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Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Londen" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Londen" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologie_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis_en_antieke_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_geskiedenis_en_antieke_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vroeë geskiedenis en antieke tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis_en_antieke_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Angel-Saksiese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Angel-Saksiese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Die Angel-Saksiese tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Angel-Saksiese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Normandiese_en_Middeleeuse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Normandiese_en_Middeleeuse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Die Normandiese en Middeleeuse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Normandiese_en_Middeleeuse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudor-tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudor-tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Tudor-tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudor-tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuart-tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuart-tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Stuart-tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuart-tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Groot_Brand_van_1666" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Groot_Brand_van_1666"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Die Groot Brand van 1666</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Groot_Brand_van_1666-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Londen_as_Europese_wêreldstad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Londen_as_Europese_wêreldstad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Londen as Europese wêreldstad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Londen_as_Europese_wêreldstad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Georgiaanse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Georgiaanse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Die Georgiaanse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Georgiaanse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bevolkingsgroei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolkingsgroei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bevolkingsgroei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bevolkingsgroei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Immigrasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behuising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behuising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Behuising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behuising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomiese basis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomiese_basis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ekonomiese basis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_spilpunt_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_spilpunt_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ekonomiese spilpunt van die Verenigde Koninkryk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_spilpunt_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internasionale_handelsentrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internasionale_handelsentrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Internasionale handelsentrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internasionale_handelsentrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Londen_as_Wêreldstad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Londen_as_Wêreldstad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Londen as Wêreldstad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Londen_as_Wêreldstad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trekpleister_vir_toeriste_en_beleggings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trekpleister_vir_toeriste_en_beleggings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Trekpleister vir toeriste en beleggings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trekpleister_vir_toeriste_en_beleggings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Londense_ekonomie_en_kultuurbedryf_ná_die_Brexit-referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Londense_ekonomie_en_kultuurbedryf_ná_die_Brexit-referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Die Londense ekonomie en kultuurbedryf ná die Brexit-referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Londense_ekonomie_en_kultuurbedryf_ná_die_Brexit-referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vervoer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vervoer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vervoer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vervoer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Vervoer subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vervoer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London_Underground_–_die_moltreinnetwerk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_Underground_–_die_moltreinnetwerk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>London Underground</i> – die moltreinnetwerk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_Underground_–_die_moltreinnetwerk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Busnetwerk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Busnetwerk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Busnetwerk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Busnetwerk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lughawens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lughawens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Lughawens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lughawens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argitektuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argitektuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Argitektuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argitektuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Sport subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krieket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krieket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Krieket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krieket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sokker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sokker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sokker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sokker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susterstede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susterstede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Susterstede</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Susterstede-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Susterstede subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Susterstede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greater_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Greater London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_of_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_of_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>City of London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_of_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Londen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 275 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-275" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">275 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ለንደን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ለንደን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunden" title="Lunden – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lunden" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लंदन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लंदन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܠܘܢܕܘܢ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܘܢܕܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8" title="লণ্ডন – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লণ্ডন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लण्डन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लण्डन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londons" title="Londons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Londons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лондан – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лондан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лёндан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёндан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लंदन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लंदन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8" title="লন্ডন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লন্ডন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ལོན་ཊོན། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལོན་ཊོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londrez" title="Londrez – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Londrez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B9ng-d%C5%ADng" title="Lùng-dŭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lùng-dŭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%B4_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86" title="لەندەن – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەندەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lond%C3%BDn" title="Londýn – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Londýn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londin" title="Londin – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Londin" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Лондонъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Лондонъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llundain" title="Llundain – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llundain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लण्डन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लण्डन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ލަންޑަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލަންޑަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Λονδίνο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λονδίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ndra" title="Lòndra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lòndra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londono" title="Londono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Londono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londri" title="Londri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Londri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoo" title="Lontoo – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lontoo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodoni" title="Lodoni – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lodoni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londro" title="Londro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Londro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London/mo" title="London/mo – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="London/mo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londre" title="Londre – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Londre" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londain" title="Londain – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Londain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="倫敦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonn" title="Lonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunnainn" title="Lunnainn – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lunnainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3ndyre" title="Lóndyre – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lóndyre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%A8" title="લંડન – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લંડન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunnin" title="Lunnin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lunnin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landan" title="Landan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Landan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B9n-t%C3%BBn" title="Lùn-tûn – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lùn-tûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81kana" title="Lākana – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lākana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לונדון – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लंदन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लंदन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonn" title="Lonn – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lonn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Լոնդոն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոնդոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Լոնտոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լոնտոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="ロンドン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landan" title="Landan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Landan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/london" title="london – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="london" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონდონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%94ndr%C9%A9" title="Lɔndrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɔndrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%8D" title="ឡុងដ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឡុងដ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಂಡನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಂಡನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="런던 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8E%D9%86" title="لَندَن – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لَندَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loundres" title="Loundres – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Loundres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Londinium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe" title="Londe – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Londe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundra" title="Lundra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lundra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3nd%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Lóndɛlɛ – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lóndɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ລອນດອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລອນດອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonas" title="Londonas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Londonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londona" title="Londona – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Londona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लन्डन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लन्डन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4nd%C3%B4na" title="Lôndôna – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lôndôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81nana" title="Rānana – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rānana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB" title="ലണ്ടൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലണ്ടൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लंडन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लंडन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လန်ဒန်မြို့ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်ဒန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Лондон ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лондон ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लन्डन – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लन्डन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लन्दन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लन्दन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bikin_Haal%CA%BC%C3%A1" title="Tooh Dineʼé Bikin Haalʼá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tooh Dineʼé Bikin Haalʼá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres_(Anglat%C3%A8rra)" title="Londres (Anglatèrra) – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Londres (Anglatèrra)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landan" title="Landan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Landan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%A8" title="ଲଣ୍ଡନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲଣ୍ଡନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲੰਡਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੰਡਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe" title="Londe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Londe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londyn" title="Londyn – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Londyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Λονδίνο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λονδίνο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/lizuk_a_lundun" title="lizuk a lundun – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="lizuk a lundun" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunrun" title="Lunrun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lunrun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londre" title="Londre – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Londre" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="लन्डन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लन्डन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunnon" title="Lunnon – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lunnon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%86" title="لنڊن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لنڊن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun%E1%B8%8Dun" title="Lunḍun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lunḍun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="လၼ်ႇတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လၼ်ႇတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ලන්ඩන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලන්ඩන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lond%C3%BDn" title="Londýn – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Londýn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonetona" title="Lonetona – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lonetona" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoo" title="Lontoo – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Lontoo" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8Dnd%C5%8Dn" title="Lōndōn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lōndōn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon-tun" title="Lon-tun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Lon-tun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இலண்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="లండన్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లండన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonitoni" title="Lonitoni – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lonitoni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landen" title="Landen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Landen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86" title="لوندۇن – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لوندۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ondra" title="Łondra – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łondra" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Luân Đôn – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londn" title="Londn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Londn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe" title="Londe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Londe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londar" title="Londar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Londar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლონდონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="לאנדאן – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאנדאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Dnd%E1%BB%8Dnu" title="Lọndọnu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lọndọnu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunzdunh" title="Lunzdunh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lunzdunh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="倫敦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBn-tun" title="Lûn-tun – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lûn-tun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫敦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILondon" title="ILondon – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ILondon" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q84#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Londen" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Londen"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Londen&action=edit" title="Hierdie bladsy is beskerm. U kan die bronteks besigtig. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wys bronteks</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Londen&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_Montage_K.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/London_Montage_K.jpg/280px-London_Montage_K.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/London_Montage_K.jpg/420px-London_Montage_K.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/London_Montage_K.jpg/560px-London_Montage_K.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999"> <td><b>Kaart</b> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><b>Wapen (City of London)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:white"> <td rowspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_(European_Parliament_constituency).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/London_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29.svg/180px-London_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/London_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29.svg/270px-London_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/London_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29.svg/360px-London_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"><b>Vlag (City of London)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg/135px-Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Lande_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Lande van die Verenigde Koninkryk">Land (VK)</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Engeland"><img alt="Vlag van Engeland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/33px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/44px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Graafskappe_van_Engeland" title="Graafskappe van Engeland">Seremoniële graafskappe</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Groter_Londen" title="Groter Londen">Groter Londen</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Koördinate</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Londen&language=af&params=51_30_N_0_07_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">51°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">51.500°N 0.117°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500; -0.117</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Stigting</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/50" title="50">50</a> (as Londinium) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Oppervlakte:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Totaal </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">1 572 <a href="/wiki/Vierkante_kilometer" title="Vierkante kilometer">vk km</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Hoogte bo seevlak</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">35 m<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Bevolking:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Totaal (2015) </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">8 630 000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Bevolkingsdigtheid </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">5 490/km² </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Metropolitaanse gebied (2015) </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">13 879 757 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Tydsone</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> ±0 (GMT) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +1 (BST) </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Klimaat</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Tipe </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Oseaniese klimaat </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">10,7 °C<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Gem. temp. Januarie/Julie </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">4,3 / 17,7 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslae </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">593 mm </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Burgemeester</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arbeidersparty_(Verenigde_Koninkryk)" title="Arbeidersparty (Verenigde Koninkryk)">Labour</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Amptelike Webwerf</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.gov.uk/"><i>london.gov.uk</i></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Londen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>: <b>London</b> [ˈlʌndən] <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/En-uk-London.ogg" class="internal" title="En-uk-London.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:En-uk-London.ogg" title="Lêer:En-uk-London.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>) is die <a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">hoofstad</a> en grootste stad van <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a>. Die stad, wat aan die <a href="/wiki/Teems" title="Teems">Teemsrivier</a> in die suidooste van Engeland geleë is, is in 50 n.C. deur die Romeine as <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> gestig en het in die 19de eeu tot die grootste <a href="/wiki/Metropool" title="Metropool">metropool</a> ter wêreld gegroei. As hoofstad van die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Ryk" title="Britse Ryk">Britse Ryk</a> het Londen tot enkele dekades gelede 'n beduidende rol as middelpunt van 'n wêreldryk gespeel waaroor "die son nooit ondergaan nie" en fungeer tans nog steeds as die hoofstad van die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Statebond" title="Britse Statebond">Britse Statebond</a> (Engels: <i>Commonwealth</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7888" data-file-height="5259" /></a><figcaption>Die Londense binnestad met die <a href="/wiki/Paleis_van_Westminster" title="Paleis van Westminster">Paleis van Westminster</a> in die voorgrond soos vanaf die Methodist Central Hall gesien</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/8e/Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG/220px-Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/8e/Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG/330px-Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/8e/Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG/440px-Rebuilding_London_Bridge_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Londenaars lewe in 'n vinnig veranderende metropool...</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f1/Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG/220px-Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f1/Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG/330px-Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f1/Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG/440px-Historiese_kostuums_in_die_Museum_of_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>...maar oral loop die spoke van die verlede...</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/a5/Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG/220px-Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/a5/Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG/330px-Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/a5/Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG/440px-Wolkekrabbers_in_Canary_Wharf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Die nuwe Londen: wolkekrabbers in Canary Wharf op 'n reënerige dag</figcaption></figure> <p>Vandag het ander metropole ten opsigte van hul bevolkingsgetal lankal by Londen verbygesteek. Desondanks is die stad naas <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> en <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> een van die drie grootste stedelike sentra in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> en een van die vernaamste finansiële sentra ter wêreld naas <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>. Net soos dié twee metropole word Londen as 'n Globale Alfastad (<i>Alpha Global City</i>) geklassifiseer en kan dus aanspraak daarop maak dat dit een van die episentra van die wêreldekonomie is.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Londen genereer sowat 'n vyfde van die Verenigde Koninkryk se <a href="/wiki/Bruto_nasionale_produk" title="Bruto nasionale produk">bruto nasionale produk</a>. Eeue lank reeds is Londen daarnaas 'n invloedryke sentrum in <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuns" title="Kuns">kunste</a> en <a href="/wiki/Modeontwerp" title="Modeontwerp">modeontwerp</a>. In 2012 het Londen die eerste stad ter wêreld geword wat drie keer as gasheer van die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele" title="Olimpiese Somerspele">Olimpiese Somerspele</a> opgetree het. </p><p>Londen het vanuit die Teemsrivier gegroei. Die rivier het sy eerste deurgang gevorm, en tydens die verskeie immigrasiegolwe het <a href="/wiki/Italianers" title="Italianers">Italianers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jode" title="Jode">Jode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugenoot" title="Hugenoot">Hugenote</a> en baie ander nuwe aankomelinge hulle in die <i>East End</i> van Londen, 'n vroeë voorstadgebied met sy tipiese werkersklasbuurte langs die rivieroewer, gevestig. As buitelanders is hulle aanvanklik nie tot die stad toegelaat nie. </p><p>Die oorspronklike historiese stadskern of "<a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a>" is vroeër deur 'n stadsmuur beskerm en beslaan net 'n klein oppervlakte van sowat een vierkante myl tussen Tower Bridge en Blackfriars Bridge. "The City" is vandag die finansiële distrik van Londen wat nog steeds deur sy eie burgemeester, die "Lord Mayor" van Londen, geregeer word en om historiese redes ook sy eie polisie-eenheid, die <i>City of London Police</i>, het wat onafhanklik van <a href="/wiki/Groter_Londen" title="Groter Londen">Groter Londen</a> se Metropolitaanse Polisie bestaan. Die administratiewe setels van Londen is buite die <i>City of London</i> in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> (hier het die moderne <i>City Hall</i> ontstaan) en in Londen se stadswyke (<i><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_in_Londen" title="Boroughs in Londen">boroughs</a></i>) geleë wat oor hul eie administratiewe liggame beskik, terwyl die Britse regering in Westminster (in die historiese "<a href="/wiki/West_End,_Londen" title="West End, Londen">West End</a>" met sy koninklike paleise) gesetel is. </p><p>Die huidige metropool het uit twee onafhanklike <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">middeleeuse</a> stede ontwikkel, die <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></i> en die <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></i> (tans die geografiese sentrum van Londen), wat oor die eeue steeds verder uitgebrei het om nedersettings in die omgewing in te sluit en uiteindelik die huidige Groter Londen te vorm. Maar nog in die 19de eeu was daar geen sprake van 'n sentrale stadsregering nie en is die gebied van Groter Londen deur 150 parogieë met altesaam 300 administratiewe liggame bestuur. Die <i>London County Council</i> as eerste plaaslike owerheid vir die stadsgebied is eers in 1889 gevorm. </p><p>Die stad is ook nie stelselmatig as koninklike hoofstad beplan nie, en daar is geen statussimbole soos breë lane wat in ander magsentrums soos byvoorbeeld in Parys en Moskou aangelê is nie. Net soos <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a> bestaan die huidige Groter Londen in werklikheid uit 'n verskeidenheid stadsbuurte wat hul oorsprong in histories selfstandige nedersettings het en tot vandag dikwels hul eie karakter bewaar het, soos <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_(Londen)" title="Greenwich (Londen)">Greenwich</a> in die ooste en Richmond in die weste. Die meeste van hulle beskik oor hul eie <i>High Street</i> as historiese hoof- en winkelstraat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2></div> <p>"Londen" is 'n antieke naam en vir die eerste keer gebruik in die eerste eeu n.C., hoofsaaklik in <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> as <i>Londinium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderne wetenskaplike ontledings van dié naam moet let op die oorsprong van die verskillende vorme wat in vroeë bronne gevind kan word: <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> (hoofsaaklik <i>Londinium</i>), Oudengels (hoofsaaklik <i>Lunden</i>) en <a href="/wiki/Wallies" title="Wallies">Wallies</a> (hoofsaaklik <i>Llundein</i>), met verwysing na die bekende ontwikkelings oor die tyd heen van klanke in daardie verskillende tale. Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat hierdie tale die naam van <a href="/wiki/Britoniese_tale" title="Britoniese tale">Britonies</a> oorgeneem het; onlangse werk is geneig om die verlore Keltiese vorm van die naam te rekonstrueer as <i>*Londonjon</i> of iets soortgelyks. Dit is in Latyn oorgeneem as <i>Londinium</i> en ook in Oudengels geleen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tot in 1889 het die naam "Londen" amptelik verwys na die <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, maar sedertdien verwys dit ook na die Graafskap Londen en <a href="/wiki/Groter_Londen" title="Groter Londen">Groter Londen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg/220px-Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg/330px-Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg/440px-Thames.barrier.5.london.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Thames Barrier</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/b/b1/Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG/220px-Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/b/b1/Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG/330px-Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/b/b1/Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG/440px-Die_heuwellandskap_van_Noord-Londen_-_Hampstead_Heath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Die heuwellandskap van Noord-Londen: <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/40/Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg/220px-Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/40/Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg/330px-Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/40/Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg/440px-Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_en_Sentraal-Londen_vanuit_Greenwich.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4916" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption>Uitsig oor die Teems en Sentraal-Londen vanuit Greenwich</figcaption></figure> <p>Die stadsgebied van Londen is in die sogenaamde Londen-bekken geleë en strek oor 45 kilometer langs die bevaarbare benedeloop van die Teemsrivier, met 'n gemiddelde hoogte van 15 meter bo seevlak. Dit word omring deur saggies golwende heuwelland wat 'n maksimale hoogte van sowat 150 m bereik. "The City", aanvanklik 'n klein nedersetting aan die noordoewer en 75 km rivierop van die Teemsmonding geleë, was die historiese groeikern van Londen. </p><p>Die grootste gedeelte van Londen is dus noord van die rivier geleë. Tot in 1739 was die Londen-brug die enigste brugverbinding oor die Teems. Eers toe in die 18de eeu meer brûe gebou is en vanaf die 19de eeu ook spoorlyne ontstaan het, het Londen begin om in alle rigtings uit te brei en buurdorpe op te neem. Hierdie proses is deur die plaaslike landskapsvorm bevorder – die stadsgebied bestaan hoofsaaklik uit vlaktes of effens golwende terrein. </p><p>Die Teemsrivier was in die verlede duidelik wyer en minder diep. Vandag word sy loop grotendeels deur damme begrens, en die meeste takriviere vloei ondergronds. Die <a href="/wiki/Getye" class="mw-redirect" title="Getye">getye</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Noordsee" title="Noordsee">Noordsee</a> kom hier nog duidelik in, en die seewater wat in die rivier opstoot, hou steeds 'n bedreiging vir Londen in. Om oorstromings en stormvloed te voorkom, is die sogenaamde <i>Thames Barrier</i> in die 1970's naby Woolwich (oos van Greenwich) gebou. </p><p>Die geografiese koördinate van die stadsentrum naby <a href="/wiki/Trafalgarplein" title="Trafalgarplein">Trafalgar Square</a> is die noordelike breedtegraad 51,30 en die westelike lengtegraad 0,08. Die bekende Nulmeridiaan loop deur die Koninklike Sterrewag in Greenwich en dien as die uitgangspunt van die lengtegrade en sodoende ook die tydsones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg/220px-Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg/330px-Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg/440px-Storm_Clouds_over_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption>Stormwolke oor die middestad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/6/6e/Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg/220px-Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/6/6e/Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg/330px-Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/6/6e/Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg/440px-Teemsrivier_naby_Canary_Wharf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Teemsrivier naby Canary Wharf op 'n Septemberdag</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen,_September_2015.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/85/Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen%2C_September_2015.jpeg/220px-Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen%2C_September_2015.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/85/Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen%2C_September_2015.jpeg/330px-Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen%2C_September_2015.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/85/Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen%2C_September_2015.jpeg/440px-Uitsig_oor_die_Teems_in_Sentraal-Londen%2C_September_2015.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Uitsig oor die Teems in Sentraal-Londen, September 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Londen het net soos die grootste deel van Suid-Engeland 'n gematigde seeklimaat. Ondanks sy reputasie as 'n reënerige stad ontvang Londen met 611 mm minder jaarlikse neerslae as byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> met 834 mm of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> met 923 mm. Oktober, November en Desember is die natste maande met 'n gemiddelde reënval van 57 mm. </p><p>Winters is koel, waarby die kwik dikwels benede vriespunt kan daal. So kom ryp in die voorstede gedurende die tydperk tussen November en Maart sowat twee keer per week voor. Sneeuvalle word tussen vier en vyf keer per jaar aangeteken, veral tussen Desember en Februarie, soms ook so laat as Maart of April. Wintertemperature wissel gewoonlik tussen -4 °C en 14 °C. Die laagste temperatuur ooit is in die winter van 2010 met -14 °C in Northolt aangeteken. Destyds het die swaarste sneeuvalle in byna twee dekades ook vervoer in Londen ontwrig. </p><p>Somers is algemeen warm, waarby temperature in die dig beboude middestad as gevolg van die warmte-eiland-effek soms 5 °C hoër kan wees as in die voorstede en die omgewing van Londen. Die gemiddelde maksimale somertemperatuur is 24 °C, waarby die kwik op 'n gemiddeld van sewe dae per jaar ook bo 30 °C en op twee dae bo 32 °C kan styg. Temperature van meer as 26 °C word tussen middel Junie en laat Augustus op 'n weeklike basis aangeteken. Gedurende die hittegolf van 2003 het die kwik op veertien opeenvolgende dae bo 30 °C gestyg en op twee opeenvolgende dae selfs uiterstes van 38 °C bereik. </p><p>Lente- en herfsmaande word deur wisselende weerstoestande gekenmerk, met uiterstes tussen -10 °C en 37,9 °C. Inversielae oor Londen kom gereeld voor. Hoë vlakke van lugbesoedeling tydens 'n inversielaag met swaar mis het op 5 Desember 1952 tot duisende sterfgevalle gelei. Hierdie ramp staan as die <i>Great Smog of '52</i> of die <i>Big Smoke</i> bekend. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14" style="background-color:#eeeeee; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Weergegewens vir Londen</span> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th>Maand </th> <th title="Januarie" style="width:3em">Jan </th> <th title="Februarie" style="width:3em">Feb </th> <th title="Maart" style="width:3em">Mar </th> <th title="April" style="width:3em">Apr </th> <th title="Mei" style="width:3em">Mei </th> <th title="Junie" style="width:3em">Jun </th> <th title="Julie" style="width:3em">Jul </th> <th title="Augustus" style="width:3em">Aug </th> <th title="September" style="width:3em">Sep </th> <th title="Oktober" style="width:3em">Okt </th> <th title="November" style="width:3em">Nov </th> <th title="Desember" style="width:3em">Des </th> <th style="width:4em; border-left-width:medium;">Jaar </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee; white-space:nowrap;">Hoogste maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF2000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF0000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF4000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">38 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">20,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,4 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">15,3 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,4 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">7,8 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Laagste minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0060FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−21,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #40E0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #40E0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #80FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0060FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−21,1 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #0060FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">−21,1 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" height="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Neerslag (mm) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">41,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #B4C8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">36,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">40,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">40,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">44,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">47,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #B4C8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">34,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">54,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">51,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">61,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">57,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">48,4 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background-color: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">557,4 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%; background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"><i>Bron: Wêreldmeteorologiese Organisasie<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vir die uiterstes en metoffice.gov.uk<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vir die gemiddeldes en die neerslag</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Paleis_van_Westminster" title="Paleis van Westminster">parlementsgebou</a> teen sononder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/85/Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG/220px-Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/85/Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG/330px-Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/8/85/Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG/440px-Suid-Afrika-huis_op_Trafalgarplein.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika-huis_(Londen)" title="Suid-Afrika-huis (Londen)">Suid-Afrika-huis</a> op <a href="/wiki/Trafalgarplein" title="Trafalgarplein">Trafalgarplein</a> huisves die Suid-Afrikaanse Hoë Kommissie in die Verenigde Koninkryk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Buckingham_Palace,_London_-_April_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Buckingham_Palace%2C_London_-_April_2009.jpg/220px-Buckingham_Palace%2C_London_-_April_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Buckingham_Palace%2C_London_-_April_2009.jpg/330px-Buckingham_Palace%2C_London_-_April_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Buckingham_Palace%2C_London_-_April_2009.jpg/440px-Buckingham_Palace%2C_London_-_April_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2011" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Buckingham-paleis" title="Buckingham-paleis">Buckingham-paleis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Twee nedersettings in Groter Londen, die <i>City of London</i> en die <i>City of Westminster</i>, het <a href="/wiki/Stadstatus_in_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk">stadstatus</a> (<i>city status</i>). Die <i>City of London</i> en die res van Groter Londen vorm daarnaas seremoniële graafskappe. Die huidige Groter Londen – met 1 600 km² tans die tweede grootste metropool ter wêreld volgens oppervlakte na Moskou – sluit intussen ook gebiede in wat vroeër deel uitgemaak het van die historiese graafskappe Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex en Hertfordshire en is tans een van die streke waarin Engeland vir administratiewe doeleindes verdeel is. </p><p>Die status van hoofstad van Engeland, en later van die Verenigde Koninkryk, is nooit amptelik aan die stad toegeken of deur 'n wet of enige ander geskrewe dokument bevestig nie. Die stad fungeer volgens 'n grondwetlike konvensie as regeringsetel sodat sy politieke status as de facto-hoofstad deel uitmaak van die Verenigde Koninkryk se ongeskrewe grondwet. </p><p>Oorspronklik het Winchester as hoofstad van Engeland gedien, maar toe die <a href="/wiki/Paleis_van_Westminster" title="Paleis van Westminster">Westminster-paleis</a> in die 12de en 13de eeu tot die permanente setel van die koninklike hof ontwikkel het, het Londen sy funksie as politieke hoofstad oorgeneem. Westminster en Whitehall vorm al byna 'n millennium lank 'n politieke, godsdienstige en koninklike magsentrum nadat die laaste Angel-Saksiese koning <a href="/wiki/Eduard_die_Belyer" title="Eduard die Belyer">Eduard die Belyer</a> (1042–1066) Westminster tot koninklike en biskopsetel verhef het. </p><p>Die vroeë Engelse parlement het oorspronklik in die 14de eeu in die <a href="/wiki/Westminster-abdy" title="Westminster-abdy">Westminster-abdy</a> vergader en kon later, toe die koninklike hof onder <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_VIII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland">Hendrik VIII</a> na Whitehall verhuis het, die hele koninklike Westminster-paleis as sy setel oorneem. In die 19de eeu, toe die mag van die Britse Ryk sy hoogtepunt bereik het, het die regeringsdepartemente van Whitehall oor 'n kwart van die wêreldbevolking geregeer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimologie_2">Etimologie</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg/300px-London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg/450px-London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg/600px-London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13126" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption>Die naam <i>London</i> is moontlik van die Teemsrivier afgelei</figcaption></figure> <p>Daar bestaan steeds 'n meningsverskil oor die etimologie van die stadsnaam, en deur die eeue is 'n verskeidenheid hipoteses en teorieë ontwikkel wat meestal om taalkundige of historiese redes verwerp is. Slegs 'n klein aantal daarvan kan aanspraak maak op akademiese plausibiliteit, alhoewel daar nog geen regstreekse bewyse vir enige stelling opgelewer is nie. </p><p>Londen is in die 1ste eeu n.C. deur die Romeine gestig, maar daar het al vroeëre nedersettings in die huidige stadsgebied bestaan. Wortels soos <i>Londin-</i> en <i>Lundin-</i> kom in die meeste naamvariante voor waarmee vanaf die Romeinse tydperk na Londen verwys is. Geoffrey of Monmouth se 12de eeuse werk <i>Historia Regum Britanniae</i> ("Geskiedenis van die Konings van Brittanje") beweer dat die stadsnaam van koning Lud afgelei is wat in die vroeë geskiedenis oor Londen geregeer en dit <i>Kaerlud</i> genoem het. Die oudste historiese verwysing na die Romeinse naam <i><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></i> dateer van 121 n.C. </p><p>Vanaf 1898 is algemeen aangeneem dat die stadsnaam van Keltiese oorsprong sou wees. Sy betekenis is geïnterpreteer as die "plek wat aan 'n man met die naam Londinos behoort". Hierdie stelling word deur moderne wetenskaplikes verwerp. In 1998 het Richard Coates met 'n nuwe teorie na vore gekom waarvolgens die naam van die voor-Keltiese Oud-Europese wortel <i>*(p)lowonida</i> ("rivier wat te wyd is om dit te deurwaad"). Volgens Coates is daardie naam vir 'n deel van die Teemsrivier gebruik wat deur Londen vloei en sou later die basis vir die Keltiese benaming <i>Lowonidonjon</i> vorm.