/330px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/440px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Nelson is shot on the <a href="/wiki/Quarterdeck" title="Quarterdeck">quarterdeck</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Dighton" title="Denis Dighton">Denis Dighton</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1825</figcaption></figure> At a quarter-past one in the afternoon,<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> Hardy realised that Nelson was not by his side. He turned to see Nelson kneeling on the deck, supporting himself with his hand, before falling onto his side. Hardy rushed to him, at which point, Nelson smiled: <blockquote>Hardy, I do believe they have done it at last [...] my backbone is shot through.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_370-249">[245]</a></blockquote> He had been hit by a musket ball, fired from the <a href="/wiki/Mizzen_topgallant_mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzen topgallant mast">mizzen-top</a> of Redoutable, at a range of 50 feet (15 m). The ball entered his left shoulder, passed through a lung,<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> then his spine at the sixth and seventh <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a>, and lodged 2 inches (51 mm) below his right shoulder blade, in the muscles of his back. In return, signal midshipman <a href="/wiki/John_Pollard_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Pollard (Royal Navy officer)">John Pollard</a>, possibly together with fellow midshipman Francis Edward Collingwood, is said to have shot down the French <a href="/wiki/Marksman" title="Marksman">marksman</a> responsible for Nelson's death.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[37]</a> Nelson was carried below to the cockpit, by sergeant major of marines Robert Adair, and two seamen. As he was being carried down, he asked them to pause while he gave advice to a midshipman on the handling of the tiller.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_371-251">[247]</a> He then draped a handkerchief over his face to avoid causing alarm amongst the crew. He was taken to ship surgeon <a href="/wiki/William_Beatty_(surgeon)" title="William Beatty (surgeon)">William Beatty</a>, telling him: <blockquote>You can do nothing for me. I have but a short time to live. My back is shot through.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_372-252">[248]</a></blockquote> Nelson was made comfortable, fanned, and brought lemonade and watered wine to drink, after he complained of feeling hot and thirsty. He asked several times to see Hardy, who was on deck supervising the battle, and asked Beatty to remember him to Emma, his daughter, and his friends.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_372-252">[248]</a> Hardy came belowdecks to see Nelson, just after half-past two, and informed him that a number of enemy ships had surrendered. Nelson told him that he was sure to die, and begged him to pass his possessions on to Emma.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_376-253">[249]</a> Those with Nelson, at this point, were the chaplain <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Scott" title="Alexander John Scott">Alexander Scott</a>, the purser <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burke_(Purser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Burke (Purser)">Walter Burke</a>, Nelson's steward, Chevalier, and Beatty. Nelson, fearing that a gale was blowing up, instructed Hardy to be sure to anchor. After reminding him to "take care of poor Lady Hamilton", Nelson said: "Kiss me, Hardy".<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_376-253">[249]</a> Beatty recorded that Hardy knelt and kissed Nelson on the cheek. He then stood for a minute or two, before kissing Nelson on the forehead. Nelson asked, "Who is that?" On hearing that it was Hardy, he replied, "God bless you, Hardy."<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_376-253">[249]</a> By now very weak, Nelson continued to murmur instructions to Burke and Scott, "fan, fan [...] rub, rub [...] drink, drink." Beatty had heard Nelson murmur, "Thank God I have done my duty", and when he returned, Nelson's voice had faded and his pulse was very weak.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_376-253">[249]</a> Nelson looked up, as Beatty took his pulse, then closed his eyes. Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded his last words as, "God and my country".<a href="#cite_note-Hayward_63-254">[250]</a> Nelson died at half-past four in the afternoon, three hours after he had been shot.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_376-253">[249]</a> He was 47 years old. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/420px-Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/630px-Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/840px-Daniel_Maclise_-_The_Death_of_Nelson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7613" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>The Death of Nelson by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Maclise" title="Daniel Maclise">Daniel Maclise</a> (Houses of Parliament, London)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_England_3">Return to England</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Return to England">edit</a>]</div> Nelson's body was placed in a cask of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, which was then lashed to the Victory's mainmast and placed under guard.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_378-255">[251]</a> This was a controversial decision, with the public later believing it would have been better for him to have been put in <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> instead to better preserve him.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> Victory was towed to Gibraltar after the battle, and, on arrival, the body was transferred to a lead-lined coffin filled with <a href="/wiki/Spirits_of_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirits of wine">spirits of wine</a> and his effects, uniforms and papers sent separately.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_378-255">[251]</a> Collingwood's dispatches about the battle were carried to England aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pickle_(1800)" title="HMS Pickle (1800)">HMS Pickle</a>, and when the news arrived in London, a messenger was sent to Merton Place to bring the news of Nelson's death to Emma Hamilton. She later recalled, <blockquote>They brought me word, Mr Whitby from the Admiralty. "Show him in directly", I said. He came in, and with a pale countenance and faint voice, said, "We have gained a great Victory." – "Never mind your Victory", I said. "My letters—give me my letters" – Captain Whitby was unable to speak—tears in his eyes and a deathly paleness over his face made me comprehend him. I believe I gave a scream and fell back, and for ten hours I could neither speak nor shed a tear.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_379-257">[253]</a></blockquote> King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, on receiving the news, is alleged to have said, in tears, "We have lost more than we have gained."<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_381-258">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported: <blockquote>We do not know whether we should mourn or rejoice. The country has gained the most splendid and decisive Victory that has ever graced the naval annals of England; but it has been dearly purchased.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_381-258">[254]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funeral">Funeral</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Funeral">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Horatio_Nelson" title="State funeral of Horatio Nelson">State funeral of Horatio Nelson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg/220px-Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg/330px-Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg/440px-Nelson%27s_Last_Voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Print of the royal barge carrying Nelson's body</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg/220px-Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg/330px-Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg/440px-Nelson_State_Funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Nelson's coffin in the crossing of St Paul's, during the funeral service; the dome hung with captured French and Spanish flags</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7166" data-file-height="4789" /></a><figcaption>The sarcophagus of Nelson in the crypt of St Paul's</figcaption></figure> Nelson's body was unloaded from the Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Nore" title="Nore">Nore</a>. It was conveyed upriver, in Commander Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet">George Grey</a>'s yacht Chatham, to <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> and placed inside a lead coffin. The lead coffin was then placed inside a wooden one, made from the mast of <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1791)" title="French ship Orient (1791)">L'Orient</a>, which had been salvaged after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>. He lay in state for three days in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London#History" title="Greenwich Hospital, London">Painted Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London" title="Greenwich Hospital, London">Greenwich Hospital</a>, where the surrounding arrangements all but disintegrated, under the crush of crowds far greater than authorities had anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> His body was then taken upriver, aboard a barge originally used as <a href="/wiki/State_Barge_of_Charles_II" title="State Barge of Charles II">King Charles II's state barge</a>; accompanied by Lord <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood</a>, chief mourner Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Parker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet">Peter Parker</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_392-259">[255]</a> The Prince of Wales, at first, announced his intention of attending the funeral as chief mourner. However, he ultimately attended in a private capacity, along with his brothers, when his father, King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, reminded him that it was against protocol for the heir to the throne to attend the funerals of anyone except members of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> On 8 January 1806, the coffin was taken into the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_House_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty House (London)">Admiralty</a> for the night, attended by Nelson's chaplain, Alexander Scott.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_392-259">[255]</a> The following day, 9 January, a funeral procession consisting of 32 admirals, over a hundred captains, and an escort of 10,000 soldiers took the coffin from the Admiralty to <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> After a four-hour service, he was interred within a crypt, in a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> originally carved for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert_394-5">[5]</a> the sarcophagus and its base had been previously taken over for the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, which was never completed.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> The sailors charged with folding the flag, which they were to then place on Nelson's coffin after it had been lowered through the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, instead tore it into fragments, each taking a piece as a memorial of their fallen commander.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert_316-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg/220px-Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg/330px-Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg/440px-Apotheosis_of_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Nicolas_Legrand_de_L%C3%A9rant" title="Pierre-Nicolas Legrand de Lérant">Pierre-Nicolas Legrand de Lérant</a>'s Apotheosis of Nelson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1805–18. Nelson ascends into immortality as the Battle of Trafalgar rages in the background. He is supported by <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Fame</a> holds a crown of stars as a symbol of immortality over Nelson's head. A grieving <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> holds out her arms, while <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> look on.</figcaption></figure> Nelson was regarded as a highly effective leader, and someone who was able to sympathise with the needs of his men. He based his command on love, rather than authority, inspiring both his superiors and his subordinates with his considerable courage, commitment and charisma—dubbed "<a href="/wiki/The_Nelson_Touch" title="The Nelson Touch">the Nelson touch</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Lambert107-8-264">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-LambertXVII-265">[261]</a> Nelson combined this talent with an adept grasp of strategy and politics, making him a highly successful naval commander. <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō</a>, himself often called "the Nelson of the East", placed Nelson as among the greatest naval commanders in history—second only to <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Admiral Yi Sun-sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> The memorandum Nelson wrote before Trafalgar expresses his attitude well: "No captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> Nelson's personality was complex, often characterised by a desire to be noticed—both by his superiors and the public. He was easily flattered by praise, and dismayed when he felt he was not given sufficient credit for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert44-268">[264]</a> This led him to take risks, and to enthusiastically publicise his resultant successes,<a href="#cite_note-Lambert64-269">[265]</a> which was not always considered acceptable at the time.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> Nelson was also highly confident in his abilities, determined and able to make important decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert52-3-271">[267]</a> His active career meant that he was considerably experienced in combat and was a shrewd judge of his opponents, able to identify and exploit his enemies' weaknesses.