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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nelson's Pillar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsonov_stub_(Dublin)" title="Nelsonov stub (Dublin) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nelsonov stub (Dublin)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piler_Nelson" title="Piler Nelson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Piler Nelson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_de_Nelson_(Dubl%C3%ADn)" title="Columna de Nelson (Dublín) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columna de Nelson (Dublín)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsona_Piliero_(Dublino)" title="Nelsona Piliero (Dublino) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nelsona Piliero (Dublino)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_zutabea_(Dublin)" title="Nelson zutabea (Dublin) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nelson zutabea (Dublin)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonne_Nelson_(Dublin)" title="Colonne Nelson (Dublin) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonne Nelson (Dublin)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAn_Nelson" title="Colún Nelson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colún Nelson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_de_Nelson" title="Columna de Nelson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columna de Nelson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%AC%EC%8A%A8_%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EB%B9%84_(%EB%8D%94%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%B0)" title="넬슨 기념비 (더블린) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="넬슨 기념비 (더블린)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%93%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F)" title="עמוד נלסון (דבלין) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמוד נלסון (דבלין)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nelson's Pillar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%9F%B1" title="ネルソンの柱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネルソンの柱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumna_Nelsona_w_Dublinie" title="Kolumna Nelsona w Dublinie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolumna Nelsona w Dublinie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Колонна Нельсона (Дублин) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонна Нельсона (Дублин)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیلسن ستون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیلسن ستون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99t_Nelson" title="Cột Nelson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cột Nelson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nelson%27s_Pillar&params=53_20_59.3_N_06_15_36.9_W_type:landmark_region:IE-D">53°20′59.3″N 06°15′36.9″W / 53.349806°N 6.260250°W / 53.349806; -6.260250</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former column and statue in Dublin, Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former monument in Dublin. For the succeeding monument, see <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Spire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Spire">Dublin Spire</a>. For the monument in London, see <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a>. For other monuments to Horatio Nelson, see <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Monument">Nelson Monument</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Nelson's Pillar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar,_Sackville-Street,_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artwork of statue of Nelson on top of a Doric column in a broad street with pedestrians and lined with buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_Sackville-Street%2C_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_Sackville-Street%2C_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_Sackville-Street%2C_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_Sackville-Street%2C_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_Sackville-Street%2C_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Lossy-page1-2658px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_Sackville-Street%2C_Dublin_RMG_PU3914_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="3205" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">Nelson's Pillar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nelson's Pillar is located in Central Dublin"><img alt="Nelson's Pillar is located in Central Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg/240px-Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg/360px-Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg/480px-Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="1375" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.409%;left:69.149%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Nelson's Pillar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in central Dublin</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>The Nelson Pillar</li> <li>The Pillar</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Destroyed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nelson%27s_Pillar&params=53_20_59.3_N_06_15_36.9_W_type:landmark_region:IE-D">53°20′59.3″N 06°15′36.9″W / 53.349806°N 6.260250°W / 53.349806; -6.260250</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Groundbreaking</th><td class="infobox-data">15 February 1808</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening</th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 1809</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Destroyed</th><td class="infobox-data">8 and 14 March 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Client</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnston_(architect)" title="Francis Johnston (architect)">Francis Johnston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nelson's Pillar (also known as the Nelson Pillar or simply the Pillar) was a large granite column capped by a statue of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, built in the centre of what was then Sackville Street (later renamed <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland. Completed in 1809 when Ireland was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, it survived until March 1966, when it was severely damaged by explosives planted by <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicans</a>. Its remnants were later destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a>. The decision to build the monument was taken by <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a> in the euphoria following Nelson's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> in 1805. The original design by <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a> was greatly modified by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnston_(architect)" title="Francis Johnston (architect)">Francis Johnston</a>, on grounds of cost. The statue was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kirk_(sculptor)" title="Thomas Kirk (sculptor)">Thomas Kirk</a>. From its opening on 29 October 1809 the Pillar was a popular tourist attraction, but provoked aesthetic and political controversy from the outset. A prominent city centre monument honouring an Englishman rankled as <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> sentiment grew, and throughout the 19th century there were calls for it to be removed, or replaced with a memorial to an Irish hero. It remained in the city as most of Ireland became the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> in 1949. The chief legal barrier to its removal was the trust created at the Pillar's inception, the terms of which gave the trustees a duty in perpetuity to preserve the monument. Successive Irish governments failed to enact legislation overriding the trust. Although influential literary figures such as <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St._John_Gogarty" title="Oliver St. John Gogarty">Oliver St. John Gogarty</a> defended the Pillar on historical and cultural grounds, pressure for its removal intensified in the years preceding the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, and its sudden demise was, on the whole, well-received by the public. Although it was widely believed that the action was the work of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–69)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA), the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> were unable to identify any of those responsible. After years of debate and numerous proposals, the site was occupied in 2003 by the <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a>, a slim needle-like structure rising almost three times the height of the Pillar. In 2000, a former republican activist gave a radio interview in which he admitted planting the explosives in 1966, but, after questioning him, the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Gardaí</a> decided not to take action. Relics of the Pillar are found in Dublin museums and appear as decorative stonework elsewhere and its memory is preserved in numerous works of Irish literature. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sackville_Street_and_Blakeney">Sackville Street and Blakeney</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sackville Street and Blakeney">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stBaronBlakeney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of William Blakeney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1stBaronBlakeney.jpg/170px-1stBaronBlakeney.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1stBaronBlakeney.jpg/255px-1stBaronBlakeney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1stBaronBlakeney.jpg/340px-1stBaronBlakeney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>William Blakeney, whose Sackville Street statue preceded Nelson's</figcaption></figure> The redevelopment of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">River Liffey</a> began in the early 18th century, largely through the enterprise of the property speculator <a href="/wiki/Luke_Gardiner" title="Luke Gardiner">Luke Gardiner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews_and_Coleman_2009-1">[1]</a> His best-known work was the transformation in the 1740s of a narrow lane called Drogheda Street, which he demolished and turned into a broad thoroughfare lined with large and imposing town houses. He renamed it Sackville Street, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> from 1731 to 1737 and from 1751 to 1755.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2002114-2">[2]</a> After Gardiner's death in 1755 Dublin's growth continued, with many fine public buildings and grand squares, the city's status magnified by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> for six months of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather200554-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union of 1800</a>, which united Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> under a single <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster polity</a>, ended the Irish parliament and presaged a period of decline for the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2014137-4">[4]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a> writes: "[T]he capital's dynamism vanished, absenteeism returned and the big houses lost their patrons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2014137-4">[4]</a> The first monument in Sackville Street was built in 1759 in the location where the Nelson Pillar would eventually stand. The subject was <a href="/wiki/William_Blakeney,_1st_Baron_Blakeney" title="William Blakeney, 1st Baron Blakeney">William Blakeney, 1st Baron Blakeney</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>-born army officer whose career extended over more than 60 years and ended with his surrender to the French after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St_Philip_(1756)" title="Siege of Fort St Philip (1756)">siege of Minorca</a> in 1756.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens_and_Harding_2008-5">[5]</a> A brass statue sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_van_Nost_the_younger" title="John van Nost the younger">John van Nost the younger</a> was unveiled on <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's Day">St Patrick's Day</a>, 17 March 1759.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon20145–8-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[n 1]</a> Donal Fallon, in his history of the Pillar, states that almost from its inception the Blakeney statue was a target for vandalism. Its fate is uncertain; Fallon records that it might have been melted down for cannon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon20148-8">[7]</a> but it had certainly been removed by 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20137–8-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trafalgar">Trafalgar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trafalgar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Nelson's death scene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/220px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/330px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/440px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Nelson's death aboard HMS Victory. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Dighton" title="Denis Dighton">Denis Dighton</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1825</figcaption></figure> On 21 October 1805, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Naval</a> fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Vice Admiral Lord Nelson</a> defeated the combined fleets of the French and Spanish navies in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. At the height of the battle Nelson was mortally wounded on board his flagship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>; by the time he died later that day, victory was assured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger_2009-10">[9]</a> Nelson had been hailed in Dublin seven years earlier, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>, as defender of the Harp and Crown, the respective symbols of Ireland and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992337-11">[10]</a> When news of Trafalgar reached the city on 8 November, there were similar scenes of patriotic celebration, together with a desire that the fallen hero should be commemorated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201424-12">[11]</a> The mercantile classes had particular reason to be grateful for a victory that restored the freedom of the high seas and removed the threat of a French invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> Many of the city's population had relatives who had been involved in the battle: up to one-third of the sailors in Nelson's fleet were from Ireland, including around 400 from Dublin itself. In his short account of the Pillar, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Campbell_Kennedy" title="Dennis Campbell Kennedy">Dennis Kennedy</a> considers that Nelson would have been regarded in the city as a hero, not just among the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> but by many Catholics among the rising middle and professional classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201325–27-14">[13]</a> The first step towards a permanent memorial to Nelson was taken on 18 November 1805 by the city <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a>, who after sending a message of congratulation to <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>, agreed that the erection of a statue would form a suitable tribute to Nelson's memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194853-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201426-16">[15]</a> On 28 November, after a public meeting had supported this sentiment, a "Nelson committee" was established, chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor</a>. It contained four of the city's Westminster MPs, alongside other city notables including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guinness_II" title="Arthur Guinness II">Arthur Guinness</a>, the son of the brewery founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194854-17">[16]</a> The committee's initial tasks were to decide precisely what form the monument should take and where it should be put. They had also to raise the funds to pay for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20133–4-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inception,_design_and_construction">Inception, design and construction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inception, design and construction">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:350px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #E0E6F8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <dl><dd></dd> <dd>BY THE BLESSING OF ALMIGHTY GOD, To Commemorate the Transcendent Heroic Achievements of the Right Honourable HORATIO LORD VISCOUNT NELSON, Duke of Bronti in Sicily, Vice-Admiral of the White Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet, Who fell gloriously in the Battle off CAPE TRAFALGAR, on the 21st Day of October 1805; when he obtained for his Country a VICTORY over the COMBINED FLEET OF FRANCE AND SPAIN, unparalleled in Naval History. This first STONE of a Triumphal PILLAR was laid by HIS GRACE CHARLES DUKE OF RICHMOND and LENNOX, Lord Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, on the 15th Day of February in the year of our Lord, 1808. and in the 48th Year of our most GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN GEORGE THE THIRD, in the presence of the Committee appointed by the Subscribers for erecting this monument.