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tot en met 1889 is slegs na die <i>City of London</i> amptelik as <i>London</i> verwys, maar sindsdien is die naam ook vir die graafskap Londen gebruik. Dit verwys tans na die hele stadsgebied van Groter Londen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_geskiedenis_en_antieke_tydperk"><span id="Vroe.C3.AB_geskiedenis_en_antieke_tydperk"></span>Vroeë geskiedenis en antieke tydperk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London-Roman-model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/London-Roman-model.jpg/220px-London-Roman-model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/London-Roman-model.jpg/330px-London-Roman-model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/London-Roman-model.jpg/440px-London-Roman-model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>'n Model van die Romeinse Londinium in die tydperk tussen omstreeks 85–90 n.C. word in die Britse Museum te Londen vertoon. Die eerste Romeinse brug oor die Teems was naby die huidige <i>London Bridge</i> geleë</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/9/9c/Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG/220px-Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/9/9c/Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG/330px-Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/9/9c/Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG/440px-Londinium_-_%27n_Model_van_die_Romeinse_Badhuis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>'n Model van Londinium se Romeinse badhuis<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f0/Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg/220px-Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f0/Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg/330px-Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f0/Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg/440px-Gerekonstrueerde_Romeinse_eetkamer_in_Londinium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>'n Gerekonstrueerde Romeinse eetkamer in Londinium, omstreeks 300 n.C.<br /><small>Museum of London</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Twee onlangse argeologiese ontdekkings dui daarop dat die geskiedenis van Londen verder terug strek as aanvanklik aangeneem. So is in 1999 oorblyfsels van 'n brug uit die <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a> noord van Vauxhall-brug opgegrawe. Hierdie brug het óf die Teemsrivier oorspan óf tot 'n (verlore) riviereiland gelei. Dendrologiese ondersoeke het die brughout op 1500 v.C. gedateer. </p><p>In 2010 is die fondament van 'n groot houtstruktuur aan die Teemsoewer suid van die Vauxhall-brug deur argeoloë blootgelê. Die funksie van hierdie Steentydse gebou, wat omstreeks 4500 v.C. ontstaan het, is tans nog nie ontsleutel nie, maar dit beslaan 'n oppervlakte van 50 m x 10 m, en 'n groot aantal pale met 'n lengte van 30 sentimeter word tydens eb sigbaar. Albei strukture is by South Bank geleë, sowat vier kilometer rivier-op van die latere Romeinse Londinium en naby die monding van die Effra- in die Teemsrivier waar die rivier maklik oorgesteek kon word. Die kraginspanning, wat aan die oprigting van hierdie strukture vervbonde was, het handelsbetrekkinge, stabiliteit en 'n plaaslike gemeenskap van tenminste enkele honderd bewoners vereis. </p><p>Alhoewel kleiner nedersettings van Britoniese Kelte spore in die gebied gelaat het, is Londen as stedelike nedersetting eers in 43 n.C. deur die Romeine gestig.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie vroeë Romeinse nedersetting het slegs sewentien jaar lank as belangrike hawe en middelpunt van die Romeinse padnetwerk in Brittanje bestaan voordat dit in 61 tydens 'n opstand deur die Keltiese Iceni-stam onder bevel van koningin Boudica ingeneem en tot die grond afgebrand is. </p><p>Die heropbou van Londinium is noukeurig beplan, en uiteindelik het dit in 100 Camulodunum (die huidige Colchester) as administratiewe hoofstad van die Romeinse provinsie <a href="/wiki/Britannia_(provinsie)" title="Britannia (provinsie)">Britannia</a> vervang. Vanaf 197 n.C. was Londinium die hoofstad van die provinsie Britannia superior en vanaf omstreeks 300 n.C. die hoofstad van Maxima Caesariensis. Op sy hoogtepunt het Londinium in die 2de eeu sowat 60 000 inwoners getel. 'n Aantal belangrike openbare geboue het hier ontstaan, waaronder die grootste basiliek noord van die <a href="/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe">Alpe</a>, tempels, baddens, 'n amfiteater en 'n groot fort vir die stedelike garnisoen. As 'n welvarende handelsentrum is die stad met 'n muur versterk. Ook ses van Londen se sewe tradisionele stadspoorte dateer uit die Romeinse periode: Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, Bishopsgate en Aldgate. Die enigste uitsondering is Moorgate wat eers in die middeleeue ontstaan het. </p><p>Politieke instabiliteit en die ekonomiese agteruitgang vanaf die 3de eeu het bygedra tot Londinium se geleidelike verval. In die onstuimige periode tussen 200 en 400 was Londinium as buitepos van die Romeinse wêreld aan Germaanse aanvalle blootgestel. Die plaaslike Romeinse magte was op Germaanse huursoldate aangewese om die stad teen invallers te beskerm. Nadat Brittanje in 410 deur die Romeine ontruim is, is Londinium se status afgeskaal tot dié van 'n landelike nedersetting wat deur Angel-Saksiese krygshere oorheers is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Angel-Saksiese_tydperk">Die Angel-Saksiese tydperk</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Essex_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Essex_2.svg/350px-Essex_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Essex_2.svg/525px-Essex_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Essex_2.svg/700px-Essex_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Londen en die koninkryk Essex, wat 'n tyd lank ook Middlesex ingesluit het</figcaption></figure> <p>In die tyd tot die 7de eeu het 'n nuwe Angel-Saksiese nedersetting, Lundenwic, sowat twee kilometer rivier-op vanaf die ou Romeinse stad ontstaan, met die huidige Covent Garden as sy middelpunt. Hierdie nedersetting met 'n geometriese straatrooster het 'n bevolking van tussen 10 000 en 12 000 gehuisves. Waarskynlik was daar 'n vissers- en handelshawe by die monding van die Fleet-rivier wat van Lundenwic 'n florerende handelsentrum gemaak het voordat die nedersetting deur Wikings ingeneem is en ooswaarts na die ou Romeinse stadsgebied met sy beskermende stadsmuur verskuif moes word. Die agtervoegsel <i>-wic</i> dui in elk geval daarop dat dit 'n handelsplek was. </p><p>Die vroeë Angel-Saksiese Londen was in die stamgebied van die Middel-Saksers geleë wat hul naam aan die graafskap Middlesex verleen het, alhoewel hierdie stam 'n groter gebied bewoon het wat waarskynlik tot in die huidige Hertfordshire en Surrey gestrek het. Teen die vroeë 7de eeu is Londen egter by die Oos-Saksiese koninkryk ingelyf. Koning Saebert van Essex het in 604 die Christelike geloof aangeneem, en Mellitus, die latere 3de aartsbiskop van Canterbury, het Londen se eerste biskop sedert die einde van die Romeinse heerskappy geword. </p><p>Essex het in hierdie tyd onder die gesag van koning Æthelberht van Kent gestaan. Hierdie monarg het ook as beskermheer vir die eerste katedraal gefungeer wat deur Mellitus opgerig en aan Sint Paulus gewy is. Volgens tradisionele oorlewerings het hierdie katedraal op die terrein van 'n vroeëre Romeinse Diana-tempel ontstaan, maar die latere boumeester <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> het geen bewyse gevind wat dié bewering sou kon gestaaf het nie. Dit was nog 'n taamlik eenvoudige kerkgebou en is moontlik vernietig nadat Mellitus deur Saeberht se heidense opvolgers uit die stad verdryf is. </p><p>Eers tydens die regentskap van koning Sigeberht II in die 650s is die Christelike geloof as permanente godsdiens in die Oos-Saksiese koninkryk gevestig. Gedurende die 8ste eeu het die koninkryk <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> se invloed tot die suidooste van Engeland begin uitbrei, en uiteindelik is die hele gebied deur Mercia geannekseer. Londen het blykbaar vanaf die 730s onder die regstreekse gesag van Mercia gestaan. </p><p>Londen is vir die grootste deel van die 9de eeu deur Wiking-aanvalle geteister wat vanaf omstreeks 830 in intensiteit toegeneem het. Die stad is twee keer, in 842 en nog eens in 851, geplunder. Die Deense "Groot Heidense Leër", wat vanaf 865 deur Engeland getrek en dood en verwoesting gesaai het, het in 871 in Londen oorwinter. Die stad het nog tot in 886 in Deense hande gebly voordat dit deur koning <a href="/wiki/Alfred_die_Grote" title="Alfred die Grote">Alfred die Grote</a> se magte ingeneem en 'n vredesooreenkoms met die Deense leier Guthrum gesluit is. Engeland is in 'n Saksies-oorheerste koninkryk onder Alfred se gesag en in die Deens-oorheerste Danelaw opgedeel. Londen is vervolgens weer by Mercia ingesluit wat destyds deur Alfred se skoonseun Ealdorman Æthelred geregeer is. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Witan_hexateuch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Witan_hexateuch.jpg/220px-Witan_hexateuch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Witan_hexateuch.jpg/330px-Witan_hexateuch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Witan_hexateuch.jpg/440px-Witan_hexateuch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><center>Die koning en sy <i>witan</i></center><br />Die <b>Witenagemot</b> (letterlik: "vergadering van wyse mans") het tussen die 7de en 11de eeu as politieke instelling in Angel-Saksiese Engeland bestaan. Dit was 'n vergadering van die heersende klas en het uit die land se leidende wêreldlike en geestelike edelmanne bestaan. Sy lede (Oud-Engels: <i>witan</i>) het as raadgewers vir die koning opgetree.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die fokus van die nedersetting, wat voortaan as Lundenburgh bekend gestaan het, is destyds om veiligheidsredes na die ou Romeinse stad met sy beskermende stadsmuur verskuif. Die muur en ander versterkings is herstel, terwyl ook die Teemsbrug waarskynlik in hierdie periode, wat as die historiese beginpunt van die <i>City of London</i> en sy besondere administrasie beskou word, herbou is. Die tradisionele stadsgrense van die <i>City</i> kom ook vandag nog grotendeels met die ou stadsmuur ooreen. </p><p>'n Tweede versterkte <i>borough</i> het aan die suidoewer in die huidige Southwark ontstaan, die Suthringa Geworc of "Verdedigingswal van die mans uit Surrey". Die oorspronklike Saksiese nedersetting Lundenwic het voortbestaan as <i>Ealdwic</i> ("ou stad"), 'n naam wat steeds voortleef in Aldwych (tans in die <i>City of Westminster</i> geleë). </p><p>Ná Æthelred se afsterwe het Londen weer onder die regstreekse gesag van die konings van Engeland gestaan. Die <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Engeland" title="Koninkryk van Engeland">Koninkryk Engeland</a>, wat deur Alfred gestig is, is deur sy seun <a href="/wiki/Eduard_die_Ouere" title="Eduard die Ouere">Edward die Ouere</a> na voormalige Deense gebiede uitgebrei. Londen was in die vroeë 10de eeu al 'n belangrike handelsentrum, en alhoewel die regeringsetel van die Engelse konings steeds in Winchester geleë was, het dit ook tot 'n politieke sentrum begin ontwikkel. Onder koning Æthelstan is Koninklike Raadsvergaderings in Londen gehou en ook baie wette hier afgekondig. Koning <a href="/wiki/Ethelred_II_van_Engeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelred II van Engeland">Æthelred II</a> het van Londen sy gunstelinghoofstad gemaak en hier in 978 die sogenaamde Londense Wette (<i>Laws of London</i>) afgekondig. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG/200px-Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG/300px-Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG/400px-Westminster_Abbey_by_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Die Westminster-abdy</figcaption></figure> <p>Gedurende die heerskappy van koning Æthelred het die Wikings hul aanvalle op Engeland hervat. 'n Leër onder bevel van koning Sven Gaffelbaard van Denemarke het in 994 'n vergeefse poging onderneem om Londen in te neem. Die Engelse weerstand teen die Deense aanvallers is in 1013 gebreek, maar Londenaars het steeds daarin geslaag om Deense aanvalle af te weer en was eers laat in daardie jaar genoodsaak om aan die Deense magte oor te gee. Die koning het na die buiteland gevlug. </p><p>Net vyf weke nadat hy as koning geproklameer is, is Sven oorlede en het Æthelred sy regentskap herstel. Sven se seun Knut het die Deense aanvalle in 1015 hervat. Ná Æthelred se afsterwe in 1016 is sy seun Edmund Ironside deur die <i>witangemot</i> as koning uitgeroep en het darna na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wessex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wessex (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wessex</a> vertrek om daar sy troepe te versamel. Londen is deur Knut se magte beleër, maar deur koning Edmund se magte ontset. Ná sy neerlaag in die slag van Ashdown het Edmund alle Engelse gebiede noord van die Teemsrivier aan Knut afgestaan, insluitende Londen. Met Edmund se dood enkele weke later het die hele land onder Knut se bewind gekom. </p><p>Die Engelse heerskappy oor die land is eers in 1042 na die uitwissing van Knut se dinastie onder Eduard die Belyer herstel. Eduard het bekendheid verwerf as die stigter van die Westminster-abdy waar hy baie tyd deurgebring het. Sodoende het Westminster geleidelik die <i>City of London</i> as regeringsetel vervang. </p><p>Edward is in 1066 sonder duidelike erfgenaam in die Westminster-abdy oorlede. Vervolgens is graaf Harold Godwinson en <a href="/wiki/Willem_I_van_Engeland" title="Willem I van Engeland">Willem die Baster</a>, hertog van Normandië, in 'n opvolgingsgeskil gewikkel. Harold Godwinson is deur die <i>witenagemot</i> as Engelse koning verkies en in die Westminster-abdy gekroon, maar kort daarna deur Willem in die <a href="/wiki/Slag_van_Hastings" title="Slag van Hastings">Slag van Hastings</a> gedood. Die oorlewende lede van die <i>witan</i> het in Londen vergader om Edward se jong neef Edgar die Ætheling as opvolger te verkies. </p><p>Normandiese magte het intussen na die Teems se suidoewer net teenoor Londen beweeg waar hulle 'n Engelse aanval afgeweer en Southwark tot die grond afgebrand het. Hulle was egter nie in staat om die plaaslike brug in te neem nie. Hulle het rivierop getrek en die rivier by Wallingford oorgesteek voordat hulle vanuit die noord-weste na Londen beweeg het. Die Engelse leierskap kon net 'n kort tyd lank weerstand bied. Uiteindelik het Londen se leidende burgers hulle in Berkhamstead saam met kerkleiers en adellikes aan Willem onderwerp, alhoewel daar volgens sommige oorlewerings nog gevegte plaasgevind het toe die Normandiese magte Londen bereik het. Ná die besetting van die stad is Willem as koning van Engeland gekroon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Normandiese_en_Middeleeuse_tydperk">Die Normandiese en Middeleeuse tydperk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/220px-Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/330px-Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/440px-Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Die Wit Toring van die <a href="/wiki/Londense_Tower" title="Londense Tower">Londense Tower</a> dateer van die laat 11de eeu</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1067 het Willem 'n oktrooi uitgereik waardeur die Saksiese regte, voorregte en wette bevestig is. Die koning, wat voortaan as Willem die Veroweraar bekend gestaan het, het 'n aantal koninklike vestings langs die Londense Teemsoewer laat bou, waaronder die <i>Tower of London</i> (<a href="/wiki/Londense_Tower" title="Londense Tower">Londense Tower</a>), Baynard en Montfichet se kastele, om die stad teen seeaanvalle deur Wikings te beskerm en opstande te voorkom. Londen se status as selfregerende nedersetting is tydens die heerskappy van koning John in 1199 en 1215 deur verkiesingsregte bevestig. </p><p>Westminster Hall, wat vanaf 1097 deur Willem Rufus, die seun van Willem die Veroweraar, opgerig is, sou later die basis vir die Westminster-paleis vorm wat gedurende die middeleeue as belangrikste koninklike setel gedien het. Die koninklike Bermondsey-landgoed is deur Willem in 1089/90 aan Alwinus Child, die stigter van 'n abdy, geskenk, wat hier net teenoor die <i>White Tower</i> 'n nuwe klooster laat bou het. 