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert107-8-264">[260]</a> He was often prone to insecurities, however, as well as violent mood swings,<a href="#cite_note-Lambert4-272">[268]</a> and was extremely vain; he loved to receive decorations and tributes.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert151-273">[269]</a> Despite his personality, he remained a highly professional leader and was driven all his life by a strong sense of duty.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert4-272">[268]</a> Nelson's fame reached new heights after his death, and he came to be regarded as one of Britain's greatest military heroes, ranked alongside the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> programme in 2002, Nelson was voted the ninth greatest Briton of all time.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> Aspects of Nelson's life and career were controversial, both during his lifetime and after his death. His affair with <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma Hamilton</a> was widely remarked upon, and disapproved of, to the extent that Emma was denied permission to attend his funeral. She and their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Horatia_Nelson" title="Horatia Nelson">Horatia</a>, were also subsequently ignored by the government, which awarded Nelson's money and titles only to legitimate family.<a href="#cite_note-Oman571-2-276">[272]</a> Nelson's actions during the reoccupation of Naples have also been the subject of debate. His approval of the wave of reprisals against the Jacobins, who had surrendered under the terms agreed by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Ruffo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Ruffo">Cardinal Ruffo</a>, as well as his personal intervention in securing the execution of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Caracciolo_(naval_officer)" title="Francesco Caracciolo (naval officer)">Francesco Caracciolo</a>, are considered by some biographers, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>, to have been a shameful breach of honour. A prominent contemporary, politician <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, was among those who attacked Nelson for his actions at Naples, declaring in the House of Commons: <blockquote>I wish that the atrocities of which we hear so much and which I abhor as much as any man, were indeed unexampled. I fear that they do not belong exclusively to the French – Naples for instance has been what is called "delivered", and yet, if I am rightly informed, it has been stained and polluted by murders so ferocious, and by cruelties of every kind so abhorrent, that the heart shudders at the recital ... [The besieged rebels] demanded that a British officer should be brought forward, and to him they capitulated. They made terms with him under the sanction of the British name. Before they sailed their property was confiscated, numbers were thrown into dungeons, and some of them, I understand, notwithstanding the British guarantee, were actually executed.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman228-277">[273]</a></blockquote> Other pro-republican writers produced books and pamphlets decrying the events in Naples as atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert365-6-278">[274]</a> Later assessments, including one by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lambert" title="Andrew Lambert">Andrew Lambert</a>, have stressed that the armistice had not been authorised by the <a href="/wiki/King_Ferdinand_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ferdinand IV of Naples">King of Naples</a>, and that the retribution meted out by the Neapolitans was not unusual for the time. Lambert also suggests that Nelson, in fact, acted to put an end to the bloodshed; using his ships and men to restore order in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert365-6-278">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_to_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Monuments and memorials to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Monuments and memorials to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Horatio_Nelson" title="List of places named after Horatio Nelson">List of places named after Horatio Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lord_Nelson" title="HMS Lord Nelson">HMS Lord Nelson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nelson" title="HMS Nelson">HMS Nelson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Column,_Trafalgar_Sq,_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Sq%2C_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg/170px-Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Sq%2C_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Sq%2C_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg/255px-Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Sq%2C_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Sq%2C_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg/340px-Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Sq%2C_London_-_Sep_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="4260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Nelson's influence continued long after his death, and saw periodic revivals of interest, especially during times of crisis in Britain. In the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a> appealed to the image and tradition of Nelson, in order to oppose the defence cuts being made by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert340-279">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Jackie Fisher</a> was a keen exponent of Nelson during the early years of the twentieth century, and often emphasised his legacy during his period of naval reform.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert346-280">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> also found Nelson to be a source of inspiration during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert354-281">[277]</a> Nelson has been frequently depicted in art and literature; appearing in paintings by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Devis" title="Arthur William Devis">Arthur William Devis</a>, and in books and biographies by <a href="/wiki/John_McArthur_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John McArthur (Royal Navy officer)">John McArthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stanier_Clarke" title="James Stanier Clarke">James Stanier Clarke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert323-282">[278]</a> Nelson is also celebrated and commemorated in numerous songs, written both during his life and following his death. Nelson's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> is commemorated in "The Battle of the Nile: a favourite patriotic song".<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(composer)" title="Thomas Attwood (composer)">Thomas Attwood</a>'s "Nelson's Tomb: A Favourite Song" commemorates Nelson's death in the Battle of Trafalgar.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> In 1797, the famous composer <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Missa_in_Angustiis" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa in Angustiis">mass</a> to commemorate Nelson's stunning defeat over Napoleon and the French. In 1800, Nelson visited <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a> for four days and most certainly saw Haydn's new mass and in response he met and gave the elderly Haydn a watch he wore during the battle. The city of <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> A number of monuments and memorials were constructed across the country, and abroad, to honour his memory and achievements. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s monument to Nelson, <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a>, completed in 1809, was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republicans">Irish republicans</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert327-286">[282]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, a statue was started in 1808 and completed in 1809.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> In Great Yarmouth, on the coast in his home county of Norfolk, the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Monument" title="Britannia Monument">Britannia Monument</a> (aka the Norfolk Naval Pillar) to Nelson was erected in 1819, with dedications at the base to his four main naval victories. Others followed around the world, with London's <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> being created in his memory in 1835 and the centrepiece, <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a>, finished in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert328-288">[284]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> was unveiled in 1876, to commemorate Nelson, at 147 <a href="/wiki/New_Bond_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bond Street">New Bond Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EngHet-289">[285]</a> The architect of the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Aston_Webb" title="Aston Webb">Aston Webb</a> placed a window high in the chapel such that annually, on 21 October at the time of Nelson's death, the light from it falls on the statue of Christ behind the altar.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> Nelson and his monuments are seen more critically in countries that felt the negative aspects of colonialism, and who may seek to revise their public history. Major public memorials in primary locations in some cities have been subject to <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests">protest and removal</a> as conscious acts. In 1966, the Nelson Pillar in Dublin was blown up by Irish Republicans: a novelty folk song, "<a href="/wiki/Up_Went_Nelson" title="Up Went Nelson">Up Went Nelson</a>", topped the Irish pop charts in the wake of the explosion, while a newspaper article marking the 55th anniversary noted: "For many, the biggest surprise about the blowing up of Nelson's Pillar...is why it took 157 years. The resentment had run deep. Almost fifty years after the 1916 Rising an Englishman still towered over every other notable in the city, many groused."<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> Across the Atlantic, in the Caribbean in 2020, after years of campaigning, the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Lord_Nelson,_Bridgetown" title="Statue of Lord Nelson, Bridgetown">Nelson Statue</a> in National Heroes Square, Bridgetown, Barbados, was removed and placed in a museum. It had stood since 1813, in a central public space of the capital known until 1999 as Trafalgar Square. The Barbadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a> said at the ceremony marking the statue's removal: <blockquote>National Heroes Square must reflect our heroes. And ... while we accept that the statue of the vice admiral Lord Horatio Nelson is an important historic relic, it is not a relic to be placed in the National Heroes Square of a nation that has had to fight for too long to shape its destiny and to forge a positive future for its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> Nelson's titles, as inscribed on his coffin and read out at the funeral by the <a href="/wiki/Garter_King_at_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter King at Arms">Garter King at Arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Heard" title="Isaac Heard">Sir Isaac Heard</a>, were: <blockquote>The Most Noble Lord Horatio Nelson, Viscount and Baron Nelson, of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk, Baron Nelson of the Nile and of Hilborough in the said County, Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Vice Admiral of the White Squadron of the Fleet, Commander in Chief of his Majesty's Ships and Vessels in the Mediterranean, Duke of Bronte in the Kingdom of Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Knight Grand Cross of the Sicilian Order of St Ferdinand and of Merit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crescent" title="Order of the Crescent">Member of the Ottoman Order of the Crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Joachim" title="Order of Saint Joachim">Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Saint Joachim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naval_Chronicle233-293">[289]</a></blockquote> Nelson received large <a href="/wiki/Naval_Gold_Medal" title="Naval Gold Medal">Naval Gold Medals</a> for the battles of St Vincent, the Nile and, posthumously, Trafalgar, one of very few recipients of three such medals.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Nelson was granted a royal licence in 1802 to receive and wear the foreign <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Joachim" title="Order of Saint Joachim">Order of Saint Joachim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> Following his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)</a>, On 27 September 1797, he was knighted and received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Colonel_of_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel of Marines">Colonel of Marines</a> from 1795 to 1797<a href="#cite_note-compeerage2-126">[124]</a> and voted a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freeman</a> of the cities and boroughs of <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">London</a> (10 March 1797), <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> (15 January 1801),<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> (22 July 1802),<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haverfordwest" title="Haverfordwest">Haverfordwest</a> (in 1802)<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Online_13_March_2013-298">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_22_June_2010-299">[295]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a> (30 August 1802).<a href="#cite_note-Memoirs96-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, in full Congregation, bestowed the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> upon Nelson on 30 July 1802.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert237-302">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-compeerage2-126">[124]</a> He also received other awards from various persons, governments and institutions, such as a sword with the gold hilt shaped like a crocodile from the captains who fought alongside him at the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> In 1799, Nelson was created <a href="/wiki/Dukedom_of_Bronte" title="Dukedom of Bronte">Duke of Bronte</a> (Italian: Duca di Bronte), of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (after 1816, existing in the nobility of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>), by King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand III of Sicily</a>, and after briefly experimenting with the signature "Brontë Nelson of the Nile", he signed himself "Nelson & Brontë" for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_353-304">[300]</a> Nelson had no legitimate children; his daughter, Horatia, married the Reverend Philip Ward, with whom she had ten children before her death in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Oman571-305">[301]</a> Since Nelson died without legitimate issue, his viscountcy and his barony created in 1798, both "of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk", became extinct upon his death.