</dd></dl> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Wording of memorial plaque laid with the foundation stone, 15 February 1808<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201315-19">[18]</a></cite> </div> At its first meeting the Nelson committee established a public subscription, and early in 1806 invited artists and architects to submit design proposals for a monument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201427–28-20">[19]</a> No specifications were provided, but the contemporary European vogue in commemorative architecture was for the classical form, typified by <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20133–4-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victory_column" title="Victory column">Monumental columns</a>, or "pillars of victory", were uncommon in Ireland at the time; the Cumberland Column in <a href="/wiki/Birr,_County_Offaly" title="Birr, County Offaly">Birr, County Offaly</a>, erected in 1747, was a rare exception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContae_Uíbh_Fhailí_County_Council,_February_2009-21">[20]</a> From the entries submitted, the Nelson committee's choice was that of a young English architect, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a>, then in the early stages of a distinguished career.<a href="#cite_note-23">[n 2]</a> Wilkins's proposals envisaged a tall <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric column</a> on a plinth, surmounted by a sculpted Roman <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20136-24">[22]</a> The choice of the Sackville Street site was not unanimous. The <a href="/wiki/Wide_Streets_Commission" title="Wide Streets Commission">Wide Streets Commissioners</a> were worried about traffic congestion, and argued for a riverside location visible from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> Another suggestion was for a seaside position, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Howth_Head" title="Howth Head">Howth Head</a> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay" title="Dublin Bay">Dublin Bay</a>. The recent presence of the Blakeney statue in Sackville Street, and a desire to arrest the street's decline in the post-parliamentary years, were factors that may have influenced the final selection of that site which, Kennedy says, was the preferred choice of the Lord Lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20136–8-25">[23]</a> By mid-1807, fundraising was proving difficult; sums raised at that point were well short of the likely cost of erecting Wilkins's column. The committee informed the architect with regret that "means were not placed in their hands to enable them to gratify him, as well as themselves, by executing his design precisely as he had given it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201310–11-26">[24]</a> They employed <a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnston_(architect)" title="Francis Johnston (architect)">Francis Johnston</a>, architect to the City Board of Works, to make cost-cutting adjustments to Wilkins's scheme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201011-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[n 3]</a> Johnston simplified the design, substituting a large functional block or pedestal for Wilkins's delicate plinth, and replacing the proposed galley with a statue of Nelson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201310–11-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kirk_(sculptor)" title="Thomas Kirk (sculptor)">Thomas Kirk</a>, a sculptor from <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, was commissioned to provide the statue, to be fashioned from <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194859-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather2005260-31">[28]</a> By December 1807 the fund stood at £3,827, far short of the estimated £6,500 required to finance the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201315-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[n 4]</a> Nevertheless, by the beginning of 1808 the committee felt confident enough to begin the work, and organised the laying of the foundation stone. This ceremony took place on 15 February 1808—the day following the anniversary of Nelson's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent</a> in 1797<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201316–17-34">[30]</a>—amid much pomp, in the presence of the new Lord Lieutenant, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_4th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a>, along with various civic dignitaries and city notables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy20109-35">[31]</a> A memorial plaque eulogising Nelson's Trafalgar victory was attached to the stone. The committee continued to raise money as construction proceeded;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201316–17-34">[30]</a> when the project was complete in the autumn of 1809, costs totalled £6,856, but contributions had reached £7,138, providing the committee with a surplus of £282.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57-36">[32]</a> When finished, the monument complete with its statue rose to a height of 134 feet (40.8 m).<a href="#cite_note-38">[n 5]</a> The four sides of the pedestal were engraved with the names and dates of Nelson's greatest victories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[n 6]</a> A spiral stairway of 168 steps ascended the hollow interior of the column, to a viewing platform immediately beneath the statue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201433-41">[35]</a> According to the committee's published report, 22,090 cubic feet (626 m3) of black <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and 7,310 cubic feet (207 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> had been used to build the column and its pedestal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201432-42">[36]</a> The Pillar opened to the public on 21 October 1809, on the fourth anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar; for ten <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">pre-decimal</a> pence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[n 7]</a> visitors could climb to a viewing platform just below the statue, and enjoy what an early report describes as "a superb panoramic view of the city, the country and the fine bay".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181101-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[n 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_1809–1966">History 1809–1966</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History 1809–1966">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1809–1916">1809–1916</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1809–1916">edit</a>]</div> The Pillar quickly became a popular tourist attraction; Kennedy writes that "for the next 157 years its ascent was a must on every visitor's list".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201320-46">[38]</a> Yet from the beginning there were criticisms, on both political and aesthetic grounds. The September 1809 issue of the Irish Monthly Magazine, edited by the revolution-minded Walter "Watty" Cox,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb:_A_Compendium_of_Irish_Biography_1878-47">[39]</a> reported that "our independence has been wrested from us, not by the arms of France but by the gold of England. The statue of Nelson records the glory of a mistress and the transformation of our senate into a discount office".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> In an early (1818) history of the city of Dublin, the writers express awe at the scale of the monument, but are critical of several of its features: its proportions are described as "ponderous", the pedestal as "unsightly" and the column itself as "clumsy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181102–03-37">[33]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Hibernian_Magazine" title="Walker's Hibernian Magazine">Walker's Hibernian Magazine</a> thought the statue was a good likeness of its subject, and that the Pillar's position in the centre of the wide street gave the eye a focal point in what was otherwise "wastes of pavements".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194860-48">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artwork of statue of Nelson on top of a Doric column in a broad street lined with buildings, with pedestrians and horses and cart on a bridge in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg/220px-Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg/330px-Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg/440px-Sackville_St_Dublin_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Lower Sackville Street and the Pillar depicted by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bartlett" title="William Henry Bartlett">William Henry Bartlett</a> in the early 1840s, around the time of Thackeray's visit</figcaption></figure> By 1830, rising nationalist sentiment in Ireland made it likely that the Pillar was "the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy's</a> last hurrah"—Kennedy observes that it probably could not have been built at any later date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201330-49">[41]</a> Nevertheless, the monument often attracted favourable comment from visitors; in 1842 the writer <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> noted Nelson "upon a stone-pillar" in the middle of the "exceedingly broad and handsome" Sackville Street: "The Post Office is on his right hand (only it is cut off); and on his left, 'Gresham's' and the 'Imperial Hotel' ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackeray191122–23-50">[42]</a> A few years later, the monument was a source of pride to some citizens, who dubbed it "Dublin's Glory" when <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> visited the city in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> Between 1840 and 1843 <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> was erected in London's <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>. With an overall height of 170 feet (52 m) it was taller than its Dublin equivalent and, at £47,000, much more costly to erect,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201440-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[n 9]</a> despite the absence of an internal staircase or viewing platform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201313-53">[44]</a> The London column was the subject of an attack during the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a> in May 1884, when a quantity of explosives was placed at its base but failed to detonate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201440-51">[43]</a> In 1853 the queen attended the <a href="/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exhibition_(1853)" title="Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)">Dublin Great Industrial Exhibition</a>, where a city plan was displayed that envisaged the removal of the Pillar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> This proved impossible, as since 1811 legal responsibility for the Pillar had been vested in a trust,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201318-54">[45]</a> under the terms of which the trustees were required "to embellish and uphold the monument in perpetuation of the object for which it was subscribed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201347-55">[46]</a> Any action to remove or resite the Pillar, or replace the statue, required the passage of an <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Act of Parliament</a> in London; <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a> (the city government) had no authority in the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201337-56">[47]</a> No action followed the city plan suggestion, but the following years saw regular attempts to remove the monument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> A proposal was made in 1876 by Alderman Peter McSwiney, a former Lord Mayor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDublin_City_Council_(Lord_Mayors)-57">[48]</a> to replace the "unsightly structure" with a memorial to the recently deceased <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(Irish_politician)" title="John Gray (Irish politician)">Sir John Gray</a>, who had done much to provide Dublin with a clean water supply. The Corporation was unable to advance this idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201442-58">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artwork of the pedestal for the Pillar, showing the Trafalgar inscription, with the architectural design for the new porch and railings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg/170px-Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg/255px-Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg/340px-Nelson%27s_Pillar_porch_design_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Design for the new 1894 entrance porch</figcaption></figure> In 1882 the Moore Street Market and Dublin City Improvement Act was passed by the Westminster parliament, overriding the trust and giving the Corporation authority to resite the Pillar, but subject to a strict timetable, within which the city authorities found it impossible to act. The Act lapsed and the Pillar remained;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201338-59">[50]</a> a similar attempt, with the same result, was made in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> Not all Dubliners favoured demolition; some businesses considered the Pillar to be the city's focal point, and the tramway company petitioned for its retention as it marked the central tram terminus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194861-60">[51]</a> "In many ways", says Fallon, "the pillar had become part of the fabric of the city".