'n Ander sakrale gebou, die Augustynse Sint Bartolomeus-die-Grote-kerk, het vanaf 1123 in West Smithfield ontstaan. Alhoewel slegs die kansel van hierdie groot kerkgebou tot vandag toe bewaar gebly het en tans as parogiekerk fungeer, is dit nogtans een van die belangrikste oorblyfsels van Normandiese boukuns in Londen. </p><p>Boubedrywighede vir die Londen-brug, deesdae een van die bekendste bakens in die Britse hoofstad, het in 1176 begin. Hierdie steenbrug, wat ouer houtbrûe vervang het, is in 1209 voltooi. Tot in 1739 was dit die enigste brug wat die Teemsrivier oorspan het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudor-tydperk">Tudor-tydperk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg/220px-Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg/330px-Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg/440px-Civitas_Londinium_or_The_Agas_Map_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4730" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Civitas Londinium</i>, Ralph Agas se kaart van Londen, het tussen 1570 en 1605 ontstaan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:St_James%27s_Palace,_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_James%27s_Palace%2C_2001.jpg/220px-St_James%27s_Palace%2C_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_James%27s_Palace%2C_2001.jpg/330px-St_James%27s_Palace%2C_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_James%27s_Palace%2C_2001.jpg/440px-St_James%27s_Palace%2C_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sint_James-paleis" title="Sint James-paleis">St. James-paleis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Protestantse_Hervorming" title="Protestantse Hervorming">Protestantse Hervorming</a> was Londen 'n vroeë sentrum van Protestantisme in Engeland. Die stad se nou handelsbande met die Protestantse hartland van <a href="/wiki/Noord-Europa" title="Noord-Europa">Noord-Europa</a>, groot gemeenskappe buitelandse handelaars, die buitegewoon groot persentasie geletterde inwoners en Londen se rol as sentrum van die Engelse drukkerybedryf het daartoe bygedra dat die idees van kerkhervorming hier vinnig neerslag gevind het. Voor die Reformasie was meer as die helfte van die Londense stadsgebied in besit van kloosters en ander godsdienstige instellings. </p><p>Die ontbinding van kloosters op bevel van koning Hendrik VIII het groot omwenteling in Londen gebring aangesien byna alle kerk- en kloosterbesit herverdeel is. Hierdie proses het teen die middel van die 1530's begin, en in 1538 was die meeste groot kloosters al ontbind. <i>Holy Trinity Aldgate</i> is deur Lord Audley oorgeneem, die <i>Charterhouse</i> deur Lord North, Blackfriars deur Lord Cobham, die St. Giles-melaatsehospitaal deur Lord Dudley, terwyl die koning die St. James-melaatsehospitaal vir homself as <a href="/wiki/Sint_James-paleis" title="Sint James-paleis">St. James-paleis</a> laat herbou het. </p><p>Onder die regentskap van die Tudor-dinastie het Londen 'n al hoe belangrike rol as een van Europa se groot handelsmetropole begin speel. Handelsbetrekkinge, wat voorheen hoofsaaklik met <a href="/wiki/Wes-Europa" title="Wes-Europa">Wes-Europa</a> onderhou is, is uitgebrei tot <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Amerikas" title="Amerikas">Amerikas</a>. Merkantilisme en groot maatskappye met handelsmonopolies soos die Moskouse Kompanjie (1555) en die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Oos-Indiese_Kompanjie" title="Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie">Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie</a> (1600), wat in Londen per koninklike oktrooi gestig is, het hul bloeitydperk beleef. Die laasgenoemde, wat uiteindelik <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a> sou beheer, was twee en 'n halfeeu lank een van die sleutelinstellings in die Engelse hoofstad en die hele Brittanje. Immigrante, wat hulle in Londen gevestig het, het nou nie net uit Engeland en <a href="/wiki/Wallis" title="Wallis">Wallis</a> gekom nie, maar ook vanuit die buiteland na die hoofstad gestroom, soos byvoorbeeld Hugenote uit Frankryk. Die stadsbevolking het gegroei van 'n geskatte 50 000 in 1530 tot sowat 225 000 in 1605. Hierdie aanwas is net soos die groeiende welvaart deur die grootskaalse uitbreiding van kusskeepvaart bevorder. </p><p>In die laat 16de en vroeë 17de eeu het ook Londen se toneelbedryf gefloreer, met <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> as die bekendste verteenwoordiger van dramakuns. Die laat regeringsjare van koningin <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_van_Engeland" title="Elizabeth I van Engeland">Elizabeth I</a> was 'n redelike rustige tydperk waartydens sommige van haar howelinge, net soos welgestelde Londenaars, herehuise vir hulself in landelike gebiede soos <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> en <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> laat bou het. Dit was die beginjare van die sogenaamde villa-beweging toe wonings ontstaan het wat nòg as stadshuise gekwalifiseer het nòg op groot plase geleë was. Londen was, toe die Tudors in die 17de eeu uitgesterf het, nog 'n relatief kompakte nedersetting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuart-tydperk">Stuart-tydperk</h3></div> <div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:hidden; overflow-x:scroll;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_panorama,_1616b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Panoramiese uitsig oor Londen deur Claes Jansz. Visscher, 1616. Die ou Gotiese St. Paul's-katedraal het sy toring al vroeër kwytgeraak. Die twee teaters in die voorgrond, aan die Southwark-kant van die Teems, is The Bear Garden en The Globe. Die groot kerkgebou in die voorgrond is St Mary Overie, tans die Southwark-katedraal."><img alt="'n Panoramiese uitsig oor Londen deur Claes Jansz. Visscher, 1616. Die ou Gotiese St. Paul's-katedraal het sy toring al vroeër kwytgeraak. Die twee teaters in die voorgrond, aan die Southwark-kant van die Teems, is The Bear Garden en The Globe. Die groot kerkgebou in die voorgrond is St Mary Overie, tans die Southwark-katedraal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_panorama%2C_1616b.jpg/1000px-London_panorama%2C_1616b.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_panorama%2C_1616b.jpg/1500px-London_panorama%2C_1616b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_panorama%2C_1616b.jpg/2000px-London_panorama%2C_1616b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9463" data-file-height="1967" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">'n Panoramiese uitsig oor Londen deur Claes Jansz. Visscher, 1616. Die ou Gotiese St. Paul's-katedraal het sy toring al vroeër kwytgeraak. Die twee teaters in die voorgrond, aan die Southwark-kant van die Teems, is <i>The Bear Garden</i> en <i>The Globe</i>. Die groot kerkgebou in die voorgrond is St Mary Overie, tans die Southwark-katedraal.</div> </div></div> <p>Vanaf die 17de eeu het die beboude gebied buitekant die stadsmure uitgebrei. Teen die begin van die eeu was die woontoestande vir die oorgrote meerderheid van die bevolking steeds ongesond en het sterk gekontrasteer met die leefwêreld van adellikes wat vir hulself herehuise in die omgewing van Westminster laat bou het. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Higi%C3%ABne" title="Higiëne">Onhigiëniese</a> toestande het Londenaars indertyd aan 'n verskeidenheid siektes en infeksies blootgestel. So moes die voorbereidinge vir die kroning van koning <a href="/wiki/Jakobus_I_van_Engeland" title="Jakobus I van Engeland">James I</a> weens die uitbreek van 'n verwoestende pesepidemie, waaraan na ramings moontlik dertigduisend inwoners dood is, tydelik gestaak word. </p><p>Die kerkskip van die ou St. Paul's-katedraal het in dié tyd bedags as die belangrikste algemene vergaderplek gedien waar handelaars hul goedere in die gange te koop aangebied het, terwyl die doopvont as toonbank gebruik is. Advokate het van hul klante by bepaalde suile ontvang, en werkloses het in die kerk werkgeleenthede kom soek. Die kerkhof van St. Pauls was die middelpunt van Londen se boekhandel, terwyl die omgewing van <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a> tot 'n gewilde vermaakdistrik ontwikkel het. </p><p>Die toneelkuns, wat tydens die regentskap van Elizabeth I hoogtyd gevier het, het reeds onder James I al hoe meer gewilder geraak. Die groot invloed, wat drama- en teaterkuns op die alledaagse lewe uitgeoefen het, blyk uit die feit dat die dra van gesofistikeerde maskers destyds 'n modeverskynsel aan die koninklike hof en in die regswêreld geword het. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg/200px-Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg/300px-Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Great_plague_of_london-1665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Die Groot Plaag van Londen in 1665: die lyke van slagoffers word op karretjies gelaai</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1625 het <a href="/wiki/Karel_I_van_Engeland" title="Karel I van Engeland">Charles I</a> die Engelse troon bestyg. Tydens sy regentskap het adellikes hulle in groot getalle in die Londense West End begin vestig. Naas die adellikes, wat aan die koningshof verbonde was, het ook steeds meer adellike grondbesitters uit ander dele van die land saam met hul gesinne 'n deel van die jaar in die hoofstad deurgebring om aan Londen se sosiale lewe deel te neem. Dit was die begin van die tradisionele <i>London season</i>. </p><p>Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Engelse_Burgeroorlog" title="Engelse Burgeroorlog">Engelse Burgeroorlog</a> het Londenaars die kant van die parlement gekies. Aanvanklik het die koninklike magte die opperhand in die oorlog gehad, en in November 1642 het die koning 'n oorwinning in die Slag van Brentford enkele kilometer wes van Londen behaal. Nadat die hoofstadbewoners haastig troepe saamgestel het om in die stad teen 'n aanval te kan verdedig, het koning Charles I die aanwending van verdere militêre aksie verwerp en sy troepe aan die hoofstadgebied onttrek. Vervolgens is nuwe uitgebreide versterkings rondom Londen, Westminster en Southwark gebou. </p><p>Die koninklike magte het vir Londen geen bedreiging meer ingehou nie, en die hoofstad het finansieel bygedra tot die parlement se militêre oorwinning in die volgende jaar. Charles I is van hoogverraad aangekla en tereggestel. Die monargie is tydelik afgeskaf en 'n kortstondige republikeins-puriteinse bedeling gevestig. </p><p>Oorloë was egter nie die enigste bedreiging vir die stadsbewoners nie. Onhigiëniese toestande en oorbevolking was deur die eeue steeds weer die oorsaak van pesepidemieë. In 1665 en 1666 het die <a href="/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood">Swart Dood</a> vir die laaste keer groot verwoesting gesaai – 'n gebeurtenis wat later as die "Groot Plaag" bekend sou staan. Sowat 60 000 Londenaars het aan die aansteeklike siekte beswyk. Die kroniekskrywer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> berig in sy dagboek oor die skrikbewind wat die pes in Londen gevoer het: "Ek het in die stad aangebly totdat meer as 7 400 in een week gesterf het, en hiervan het sowat 6 000 aan die plaag beswyk, en doodsklokke was die enigste geluid wat bedags en snags hoorbaar was." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Groot_Brand_van_1666">Die Groot Brand van 1666</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG/170px-The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG/255px-The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG/340px-The_Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Die Monument ter Herdenking van die Groot Brand van Londen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Great_Fire_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/220px-Great_Fire_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/330px-Great_Fire_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/440px-Great_Fire_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5477" data-file-height="3189" /></a><figcaption>Die Groot Brand van Londen<br /><small>Skildery deur 'n onbekende Nederlandse kunstenaar</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Philippe-Jacques_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Great_Fire_of_London_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6151" data-file-height="4561" /></a><figcaption>Die Groot Brand van Londen<br /><small>Skildery deur Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg (1797)</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Urn_of_Fire,_Monument_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Urn_of_Fire%2C_Monument_2014.jpg/170px-Urn_of_Fire%2C_Monument_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Urn_of_Fire%2C_Monument_2014.jpg/255px-Urn_of_Fire%2C_Monument_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Urn_of_Fire%2C_Monument_2014.jpg/340px-Urn_of_Fire%2C_Monument_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="3853" /></a><figcaption>Die goue urn van vlamme</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg/220px-Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg/330px-Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg/440px-Keeling-fire-engine-model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>'n Model van John Keeling of Blackfriars se 17de eeuse brandweerwa<br /><small>Museum of London</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:GoldenBoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GoldenBoy.jpg/220px-GoldenBoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GoldenBoy.jpg/330px-GoldenBoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GoldenBoy.jpg/440px-GoldenBoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Golden Boy of Pye Corner</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Great_fire_of_london_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Great_fire_of_london_map.png/220px-Great_fire_of_london_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Great_fire_of_london_map.png/330px-Great_fire_of_london_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Great_fire_of_london_map.png/440px-Great_fire_of_london_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>'n Kaart van die gebied wat deur die brand verwoes is</figcaption></figure> <p>Sowat 350 jaar gelede was die brandgevaar in Londen nog besonder groot omdat die meeste geboue nie net heeltemal van hout gebou nie, maar ook besonder na aan mekaar gebou is. Londen se strate was só dig bebou dat die boonste verdiepings van woongeboue mekaar byna aangeraak het. Kerse was gewoonlik die enigste vorm van beligting, terwyl oop vure vir verhitting en kookdoeleindes algemeen gebruiklik was. Klein brande het gereeld uitgebreek, maar kon meestal gou in bedwang gebring word.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die vroeë oggendure van Sondag 2 September 1666 het 'n klein brand in Thomas Farriner se bakkery in Pudding Lane uitgebreek nadat die vuur in die bakoond op Saterdagaand blykbaar nie behoorlik geblus is nie. Moontlik het vlieënde vonke uit die oond strooi en houtstapels, wat as reserwebrandstof naby die oond gestoor is, en meelvoorrade aan die brand gesteek. Binnekort was die hele bakkerygebou en aangrensende woonhuise in vlamme gehul. </p><p>Dat dié brand totaal buite beheer kon raak, was aan die destydse nalatigheid ten opsigte van die stoor en hantering van ontvlambare materiaal te wyte. Londen was in die 17de eeu die handelspilpunt vir heel Engeland, met die Teemsrivier as 'n besige waterweg waarop groot hoeveelhede goedere op bote vervoer is. Weerskante van die rivier was stoorhuise van vloer tot dak volgepak met hoogs ontvlambare handelsware soos papier, suiker, speserye, tekstiele, toue, olie, alkoholiese dranke, hooi, bouhout en swartkruit. Weersinvloede het ook 'n sekere rol gespeel – die somer van 1666 was net soos dié van die vorige jaar baie warm en droog sodat watervoorrade uitgeput geraak het.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terwyl die brand verder uitgebrei en hele blokke woongeboue en stoorhuise hoog in vlamme gestaan het, het chaotiese tonele op die Teems begin afspeel. Paniek het huisbewoners en handelaars gepak wat hul besittings en ware van die dreigende vlamme probeer red het deur hulle in die rivier te gooi. Londen se nou straatjies was eweneens volgepak met duisende mense wat hul besittings op karre na veiligheid probeer bring het, maar sodoende ook die weg versper het vir die brandbestryders. Londenbrug was tot in die 18de eeu die enigste brug oor die Teems. In 1666 was dit egter nog dig bebou met woonhuise en sodoende té nou om as maklike vlugpad te kan dien. Die heersende windrigtings gedurende die Groot Brand en 'n brandskot op die brug het gekeer dat die vlamme nie langs Londenbrug na <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> kon uitbrei nie. </p><p>17de eeuse beskrywings verwys na John Keeling in Blackfriars as die vernaamste vervaardiger van destydse brandweerwaens – houtkarretjies waarop 'n watertenk van hout en 'n pomp gemonteer is. 