<a href="#cite_note-Haydn550-306">[302]</a> However, the barony created in 1801, "of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk", passed by a special remainder, which included Nelson's father and sisters and their male issue, to <a href="/wiki/William_Nelson,_1st_Earl_Nelson" title="William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson">William Nelson</a>, who was Nelson's older brother. In November 1805, William Nelson was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_Nelson" title="Earl Nelson">Earl Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Merton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Merton">Viscount Merton</a>, of Trafalgar and of Merton in the County of Surrey, in recognition of his late brother's services, and he also inherited the dukedom of Bronte.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert312-307">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armorial_bearings">Armorial bearings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Armorial bearings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif/170px-Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif/255px-Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif/340px-Vice_Admiral_Horatio_Lord_Viscount_Nelson_Coat_of_Arms.gif 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary drawing of Nelson's <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic achievement">heraldic achievement</a> before the Battle of Trafalgar.<a href="#cite_note-The_Heraldry_Society-308">[304]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> were granted and confirmed on 20 October 1797. Nelson's paternal arms (Or, a <a href="/wiki/Cross_flory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross flory">cross flory</a> sable over all a bendlet gules) were <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">augmented</a> to honour his naval victories. After the Battle of Cape St Vincent (14 February 1797), Nelson was created a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a> and was granted <a href="/wiki/Supporters_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters (heraldry)">heraldic supporters</a> (appropriate for peers) of a <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adkin550-309">[305]</a> In honour of the Battle of the Nile in 1798, the Crown granted him an augmentation of honour <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a> On a chief wavy argent a palm tree between a disabled ship and a ruinous battery all issuant from waves of the sea all proper (deemed a notorious example of <a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">debased heraldry</a>),<a href="#cite_note-heraldry-13-310">[306]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> motto Palmam qui meruit ferat ("let him who has earned it bear the palm"), and added to his supporters a palm branch in the hand of the sailor and in the paw of the lion, and a "tri-colored flag and staff in the mouth of the latter".<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> After Nelson's death, his elder brother and heir William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson, was granted a further augmentation: On a fess wavy overall azure the word <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">TRAFALGAR</a> or.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> This additional augmentation was not used by those who succeeded him in the earldom, including the present Earl Nelson.<a href="#cite_note-Montague-Smith_1968_p822-313">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Garter_King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter King of Arms">Garter King of Arms</a> wrote the following explanation of the arms to Nelson's wife: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the Chief of the Arms a Palm Tree (emblematic of Victory) between a disabled Ship and a ruinous Battery, form striking memorials of the glorious event of 1 August (1798), in the Bay of Aboukir, near the Mouth of the Nile. In the Crest, the Chelengk (a more minute description of which I had the pleasure of delivering to your Ladyship) is an indication of the distinctions rendered to his Lordship's merits by the Grand Signior; and the Naval Crown may bear a striking allusion to his Lordship's victory in those Seas, where the Corona Navalis was first conferred by the Romans on persons who had eminently distinguished themselves in Naval combats. The Palm Branch in the hand of the Sailor, and in the paw of the Lion, is a continuation of the emblem in the Chief of the Arms, as well as allusive to the Motto, "Palmam qui meruit ferat" ("let he who earns the palm bear it"). The tri-coloured Flag of the subdued Enemy was added to, and involved with, the Colours in the mouth of the Lion, which had been granted to his Lordship in commemoration of his distinguished gallantry and services, on 14 February 1797. With regard to your Ladyship's question—whether Lord Nelson is, in consequence of the Royal Warrant, precluded from the use of his Crest of the San Josef (a ship he won in battle from the Spaniards), I have no hesitation in giving my decided opinion, that he may bear it, with his new Crest, at his own pleasure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</blockquote> The herald <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Scott-Giles" title="Wilfrid Scott-Giles">Wilfrid Scott-Giles</a> (d. 1982) wrote a jocular verse describing the successive augmentations to the Nelson arms, ending with the line "But where, alas! is Nelson's ancient cross?"<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_(ancient).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original coat of arms of the house of Nelson"><img alt="Original coat of arms of the house of Nelson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_%28ancient%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_%28ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_%28ancient%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_%28ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_%28ancient%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Nelson_%28ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original coat of arms of the house of Nelson</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson_(1797).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms after 1797"><img alt="Coat of arms after 1797" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281797%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281797%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281797%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281797%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281797%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281797%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms after 1797</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson_(1798).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used after the Battle of the Nile. An example of debased heraldry.[306]"><img alt="Coat of arms used after the Battle of the Nile. An example of debased heraldry.[306]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281798%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281798%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281798%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281798%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281798%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson_%281798%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used after the Battle of the Nile. An example of <a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">debased heraldry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heraldry-13-310">[306]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_William_Nelson,_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used by William Nelson"><img alt="Coat of arms used by William Nelson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Arms_of_William_Nelson%2C_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg/100px-Arms_of_William_Nelson%2C_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Arms_of_William_Nelson%2C_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg/150px-Arms_of_William_Nelson%2C_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Arms_of_William_Nelson%2C_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg/200px-Arms_of_William_Nelson%2C_1st_Earl_Nelson.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used by William Nelson</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_18th%E2%80%9319th_century_Royal_Naval_history" title="Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history">Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_hold" title="Nelson hold">Nelson hold</a> – grappling hold sometimes attributed to Nelson's tactics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_a_blind_eye" title="Turning a blind eye">Turning a blind eye</a> – pertaining to Nelson's use of a telescope to not see a signal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> The spelling of the name was widely varied, and numerous versions exist even in current literature. Variations include Hinchinbroke, Hinchinbrooke, Hinchingbroke, Hinchingbrook and Hinchingbrooke. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The pressed copy in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> states "cruel" not "cursed", which Nelson artefacts specialist, Martyn Downer, argues alters the author's intended meaning significantly. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Biographer, <a href="/wiki/Roger_J._B._Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger J. B. Knight">Roger Knight</a>, disputes the veracity of this story, calling it a "myth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2005497-205">[203]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Historian, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Nicholas A. M. Rodger</a>, disputes this claim, calling it a "myth" and saying that "[Nelson] was wearing an old uniform coat with inconspicuous cloth replicas of his decorations. There is no evidence that he deliberately sought or recklessly courted death, though he was certainly well enough aware of the risks of action".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004-246">[243]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_36-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_36_1-0">^</a> Sugden, 2004, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs1_2-0">^</a> Pettigrew 1849, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-11brit352-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11brit352_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11brit352_3-1">b</a> Britannica 11th edition, p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/nelson-man#:~:text=Nelson%20had%20a%20strong%20Christian,of%20thanksgiving%20after%20his%20victories">"Nelson the man | Royal Museums Greenwich"</a>. Rmg.co.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+the+man+%26%23124%3B+Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.pub=Rmg.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fnelson-man%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNelson%2520had%2520a%2520strong%2520Christian%2Cof%2520thanksgiving%2520after%2520his%2520victories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_394-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_394_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_394_5-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_Nicholas_Harris_18-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Nicholas_Harris_18_6-0">^</a> Nicolas, The Despatches and Letters of Lord Nelson, Vol, I p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_56-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_56_7-0">^</a> Sugden, 2004, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-NArch-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NArch_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nelson/gallery2/">"Joining the Royal Navy"</a>. Nelson, Trafalgar and those who served. National Archives. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nelson%2C+Trafalgar+and+those+who+served&rft.atitle=Joining+the+Royal+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fnelson%2Fgallery2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs4-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs4_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs4_10-1">b</a> Pettigrew 1849, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 464 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 95–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-suckling-17"><a href="#cite_ref-suckling_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11550" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11550/page/2">"No. 11550"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 4 April 1775. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11550&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1775-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F11550%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 109–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> White 2006, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_166-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_166_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation book cs1">Nelson. Nelson: The New Letters (2008). p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+The+New+Letters+%282008%29&rft.pages=166&rft.au=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Goodwin 2002, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman30-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman30_32-0">^</a> Oman 1987, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-San_Juan-35"><a href="#cite_ref-San_Juan_35-0">^</a> "Report from Colonel Polson on the capture of the fort at San Juan". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette12101" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12101/page/3">"No. 12101"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 18 July 1780. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+12101&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1780-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F12101%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2002" class="citation book cs1">White, Colin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9etjK-7ZkUgC">The Nelson Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Naval Museum">Royal Naval Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811700139" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811700139"><bdi>978-0811700139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nelson+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0811700139&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9etjK-7ZkUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2004" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Terry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiY8posT9hoC">The Nelson Touch: The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199924059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199924059"><bdi>978-0199924059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nelson+Touch%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Horatio+Nelson&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0199924059&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiY8posT9hoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-RH12-39"><a href="#cite_ref-RH12_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1855" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Richard (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pb4NAAAAQAAJ&q=couba+cornwallis&pg=PA4">A week at Port Royal</a>. Cornwall Chronicle Office. pp. 2–5. Retrieved 4 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+week+at+Port+Royal&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=Cornwall+Chronicle+Office&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpb4NAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dcouba%2Bcornwallis%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jane (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvOvDwAAQBAJ">Mary Seacole: The Charismatic Black Nurse Who Became a Heroine of the Crimea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Little, Brown Book Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472144904" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472144904"><bdi>978-1472144904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Seacole%3A+The+Charismatic+Black+Nurse+Who+Became+a+Heroine+of+the+Crimea&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1472144904&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTvOvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Grindal 2016 p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Petley, Christer. 2018. '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.soton.ac.uk/slaveryandrevolution/2018/12/07/reflections-on-nelsons-dark-side/">'Reflections on "Nelson's dark side"'</a>'. University of Southampton Slavery and Revolution project. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cobbett's weekly political register, Volume 11 January to June. London: R. Bagshaw. 1807. pp. 295–296 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cobbettsweeklyp01goog/page/n162/mode/2up">[1]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobbett%27s+weekly+political+register%2C+Volume+11+January+to+June&rft.place=London&rft.pages=295-296+https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcobbettsweeklyp01goog%2Fpage%2Fn162%2Fmode%2F2up&rft.pub=R.+Bagshaw&rft.date=1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> letter of 10 June 1805; see Dane 1942, p. 261. Note that the more disputed material from this letter has been edited out of this wartime volume. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The Nelson Dispatch, Journal of the Nelson Society, vol. 3, pt. 12, Autumn 2020, pp. 724–743 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Olusoga" title="David Olusoga">Olusoga, David</a>, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_British:_A_Forgotten_History" title="Black and British: A Forgotten History">Black and British: A Forgotten History</a>, Chapter: Introduction, Macmillan, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1447299745" title="Special:BookSources/978-1447299745">978-1447299745</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downer,_Martyn_2017,_p.77-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downer,_Martyn_2017,_p.77_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downer,_Martyn_2017,_p.77_50-1">b</a> Downer, Martyn, 2017, Nelson's Lost Jewel: The Extraordinary Story of the Lost Diamond Chelengk, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolas_p._231-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolas_p._231_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolas_p._231_51-1">b</a> Nicolas, The Despatches and Letters of Lord Nelson, Vol, 3 p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_2013-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_2013_52-0">^</a> Sugden 2013, p. 684 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Nicolas, The Despatches and Letters of Lord Nelson, Vol, 6 p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettigrew_1849-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Pettigrew_1849_54-0">^</a> Pettigrew 1849, vol 2, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_190-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_190_55-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_195-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_195_56-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_197-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_197_57-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_202-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_202_58-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_204-5-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_204-5_59-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 204–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_206-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_206_60-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_209-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_209_61-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_219-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_219_62-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_215-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_215_63-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_220-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_220_64-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_222-3-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_222-3_65-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 222–223 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_224-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_224_66-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_225-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_225_67-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_227-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_227_68-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_241-3-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_241-3_69-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 241–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_243-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_243_70-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_244-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_244_71-0">^</a> Sugden 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-41100330">"El amargo infierno creado por los británicos que fueron por el azúcar de las islas caribeñas"</a>. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Mundo&rft.atitle=El+amargo+infierno+creado+por+los+brit%C3%A1nicos+que+fueron+por+el+az%C3%BAcar+de+las+islas+caribe%C3%B1as&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-41100330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_265-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_265_73-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_292-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_292_74-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 292 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_67-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_67_75-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_307-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_307_76-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kate (2009). 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BBC Audiobooks Ltd by arr. with Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408430781" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408430781"><bdi>978-1408430781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Mistress%3A+The+Infamous+Life+of+Emma+Hamilton&rft.edition=Large+Print&rft.pub=BBC+Audiobooks+Ltd+by+arr.+with+Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1408430781&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_351-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_351_78-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_366-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_366_79-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 366 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_371-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_371_80-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_378-80-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_378-80_81-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 378–380 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_397-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_397_82-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_420-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_420_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2004">Sugden 2004</a>, p. 420 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_412-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_412_84-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_422-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_422_85-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 422 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_427-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_427_86-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 427 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_429-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_429_87-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 429 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_431-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_431_88-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 431 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_434-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_434_89-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 434 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_437-90"><a 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</li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_556-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_556_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_556_108-1">b</a> Sugden 2004, p. 556 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_574-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_574_109-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 574 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_579-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_579_110-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 579 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_584-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_584_111-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 584 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_588-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_588_112-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 588 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_594-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_594_113-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 594 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_603-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_603_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_603_114-1">b</a> Sugden 2004, p. 603 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_641-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_641_115-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 641 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_647-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_647_116-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 647 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_683-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_683_117-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 683 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_21-2-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_21-2_118-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden_685-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden_685_119-0">^</a> Sugden 2004, p. 685 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman_1987_174-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman_1987_174_120-0">^</a> Oman 1987, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_126-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_126_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_126_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_126_121-2">c</a> Coleman 2001, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_128-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_128_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_128_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_128_122-2">c</a> Coleman 2001, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_127-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_127_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_127_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_127_123-2">c</a> Coleman 2001, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-StVincent-124"><a href="#cite_ref-StVincent_124-0">^</a> "Report of the battle from Jervis". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13987" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13987/page/211">"No. 13987"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 3 March 1797. pp. 211–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13987&rft.pages=211-213&rft.date=1797-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13987%2Fpage%2F211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_120-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_120_125-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-compeerage2-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compeerage2_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compeerage2_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compeerage2_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.A._DoubledayLord_Howard_de_Walden1936" class="citation book cs1">H.A. Doubleday; Lord Howard de Walden, eds. (1936). The Complete Peerage, Volume IX. St Catherine Press. pp. 462–463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage%2C+Volume+IX&rft.pages=462-463&rft.pub=St+Catherine+Press&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_130-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_130_127-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-KB-128"><a href="#cite_ref-KB_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette14012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/14012/page/474">"No. 14012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 23 May 1797. p. 474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+14012&rft.pages=474&rft.date=1797-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F14012%2Fpage%2F474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_131-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_131_129-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_1994_118-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_118_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_118_130-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadiz-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Cadiz_131-0">^</a> "Reports of the attack from Jervis and Nelson". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette14032" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/14032/page/716">"No. 14032"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 1 August 1797. pp. 716–717.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+14032&rft.pages=716-717&rft.date=1797-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F14032%2Fpage%2F716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2001_133-4-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2001_133-4_132-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_1994_121-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_121_133-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_1994_122-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_122_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_122_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_122_134-2">c</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aboutnelson.co.uk/health.htm">[2]</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1996" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Harold (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzqQ-onN6gC">Operations that Made History</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenwich_Medical_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenwich Medical Media (page does not exist)">Greenwich Medical Media</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900151153" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900151153"><bdi>978-1900151153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+that+Made+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Greenwich+Medical+Media&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1900151153&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQzqQ-onN6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_1994_123-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_1994_123_137-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> p. 251, Nelson </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Neurology Clinics. 1998; 16(4):919–935 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_160-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_160_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_160_140-1">b</a> Bradford 2005, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-Santa_Cruz-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Santa_Cruz_141-0">^</a> "Reports of the battle from Earl St Vincent and Nelson". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette14041" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/14041/page/835">"No. 14041"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 2 September 1797. pp. 835–836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+14041&rft.pages=835-836&rft.date=1797-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F14041%2Fpage%2F835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_162-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_162_142-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_164-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_164_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_164_143-1">b</a> Bradford 2005, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_166-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_166_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_166_144-1">b</a> Bradford 2005, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_167-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_167_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_167_145-1">b</a> Bradford 2005, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_168-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_168_146-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_172-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_172_147-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavery_2003_65-6-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Lavery_2003_65-6_148-0">^</a> Lavery 2003, pp. 65–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavery_2003_101-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Lavery_2003_101_149-0">^</a> Lavery 2003, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_176-7-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_176-7_150-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, pp. 176–177 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_188-9-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_188-9_151-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, pp. 188–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_192-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_192_152-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_193-4-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_193-4_153-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, pp. 193–194 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_196-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_196_154-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman_1987_252-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman_1987_252_155-0">^</a> Oman 1987, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_198-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_198_156-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_200-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_200_157-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_209-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_209_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_209_158-1">b</a> Bradford 2005, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_2005_205-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_2005_205_159-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_142-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_142_160-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-161"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_161-0">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nile-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Nile_162-0">^</a> "Reports of the battle from Nelson". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15065" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15065/page/915">"No. 15065"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 2 October 1798. pp. 915–917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15065&rft.pages=915-917&rft.date=1798-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15065%2Fpage%2F915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Bradford 2005, p. 209. Bradford describes it as "the most complete victory ever recorded in naval history". </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_147-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_147_164-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_153-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_153_165-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_156-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_156_166-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rodger, N. A. M. (23 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19877">"Nelson, Horatio, Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), naval officer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 21 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19877">10.1093/ref:odnb/19877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nelson%2C+Horatio%2C+Viscount+Nelson+%281758%E2%80%931805%29%2C+naval+officer&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19877&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-19877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_159-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_159_168-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baron-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Baron_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15067" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15067/page/931">"No. 15067"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 6 October 1798. p. 931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15067&rft.pages=931&rft.date=1798-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15067%2Fpage%2F931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_160-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_160_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_160_170-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_162-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_162_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_162_171-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_165-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_165_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_165_172-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_170-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_170_173-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_178-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_178_174-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-RARed-175"><a href="#cite_ref-RARed_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15107" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15107/page/146">"No. 15107"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 16 February 1799. pp. 146–147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15107&rft.pages=146-147&rft.date=1799-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15107%2Fpage%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_181-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_181_176-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-North-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2018" class="citation book cs1">North, Jonathan (2018). Nelson at Naples. Stroud: Amberley. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445679372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445679372"><bdi>978-1445679372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+at+Naples&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1445679372&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_184-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_184_178-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_186-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_186_179-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_187-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_187_180-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_190-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_190_181-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_193-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_193_182-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_194-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_194_183-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icastelli.it/it/sicilia/catania/maniace/castello-di-nelson">"Castello Di Nelson | Sicilia | Maniace"</a>. icastelli.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icastelli.it&rft.atitle=Castello+Di+Nelson+%26%23124%3B+Sicilia+%26%23124%3B+Maniace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icastelli.it%2Fit%2Fsicilia%2Fcatania%2Fmaniace%2Fcastello-di-nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_197-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_197_185-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_203-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_203_186-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-EB250-187"><a href="#cite_ref-EB250_187-0">^</a> Bradford, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_207-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_207_188-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_204-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_204_189-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_205-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_205_190-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_211-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_211_191-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_212-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_212_192-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_216-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_216_193-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_224-194"><a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15324&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=1800-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15324%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_242-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_242_199-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_246-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_246_200-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_254-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_254_201-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_256-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_256_202-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_260-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_260_203-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_261-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_261_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_261_204-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2005497-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2005497_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2005">Knight 2005</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Pocock 1987, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_263-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_263_208-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_264-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_264_209-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-Copenhagen-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Copenhagen_210-0">^</a> "Report of the battle from Nelson". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15354" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15354/page/402">"No. 15354"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 19 April 1801. pp. 402–404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15354&rft.pages=402-404&rft.date=1801-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15354%2Fpage%2F402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_265-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_265_211-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_268-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_268_212-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-Viscount-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Viscount_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15366" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15366/page/549">"No. 15366"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 19 May 1801. p. 549.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15366&rft.pages=549&rft.date=1801-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15366%2Fpage%2F549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaronNile-214"><a href="#cite_ref-BaronNile_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15393" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15393/page/948">"No. 15393"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 4 August 1801. p. 948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15393&rft.pages=948&rft.date=1801-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15393%2Fpage%2F948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Beamish" class="citation web cs1">David Beamish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peerages.info/peeragesr.htm#18010818">"List of Peerages"</a>. Retrieved 2 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Peerages&rft.au=David+Beamish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peerages.info%2Fpeeragesr.htm%2318010818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_272-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_272_216-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_279-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_279_217-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_281-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_281_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_281_218-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_298-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_298_219-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Hibbert, Christopher, Nelson A Personal History, Viking, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6708-4342-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-6708-4342-3">0-6708-4342-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_298-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_298_221-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_323-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_323_222-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurneyGurney1803" class="citation book cs1">Gurney, William Brodie; Gurney, Joseph (1803). 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London: Bantam Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5930-5195-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-5930-5195-5"><bdi>0-5930-5195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfortunate+Colonel+Despard&rft.place=London&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-5930-5195-5&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2014" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, Bernadette (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9234/Gillis%20Final%20Project_FINAL_08_11_2014_Exemplary%20Title%20%282%29.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y">A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White: The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race, Class, and Gender during the Age of Reform</a> (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Graduate School of Duke University. pp. 51–52. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Caribbean+Coupling+Beyond+Black+and+White%3A+The+Interracial+Marriage+of+Catherine+and+Edward+Marcus+Despard+and+its+Implications+for+British+Views+on+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Gender+during+the+Age+of+Reform&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Graduate+School+of+Duke+University&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10161%2F9234%2FGillis%2520Final%2520Project_FINAL_08_11_2014_Exemplary%2520Title%2520%25282%2529.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_326-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_326_227-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-VAWhite-228"><a href="#cite_ref-VAWhite_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette15695" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15695/page/495">"No. 15695"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 23 April 1804. p. 495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+15695&rft.pages=495&rft.date=1804-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F15695%2Fpage%2F495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_336-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_336_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_336_229-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_337-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_337_230-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_338-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_338_231-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_339-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_339_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_339_232-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_350-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_350_233-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_351-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_351_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_351_234-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2005" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Roger (2005). The Pursuit of Victory: The Life and Achievement of Horatio Nelson. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465037643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465037643"><bdi>978-0465037643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Victory%3A+The+Life+and+Achievement+of+Horatio+Nelson&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0465037643&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_Nicholas_Harris_35-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Nicholas_Harris_35_236-0">^</a> Nicolas, The Despatches and Letters of Lord Nelson, Vol, VII p. 35 idem p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tom_Pocock_316-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Tom_Pocock_316_237-0">^</a> Tom Pocock, Horatio Nelson p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_356-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_356_238-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 356 </li> <li id="cite_note-Southey_296-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Southey_296_239-0">^</a> Southey 1922, The Life of Nelson, (1922 edition) p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_362-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_362_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_362_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_362_240-2">c</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_360-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_360_241-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkin411-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adkin411_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkin411_242-1">b</a> Adkin 2007, p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_363-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_363_243-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 363 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_365-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_365_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_365_244-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_366-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_366_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_366_245-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 366 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2004_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodger2004">Rodger 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_368-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_368_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_368_248-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 368 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_370-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_370_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_370_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_370_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_370_249-3">d</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Southey, Robert, 1813. The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-301-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-301-6">0-87021-301-6</a>, available as a <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/947">eText</a> (number 947) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_371-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_371_251-0">^</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_372-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_372_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_372_252-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_376-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_376_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_376_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_376_253-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_376_253-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_376_253-4">e</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 376 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayward_63-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_63_254-0">^</a> Hayward 2003, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert_378-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_378_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_378_255-1">b</a> Hibbert 1994, p. 378 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStott2016" class="citation web cs1">Stott, Romie (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-scandalous-decision-to-pickle-admiral-horatio-nelson-in-brandy">"The Scandalous Decision to Pickle Admiral Horatio Nelson in Brandy"</a>. Atlas Obscura. 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New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commandatseagrea00warn">Internet Archive website</a> Retrieved 19 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert52-3-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert52-3_271-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, pp. 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert4-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert4_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert4_272-1">b</a> Lambert 2004, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert151-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert151_273-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Lee 2005, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2509465.stm">"Churchill voted greatest Briton"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 24 November 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Churchill+voted+greatest+Briton&rft.date=2002-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2F2509465.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman571-2-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman571-2_276-0">^</a> Oman 1987, pp. 571–572 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman228-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman228_277-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert365-6-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert365-6_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert365-6_278-1">b</a> Lambert 2004, pp. 365–366 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert340-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert340_279-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert346-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert346_280-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert354-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert354_281-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert323-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert323_282-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Fielding, J. W. "The Battle of the Nile: a Favorite Patriotic Song." New York: Printed & sold at J. Hewitt's Musical Repository, No. 59 Maiden Lane, 1804. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Attwood, Thomas and Thomas Cory "Nelson's Tomb: A Favourite Song, Sung by Mr. Incledon" London: Printed & sold by Goulding & Company. 117 New Bond St. & Westmorland St. Dublin. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nelson.co.nz/history-of-nelson-new-zealand/">"History of Nelson, New Zealand"</a>. Nelsonweb. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nelsonweb&rft.atitle=History+of+Nelson%2C+New+Zealand&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnelson.co.nz%2Fhistory-of-nelson-new-zealand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert327-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert327_286-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/montreal/7.html">"The Nelson Monument in Montreal (1808)"</a>. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nelson+Monument+in+Montreal+%281808%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fdickens%2Fmontreal%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert328-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert328_288-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 328 </li> <li id="cite_note-EngHet-289"><a href="#cite_ref-EngHet_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/nelson-horatio-lord-nelson-1758-1805-39">"Nelson, Horatio, Lord Nelson (1758–1805)"</a>. English Heritage. Retrieved 23 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson%2C+Horatio%2C+Lord+Nelson+%281758%E2%80%931805%29&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fblue-plaques%2Fsearch%2Fnelson-horatio-lord-nelson-1758-1805-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-devon-59004320">"Battle of Trafalgar: Once-a-year light on Nelson's death"</a> (with video). BBC News Devon. 