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201444-61">[52]</a> Kennedy writes: "A familiar and very large if rather scruffy piece of the city's furniture, it was The Pillar, Dublin's Pillar rather than Nelson's Pillar ... it was also an outing, an experience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201341-62">[53]</a> The Dublin sculptor <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(sculptor)" title="John Hughes (sculptor)">John Hughes</a> invited students at the Metropolitan School of Art to "admire the elegance and dignity" of Kirk's statue, "and the beauty of the silhouette".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201012-63">[54]</a> In 1894 there were some significant alterations to the Pillar's fabric. The original entry on the west side, whereby visitors entered the pedestal by a flight of steps taking them down below street level, was replaced by a new ground level entrance on the south side, with a grand porch. The whole monument was surrounded by heavy iron railings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[n 10]</a> In the new century, despite the growing nationalism within Dublin—80 per cent of the Corporation's councillors were nationalists of some description—the pillar was liberally decorated with flags and streamers to mark the 1905 Trafalgar centenary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201445–46-67">[57]</a> The changing political atmosphere had long been signalled by the arrival in Sackville Street of further monuments, all celebrating distinctively Irish heroes, in what the historian Yvonne Whelan describes as defiance of the British Government, a "challenge in stone". Between the 1860s and 1911, Nelson was joined by monuments to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> (the <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Monument,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Connell Monument, Dublin">O'Connell Monument</a>), <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, as well as Sir John Gray and the temperance campaigner <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Mathew_(temperance_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald Mathew (temperance reformer)">Father Mathew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan201494-68">[58]</a> Meanwhile, in 1861, after decades of construction, the <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Dublin" title="Wellington Monument, Dublin">Wellington Monument</a> in Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a> was completed, the foundation stone having been laid in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnett195254_and_61-69">[59]</a> This vast obelisk, 220 feet (67 m) high and 120 feet (37 m) square at the base,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2005308-70">[60]</a> honoured <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, Dublin-born and a former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201451-71">[61]</a> Unlike the Pillar, Wellington's obelisk has attracted little controversy and has not been the subject of physical attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndependent.ie._26_August_2003-72">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easter_Rising,_April_1916">Easter Rising, April 1916</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Easter Rising, April 1916">edit</a>]</div> On <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, 24 April 1916, units of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a> seized several prominent buildings and streets in central Dublin, including the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">General Post Office</a> (GPO) in Sackville Street, one of the buildings nearest the Pillar. They set up headquarters at the GPO where they declared an Irish Republic under a provisional government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201453–54-73">[63]</a> One of the first recorded actions of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> occurred near the Pillar when <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancers</a> from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Street,_Dublin" title="Marlborough Street, Dublin">Marlborough Street</a> barracks, sent to investigate the disturbance, were fired on from the GPO. They withdrew in confusion, leaving four soldiers and two horses dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006184-74">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_(6937669789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of The Pillar surrounded by ruins of destroyed buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/220px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/330px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/440px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Sackville Street after the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, showing the burnt out shell of the General Post Office and the intact Pillar in the background</figcaption></figure> During the days that followed, Sackville Street and particularly the area around the Pillar became a battleground. According to some histories, insurgents attempted to blow up the Pillar. The accounts are unconfirmed and were disputed by many that fought in the Rising,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201455–56-75">[65]</a> on the grounds that the Pillar's large base provided them with useful cover as they moved to and from other rebel positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201343–44-76">[66]</a> By Thursday night, British artillery fire had set much of Sackville Street ablaze, but according to the writer Peter De Rosa's account: "On his pillar, Nelson surveyed it all serenely, as though he were lit up by a thousand lamps".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990350-77">[67]</a> The statue was visible against the fiery backdrop from as far as <a href="/wiki/Killiney" title="Killiney">Killiney</a>, 9 miles (14 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990351-78">[68]</a> By Saturday, when the provisional government finally surrendered, many of the Sackville Street buildings between the Pillar and the Liffey had been destroyed or badly damaged, including the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Hotel,_Dublin" title="Imperial Hotel, Dublin">Imperial Hotel</a> that Thackeray had admired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006266-79">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990358–59-80">[70]</a> Of the GPO, only the façade remained; against the tide of opinion <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a> said the demolition of the city's classical architecture scarcely mattered: "What does matter is the Liffey slums have not been demolished".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw19166-81">[71]</a> An account in a New York newspaper reported that the Pillar had been lost in the destruction of the street,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201461-82">[72]</a> but it had sustained only minor damage, chiefly bullet marks on the column and statue itself—one shot is said to have taken off Nelson's nose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201457-83">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-partition">Post-partition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-partition">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish war of Independence 1919–21</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">treaty</a> that followed, Ireland was partitioned; Dublin became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Partition_of_Ireland"-84">[74]</a> From December 1922, when the Free State was inaugurated, the Pillar became an issue for the Irish rather than the British government. In 1923, when Sackville Street was again in ruins during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201465-85">[75]</a> The Irish Builder and Engineer magazine called the original siting of the Pillar a "blunder" and asked for its removal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Builder_and_Engineer''_30_June_1923497-86">[76]</a> a view echoed by the Dublin Citizens Association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45-87">[77]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, who had become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Senate</a>, favoured its re-erection elsewhere, but thought it should not, as some wished, be destroyed, because "the life and work of the people who built it are part of our tradition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> Sackville Street was renamed O'Connell Street in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2005212-88">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[n 11]</a> The following year the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a> and the Dublin Civic Survey demanded legislation to allow the Pillar's removal, without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45-87">[77]</a> Pressure continued, and in 1926 The Manchester Guardian reported that the Pillar was to be taken down, "as it was a hindrance to modern traffic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Manchester_Guardian''_26_March_19269-90">[79]</a> Requests for action—removal, destruction or the replacement of the statue with that of an Irish hero—continued up to the Second World War and beyond; the main stumbling blocks remained the trustees' strict interpretation of the terms of the trust, and the unwillingness of successive Irish governments to take legislative action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45-87">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201468–69,_71–72-91">[80]</a> In 1936 the magazine of the ultra-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> movement remarked that this inactivity showed a failure in the national spirit: "The conqueror is gone, but the scars which he left remain, and the victim will not even try to remove them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201470–71,_quoting_from_''The_Blueshirt'',_1_March_1935-92">[81]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #E0E6F8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Man and boy I have lived in Dublin, on and off, for 68 years. When I was a young fellow we didn't talk about Nelson's Column or Nelson's Pillar, we spoke of the Pillar, and everyone knew what we meant[.] </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Thomas Bodkin, 1955<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201477-93">[82]</a></cite> </div> By 1949 the Irish Free State had evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and left the British Commonwealth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990505-94">[83]</a> but not all Irish opinion favoured the removal of the Pillar. That year the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">John Harvey</a> called it "a grand work", and argued that without it, "O'Connell Street would lose much of its vitality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey194931-95">[84]</a> Most of the pressure to get rid of it, he said, came from "traffic maniacs who ... fail to visualise the chaos which would result from creating a through current of traffic at this point".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey194931-95">[84]</a> In a 1955 radio broadcast <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bodkin" title="Thomas Bodkin">Thomas Bodkin</a>, former director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Ireland" title="National Gallery of Ireland">National Gallery of Ireland</a>, praised not only the monument, but Nelson himself: "He was a man of extraordinary gallantry. He lost his eye fighting bravely, and his arm in a similar fashion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201477-93">[82]</a> On 29 October 1955, a group of nine students from <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a> obtained keys from the Pillar's custodian and locked themselves inside, with an assortment of equipment including <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flame throwers</a>. From the gallery they hung a poster of <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Barry" title="Kevin Barry">Kevin Barry</a>, a Dublin <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) volunteer executed by the British during the War of Independence. A crowd gathered below, and began to sing the <a href="/wiki/Irish_rebel_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish rebel music">Irish rebel</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Kevin_Barry_(song)" title="Kevin Barry (song)">Kevin Barry</a>". Eventually members of the Gardaí broke into the Pillar and ended the demonstration. No action was taken against the students, whose principal purpose, the Gardaí claimed, was publicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201487–89-96">[85]</a> In 1956, members of the <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> party, then in opposition, proposed that the statue be replaced by one of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a>, Protestant leader of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1803" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Rebellion of 1803">an abortive rebellion in 1803</a>. They thought that such a gesture might inspire Protestants in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> to fight for a reunited Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201472-97">[86]</a> In the North the possibility of dismantling and re-erecting the monument in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> was raised in the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland">Stormont parliament</a>, but the initiative failed to gain the support of the Northern Ireland government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201474–75-98">[87]</a> In 1959 a new Fianna Fáil government under <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a> deferred the question of the Pillar's removal on the grounds of cost; five years later Lemass agreed to "look at" the question of replacing Nelson's statue with one of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, the leader of the Easter Rising, in time for the 50th anniversary of the Rising in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201347–48-99">[88]</a> An offer from the Irish-born American trade union leader <a href="/wiki/Mike_Quill" title="Mike Quill">Mike Quill</a> to finance the removal of the Pillar was not taken up, and as the anniversary approached, Nelson remained in place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201474–75-98">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction">Destruction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Destruction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #E0E6F8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> There was an air of inevitability about Horatio Nelson's eventual demise; King William of Orange, King George II and Viscount Gough in the Phoenix Park had all fallen victim to republican bombings, while <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria,_Sydney" title="Statue of Queen Victoria, Sydney">Queen Victoria</a> had been rather unceremoniously dumped from her vantage point in Leinster House, removed on her back through the front gates. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Donal Fallon: "Dispelling the myths about the bombing of Nelson's Pillar"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2016-100">[89]</a></cite> </div> On 8 March 1966, a powerful explosion destroyed the upper portion of the Pillar and brought Nelson's statue crashing to the ground amid hundreds of tons of rubble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201350–51-101">[90]</a> O'Connell Street was almost deserted at the time, although a dance in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Metropole,_Dublin" title="Hotel Metropole, Dublin">Hotel Metropole</a>'s ballroom was about to end and brought crowds on to the street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> There were no casualties—a taxi driver parked close by had a narrow escape—and damage to property was relatively light given the strength of the blast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201494-102">[91]</a> What was left of the Pillar was a jagged stump, 70 feet (21 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> In the first government response to the action, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Justice (Ireland)">Justice minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a>, condemned what he described as "an outrage which was planned and committed without any regard to the lives of the citizens".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_9_March_1966-103">[92]</a> This response was considered "tepid" by The Irish Times, whose editorial deemed the attack "a direct blow to the prestige of the state and the authority of the government".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_9_March_1966-103">[92]</a> Kennedy suggests that government anger was mainly directed at what they considered a distraction from the official 50th anniversary celebrations of the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201350–51-101">[90]</a> The absence of the pillar was regretted by some who felt the city had lost one of its most prominent landmarks. The Irish Literary Association was anxious that, whatever future steps were taken, the lettering on the pedestal should be preserved; the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Irish Academy of Music">Royal Irish Academy of Music</a> was considering legal measures to prevent removal of the remaining stump.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> Reactions among the general public were relatively light-hearted, typified by the numerous songs inspired by the incident. These included the immensely popular "<a href="/wiki/Up_Went_Nelson" title="Up Went Nelson">Up Went Nelson</a>", set to the tune of "<a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a>" and performed by a group of Belfast schoolteachers, which remained at the top of the Irish charts for eight weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014114–16-104">[93]</a> An American newspaper reported that the mood in the city was one of gaiety, with shouts of "Nelson has lost his last battle!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201496-105">[94]</a> Some accounts relate that the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Irish president</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, phoned <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Press" title="The Irish Press">The Irish Press</a> to suggest the headline: "British Admiral Leaves Dublin By Air".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2016-106">[95]</a> The Pillar's fate was sealed when Dublin Corporation issued a "dangerous building" notice. The trustees agreed that the stump should be removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">[12]</a> A last-minute request by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_the_Architects_of_Ireland" title="Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland">Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland</a> for an injunction to delay the demolition on planning grounds was rejected by Justice <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Teevan_(attorney_general)" title="Thomas Teevan (attorney general)">Thomas Teevan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Guardian''_15_March_1966-107">[96]</a> On 14 March the Army destroyed the stump by a controlled explosion, watched at a safe distance by a crowd who, the press reported, "raised a resounding cheer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_14_March_1966-108">[97]</a> There was a scramble for souvenirs, and many parts of the stonework were taken from the scene. Some of these relics, including Nelson's head, eventually found their way into museums;<a href="#cite_note-110">[n 12]</a> parts of the lettered stonework from the pedestal are displayed in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Butler_House,_Kilkenny" title="Butler House, Kilkenny">Butler House</a> hotel in <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, while smaller remnants were used to decorate private gardens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014106–13-111">[99]</a> Contemporary and subsequent accounts record that the army's explosion caused more damage than the first, but this, Fallon says, is a myth; damage claims arising from the second explosion amounted to less than a quarter of the sum claimed as a result of the original blast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201499-112">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"A_colonel_writes..."_19_March_2006-113">[101]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Pillar_destroyed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pillar on the morning of 8 March 1966"><img alt="Half-destroyed Pillar with top part and statue missing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Pillar_destroyed.jpg/200px-Nelson%27s_Pillar_destroyed.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Pillar_destroyed.jpg/300px-Nelson%27s_Pillar_destroyed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Pillar_destroyed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="259" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pillar on the morning of 8 March 1966</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horatio Nelson's head, from the statue destroyed in the explosion, displayed in the Dublin City Library on Pearse Street"><img alt="Horatio Nelson's head, from the statue destroyed in the explosion, displayed in the Dublin City Library on Pearse Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg/150px-Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg/225px-Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg/300px-Horatio_Nelson%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horatio Nelson's head, from the statue destroyed in the explosion, displayed in the Dublin City Library on <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street" title="Pearse Street">Pearse Street</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_House_gardens,_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lettering from Nelson's Pillar in the Butler House Walled Garden in 2009"><img alt="Ornamental garden with stone blocks with incised lettering around the edge of a pond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Butler_House_gardens%2C_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg/200px-Butler_House_gardens%2C_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Butler_House_gardens%2C_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg/300px-Butler_House_gardens%2C_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Butler_House_gardens%2C_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg/400px-Butler_House_gardens%2C_Kilkenny_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1537832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lettering from Nelson's Pillar in the Butler House Walled Garden in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Pillar,_1835_(IA_jstor-30004110)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An engraving, after a sketch by Horation Nelson, a Dublin miniature painter, for the Dublin Penny Journal, 1835"><img alt="An engraving, after a sketch by Horation Nelson, a Dublin miniature painter, for the Dublin Penny Journal, 1835" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_1835_%28IA_jstor-30004110%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_1835_%28IA_jstor-30004110%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_1835_%28IA_jstor-30004110%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_1835_%28IA_jstor-30004110%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_1835_%28IA_jstor-30004110%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Nelson%27s_Pillar%2C_1835_%28IA_jstor-30004110%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1752" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An engraving, after a sketch by Horation Nelson, a Dublin miniature painter, for the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Penny_Journal" title="Dublin Penny Journal">Dublin Penny Journal</a>, 1835</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg/220px-Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg/330px-Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg/440px-Rubble_from_Nelson%27s_Pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3415" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Rubble from the pillar, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_History_Museum" title="Irish Republican History Museum">Irish Republican History Museum</a> in Belfast</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigations">Investigations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Investigations">edit</a>]</div> It was initially assumed that the monument was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–69)">IRA</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported on 9 March that six men had been arrested and questioned, but their identities were not revealed and there were no charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Guardian''_9_March_1966-114">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201352-115">[103]</a> An IRA spokesman denied involvement, stating that they had no interest in demolishing mere symbols of foreign domination: "We are interested in the destruction of the domination itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014100_(quoted_from_''[[The_Irish_Independent]]'',_9_March_1966)-116">[104]</a> In the absence of any leads, rumours suggested that the <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">Basque separatist movement ETA</a> might be responsible, perhaps as part of a training exercise with an Irish republican splinter group; in the mid-1960s the explosives expertise of ETA was generally acknowledged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles2009312-117">[105]</a> No further information was forthcoming until 2000, when during a <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Raidió Teilifís Éireann</a> interview a former IRA member, Liam Sutcliffe, claimed he had placed the bomb which detonated in the Pillar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2016-106">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03-118">[106]</a> In the 1950s Sutcliffe was associated with a group of dissident volunteers led by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1s_Tailteann" title="Rás Tailteann">Rás Tailteann</a> founder Joe Christle (1927–1998), who had been expelled from the IRA in 1956 for "recklessness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009-119">[107]</a> In early 1966 Sutcliffe learned that Christle's group was planning "Operation Humpty Dumpty", an attack on the Pillar, and offered his services. According to Sutcliffe, on 28 February he placed a bomb within the Pillar, timed to go off in the early hours of the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03-118">[106]</a> The explosive was a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonal" title="Ammonal">ammonal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2016-106">[95]</a> It failed to detonate; Sutcliffe says that he returned early the next morning, recovered the device and redesigned its timer. On 7 March, shortly before the Pillar closed for the day, he climbed the inner stairway and placed the refurbished bomb near to the top of the shaft before going home. He learned of the success of his mission the next day, he says, having slept undisturbed through the night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03-118">[106]</a> Following his revelations, Sutcliffe was questioned by the Garda Síochána but not charged. He did not name others involved in the action, apart from Christle and his brother, Mick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2016-106">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacements">Replacements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Replacements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spire,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tall pole rising high into the sky above buildings lining a city centre shopping street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Spire%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-The_Spire%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Spire%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-The_Spire%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Spire%2C_Dublin.jpg/440px-The_Spire%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a>, erected in 2003, viewed from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street,_Dublin" title="Henry Street, Dublin">Henry Street</a></figcaption></figure> On 29 April 1969 the Irish parliament passed the Nelson Pillar Act, terminating the Pillar Trust and vesting ownership of the site in Dublin Corporation. The trustees received £21,170 in compensation for the Pillar's destruction, and a further sum for loss of income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson_Pillar_Act,_1969-120">[108]</a> In the debate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Owen_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Owen Sheehy-Skeffington">Owen Sheehy-Skeffington</a> argued that the Pillar had been capable of repair and should have been re-assembled and rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeanad_Éireann_Debate_23_April_1969-121">[109]</a> For more than twenty years the site stood empty, while various campaigns sought to fill the space. In 1970 the Arthur Griffith Society suggested a monument to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, and Pearse, whose centenary would fall in 1979, was the subject of several proposals. None of these schemes were accepted by the Corporation. A request in 1987 by the Dublin Metropolitan Streets Commission that the Pillar be rebuilt—with a different statue—was likewise rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014118–19-122">[110]</a> In 1988, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Millennium">Dublin Millennium</a> celebrations, businessman <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smurfit" title="Michael Smurfit">Michael Smurfit</a> commissioned in memory of his father the Smurfit Millennium Fountain, erected close to the site of the pillar. The fountain included <a href="/wiki/Anna_Livia_(monument)" title="Anna Livia (monument)">a bronze statue of Anna Livia</a>, a personification of the River Liffey, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty_(sculptor)" title="Éamonn O'Doherty (sculptor)">Éamonn O'Doherty</a>. The monument was not universally appreciated; O'Doherty's fellow-sculptor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaney" title="Edward Delaney">Edward Delaney</a> called it an "atrocious eyesore".