'n Ander gebruiklike brandbestrydingsmetode in 17de eeuse Londen was om hele blokke woonhuise vinnig af te breek sodat 'n grootskaalse brand nie verder kon uitbrei nie. Londen se brandweertoerusting is in 1666 nog grotendeels in die Sint Magnus-die-Maartelaarkerk gestoor. Ongelukkig was dié kerkgebou digby Thomas Farriner se bakkery geleë sodat dit die tweede kerk geword het wat nog op die eerste aand van die Groot Brand deur die vlamme vernietig is. In historiese oorlewerings word die destydse Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, as een van die sondebokke vir die omvang van die brandramp-chaos genoem. In die vroeë oggendure van die eerste dag van die Groot Brand is hy wakker gemaak om sy toestemming tot die grootskaalse afbreek van huise te verleen. </p><p>Nadat die burgemeester die omvang van die brand met sy eie oë gesien het, het hy – ook uit vrees vir die skadevergoeding wat die eienaars van afgebreekte geboue moontlik kon eis – vasgestel dat die situasie geen besondere maatreëls sou regverdig nie. Volgens die amptenaar Samuel Pepys se dagboekinskrywing het Bloodworth opgemerk dat die omvang van die brand eintlik só klein was dat "'n ou vrou dit sou kon uitpis." </p><p>Later die aand het die besorgde koning die inisiatief geneem en die bevel gegee om so veel huise soos nodig af te breek. Op dié stadium het die brand reeds vinniger uitgebrei as brandbestryders huise kon afbreek. Uiteindelik moes geboue met buskruit opgeblaas word. Vanweë die sterk wind, wat tydens die brand gewaai het, het die vlamme langs die Teemsoewer na die middestad uitgebrei. Die brand het vyf dae en nagte gewoed en altesaam 13 200 woonhuise, 87 van Londen se 109 kerke, drie stadspoorte en 52 gildehuise vernietig. Vier vyfdes van die stadsgebied is in puin gelê en sowat 100 000 Londenaars dakloos gelaat. Terwyl die bevestigde dodetal op slegs vier staan, dui berigte van waarnemers op 'n hoër aantal slagoffers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So het moontlik 'n groter aantal gevangenes wat in Londen se tronke vasgeketting was, gestremdes en alleenstaande ouer mense hul lewens verloor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit het sowat vyftig jaar geneem om die stad te herbou, en saam met nuwe woonhuise, wat van steen gebou is en sodoende meer bestand teen brande was, het ook die eerste versekeringsondernemings ontstaan. </p><p>Tydens en kort ná die Groot Brand was die soeke na sondebokke 'n onversadigbare behoefte by getraumatiseerde Londenaars. Allerhande gerugte was in omloop, en selfs die koning is van brandstigting verdag – moontlik kon hy op dié manier wraak geneem het oor die teregstelling van sy vader. Ook buitelanders – <a href="/wiki/Iere" title="Iere">Iere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franse" title="Franse">Franse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanjaarde" title="Spanjaarde">Spanjaarde</a> en veral <a href="/wiki/Nederlanders" title="Nederlanders">Nederlanders</a> is verdag aangesien Engeland steeds in die Tweede Nederlands-Engelse Oorlog gewikkel was. Daarnaas was Rooms-Katolieke hoofverdagtes. </p><p>Aanvanklik is Thomas Farriner aan strafvordering blootgestel, maar geen aanklagtes is ingedien nie nadat Robert Hubert, 'n Franse horlosiemaker, skuld op brandstigting beken het. Al was sy skuldbelydenis ongeloofwaardig – hy het eers op die tweede dag van die brandramp in Londen aangekom en was moontlik 'n persoon van lae intelligensie wat die betekenis van sy belydenis nouliks kon begryp nie – is hy later tereggestel. </p><p>Enkele jare later is daar besluit om 'n monument ter herdenking van die Groot Brand op te rig. Tussen 1671 en 1677 het volgens 'n ontwerp van Sir Christopher Wren en Dr Robert Hooke juis op dié plek, waar St Margaret's as die eerste kerk deur die vlamme verswelg is, 'n monument in die vorm van 'n Doriese pilaar ontstaan wat presies 202 voet (62 meter) hoog en 202 voet van Thomas Farriner se bakkery af geleë was. Die pilaar is met 'n brandende goue urn bekroon wat die Groot Brand versinnebeeld. Die monument staan oop vir die publiek, en besoekers, wat die altesaam 311 trappies opklim, geniet nie net 'n panoramiese uitsig oor die Britse hoofstad nie, maar ontvang ook 'n prestasie-sertifikaat. </p><p>'n Tweede monument, die <i>Golden Boy of Pye Corner</i>, markeer die plek waar die vuur opgehou het om te brand. Die vergulde houtstandbeeld by die hoek van Giltspur Street en Cock Lane in Smithfield is vernoem na die historiese kroeg <i>Fortune of War Public House</i>, wat in die volksmond ook as <i>Magpie Tavern</i> bekendgestaan het, en bedoel as 'n waarskuwing vir toekomstige generasies. Baie 17de eeuse Londenaars het immers geglo dat God hulle weens hul vreetsug met die Groot Brand gestraf het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Londen_as_Europese_wêreldstad"><span id="Londen_as_Europese_w.C3.AAreldstad"></span>Londen as Europese wêreldstad</h3></div> <p>Toe <a href="/wiki/Karel_II_van_Engeland" title="Karel II van Engeland">Karel II</a>, wat in April 1661 as koning van Engeland en Ierland gekroon is, op 29 Mei 1660 – sy 30ste verjaardag – in Londen aangekom het, was die Engelse hoofstad moontlik – presiese statistieke ontbreek – die grootste Europese metropool. Dit was nie soseer Londen se status as politieke sentrum en regeringsetel nie, maar sy uitgebreide handelsaktiwiteite wat bygedra het tot die feit dat in die tweede helfte van die 17de eeu reeds 'n disproporsionele persentasie van die Engelse bevolking, waarskynlik 'n tiende, in Londen self en sy satellietstede, wat langs die Teemsvallei begin uitbrei het, saamgetrek was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Georgiaanse_tydperk">Die Georgiaanse tydperk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/440px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Westminster-abdy" title="Westminster-abdy">Westminster-abdy</a> in 1749 – skildery deur die Venesiaanse skilder Canaletto (1722−1780)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Georgiaanse tydperk was 'n periode van ongekende stedelike groei waartydens Londen – in vergelyking met die metropole van vastelandse Europa – tot 'n uitgestrekte stad met 'n relatief lae bevolkingsdigtheid ontwikkel het wat hoofsaaklik uit enkelgesinshuise bestaan het. Dié ontwikkeling was enersyds aan die afwesigheid van enige vorm van stadsmure of ander versterkings te danke wat die uitbreiding van die beboude gebied sou kon belemmer het. Maar nog belangriker was die byna onbeperkte aanbod van bougrond teen lae koste danksy die gebruiklike langtermyn-pagstelsel.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nogtans het Londen se bevolking in die tydperk tussen 1700 en 1800 gegroei van 600 000 tot een miljoen. Die Britse hoofstad was in dié tyd nie net die grootste metropool op aarde nie, maar het met sy uitgebreide wêreldwye netwerk van handels- en militêre belange alle Europese mededingers by verre oortref. Die Protestantse geloof en die vroeg-kapitalistiese ekonomiese stelsel met sy vrye mark, waar alle goedere – in die destydse tydperk van <a href="/wiki/Slawerny" title="Slawerny">slawerny</a> selfs mense – sonder enige beperkings van staatskant af ver- en gekoop kon word, word algemeen as dryfkragte van Londen se buitengewone groei aangevoer. </p><p>Ekonomiese vryhede het gepaard gegaan met vrysinnigheid en nuwe vorme van intellektualisme. Vrygeeste en vrydenkers het aangetrokke gevoel tot Londen, net soos mense wat net op soek was na vermaak. So was Londen in heel Europa berug vir die groot aantal prostituees op sy strate. </p><p>Die stad het in 'n spanningsveld tussen ongekende ekonomiese welvaart en die chaotiese toestand van oorbevolking verkeer – sy Middeleeuse infrastruktuur en sy munisipale instellings was juis nie meer in staat om in al die behoeftes van só 'n groot bevolking te voorsien nie. Terwyl welgesteldes die mees gesofistikeerde verbruikersgoedere kon bekostig wat ooit in Europa aangebied is, het baie Londenaars in chroniese armoede geleef. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bevolkingsgroei">Bevolkingsgroei</h3></div> <table class="infobox" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Lande van geboorte</th> <th>Bevolking (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></td> <td>5 175 677 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Indië"><img alt="Vlag van Indië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a></td> <td>262 247 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a></td> <td>158 300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ireland"><img alt="Flag of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a></td> <td>129 807 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Nigerië"><img alt="Vlag van Nigerië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigeri%C3%AB" title="Nigerië">Nigerië</a></td> <td>114 718 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Pakistan"><img alt="Vlag van Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>112 457 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Bangladesj"><img alt="Vlag van Bangladesj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj">Bangladesj</a></td> <td>109 948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Jamaika"><img alt="Vlag van Jamaika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika">Jamaika</a></td> <td>87 467 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Sri Lanka"><img alt="Vlag van Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>84 542 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Frankryk"><img alt="Vlag van Frankryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a></td> <td>66 654 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Somalië"><img alt="Vlag van Somalië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Somali%C3%AB" title="Somalië">Somalië</a></td> <td>65 333 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kenia"><img alt="Vlag van Kenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia">Kenia</a></td> <td>64 212 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a></td> <td>63 920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Ghana"><img alt="Vlag van Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>62 896 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Italië"><img alt="Vlag van Italië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a></td> <td>62 050 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a></td> <td>59 596 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ccccff"> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Suid-Afrika"><img alt="Vlag van Suid-Afrika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a></td> <td>57 765 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a></td> <td>55 476 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Australië"><img alt="Vlag van Australië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a></td> <td>53 959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Roemenië"><img alt="Vlag van Roemenië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a></td> <td>44 848 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Filippyne"><img alt="Vlag van Filippyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a></td> <td>44 199 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cyprus"><img alt="Flag of Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a></td> <td>43 428 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Portugal"><img alt="Vlag van Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>41 041 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a></td> <td>39 817 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></td> <td>39 452 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2013%E2%80%932021).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Afghanistan"><img alt="Vlag van Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>37 680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Iran"><img alt="Vlag van Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>37 339 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Spanje"><img alt="Vlag van Spanje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a></td> <td>35 880 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Uganda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Uganda"><img alt="Vlag van Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>32 136 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Brasilië"><img alt="Vlag van Brasilië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Brasilië">Brasilië</a></td> <td>31 357 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PIA04301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA04301.jpg/220px-PIA04301.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA04301.jpg/330px-PIA04301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA04301.jpg/440px-PIA04301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3685" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a>-Satellietbeeld van Londen</figcaption></figure> <p>Londen huisves 'n ryk verskeidenheid kulture, en meer as 300 tale word in die stadsgebied gebesig. Met 'n totale bevolking van bykans 8,2 miljoen, of 12,5 persent van die Britse bevolking, in Maart 2011 is Londen die mees bevolkte munisipaliteit in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Saam met omliggende nedersettings vorm die Britse hoofstad ook die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede in Europa met tussen 12 en 14 miljoen inwoners. Groter Londen strek oor 1 579 km² en is die mees dig bevolkte van alle administratiewe streke van Engeland met 4 542 inwoners per vierkante kilometer. </p><p>Londen het as die politieke, kulturele en ekonomiese sentrum deur die eeue heen vinnige bevolkingsgroei ervaar wat in die 19de en vroeë 20ste eeu nog deur die industrialiseringsproses aangevuur is. Die antieke Romeinse Londinium het reeds in 140 n.C. omtrent 30 000 inwoners getel. Omstreeks 1300 het die plaaslike bevolking op 100 000 gestaan, en in 1801 het dit die eenmiljoenkerf verbygesteek. Londen se bevolking was byna 'n eeu lank, in die tydperk tussen 1831 en 1925, toe New York by die Britse metropool verbygesteek het, selfs die grootste van alle stedelike nedersettings op aarde. Die inwonertal het sy historiese hoogtepunt met meer as 8,6 miljoen kort voor die begin van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in 1939 bereik. Daarenteen het die bevolking van die <i>City of London</i> vanaf die middel van die 19de eeu steeds verder afgeneem – van 130 000 in 1851 tot slegs 11 700 vandag.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrasie">Immigrasie</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG/220px-Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG/330px-Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG/440px-Brick_Lane_street_signs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Brick Lane, 'n lang straat in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a> in die East End, is in 'n buurt met talle immigrante uit <a href="/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj">Bangladesj</a> geleë. Die straatborde dra opskrifte in Engels en <a href="/wiki/Bengaals" title="Bengaals">Bengaals</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Chinese_Decoration_2_(6481410353).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinese_Decoration_2_%286481410353%29.jpg/220px-Chinese_Decoration_2_%286481410353%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinese_Decoration_2_%286481410353%29.jpg/330px-Chinese_Decoration_2_%286481410353%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinese_Decoration_2_%286481410353%29.jpg/440px-Chinese_Decoration_2_%286481410353%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3344" /></a><figcaption>Straatversierings in Londen se Chinatown</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg/220px-51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg/330px-51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg/440px-51_CHC_Fit-out13-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>Die Kanadese Hoë Kommissie in die Verenigde Koninkryk is in Kanadahuis op Trafalgarplein gesetel. Meeste van die sowat 70 000 Kanadese burgers in die VK bly in Londen</figcaption></figure> <p>Londen is, naas <a href="/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel">Istanboel</a> en Moskou, steeds een van die drie grootste metropole in Europa. Immigrasie het naas die natuurlike bevolkingsaanwas 'n beslissende rol by Londen se demografiese ontwikkeling gespeel. So het die netto-resultaat van immigrasie en emigrasie in die dekade tussen 1991 en 2001 'n wins van 726 000 persone getoon. </p><p>Londen se East End, 'n gebied wat vroeër met <a href="/wiki/Armoede" title="Armoede">armoede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misdaad" title="Misdaad">misdaad</a>, buitelandse immigrante en sosiale uitsluiting geassosieer is en intussen tot 'n gewilde woonbuurt herontwikkel word, was van oudsher Londen se smeltkroes van kulture. Hier het mense hulle gevestig aan wie toegang tot die City of London om een of ander rede geweier is. Sy ligging naby die hawe van Londen het van East End 'n tipiese werkersbuurt gemaak.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ná die Normandiese verowering van Engeland in 1066 was Joodse immigrante die eerste buitelanders wat hulle in East End kom vestig het. In 1290 is alle Joodse bewoners van Engeland deur koning Eduard I uit die land verdryf. Eers in 1656 kon Joodse immigrante hulle weer op die eiland vestig. In 1685 het Hugenote as godsdiensvlugtelinge in East End 'n nuwe heenkome gevind, en die 17de eeu was ook die beginpunt van immigrasie uit <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. <a href="/wiki/Han-Chinese" title="Han-Chinese">Han-Chinese</a> het in die 18de en Indiërs in die 19de eeu gevolg. </p><p>Teen die middel van die 19de eeu het sowat 100 000 Iere werk in Londense fabrieke gevind, en in die laat 19de eeu het dieselfde aantal Joodse vlugtelinge uit Rusland en <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> na Londen gestroom. In die tyd voor die Eerste Wêreldoorlog was ook sowat 30 000 Duitse immigrante in East End saamgetrek. </p><p>In die vroeë 20ste eeu was dit veral Iere, Pole, Italianers en Joodse emigrante uit <a href="/wiki/Oos-Europa" title="Oos-Europa">Oos-Europa</a> wat hulle in Londen gevestig het. Sedert 1950 het veral mense uit voormalige Britse kolonies, waaronder Indië, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj">Bangladesj</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Karibiese_See" title="Karibiese See">Karibiese See</a> en talle Afrikalande geïmmigreer. </p><p>Volgens die laaste sensus van 2001 was 6,1 persent van die Londense bevolking van die <a href="/wiki/Indiese_subkontinent" title="Indiese subkontinent">Indiese subkontinent</a>, 5,3 persent uit <a href="/wiki/Afrika_suid_van_die_Sahara" title="Afrika suid van die Sahara">Afrika suid van die Sahara</a>, 4,8 persent uit die <a href="/wiki/Karibiese_gebied" title="Karibiese gebied">Karibiese Seegebied</a> en 1,1 persent uit China afkomstig. 