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Trafalgar%3A+Once-a-year+light+on+Nelson%27s+death&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fuk-england-devon-59004320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/Nelsons-Pillar-and-the-fate-of-Nelsons-head-.html">"On This Day: Nelson's Pillar in Dublin was blown up in 1966"</a>. IrishCentral.com. 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+Nelson%27s+Pillar+in+Dublin+was+blown+up+in+1966&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2FNelsons-Pillar-and-the-fate-of-Nelsons-head-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voice-online.co.uk/news/world-news/2020/11/17/barbados-removes-nelson-statue-from-heroes-square/">"Barbados removes Nelson statue from National Heroes Square"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Naval_Chronicle233-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Naval_Chronicle233_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Naval Chronicle. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Chronicle&rft.pages=233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin, pp. 40, 41, 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15497/page/745">"Page 745 | Issue 15497, 13 July 1802 | London Gazette | The Gazette"</a>. www.thegazette.co.uk. 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Retrieved 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Town+finds+lost+Nelson+scroll+%E2%80%93+in+its+safe&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Ftown-finds-lost-nelson-scroll-2435735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_22_June_2010-299"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_22_June_2010_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10376442">"House where Nelson given Haverfordwest honour for sale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=House+where+Nelson+given+Haverfordwest+honour+for+sale&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10376442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs96-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs96_300-0">^</a> Pettigrew 1849, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/downloads/file/647/worcester_city_freemen">"Worcester City Freemen"</a>. Worcestershire County Council. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worcestershire+County+Council&rft.atitle=Worcester+City+Freemen&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worcestershire.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ffile%2F647%2Fworcester_city_freemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert237-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert237_302-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aboutnelson.co.uk/medals.htm">Nelson's Medals</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_353-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_353_304-0">^</a> Coleman 2001, p. 353 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman571-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman571_305-0">^</a> Oman 1987, p. 571 </li> <li id="cite_note-Haydn550-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Haydn550_306-0">^</a> Haydn 1851, p. 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert312-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert312_307-0">^</a> Lambert 2004, p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Heraldry_Society-308"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Heraldry_Society_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Heraldry_Society2015" class="citation web cs1">The Heraldry Society (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/famous_men_women/horatio_viscount_nelson.htm">"Horatio Viscount Nelson"</a>. The Heraldry Society. Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horatio+Viscount+Nelson&rft.pub=The+Heraldry+Society&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.au=The+Heraldry+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theheraldrysociety.com%2Farticles%2Ffamous_men_women%2Fhoratio_viscount_nelson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkin550-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Adkin550_309-0">^</a> Adkin 2007, p. 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-heraldry-13-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heraldry-13_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldry-13_310-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Thomas_Clark" title="George Thomas Clark">George Thomas Clark</a> (1809–1898), article on <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> (9th & 10th editions)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/H/HER/heraldry-13.html">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, James (2007) [1806]. The Life of the Right Honourable Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson. Vol. 1. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1434606631" title="Special:BookSources/978-1434606631"><bdi>978-1434606631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Right+Honourable+Horatio+Lord+Viscount+Nelson&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1434606631&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1882" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Joseph (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peeragebaronetag02fost">The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of the British Empire for 1882; with the Orders of Knighthood</a>. Westminster: Nichols and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peeragebaronetag02fost/page/494">494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peerage%2C+Baronetage+and+Knightage%2C+of+the+British+Empire+for+1882%3B+with+the+Orders+of+Knighthood&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Nichols+and+Sons&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeeragebaronetag02fost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montague-Smith_1968_p822-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Montague-Smith_1968_p822_313-0">^</a> Montague-Smith, P.W. (ed.), Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories Ltd, Kingston-upon-Thames, 1968, p. 822, "Earl Nelson". </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Full text see file description in <a href="/wiki/File:AugmentedArms_Admiral_HoratioNelson.svg" title="File:AugmentedArms Admiral HoratioNelson.svg">File:AugmentedArms Admiral HoratioNelson.svg</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkin2007" class="citation book cs1">Adkin, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarcompani0000adki">The Trafalgar Companion: A Guide to History's Most Famous Sea Battle and the Life of Admiral Lord Nelson</a>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845130183" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845130183"><bdi>978-1845130183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trafalgar+Companion%3A+A+Guide+to+History%27s+Most+Famous+Sea+Battle+and+the+Life+of+Admiral+Lord+Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1845130183&rft.aulast=Adkin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgarcompani0000adki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Bradford" title="Ernle Bradford">Bradford, Ernle</a> (2005). Nelson: The Essential Hero. Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8402-2202-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-8402-2202-6"><bdi>1-8402-2202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+The+Essential+Hero&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-8402-2202-6&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bryant" title="Arthur Bryant">Bryant, Arthur</a> (1970). Nelson. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Terry (2001). Nelson: The man and the legend. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-5900-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-5900-7"><bdi>0-7475-5900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+The+man+and+the+legend&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7475-5900-7&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDane1942" class="citation book cs1">Dane, Clemence (1942). The Nelson Touch: An Anthology of Lord Nelson's Letters. London: Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nelson+Touch%3A+An+Anthology+of+Lord+Nelson%27s+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Dane&rft.aufirst=Clemence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goodwin_(maritime_author)" title="Peter Goodwin (maritime author)">Goodwin, Peter</a> (2002). Nelson's Ships: A History Of The Vessels In Which He Served: 1771–1805. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-1007-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-1007-6"><bdi>0-8117-1007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Ships%3A+A+History+Of+The+Vessels+In+Which+He+Served%3A+1771%E2%80%931805&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8117-1007-6&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrindal2016" class="citation book cs1">Grindal, Peter (2016). Opposing the Slavers: The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788312868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788312868"><bdi>978-1788312868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opposing+the+Slavers%3A+The+Royal+Navy%27s+Campaign+against+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1788312868&rft.aulast=Grindal&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaydn1851" class="citation book cs1">Haydn, Joseph (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookdignitiesco00haydgoog">The Book of Dignities</a>. Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Dignities&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Haydn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookdignitiesco00haydgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hayward" title="Joel Hayward">Hayward, Joel S. A.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/For_God_and_Glory" title="For God and Glory">For God and Glory</a>: Lord Nelson and His Way of War. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5911-4351-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-5911-4351-9"><bdi>1-5911-4351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+God+and+Glory%3A+Lord+Nelson+and+His+Way+of+War&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-5911-4351-9&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1994). Nelson. A Personal History. 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Dent & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson.+The+Immortal+Memory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David+%26+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoslinLitherlandSimpkin1988" class="citation book cs1">Joslin, E.C.; Litherland, E.C.; Simpkin, B.T. (1988). British Battles and Medals. Spink. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9076-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9076-0525-7"><bdi>0-9076-0525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battles+and+Medals&rft.pub=Spink&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-9076-0525-7&rft.aulast=Joslin&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rft.au=Litherland%2C+E.C.&rft.au=Simpkin%2C+B.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight,_Roger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._B._Knight" title="R. J. B. Knight">Knight, Roger</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pursuitofvictory00knig">The Pursuit of Victory: The Life and Achievement of Horatio Nelson</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4650-3764-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-4650-3764-X"><bdi>0-4650-3764-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Victory%3A+The+Life+and+Achievement+of+Horatio+Nelson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-4650-3764-X&rft.au=Knight%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpursuitofvictory00knig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lambert" title="Andrew Lambert">Lambert, Andrew</a> (2004). Nelson: Britannia's God of War. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5712-1222-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-5712-1222-0"><bdi>0-5712-1222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+Britannia%27s+God+of+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-5712-1222-0&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lavery" title="Brian Lavery">Lavery, Brian</a> (2003). Nelson and the Nile. London: Caxton Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8406-7522-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-8406-7522-5"><bdi>1-8406-7522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+and+the+Nile&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-8406-7522-5&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee_(historian)" title="Christopher Lee (historian)">Lee, Christopher</a> (2005). Nelson and Napoleon, The Long Haul to Trafalgar. headline books. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7553-1041-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7553-1041-1"><bdi>0-7553-1041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+and+Napoleon%2C+The+Long+Haul+to+Trafalgar&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=headline+books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7553-1041-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaish1958" class="citation book cs1">Naish, George P. B. (1958). Nelson's Letters to his Wife and other documents 1785–1831. London: Navy Records Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Letters+to+his+Wife+and+other+documents+1785%E2%80%931831&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Navy+Records+Society&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=George+P.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nelson, Horatio, Lord Viscount, The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas G.C.M.G., The First Volume, 1777 to August 1794, Henry Colburn, London, 1844</li> <li>Nelson, Horatio, Lord Viscount, The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas G.C.M.G., The Third Volume, January 1798 to August 1799, Henry Colburn, London, 1845</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carola_Oman" title="Carola Oman">Oman, Carola</a> (1987). Nelson. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-40672-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-40672-0"><bdi>0-340-40672-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-340-40672-0&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Carola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrew1849" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pettigrew" title="Thomas Pettigrew">Pettigrew, Thomas</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirslifevice02pettgoog">Memoirs of the Life of Vice-Admiral, Lord Viscount Nelson, K. B., Duke of Bronte</a>. London: T. & W. Boone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+Vice-Admiral%2C+Lord+Viscount+Nelson%2C+K.