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014120-123">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[n 13]</a> 1988 saw the launch of the Pillar Project, aimed at encouraging artists and architects to bring forward new ideas for an appropriate permanent memorial to replace Nelson. Suggestions included a 110 metres (360 ft) flagpole, a triumphal arch modelled on the Paris <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>, and a "Tower of Light" with a platform that would restore Nelson's view over the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014120–22-127">[114]</a> In 1997 Dublin Corporation announced a formal design competition for a monument to mark the new millennium in 2000. The winning entry was <a href="/wiki/Ian_Ritchie_(architect)" title="Ian Ritchie (architect)">Ian Ritchie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a>, a plain, needle-like structure rising 120 metres (390 ft) from the street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201353-128">[115]</a> The design was approved; on 22 January 2003 it was completed, despite some political and artistic opposition. During the excavations preceding the Spire's construction, the foundation stone of the Nelson Pillar was recovered. Press stories that a time capsule containing valuable coins had also been discovered fascinated the public for a while, but proved illusory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014124–26-129">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #E0E6F8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Before Nelson's Pillar trams slowed, shunted, changed trolley, started for Blackrock, Kingstown and Dalkey, Clonskea, Rathgar and Terenure ... Sandymount Green, Rathmines, Ringsend and Sandymount Tower, Harold's Cross. The hoarse Dublin United Tramway Company's timekeeper bawled them off. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">James Joyce: Ulysses. Section 7: "In the Heart of the Hibernian Metropolis"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce2002112-130">[117]</a></cite> </div> The destruction of the Pillar brought a temporary glut of popular songs, including "<a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Farewell" title="Nelson's Farewell">Nelson's Farewell</a>", by <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">The Dubliners</a>, in which Nelson's airborne demise is presented as Ireland's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Space_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">space race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014114–16-104">[93]</a> During its more than 150 years, the Pillar was an integral if controversial part of Dublin life, and was often reflected in Irish literature of the period. <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922) is a meticulous depiction of the city on a single day, 16 June 1904. At the base of the Pillar trams from all parts of the city come and go; meanwhile the character <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" title="Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a> fantasises a scene involving two elderly spinsters, who climb the steps to the viewing gallery where they eat plums and spit the stones down on those below, while gazing up at "the onehandled adulterer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather200560-131">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St._John_Gogarty" title="Oliver St. John Gogarty">Oliver St. John Gogarty</a>, in his literary memoir <a href="/wiki/As_I_Was_Going_Down_Sackville_Street" title="As I Was Going Down Sackville Street">As I Was Going Down Sackville Street</a>, considers the Pillar "the grandest thing we have in Dublin", where "the statue in whiter stone gazed forever south towards Trafalgar and the Nile".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGogarty1937259-132">[119]</a> That Pillar, says Gogarty, "marks the end of a civilization, the culmination of the great period of eighteenth century Dublin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGogarty1937259-132">[119]</a> Yeats's 1927 poem "The Three Monuments" has Parnell, Nelson and O'Connell on their respective monuments, mocking Ireland's post-independence leaders for their rigid morality and lack of courage, the obverse of the qualities of the "three old rascals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinman198386-133">[120]</a> A later writer, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a>, in his Confessions of an Irish Rebel (1965) wrote from a <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> perspective that Ireland owed Nelson nothing and that Dublin's poor regarded the Pillar as "a gibe at their own helplessness in their own country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehan1991221-134">[121]</a> In his poem "Dublin" (1939), written as the remaining vestiges of British overlordship were being removed from Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a> envisages "Nelson on his pillar/ Watching his world collapse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERTÉ:_A_Poem_for_Ireland-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201478–79-136">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(poet)" title="Austin Clarke (poet)">Austin Clarke</a>'s 1957 poem "Nelson's Pillar, Dublin" scorns the various schemes to remove the monument and concludes "Let him watch the sky/ With those who rule. Stone eye/ And telescopes can prove/ Our blessings are above".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsworth2001484-137">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201478–79-136">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_to_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Monuments and memorials to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Monuments and memorials to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Dublin" title="List of public art in Dublin">List of public art in Dublin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Most unusually for the subject of a statue, Blakeney was still alive at the time—he died in September 1761.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon20145–8-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> In his later career Wilkins was responsible for the design of numerous major London buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, and of a number of colleges of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiscombe2009-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Johnston's later Dublin commissions included the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">General Post Office</a> and additions to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Vice-regal Lodge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust_and_Bagshaw_2008-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> £6,500 in 1805 equates to about £500,000 in 2016, using the GDP deflator for capital projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016-32">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> The recorded heights (rounded) of the various components were: pedestal 30 ft 1 in.; column and capital 78 ft 3 in.; epistilion (the base for the statue) 12 ft 6 in.; statue 13 ft; total 134 ft 3 in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181102–03-37">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The inscriptions on each side were as follows: "ST. VINCENT XIV FEBRUARY MDCCXCVII" (west); "THE NILE I AUGUST MDCCXCVIII" (north); "COPENHAGEN II APRIL MDCCCI" (east); "TRAFALGAR XXI OCTOBER MDCCCV" (south). These refer to the following battles and their dates: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent</a> (14 February 1797); <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> (1–3 August 1798); <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a> (2 April 1801); and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> (21 October 1805).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181101-39">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> 10 pre-decimal pence in 1809 equates to £2.70 in 2016, based on <a href="/wiki/Retail_price_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail price index">retail price index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016-32">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> At almost the same time as the Dublin pillar was being completed, the city of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in Canada erected <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column,_Montreal" title="Nelson's Column, Montreal">a column and statue of Nelson</a>. Although largely French-speaking, the inhabitants of Montreal detested the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and regarded Nelson as a hero. In more recent times the Montreal monument has survived attempts by <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec separatists</a> to have it removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201320–21,_29–30-44">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> £47,000 in 1843 equates to about £5.3 million in 2016, using the GDP deflator for capital projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016-32">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> These changes were made by Dublin architect George Palmer Beater (1850–1928).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_Irish_Architects-64">[55]</a> The porch, with Nelson's name over the entrance, was made from "chiselled granite lined internally with white enamelled brick". <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">Gilding</a> was added to the incised inscriptions on the pedestal and to Nelson's name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEarchiseek:_Lost_Buildings_of_Ireland-65">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> The change had first been proposed by Dublin Corporation in 1884, but had been rejected at the time by the street's residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2005212-88">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> About ten days after the initial explosion Nelson's head was stolen from a corporation yard by students from the <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="National College of Art and Design">National College of Art and Design</a>, as a fund-raising stunt. The head was exhibited, for a fee, at various locations including stage performance by <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">The Dubliners</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clancy_Brothers" title="The Clancy Brothers">The Clancy Brothers</a>. It crossed the Irish Sea, and was rented for display in a London antique shop. It was returned to Ireland in September 1966, ultimately finding a home in the Dublin City Library and Archive in <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street" title="Pearse Street">Pearse Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014107–11-109">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2016-106">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> A popular name for the Anna Livia was "the floozie in the jacuzzi". In 2001, during regeneration work in O'Connell Street, the fountain was demolished and the statue removed, eventually to be re-sited in the Croppies Acre Memorial Park.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDublin_City_Council_Press_Statement_September_2011-124">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheJournal.ie_25_February_2011-125">[113]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews_and_Coleman_2009-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews_and_Coleman_2009_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrews_and_Coleman_2009">Andrews and Coleman 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2002114-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2002114_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2002">Hopkins 2002</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather200554-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilfeather200554_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilfeather2005">Kilfeather 2005</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2014137-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2014137_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2014137_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunt2014">Hunt 2014</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens_and_Harding_2008-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens_and_Harding_2008_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephens_and_Harding_2008">Stephens and Harding 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon20145–8-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon20145–8_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon20145–8_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 5–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon20148-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon20148_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20137–8-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy20137–8_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger_2009-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger_2009_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodger_2009">Rodger 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992337-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992337_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakenham1992">Pakenham 1992</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201424-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201424_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Riain1998_13-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFÓ_Riain1998">Ó Riain 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201325–27-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201325–27_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 25–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194853-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194853_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenchy1948">Henchy 1948</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201426-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201426_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194854-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194854_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenchy1948">Henchy 1948</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20133–4-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy20133–4_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy20133–4_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201315-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201315_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201315_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201427–28-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201427–28_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContae_Uíbh_Fhailí_County_Council,_February_2009-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContae_Uíbh_Fhailí_County_Council,_February_2009_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFContae_Uíbh_Fhailí_County_Council,_February_2009">Contae Uíbh Fhailí County Council, February 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiscombe2009-22"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194859-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194859_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenchy1948">Henchy 1948</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather2005260-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilfeather2005260_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilfeather2005">Kilfeather 2005</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuringWorth_2016_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeasuringWorth_2016">MeasuringWorth 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201316–17-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201316–17_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201316–17_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy20109-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy20109_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2010">Murphy 2010</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenchy194856–57_36-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenchy1948">Henchy 1948</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181102–03-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181102–03_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181102–03_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_1818">Warburton, Whitelaw