72,9 persent van die inwoners was in die Verenigde Koninkryk gebore, 5,3 persent in lidstate van die Europese Unie en 21,8 persent in ander lande. Die persentasie Londenaars, wat in die buiteland gebore is, is in 2012 op meer as 'n derde beraam (teenoor slegs agt persent in die res van die land).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twee vyfdes van alle migrante in die Verenigde Koninkryk is in Londen saamgetrek. </p><p>Minder streng regulasies vir ekonomiese bedrywighede het daartoe gelei dat ook baie burgers van EU-lidstate hul sake in Londen doen. So het die aantal Franse burgers tot tussen 300 000 en 400 000 gegroei sodat Londen die sesde grootste Franse stad geword het. In stadsdele soos Kensington en <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Londen" title="Chelsea, Londen">Chelsea</a> het meer as vier persent van die bewoners 'n Franse paspoort.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behuising">Behuising</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_barbican_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/London_barbican_16.JPG/220px-London_barbican_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/London_barbican_16.JPG/330px-London_barbican_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/London_barbican_16.JPG/440px-London_barbican_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a>, 'n hoëdigtheid-behuisingskompleks uit die 1960's in die City of London</figcaption></figure> <p>'n Relatief groot persentasie van Londen se bestaande behuising dateer van die 19de en 20ste eeu en beskik net oor dun enkelverglasing sonder voldoende dak- en muurisolering.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binne die bestek van sy <i>Green Deal</i>-program stel die Britse regering tans lenings vir die energiebesparende opgradering van ouer woonstelle en woonhuise beskikbaar.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuutgeboude wonings moet vanaf 2016 koolstof-neutraal wees. </p><p>Terwyl huispryse in die Verenigde Koninkryk in die eerste dekade van die 21ste eeu verdubbel het, word die Londense eiendomsmark as gevolg van binne- en buitelandse migrasie meer nog as dié in ander stede en streke deur buitensporige prysverhogings en 'n knellende behuisingstekort gekenmerk. Huurgelde vir woonstelle het tussen 2012 en 2013 met meer as tien persent gestyg en beloop tans 'n gemiddeld van meer as ₤1 000 per maand. Die gemiddelde huisprys in Londen het in Junie 2014 ₤500 000 beloop.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Om die behuisingstekort te verlig, word ou nywerheidsgeboue en selfs kerkgeboue in Londen in moderne woonstelkomplekse omgeskep. Belangrike vlagskipprojekte in dié verband is die ou termiese kragsentrale in die stadsdeel <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a> suid van die Teemsrivier waar teen 'n koste van sowat £8 miljard woon- en kantooreenhede sal ontstaan. Dieselfde bedrag word in Earls Court, 'n stadsdeel in die Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, belê waar woon- en kantoorgeboue op 'n uitgestrekte terrein opgerig sal word. Aangesien die terrein vroeër vir uitstallings en konserte en in 2012 ook vir wedstryde van die Olimpiese Spele gebruik is, is baie Londenaars steeds gekant teen dié bouprojek. </p><p>'n Ander omstrede voorstel is om beperkings op voorstedelike ontwikkeling op te hef en dele van Londen se Groen Gordel te bebou. Dié gordel is in die 1940's geskep om die natuurlike omgewing teen die ongekontroleerde uitbreiding van woongebiede te beskerm. Dit is met 1 900 vierkante myl drie keer so groot as die beboude gebied wat deur die gordel omsluit word (600 vierkante myl).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stadsdele, waar vroeër tradisioneel bewoners uit laer inkomstegroepe gehuisves is, is reeds in die jare ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog deur <a href="/wiki/Gentrifikasie" title="Gentrifikasie">gentrifikasie</a> geraak. In stadsdele, wat aan die City of London grens soos Islington, het huiskopers uit die middelklas al vroeg begin om ou woongeboue te renoveer. Die nasionale en Londense beleid van stadsontwikkeling, waarvolgens kwartiere soos die East End deur nuwe bouprojekte geregenereer word, het sedert die 1980's steeds meer welgesteldes na die sentrale stadsdele gelok en sodoende ook hier armer bewoners uit hul woonbuurte verdring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiese_basis">Ekonomiese basis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_spilpunt_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk">Ekonomiese spilpunt van die Verenigde Koninkryk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:St_George_Wharf,_July_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St_George_Wharf%2C_July_2014.jpg/220px-St_George_Wharf%2C_July_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St_George_Wharf%2C_July_2014.jpg/330px-St_George_Wharf%2C_July_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St_George_Wharf%2C_July_2014.jpg/440px-St_George_Wharf%2C_July_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Residensiële geboue langs die Teems in St George Wharf, met die <i>St George Wharf Tower</i> aan die regterkant</figcaption></figure> <p>Statistieke dui daarop dat die ekonomiese ewewig in die Verenigde Koninkryk steeds meer na Londen verskuif het. So is 44 persent van alle Britse beleggings in infrastruktuur in die hoofstad gekonsentreer, terwyl die belastinginkomste, wat deur die Londense ekonomie gegenereer word, in reële waarde tussen 2004/5 en 2014/5 met 25 persent of £28 miljard gegroei het. In vergelyking daarmee het belastinginkomste in Manchester slegs met een persent toegeneem, terwyl dié inkomste in ander groot stede soos Birmingham, Glasgow en Leeds selfs merkbaar gedaal het. </p><p>In 2014/5 is 30 persent van die Britse inkomste uit sogenaamde ekonomiese belasting – belasting op inkomste, grondbesit en eiendomme – in Londen gegenereer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internasionale_handelsentrum">Internasionale handelsentrum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bolsa,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-11,_DD_144.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bolsa%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_144.JPG/220px-Bolsa%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_144.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bolsa%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_144.JPG/330px-Bolsa%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_144.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bolsa%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_144.JPG/440px-Bolsa%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_144.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4398" data-file-height="3478" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Royal Exchange</i> in die City of London</figcaption></figure> <p>Ten minste vanaf die Tudor-tydperk het Londen as internasionale handelsentrum sy stempel op die Britse en Europese ekonomie begin afdruk. Hierdie status is in 1570 bevestig toe Thomas Gresham die Londense <i>Royal Exchange</i> gestig het. In die volgende eeu sou Londen ten opsigte van sy handelsaktiwiteite by die res van die land verbysteek – met 'n bevolking van 'n halfmiljoen was die hoofstad die onbestrede metropool. Die destyds naasgrootste nedersetting in Engeland, Norwich, het slegs 30 000 inwoners getel.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britse handelsaktiwiteite is in die agttiende eeu danksy die binnelandse vraag na <a href="/wiki/Suiker" title="Suiker">suiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tee" title="Tee">tee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak">tabak</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie">koffie</a> uit Amerika en <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a> asook hout uit Noord-Europa (verbruikersgoedere wat vervolgens ook na die vasteland van Europa uitgevoer is) en die beskermde oorsese markte vir Britse uitvoergoedere in die kolonies in Noord-Amerika en Afrika in 'n ongekende mate uitgebrei, en dit was veral Londen wat voordeel uit hierdie handel kon trek. As magtigste seemoondheid ter wêreld kon Groot-Brittanje sy koloniale handelsbetrekkinge ook ná die verlies van Amerika uitbrei, so onder meer na Kanada, Wes-Indië en Indië. </p><p>Londen het sy ekonomiese welvaart destyds onder meer aan sogenaamde koloniale goedere te danke gehad – naas voedsel en dranke het ook <a href="/wiki/Katoen" title="Katoen">katoen</a>, kleurstowwe en gekleurde en bedrukte tekstiele 'n belangrike rol gespeel. Die <i>Royal Exchange</i> was die ekonomiese middelpunt van Londen waar handelaars en gespesialiseerde makelaars byeengekom het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Londen_as_Wêreldstad"><span id="Londen_as_W.C3.AAreldstad"></span>Londen as Wêreldstad</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Olympic_Park,_London,_16_April_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Olympic_Park%2C_London%2C_16_April_2012.jpg/220px-Olympic_Park%2C_London%2C_16_April_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Olympic_Park%2C_London%2C_16_April_2012.jpg/330px-Olympic_Park%2C_London%2C_16_April_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Olympic_Park%2C_London%2C_16_April_2012.jpg/440px-Olympic_Park%2C_London%2C_16_April_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Koningin Elizabeth Olimpiese Park</a> in die Laer Lea-vallei, een van die vlagskipprojekte van stadsvernuwing in die ooste van Londen, het naby die historiese sentrum van die stadsdeel Stratford ontstaan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_(14764524389).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_%2814764524389%29.jpg/220px-Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_%2814764524389%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_%2814764524389%29.jpg/330px-Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_%2814764524389%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_%2814764524389%29.jpg/440px-Canary_Wharf_after_sunset_%2814764524389%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Kantoorgeboue in <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg/220px-London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg/330px-London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg/440px-London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Die middestad in April 2014, soos gesien vanuit 'n <a href="/wiki/Warmlugballon" title="Warmlugballon">warmlugballon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/d/de/Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG/220px-Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/d/de/Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG/330px-Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/d/de/Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG/440px-Uitsig_oor_die_middestad_van_Londen_vanaf_Parliament_Hill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Uitsig oor die middestad van Londen vanaf <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill,_Londen" title="Parliament Hill, Londen">Parliament Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Londen kan al meer as twee en 'n half eeue lank aanspraak op die status van wêreldstad maak nadat Groot-Brittanje vanaf die laat 18de eeu tot 'n politieke en ekonomiese <a href="/wiki/Groot_moondheid" title="Groot moondheid">groot moondheid</a> ontwikkel het. Groot dele van die wêreld is as deel van die Britse Ryk vanuit Londen oorheers en geadministreer. Maar selfs ná die val van die Britse Ryk in die dekades ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het die Britse metropool daarin geslaag om sy status as globale stad te handhaaf en is sy rol as episentrum van die wêreldekonomie deur die proses van globalisering nog verstewig. </p><p>Die opening van die sogenaamde Euromarkte in die 1960's was 'n eerste stap in die rigting van ekonomiese modernisering in die <i>City of London</i>. Veral sedert die middel van die 1980's het Londen as gevolg ekonomiese prosesse en besluite soos die deregulasie van finansiële markte ingrypend verander nadat talle buitelandse banke en ander finansiële ondernemings hulle in die Britse hoofstad gevestig het. Londen het sedert 1986 – die jaar waarin met die liberalisering van die Londense effektebeurs begin is – naas New York en Tokio tot een van die drie belangrikste finansiële sentrums ter wêreld ontwikkel. Meer as 500 banke het hulle hoofkwartier in die stad, waaronder ook <i>The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation</i>, die grootste Europese bank. </p><p>Alhoewel die Verenigde Koninkryk nie self lid is van die sogenaamde Europese Unie en die Eurosone nie, hanteer Londen se banke meer transaksies in <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> as enige stad op die Europese vasteland. Naas finansies het ook ander bedrywe in die tersiêre sektor in hierdie tydperk sterk groei getoon, terwyl nywerhede minder belangrik geword het. 'n Aantal verlate nywerheidsterreine, sogenaamde <i>brownfields</i>, getuig nog van hierdie proses van deïndustrialisering. </p><p>Vervaardigingsbedrywe speel 'n steeds minder belangrike rol in Londen se ekonomie en het tans nog sowat 'n tiende van alle werknemers in diens. Uitgewerye en drukkerye is die grootste werkgewers in die produserende sektor, met 'n kwart van hierdie sektor se werksgeleenthede in dié bedryf. 'n Derde van die totale industriële produksie word deur hulle opgelewer. </p><p>Die plaaslike hoëtegnologiebedryf het hom op elektroniese en farmaseutiese produkte toegespits. Die ligte nywerheidsektor word deur tekstielfabrieke en brouerye oorheers. Baie nywerhede, wat hoofsaaklik in die buitewyke geleë is, toon 'n neiging om hulle buite Londen te hervestig. </p><p>Die ekonomiese veranderings word in Londen se arbeidsmark en die sosiale struktuur van sy beroepsbevolking weerspieël. Dit was veral die hoër middelklas wat voordeel uit die groter aantal gekwalifiseerde werkgeleenthede kon trek. Minder goed opgeleide Londenaars moet 'n heenkome in dié dele van die dienstesektor vind wat met lae lone geassosieer word. Al kan daar vandag nie meer sprake wees van 'n welvarende West End en 'n arm East End nie en het voormalige werkersklasbuurte intussen tot gewilde woonkwartiere vir nuwe elites ontwikkel, kontrasteer in baie stadsdele welvarende kwartiere met dié van lae-inkomstegroepe. </p><p>Die oostelike stadsdele, wat twee eeue lank op nywerhede en die hawe gesteun het, het sedert die 1980's hul oorspronklike werkersklaskarakter toenemend kwytgeraak. Stadsvernuwing is deur 'n aantal vlagskipprojekte soos die ontwikkeling van die Lea Valley as die toneel van die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2012" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 2012">Olimpiese Somerspele in 2012</a> teweeg gebring.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trekpleister_vir_toeriste_en_beleggings">Trekpleister vir toeriste en beleggings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Old_Street_Roundabout,_Londen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f3/Old_Street_Roundabout%2C_Londen.jpeg/220px-Old_Street_Roundabout%2C_Londen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f3/Old_Street_Roundabout%2C_Londen.jpeg/330px-Old_Street_Roundabout%2C_Londen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/f/f3/Old_Street_Roundabout%2C_Londen.jpeg/440px-Old_Street_Roundabout%2C_Londen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Na <i>Old Street Roundabout</i> word dikwels as <i>Silicon Roundabout</i> of <i>East London Tech City</i> verwys</figcaption></figure> <p>Nadat visavereistes vir Chinese toeriste deur die Britse regering verslap is, het in 2013 'n rekordgetal van 16,8 miljoen besoekers na Londen gestroom – 'n styging van nege persent teenoor die vorige jaar. Londen het sodoende die gewildste toeristestad ter wêreld geword – nog voor <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> (15,9 miljoen besoekers), Parys (13,9 miljoen) en New York (11,9 miljoen). Volgens die nasionale statistiekburo ONS het toeriste ₤12,7 miljard (€13,7 miljard) vir hul hotelverblyf, restaurantbesoeke, inkopies en toere bestee – meer as die €13,4 miljard wat besoekers in 2013 in New York bestee het.