+B.%2C+Duke+of+Bronte&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+%26+W.+Boone&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Pettigrew&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirslifevice02pettgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Pocock" title="Tom Pocock">Pocock, Tom</a> (1987). Horatio Nelson. London: The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-31124-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-31124-8"><bdi>0-370-31124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horatio+Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-370-31124-8&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden2004" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (2004). Nelson: A Dream of Glory. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-06097-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-06097-X"><bdi>0-224-06097-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+A+Dream+of+Glory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-224-06097-X&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden2013" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (2013). Nelson: The Sword of Albion. New York: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-080507807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-080507807-7"><bdi>978-080507807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+The+Sword+of+Albion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-080507807-7&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Pivka1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">von Pivka, Otto</a> (1980). Navies of the Napoleonic Era. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-505-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88254-505-1"><bdi>0-88254-505-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+of+the+Napoleonic+Era&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-88254-505-1&rft.aulast=von+Pivka&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Warner" title="Oliver Warner">Warner, Oliver</a> (1958). A Portrait of Lord Nelson. London: Chatto & Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Lord+Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_White_(historian)" title="Colin White (historian)">White, Colin</a> (2005). Nelson, The New Letters. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-130-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-130-9"><bdi>1-84383-130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%2C+The+New+Letters&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84383-130-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1931" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Clennell (1931). Nelson. London: George G. Harrap.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+G.+Harrap&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Clennell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty1807" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Beatty_(surgeon)" title="William Beatty (surgeon)">Beatty, William</a> (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15233">The Death of Lord Nelson</a>. Crimson Cats Audiobooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9551394-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9551394-4-9"><bdi>0-9551394-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Lord+Nelson&rft.pub=Crimson+Cats+Audiobooks&rft.date=1807&rft.isbn=0-9551394-4-9&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F15233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallender1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Callender" title="Geoffrey Callender">Callender, Sir Geoffrey</a> (1912). The Life of Nelson. Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Nelson&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Callender&rft.aufirst=Sir+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2004" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Terry (2004). The Nelson Touch: The Life and Legend. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517322-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517322-8"><bdi>0-19-517322-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nelson+Touch%3A+The+Life+and+Legend&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-517322-8&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)" title="David Hannay (historian)">Hannay, David McDowall</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nelson,_Horatio_Nelson,_Viscount">"Nelson, Horatio Nelson, Viscount" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 352–358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nelson%2C+Horatio+Nelson%2C+Viscount&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=352-358&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David+McDowall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahan, Captain A. T.</a> (1897). The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain. Little, Brown & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Nelson%3A+The+Embodiment+of+the+Sea+Power+of+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Captain+A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1980" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Tom (1980). The Young Nelson in the Americas. Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Nelson+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._A._M._Rodger" class="mw-redirect" title="N. A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (2004). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815. Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthey1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey, Robert</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifenelson01soutgoog">The Life of Nelson</a>. Longmans, Green, and Company, 302 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Nelson&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company%2C+302+pages&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Southey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifenelson01soutgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertsoutheysl01soutgoog">E'book</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2003" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Edgar (2003). Nelson: Love & Fame. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10260-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10260-7"><bdi>0-300-10260-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+Love+%26+Fame&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10260-7&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1959" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Oliver (1959). Trafalgar. B. T. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorrall2005" class="citation journal cs1">Worrall, Simon (2005). "Battle of Trafalgar: Admiral Lord Nelson's Fatal Victory". <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. 208 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Trafalgar%3A+Admiral+Lord+Nelson%27s+Fatal+Victory&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Worrall&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yonge" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke_Yonge" title="Charles Duke Yonge">Yonge, Charles Duke</a> (1863). The History of the British Navy, Volumes I & II. Richard Bentley, London; Vol. I: 716 pages; Vol. II: 809 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Navy%2C+Volumes+I+%26+II&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley%2C+London%3B+Vol.+I%3A+716+pages%3B+Vol.+II%3A+809+pages&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Yonge&rft.aufirst=Charles+Duke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl5GAAAAYAAJ">E'book v1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQY-AAAAcAAJ&q=berwick">E'book v2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Naval Chronicle, Volume 3. J. Gold. 1800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Chronicle%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=J.+Gold&rft.date=1800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01842-5">978-1-108-01842-5</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Naval Chronicle, Volume 6. J. Gold. 1806.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Chronicle%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=J.+Gold&rft.date=1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoratio+Nelson%2C+1st+Viscount+Nelson" class="Z3988"> (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01854-8">978-1-108-01854-8</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="extiw" title="c:Horatio Nelson">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="extiw" title="q:Horatio Nelson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nelson,_Horatio_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Nelson, Horatio (DNB00)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83235" class="extiw" title="d:Q83235">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-horatio-nelson">contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Nelson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6057">Works by Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nelson%2C%20Horatio%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Horatio%20Nelson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nelson%2C%20Horatio%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Horatio%20Nelson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nelson%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Horatio%20Nelson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nelson%2C%20Horatio%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Horatio%20Nelson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221758-1805%22%20AND%20Nelson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1544">Works by Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html#csearch;searchTerm=nelson">Collections related to Nelson held by the National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelson-society.com/">The Nelson Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelson-museum.co.uk/">Norfolk Nelson Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?168854">Original Letters Written by Horatio Nelson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725070535/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?168854">Archived</a> 25 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821021212/http://www.oxonianreview.org/issues/5-1/5-1nicholls.html">An essay on Nelson in The Oxonian Review of Books</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutnelson.co.uk">Nelson, history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booktracker.net/notes/biography/nelson/">Review of A. T. Mahan's biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304111143/http://booktracker.net/notes/biography/nelson">Archived</a> 4 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Elphinstone,_1st_Viscount_Keith" title="George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith">Viscount Keith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet</a> 1803–1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood" title="Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood">Lord Collingwood</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Nelson" title="Earl Nelson">Baron Nelson</a> (of the Nile and of Hillborough) 1801–1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson,_1st_Earl_Nelson" title="William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson">William Nelson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Titles of nobility </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bronte" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bronte">Duke of Bronte</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>) 1799–1805 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson,_1st_Earl_Nelson" title="William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson">William Nelson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli- gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France, <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83235#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118586939">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80066193">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119639756">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119639756">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621197">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV119844">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35379603">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701307&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1047260">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/123999">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069283206">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053808">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000214103&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000074387&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000204311">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=119134">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvx1pq23t2s6kk">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648431105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/145789">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265803205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513898006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14828383">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07203753?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500281594">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/931950">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118586939.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118586939">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027641589">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63x89b9">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/35950">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30091172">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&oldid=1258585019">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson&oldid=1258585019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horatio_Nelson" title="Category:Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1758_births" title="Category:1758 births">1758 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1805_deaths" title="Category:1805 deaths">1805 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barons_Nelson" title="Category:Barons Nelson">Barons 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