and Walsh 1818</a>, pp. 1102–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181101-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181101_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_18181101_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_1818">Warburton, Whitelaw and Walsh 1818</a>, p. 1101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201433-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201433_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201432-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201432_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201320–21,_29–30-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201320–21,_29–30_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 20–21, 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201320-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201320_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb:_A_Compendium_of_Irish_Biography_1878-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb:_A_Compendium_of_Irish_Biography_1878_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebb:_A_Compendium_of_Irish_Biography_1878">Webb: A Compendium of Irish Biography 1878</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenchy194860-48"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006266-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006266_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990358–59-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990358–59_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa1990">De Rosa 1990</a>, pp. 358–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw19166-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw19166_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw1916">Shaw 1916</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201461-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201461_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201457-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201457_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"The_Partition_of_Ireland"-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"The_Partition_of_Ireland"_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"The_Partition_of_Ireland"">"The Partition of Ireland"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201465-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201465_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Builder_and_Engineer''_30_June_1923497-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Builder_and_Engineer''_30_June_1923497_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Irish_Builder_and_Engineer_30_June_1923">The Irish Builder and Engineer 30 June 1923</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201344–45_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2005212-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2005212_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2005212_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2005">Casey 2005</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Manchester_Guardian''_26_March_19269-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Manchester_Guardian''_26_March_19269_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Manchester_Guardian_26_March_1926">The Manchester Guardian 26 March 1926</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201468–69,_71–72-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201468–69,_71–72_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 68–69, 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201470–71,_quoting_from_''The_Blueshirt'',_1_March_1935-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201470–71,_quoting_from_''The_Blueshirt'',_1_March_1935_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 70–71, quoting from The Blueshirt, 1 March 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201477-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201477_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201477_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990505-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa1990505_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa1990">De Rosa 1990</a>, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey194931-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey194931_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey194931_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1949">Harvey 1949</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201487–89-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201487–89_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 87–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201472-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201472_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201474–75-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201474–75_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201474–75_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201347–48-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201347–48_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2016-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2016_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2016">Fallon 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201350–51-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201350–51_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201350–51_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201494-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201494_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_9_March_1966-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_9_March_1966_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_9_March_1966_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Irish_Times_9_March_1966">The Irish Times 9 March 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014114–16-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014114–16_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014114–16_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 114–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201496-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201496_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2016-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2016_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2016_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2016_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2016_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2016_106-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2016">Fleming 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Guardian''_15_March_1966-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Guardian''_15_March_1966_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Guardian_15_March_1966">The Guardian 15 March 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_14_March_1966-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times''_14_March_1966_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Irish_Times_14_March_1966">The Irish Times 14 March 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014107–11-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014107–11_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 107–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014106–13-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014106–13_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 106–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201499-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201499_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"A_colonel_writes..."_19_March_2006-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"A_colonel_writes..."_19_March_2006_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"A_colonel_writes..."_19_March_2006">"A colonel writes..." 19 March 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Guardian''_9_March_1966-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Guardian''_9_March_1966_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Guardian_9_March_1966">The Guardian 9 March 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201352-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201352_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014100_(quoted_from_''[[The_Irish_Independent]]'',_9_March_1966)-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014100_(quoted_from_''[[The_Irish_Independent]]'',_9_March_1966)_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 100 (quoted from <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Irish Independent">The Irish Independent</a>, 9 March 1966). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles2009312-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles2009312_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyles2009">Myles 2009</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014101–03_118-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 101–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2009">White 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson_Pillar_Act,_1969-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson_Pillar_Act,_1969_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson_Pillar_Act,_1969">Nelson Pillar Act, 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeanad_Éireann_Debate_23_April_1969-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeanad_Éireann_Debate_23_April_1969_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeanad_Éireann_Debate_23_April_1969">Seanad Éireann Debate 23 April 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014118–19-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014118–19_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 118–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014120-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014120_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDublin_City_Council_Press_Statement_September_2011-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDublin_City_Council_Press_Statement_September_2011_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDublin_City_Council_Press_Statement_September_2011">Dublin City Council Press Statement September 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheJournal.ie_25_February_2011-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheJournal.ie_25_February_2011_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheJournal.ie_25_February_2011">TheJournal.ie 25 February 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014120–22-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014120–22_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 120–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201353-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201353_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon2014124–26-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon2014124–26_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 124–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce2002112-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce2002112_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce2002">Joyce 2002</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather200560-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilfeather200560_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilfeather2005">Kilfeather 2005</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGogarty1937259-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGogarty1937259_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGogarty1937259_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogarty1937">Gogarty 1937</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinman198386-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinman198386_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinman1983">Steinman 1983</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehan1991221-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehan1991221_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehan1991">Behan 1991</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERTÉ:_A_Poem_for_Ireland-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERTÉ:_A_Poem_for_Ireland_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRTÉ:_A_Poem_for_Ireland">RTÉ: A Poem for Ireland</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallon201478–79-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201478–79_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallon201478–79_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFallon2014">Fallon 2014</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsworth2001484-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsworth2001484_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodsworth2001">Dodsworth 2001</a>, p. 484. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBehan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Behan, Brendan</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0OjTG_dcvwC">Confessions of an Irish Rebel</a>. London: Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-936500-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-936500-6"><bdi>978-0-09-936500-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+an+Irish+Rebel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-09-936500-6&rft.aulast=Behan&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0OjTG_dcvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2005" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Christine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC">The Buildings of Ireland: Dublin</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10923-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10923-7"><bdi>0-300-10923-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+Ireland%3A+Dublin&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-300-10923-7&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQzYxvX_U8MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rosa1990" class="citation book cs1">De Rosa, Peter (1990). Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916. London: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01751-7"><bdi>978-0-593-01751-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels%3A+The+Irish+Rising+of+1916&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-593-01751-7&rft.aulast=De+Rosa&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsworth2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dodsworth, Martin (2001). "Mid-Twentieth Century Literature". In Rogers, Pat (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285437-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285437-2"><bdi>0-19-285437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mid-Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+English+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-285437-2&rft.aulast=Dodsworth&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallon2014" class="citation book cs1">Fallon, Donal (2014). The Pillar: The Life and Afterlife of the Nelson Pillar. Dublin: New Island Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84840-326-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84840-326-0"><bdi>978-1-84840-326-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pillar%3A+The+Life+and+Afterlife+of+the+Nelson+Pillar&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=New+Island+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84840-326-0&rft.aulast=Fallon&rft.aufirst=Donal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogarty1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St._John_Gogarty" title="Oliver St. John Gogarty">Gogarty, Oliver St. John</a> (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asiwasgoingdowns0000goga">As I Was going Down Sackville Street</a>. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/289128">289128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+I+Was+going+Down+Sackville+Street&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Reynal+%26+Hitchcock&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F289128&rft.aulast=Gogarty&rft.aufirst=Oliver+St.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasiwasgoingdowns0000goga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">Harvey, John</a> (1949). Dublin: A Study in Environment. London: Batsford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/364729">364729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%3A+A+Study+in+Environment&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F364729&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Frank (2002). Rare Old Dublin: Heroes, Hawkers & Hoors. Dublin: Mercier Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86023-150-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86023-150-0"><bdi>1-86023-150-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rare+Old+Dublin%3A+Heroes%2C+Hawkers+%26+Hoors&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86023-150-0&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Hunt, Tristram</a> (2014). Ten Cities That Made an Empire. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-325-0"><bdi>978-1-84614-325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Cities+That+Made+an+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-325-0&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Tristram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce, James</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxt5rmu1h8C">Ulysses</a>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42444-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42444-8"><bdi>0-486-42444-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-486-42444-8&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPxt5rmu1h8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Campbell_Kennedy" title="Dennis Campbell Kennedy">Kennedy, Dennis</a> (2013). Dublin's Fallen Hero. Belfast: Ormeau Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9572564-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9572564-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9572564-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%27s+Fallen+Hero&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Ormeau+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9572564-1-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilfeather2005" class="citation book cs1">Kilfeather, Siobhán Marie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QWZRVAPa6sC">Dublin: a Cultural History</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518201-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518201-9"><bdi>978-0-19-518201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%3A+a+Cultural+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518201-9&rft.aulast=Kilfeather&rft.aufirst=Siobh%C3%A1n+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QWZRVAPa6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2010" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Paula (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401172517/http://yalebooks.co.uk/pdf/9780300159097.pdf">Nineteenth-Century Irish Sculpture: Native Genius Reaffirmed</a> (PDF). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15909-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15909-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15909-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalebooks.co.uk/pdf/9780300159097.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Irish+Sculpture%3A+Native+Genius+Reaffirmed&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15909-7&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.co.uk%2Fpdf%2F9780300159097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyles2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Myles, Franc (2009). "Admiral Nelson: My part in his downfall". In Fenwick, Joe (ed.). Lost and Found II: Rediscovering Ireland's Past. Dublin: Wordwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905569-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905569-26-7"><bdi>978-1-905569-26-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Admiral+Nelson%3A+My+part+in+his+downfall&rft.btitle=Lost+and+Found+II%3A+Rediscovering+Ireland%27s+Past&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Wordwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-905569-26-7&rft.aulast=Myles&rft.aufirst=Franc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(historian)" title="Thomas Pakenham (historian)">Pakenham, Thomas</a> (1992). The Year of Liberty: The History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798. London: Phoenix Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-050-8"><bdi>978-1-85799-050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+Liberty%3A+The+History+of+the+Great+Irish+Rebellion+of+1798&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85799-050-8&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinman1983" class="citation book cs1">Steinman, Michael (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yeatssheroicfigu0000stei_r0g7">Yeats's Heroic Figures</a>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-698-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-698-2"><bdi>0-87395-698-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeats%27s+Heroic+Figures&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87395-698-2&rft.aulast=Steinman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyeatssheroicfigu0000stei_r0g7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackeray1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray, William Makepeace</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/irishsketchbooko00thac#page/n7/mode/2up">Irish Sketchbook of 1842</a>. New York: Charles Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Sketchbook+of+1842&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=William+Makepeace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Firishsketchbooko00thac%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend_(historian)" title="Charles Townshend (historian)">Townshend, Charles</a> (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101216-2"><bdi>978-0-14-101216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+1916%3A+The+Irish+Rebellion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101216-2&rft.aulast=Townshend&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburton,_Whitelaw_and_Walsh_1818" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Warburton_(officer_of_arms)" title="John Warburton (officer of arms)">Warburton, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Whitelaw" title="James Whitelaw">Whitelaw, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walsh_(Irish_writer)" title="Robert Walsh (Irish writer)">Walsh, Robert</a> (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xFkxAQAAMAAJ">History of the City of Dublin from the Earliest Accounts to the Present time</a>. Vol. II. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65244719">65244719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Dublin+from+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Present+time&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Cadell+and+W.+Davies&rft.date=1818&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65244719&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Whitelaw%2C+J.&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxFkxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Whelan, Yvonne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDk_AwAAQBAJ">"Landscape and Politics"</a>. In Jackson, Alvin (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954934-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954934-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954934-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Landscape+and+Politics&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Modern+Irish+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954934-4&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDk_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers_and_journals">Newspapers and journals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Newspapers and journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Guardian_15_March_1966" class="citation news cs1">"Architects fail to save Pillar". The Guardian. 15 March 1966. p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/185198646">185198646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Architects+fail+to+save+Pillar&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1966-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Irish_Times_14_March_1966" class="citation news cs1">"Crowds Cheer as Army Blows Up Nelson Pillar". The Irish Times. 14 March 1966. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Crowds+Cheer+as+Army+Blows+Up+Nelson+Pillar&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1966-03-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Irish_Builder_and_Engineer_30_June_1923" class="citation journal cs1">"Editorial note". The Irish Builder and Engineer: 497. 30 June 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Builder+and+Engineer&rft.atitle=Editorial+note&rft.pages=497&rft.date=1923-06-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnett1952" class="citation journal cs1">Garnett, P.F. (June–August 1952). "The Wellington Testimonial". Dublin Historical Record. 13 (2). Old Dublin Society: 48–6. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30105448">30105448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Historical+Record&rft.atitle=The+Wellington+Testimonial&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48-6&rft.date=1952-06%2F1952-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30105448%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenchy1948" class="citation journal cs1">Henchy, Patrick (1948). "Nelson's Pillar". Dublin Historical Record. 10 (2). 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Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28eISB%29&rft.atitle=Nelson+Pillar+Act%2C+1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1969%2Fact%2F9%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeanad_Éireann_Debate_23_April_1969" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/seanad1969042300013?opendocument">"Nelson Pillar Bill, 1969: Committee and Final Stages"</a>. Houses of the Oireachtas: Seanad Éireann Debate Vol. 66 No. 11. 23 April 1969. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19877">10.1093/ref:odnb/19877</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nelson%2C+Horatio&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19877&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F19877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens_and_Harding_2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stephens, H.M.; Harding, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2591">"Blakeney, William"</a>. In Harding, Richard (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2591">10.1093/ref:odnb/2591</a>. 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Queen Mary College, University of London. Retrieved 9 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Borderlands&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishborderlands.com%2Fireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb:_A_Compendium_of_Irish_Biography_1878" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb, Alfred</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/WalterCox.php">"Walter Cox"</a>. Library Ireland from A Compendium of Irish Biography, Dublin 1878. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Cox&rft.pub=Library+Ireland+from+A+Compendium+of+Irish+Biography%2C+Dublin+1878&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2Fbiography%2FWalterCox.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation web cs1">White, L.W.W . (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a9266">"Joseph Christle"</a>. Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Christle&rft.pub=Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=L.W.W+.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdib.cambridge.org%2FviewReadPage.do%3FarticleId%3Da9266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndependent.ie._26_August_2003" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/why-some-want-to-give-wellington-statue-the-boot-25936249.html">"Why some want to give Wellington statue the boot"</a>. Independent.ie. 26 August 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+some+want+to+give+Wellington+statue+the+boot&rft.pub=Independent.ie&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fwhy-some-want-to-give-wellington-statue-the-boot-25936249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANelson%27s+Pillar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Pillar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar,_Dublin" class="extiw" title="commons:Nelson's Pillar, Dublin">Nelson's Pillar</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olddublintown.com/nelson-pillar.html">Nelson Pillar</a>, 50th anniversary commemoration account, including numerous Pillar images taken before and after the bombing (Old Dublin Town)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photopol.com/nelson_show/head.html">Head in the Sand</a>, personal eyewitness account of the students with the head of the Pillar's Nelson statue at Kilkenny Strand (Pól Ó Duibhir)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/the-night-nelson-s-pillar-fell-and-changed-dublin-1.2560650">The night Nelson's Pillar fell and changed Dublin</a>, includes photograph of the controlled demolition (The Irish Times)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/nelson-monument-blasted/">Nelson Monument Blasted</a>, 10 March 1966 news reel report (British Pathé)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/nelson-pillar-remains-demolished-aka-nelson-pillar/">Nelson Pillar Remains Demolished</a>, 14 March 1966 news 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline and general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dublin" title="Timeline of Dublin">Timeline of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles_in_Dublin" title="Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin">Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Social_Season" title="Irish Social Season">Irish Social Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Dublin" title="Local government in Dublin">Local government in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Dublin_City" title="Sheriff of Dublin City">Sheriff of Dublin City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streets_and_squares_in_Dublin" title="Streets and squares in Dublin">Streets and squares in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Dublin" title="Cartography of Dublin">Historical maps of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Dublin" title="List of songs about Dublin">List of songs about Dublin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Dublin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steine_of_Dublin" title="Steine of Dublin">Steine of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoggen_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoggen Green">Hoggen Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave market">Dublin slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Mathew_Bridge" title="Father Mathew Bridge">Bridge of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Early Scandinavian Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dublin_to_795" title="History of Dublin to 795">History of Dublin to 795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a> (c. 853-1170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a> (919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> (1014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday" title="Black Monday">Black Monday</a> (1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnybrook_Fair" title="Donnybrook Fair">Donnybrook Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gates_of_Dublin" title="List of gates of Dublin">Gates of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathbornes_Candles" title="Rathbornes Candles">Rathborne Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Audoen%27s_Church,_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)">St. Audoen's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Abbey,_Dublin" title="St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin">St. Mary's Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michan%27s_Church,_Dublin" title="St. Michan's Church, Dublin">St. Michan's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tholsel,_Dublin" title="The Tholsel, Dublin">The Tholsel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (est. 1592)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_gunpowder_explosion" title="Dublin gunpowder explosion">Dublin gunpowder explosion</a> (1597)</li> <li>Massacre of <a href="/wiki/Baldongan_Church" title="Baldongan Church">Baldongan Church</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rathmines" title="Battle of Rathmines">Battle of Rathmines</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1649)" title="Siege of Dublin (1649)">Siege of Dublin</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Dublin" title="Smithfield, Dublin">Smithfield Market</a> (mid-1600s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brazen_Head" title="The Brazen Head">The Brazen Head</a> (est. 1661)</li> <li>Disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Ouzel_Galley" title="Ouzel Galley">Ouzel Galley</a> (1695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Coffee_House" title="Dick's Coffee House">Dick's Coffee House</a> (1698-1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Georgian Architecture in Dublin</a> (1700s)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_South_Wall" title="Great South Wall">Great South Wall</a> (1700s) and <a href="/wiki/Bull_Wall" title="Bull Wall">Bull Wall</a> (1820s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_election_riot" title="Dublin election riot">Dublin election riot</a> (1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a> (1724-5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linenhall,_Dublin" title="Linenhall, Dublin">Linenhall</a> (1728-1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_Hill" title="Montpelier Hill">Hell Fire Club</a> (1735-1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)#Dublin,_1742" title="Messiah (Handel)">Premiere of Handel's Messiah</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daly%27s_Club" title="Daly's Club">Daly's Club</a> (1750-1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Streets_Commission" title="Wide Streets Commission">Wide Streets Commission</a> (1758-1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">Guinness Brewery</a> (est. 1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Dublin" title="City Hall, Dublin">Royal Exchange</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Street_Club" title="Kildare Street Club">Kildare Street Club</a> (est. 1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crosbie" title="Richard Crosbie">Richard Crosbie's</a> balloon ascent (1785)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)" title="Grand Canal (Ireland)">Grand Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal" title="Royal Canal">Royal Canal</a> (Early 1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_quays" title="Dublin quays">Dublin quays</a> (1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">Irish Rebellion of 1803</a> (1803)</li> <li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Martello_towers_in_the_Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area">Martello Towers</a> (1803-08)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Rochdale_and_Prince_of_Wales" title="Sinking of Rochdale and Prince of Wales">Sinking of Rochdale and Prince of Wales</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R115_road_(Ireland)" title="R115 road (Ireland)">Military Road</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Kingstown_Railway" title="Dublin and Kingstown Railway">Dublin and Kingstown Railway</a> (1834-56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a> (1836-1925)</li> <li>Sinking of the PS <a href="/wiki/PS_Queen_Victoria_(1838)" title="PS Queen Victoria (1838)">Queen Victoria</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire_Harbour" title="Dún Laoghaire Harbour">Dún Laoghaire Harbour</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton's</a> eureka moment at <a href="/wiki/Broom_Bridge" title="Broom Bridge">Broom Bridge</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exhibition_(1853)" title="Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)">Great Industrial Exhibition</a> (1853)</li> <li>Sinking of the RMS <a href="/wiki/RMS_Tayleur" title="RMS Tayleur">Tayleur</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monto" title="Monto">Monto (red light district)</a> (1860s-1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Dublin" title="Wellington Monument, Dublin">Wellington Monument</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Fire_Brigade" title="Dublin Fire Brigade">Dublin Fire Brigade</a> (est. 1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Arts_and_Manufactures" title="International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures">International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_tramways" title="Dublin tramways">Dublin tramways</a> (1872-1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_whiskey_fire" title="Dublin whiskey fire">Dublin whiskey fire</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders" title="Phoenix Park Murders">Phoenix Park Murders</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_scandal" title="Dublin Castle scandal">Dublin Castle scandal</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstown_lifeboat_disaster" title="Kingstown lifeboat disaster">Kingstown lifeboat disaster</a> (1895)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_International_Exhibition" title="Irish International Exhibition">Irish International Exhibition</a> (1907)</li> <li>Theft of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Crown_Jewels#Theft" title="Irish Crown Jewels">Irish Crown Jewels</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Lock-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Lock-out">Dublin Lock-out</a> (1913-14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Walk_massacre" title="Bachelor's Walk massacre">Bachelor's Walk massacre</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howth_gun-running" title="Howth gun-running">Howth gun-running</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li>Introduction of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dublin_postal_districts" title="List of Dublin postal districts">Dublin Postal Districts</a> (1917)</li> <li>Sinking of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Leinster" title="RMS Leinster">RMS Leinster</a> (1918)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a> (1919-21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)" title="Bloody Sunday (1920)">Bloody Sunday</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Custom_House" title="Burning of the Custom House">Burning of the Custom House</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dublin" title="Battle of Dublin">Battle of Dublin</a> (1922)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)">Tailteann Games</a> (1924, 1928, 1932)</li> <li>Assassination of <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Higgins#Assassination" title="Kevin O'Higgins">Kevin O'Higgins</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Modern_era" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day parade</a> (est. 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Eucharistic_Congress" title="1932 Eucharistic Congress">1932 Eucharistic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Dublin_riot" title="1933 Dublin riot">1933 Dublin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street_fire" title="Pearse Street fire">Pearse Street fire</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Bombing of Dublin in World War II</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggotonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggotonia">Baggotonia</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsday" title="Bloomsday">Bloomsday</a> commemorations (est. 1954)</li> <li>Destruction of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Destruction">Nelson's Pillar</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Studio_bombing" title="RTÉ Studio bombing">RTÉ Studio bombing</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Dublin_fires" title="1970 Dublin fires">Dublin fires</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_Train" title="Contraceptive Train">Contraceptive Train</a> (1971)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1971" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1971">1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1981" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1981">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1994" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1995">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1997">1997</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poolbeg_Generating_Station#Poolbeg_Chimneys" title="Poolbeg Generating Station">Poolbeg Chimneys</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_British_Embassy_in_Dublin" title="Burning of the British Embassy in Dublin">Burning of the British Embassy in Dublin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_and_1973_Dublin_bombings" title="1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings">Dublin bombings</a> (1972-73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison_helicopter_escape" title="Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape">Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_Bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin and Monaghan Bombings">Dublin and Monaghan Bombings</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport_bombing" title="Dublin Airport bombing">Dublin Airport bombing</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Quay" title="Wood Quay">"Save Wood Quay"</a> (1978-79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_fire" title="Stardust fire">Stardust fire</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUBU" title="GUBU">"GUBU" (Malcolm MacArthur)</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">Dublin Area Rapid Transit</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley_(1986)" title="Hurricane Charley (1986)">Hurricane Charley</a> flooding (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Millennium">Dublin Millennium</a> celebrations (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Dublin)_Act_1993" title="Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993">Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road_football_riot" title="Lansdowne Road football riot">Lansdowne Road football riot</a> (1995)</li> <li>Assassination of <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Guerin#Assassination_and_funeral" title="Veronica Guerin">Veronica Guerin</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crumlin-Drimnagh_feud" title="Crumlin-Drimnagh feud">Crumlin-Drimnagh feud</a> (2000-2016)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Special_Olympics_World_Summer_Games" title="2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games">Special Olympics</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Dublin_May_Day_protests" title="2004 Dublin May Day protests">May Day protests</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Dublin_riots" title="2006 Dublin riots">Dublin riots</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port_Tunnel" title="Dublin Port Tunnel">Dublin Port Tunnel</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Ireland" title="Anti-austerity movement in Ireland">Anti-austerity</a> demonstrations (2008-15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Ireland_floods" title="2008 Ireland floods">2008 floods</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublinbikes" title="Dublinbikes">Dublinbikes</a> (est. 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bank_of_Ireland_robbery" title="2009 Bank of Ireland robbery">Bank of Ireland robbery</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M50 motorway (Ireland)">M50 motorway</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Police_training_explosives_incident" title="Slovak Police training explosives incident">Slovak Police training explosives incident</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Docks" title="Silicon Docks">Silicon Docks</a> (est. 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Dame_Street" title="Occupy Dame Street">Occupy Dame Street</a> (2011-12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutch%E2%80%93Kinahan_feud" title="Hutch–Kinahan feud">Hutch–Kinahan feud</a> (2015-to date)</li> <li>Occupation of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_House_(Dublin)" title="Apollo House (Dublin)">Apollo House</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Tech_Summit" title="Dublin Tech Summit">Dublin Tech Summit</a> (est. 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_British_Isles_cold_wave" title="2018 British Isles cold wave">The Beast from the East</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolock_feud" title="Coolock feud">Coolock feud</a> (2019-20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020-2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dublin_riots" title="2021 Dublin riots">Dublin riots</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_anti-immigration_protests_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish anti-immigration protests (2022–present)">Irish anti-immigration protests</a> (2022-to date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dublin_riot" title="2023 Dublin riot">Dublin mass stabbing & riot</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annual sporting events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Horse_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Horse Show">Dublin Horse Show</a> (est. 1864)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Football Championship">All-Ireland Football Final</a> (est. 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse" title="Leopardstown Racecourse">Leopardstown Racecourse</a> (est. 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Racecourse" title="Phoenix Park Racecourse">Phoenix Park Racecourse</a> (1902-1990)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Hurling_Final" title="All-Ireland Hurling Final">All-Ireland Hurling Final</a> (est. 1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liffey_Swim" title="The Liffey Swim">Liffey Swim</a> (est. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin%E2%80%93Limerick_hurling_rivalry" title="Dublin–Limerick hurling rivalry">Dublin–Limerick hurling rivalry</a> (1923 - to date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liffey_Descent_Canoe_Race" title="Liffey Descent Canoe Race">Liffey Descent canoe race</a> (est. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Marathon" title="Dublin Marathon">Dublin Marathon</a> (est. 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Mini_Marathon,_Dublin" title="Women's Mini Marathon, Dublin">Women's Mini Marathon</a> (est. 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ireland_Run" title="Great Ireland Run">Great Ireland Run</a> (est. 2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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