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Londen se aantreklike eiendomsmark, wat goeie waarde vir 'n belegging bied, en relatief lae belastingtariewe wek die belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers. Veral welvarende sakelui uit die Russiese Federasie, die Nabye en die <a href="/wiki/Midde-Ooste" title="Midde-Ooste">Midde-Ooste</a> asook ander dele van Asië belê miljoene in eiendomme en stig nuwe ondernemings in die Britse hoofstad. Terwyl die sogenaamde <i>Silicon Roundabout</i> ('n bynaam vir <i>Old Street Roundabout</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Shoreditch" title="Shoreditch">Shoreditch</a>, waar baie Britse internet-ondernemings saamgetrek is, intussen ook aantreklik geword het vir buitelandse ondernemings uit die hoëtegnologiebedryf, belê ondernemings uit die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a> miljarde in nuwe bouprojekte. </p><p>Chinese beleggers was in Mei 2014 by projekte ter waarde van meer as ₤3 miljard betrokke, waaronder die historiese Royal Albert Docks wat deur die Chinese maatskappy <i>ABP</i> in 'n moderne besigheidspark omgeskep word, en 'n nuwe hotel in Nine Elms, wat deur die Chinese <i>Wanda</i>-groep teen 'n koste van ₤700 miljoen opgerig word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Londense_ekonomie_en_kultuurbedryf_ná_die_Brexit-referendum"><span id="Die_Londense_ekonomie_en_kultuurbedryf_n.C3.A1_die_Brexit-referendum"></span>Die Londense ekonomie en kultuurbedryf ná die Brexit-referendum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg/220px-London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg/330px-London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg/440px-London_-_The_Gherkin_%26_Canary_Wharf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Londen se hoogs ontwikkelde finansiële netwerk is nie beperk tot indrukwekkende kantoortorings nie. Die foto wys <i>The Gherkin (30 St Mary Axe)</i> (op die voorgrond) en Canary Wharf (in die agtergrond)</figcaption></figure> <p>Op 23 Junie 2016 het 'n algehele meerderheid van Britse kiesers (51,9 persent) hulle teen die Verenigde Koninkryk se voortgesette lidmaatskap in die Europese Unie uitgespreek. Al het kiesers in Londen merendeels (met sowat 60 persent) ten gunste van die status quo gestem (in kiesafdelings in die middestad is die hoogste persentasies stemme ten gunste van 'n voortgesette lidmaatskap aangeteken<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), sal Londen se ekonomie – en hier veral die banksektor – deur die sogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> geraak word. So het sommige banke gedreig om werkgeleenthede na die Europese vasteland uit te plaas, terwyl ook beleggers besorgd is oor die Britse finansiële bedryf se ekonomiese vooruitsigte aangesien dit dreig om die sogenaamde EU-paspoort vir finansiële instellings te verloor – die reg vir banke en ander instellings met setel in Londen om finansiële produkte, wat aan EU-regulasies onderworpe is, in die hele Europese Unie aan te bied. </p><p>Londen se finansiële sektor het egter in die vroeë 21ste eeu 'n merkwaardige transformasie ondergaan. Die Britse hoofstad is een van min finansiële spilpunte in Europa waar duisende nuwe ondernemings, sogenaamde <i>FinTechs</i> ('n afkorting van <i>financial technology</i>), 'n grootskaalse omwenteling in die bankbedryf begin het. Min van dié ondernemings bied finansiële produkte aan wat aan regulasie onderworpe is. Digitalisering en desentralisering staan sentraal in nuwe sakemodelle waarin tradisionele groot bankondernemings soos Goldman Sachs deur innovatiewe sagteware vervang word. So word na Londen intussen as die "Silicon Valley van die bankbedryf" verwys. 'n Newe-effek van dié datagedrewe omwentelingsproses is die potensiële uitskakeling van bedrieglike transaksies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behalwe sy rol as Europa se finansiële spilpunt, handhaaf Londen hegte ekonomiese en kulturele bande met die Europese vasteland. Meer as 'n vyfde van Europa se grootste ondernemings het hul hoofkwartier in die Britse hoofstad, terwyl ook byna 'n miljoen burgers van EU-lidstate hulle hier gevestig het.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Londen se ontwikkeling tot 'n ekonomiese spilpunt vir Europa het gepaard gegaan met sy reputasie as kulturele sentrum. Volgens Paul Owens, direkteur van die <i>World Cities Cultural Forum</i> (wat gegewens oor meer as dertig metropole op ses vastelande verskaf), is die stad se breë kulturele aanbod ongeëwenaar – nie net vanweë sy omvang nie, maar ook danksy sy verskeidenheid en dinamisme – dit kombineer eersterangse museums, kunsgalerye en ander instellings met 'n media- en vermaakbedryf wat op die wêreldmark gerig is, en 'n groot breinpoel van kreatiewe entrepreneurs en kunstenaars asook 'n florerende naglewe.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2017_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Met 'n mannekragbasis van 'n halfmiljoen, 'n jaarlikse omset van £34 miljard en 'n groeikoers wat twee keer so groot is as dié van die ekonomie as geheel is die kreatiewe bedryf 'n belangrike rolspeler in die hoofstadekonomie. Nogtans is dit aangewese op diversiteit en buitelandse werknemers. Dieselfde geld vir Londen se onderwyssektor wat van die stad die onbestrede Europese spilpunt vir navorsing en akademiese opleiding maak. Londen se veertig universiteite en ander akademiese instellings met altesaam 400 000 studente (waarvan sowat 'n kwart uit die buiteland) dra met 'n jaarlikse omset van £7 miljard by tot die nasionale ekonomie.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2017_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vervoer">Vervoer</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_Underground_–_die_moltreinnetwerk"><span id="London_Underground_.E2.80.93_die_moltreinnetwerk"></span><i>London Underground</i> – die moltreinnetwerk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Metro-Land_(1921).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Metro-Land_%281921%29.png/220px-Metro-Land_%281921%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Metro-Land_%281921%29.png/330px-Metro-Land_%281921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Metro-Land_%281921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Met die bou van moltreinlyne in die buitewyke deur <i>Metropolitan Railway</i> kon Londenaars hul droom van 'n huis in 'n groen voorstad verwesenlik.<br /><br /> <small>Titelblad van die Metro-Land-gids wat in 1921 gepubliseer is</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Underground.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Underground.svg/220px-Underground.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Underground.svg/330px-Underground.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Underground.svg/440px-Underground.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Die moltreinnetwerk se kenteken het ikoniese status bereik</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg/220px-Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg/330px-Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg/440px-Why_London_Underground_is_nicknamed_The_Tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Londen se moltreine het hul bynaam <i>tube</i> aan die kringvormige laeprofieltonnels uit die begintyd van die netwerk te danke</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/220px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/330px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/440px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4452" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>Baker Street-stasie</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg/220px-Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg/330px-Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg/440px-Canary_Wharf_tube_station_night_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Roltrappe in Canary Wharf-stasie</figcaption></figure> <p>Die geskiedenis van Londen se moltreinnetwerk dateer terug tot 1863 toe die eerste ondergrondse spoorlyn ter wêreld, die <i>Metropolitan Railway</i>, met ses stasies tussen Paddington en Farringdon geopen is.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die netwerk het intussen gegroei tot elf lyne met altesaam 270 stasies wat Sentraal-Londen, die voorstede en selfs gebiede buite Groter Londen bedien. </p><p>Die ontwikkeling van Londen tot die leidende wêreldstad in die 19de, 20ste en 21ste eeu sou ondenkbaar gewees het sonder die mobiliteit wat die uitgestrekte moltreinnetwerk aan Londenaars verskaf het. Die grootste deel van moltreinlyne in Sentraal-Londen is reeds in die eerste vyftig jaar danksy die inisiatief van privaat ondernemings voltooi. In dié tyd is die eerste roetes deur arbeiders gebou wat vlak tonnels langs bestaande bogrondse hoofpaaie gegrawe het. Passasierwaens is destyds nog deur <a href="/wiki/Stoomlokomotief" title="Stoomlokomotief">stoomlokomotiewe</a> getrek sodat die moltreinlyne met talle luggate voorsien is waar die rook en stoom kon ontsnap. Waens het aanvanklik ook nog nie oor vensters beskik nie – volgens die beplanners was daar immers niks te sien tussen die stasies nie. </p><p>Eers omstreeks 1900 het die ontwikkeling van elektriese trekkragtoerusting die bou van dieper en groter tonnels in die middestad moontlik gemaak en 'n nuwe uitbreidingsfase vir Londen se moltreinnetwerk ingelui. </p><p>In die volgende vyf dekades het die fokus na die uitbreiding van bestaande lyne tot in die voorstadgebiede verskuif. Baie voorstede het eers ontstaan nadat moltreinlyne voltooi is, en dit was juis spoorwegmaatskappye wat hulle ontwikkeling voortgedryf het. Sodoende het Londen se voorstede die bynaam <i>Metroland</i> gekry. Die verskillende privaat ondernemings, wat elkeen hul eie lyn bedryf het, is in 1933 genasionaliseer en in 'n enkele liggaam, die <i>London Passenger Transport Board</i>, saamgesmelt. </p><p>Die eerste nuwe lyne in Sentraal-Londen het eers sowat sestig jaar later ontstaan. In 1968 is die Victoria-lyn geopen, en elf jaar later het die Jubilee-lyn gevolg. Die laasgenoemde lyn is in 1999 verleng tot by Londen se Docklands – 'n projek wat 'n sentrale rol in die herontwikkeling en groei van die nuwe sakedistrik Canary Wharf in Oos-Londen gespeel het. </p><p>In 2003 het <i>London Underground</i> 'n dogtermaatskappy van <i>Transport for London</i> geword wat in die vroeë 21ste eeu sy ambisieuse en omvattende opknappingsprogram – die <i>Tube Improvement Plan</i> – van stapel gestuur het. Bestaande stasies is omgebou en gemoderniseer, spoorlyne opgegradeer om vinniger en meer betroubare dienste met korter intervalle aan te bied, 'n Ander doelwit, wat in 2014 nog net gedeeltelik verwesenlik is, was die verskaffing van traplose toegang tot stasies om in die behoeftes van rolstoel-passasiers te voorsien. </p><p>Vinnig groeiende passasiersgetalle het daarnaas die volledige herbouing van sekere moltreinstasies in Sentraal-Londen nodig gemaak. In 2013/14 het passasiers altesaam 1,265 miljard ritte onderneem – meer as twee en 'n half keer so veel as die 498 miljoen ritte wat in 1982 onderneem is (toe die getal moltreinpassasiers sy laagste vlak sedert die Tweede Wêreldoorlog bereik het). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Busnetwerk">Busnetwerk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_(LDS_402A),_Parliament_Street,_route_159,_9_December_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_%28LDS_402A%29%2C_Parliament_Street%2C_route_159%2C_9_December_2005.jpg/220px-Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_%28LDS_402A%29%2C_Parliament_Street%2C_route_159%2C_9_December_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_%28LDS_402A%29%2C_Parliament_Street%2C_route_159%2C_9_December_2005.jpg/330px-Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_%28LDS_402A%29%2C_Parliament_Street%2C_route_159%2C_9_December_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_%28LDS_402A%29%2C_Parliament_Street%2C_route_159%2C_9_December_2005.jpg/440px-Arriva_London_Routemaster_bus_RM1145_%28LDS_402A%29%2C_Parliament_Street%2C_route_159%2C_9_December_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Londen se ikoniese Routemaster-busse is lankal buite diens gestel, behalwe vir twee sogenaamde Erfenisroetes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/4a/Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg/220px-Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/4a/Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg/330px-Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/4a/Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg/440px-Kentekens_van_TfL_en_die_City_of_London_by_%27n_bushalte.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Kenteken van TfL se <i>London Bus Services</i> by 'n bushalte in die <i>City of London</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_United_LT149_on_Route_10,_Oxford_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/London_United_LT149_on_Route_10%2C_Oxford_Street.jpg/220px-London_United_LT149_on_Route_10%2C_Oxford_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/London_United_LT149_on_Route_10%2C_Oxford_Street.jpg/330px-London_United_LT149_on_Route_10%2C_Oxford_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/London_United_LT149_on_Route_10%2C_Oxford_Street.jpg/440px-London_United_LT149_on_Route_10%2C_Oxford_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>'n Moderne dubbeldekbus van <i>London United (LT)</i> op die busroete 10 in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toe Londen se openbare vervoerstelsel in 1933 onder die beheer van die <i>London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)</i> gekom het, het die plaaslike busnetwerk Groter Londen en groot dele van aangrensende graafskappe gedek. Dié netwerk is deur 'n uitgebreide trem- en <a href="/wiki/Trolliebus" title="Trolliebus">trolliebusstelsel</a> aangevul. In 1952 is alle tremdienste gestaak, en 'n dekade later het ook Londen se trolliebusse verdwyn. Hulle is deur busroetes vervang.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tussen 1970 en 1984 het <i>London Transport (LT)</i> regstreeks onder die beheer van die Groter Londenraad (<i>Greater London Council</i>) geval wat die uitgebreide busnetwerk aangepas en verklein het. 'n Klein aantal busdienste in verder afgeleë gebiede het egter voortbestaan. </p><p>Met die Wet oor Londen se Streeksvervoer van 1984 (<i>London Regional Transport Act</i>) het die vervoerstelsel onder die beheer van die Britse regering gekom. Om die doeltreffendheid en mededingendheid van die stelsel te verseker, is dogtermaatskappye gestig en privaat diensverskaffers toegelaat. Busdienste buite Londen is in 1985 gedereguleer sodat enige gelisensieerde diensverskaffer aansoek kon doen om 'n bepaalde busroete te bedien, selfs al was daar 'n reeds 'n ander verskaffer op dié roete. </p><p>In dieselfde jaar het <i>London Transport</i> die dogtermaatskappy <i>London Buses Limited (LBL)</i> gestig om sy busdienste te bestuur. Londen se busnetwerk is een van die grootstes en mees toeganklikes ter wêreld. Tans bedien 'n vloot van 8 600 busse sowat 700 roetes met 19 500 bushaltes. Londen se busse vervoer daagliks sowat 6,5 miljoen passasiers – meer as in die hele res van Engeland.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Dogtermaatskappy van <i>Transport for London (TfL)</i>, <i>London Bus Services Ltd</i>, beplan busroetes, lê diensvlakke op roetes vas en hou wag oor die gehalte van dienslewering. Daarnaas val vyftig busstasies en Londen se bushaltes onder sy beheer. Die meeste busroetes word tans deur privaat ondernemings bedien. Die dienskontrakte, wat deur TfL per openbare tender aan hulle toegeken word, word deur <i>London Bus Services</i> bestuur. 'n Klein aantal roetes word op kommersiële basis bedryf deur ondernemings aan wie 'n dienspermit hiervoor toegeken is. </p><p>Na aanleiding van 'n aantal jubileums wat in 2014 gevier is – die ikoniese Routemaster-bus se 60ste, die RT-tipe-bus se 75ste en die wêreld se eerste massavervaardigde bus, die B-tipe of <i>Battle Bus</i> (wat sy naam aan die troepe te danke het wat dit gedurende die Eerste Wêreldoorlog na die frontlinies vervoer het) se 100ste bestaansjaar – het <i>Transport for London</i> en die <i>London Transport Museum</i> dié jaar tot die Jaar van die Bus verklaar. 'n Verskeidenheid uitstallings en ander aktiwiteite het die belangrike rol, wat Londen se busse vir die mobiliteit, sosiale vooruitgang en groeiende ekonomie van die Britse hoofstad gespeel het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lughawens">Lughawens</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:London_airports_rail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/London_airports_rail.png/220px-London_airports_rail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/London_airports_rail.png/330px-London_airports_rail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/London_airports_rail.png/440px-London_airports_rail.png 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Heathrow is die enigste van Londen se vyf lughawens wat sedert 1977 per moltrein (<i>Piccadilly Line</i>) bereik kan word. Die ander lughawens word per trein of bus met die middestad verbind</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Britse hoofstad is een van die grootste lugspilpunte ter wêreld en word deur altesaam vyf lughawens bedien ('n verdere lughawe, <a href="/wiki/Lughawe_Londen-Southend" title="Lughawe Londen-Southend">London Southend</a>, is oos van die metropool geleë). Saam hanteer hulle meer passasiers en bedien hulle meer internasionale roetes as enige ander lugspilpunt. </p><p>Behalwe vir <a href="/wiki/Lughawe_Londen-Heathrow" title="Lughawe Londen-Heathrow">Heathrow</a> en <a href="/wiki/London_City-lughawe" title="London City-lughawe">London City Airport</a> is alle lughawens buite Groter Londen geleë. Heathrow is tans die wêreld se besigste lughawe waar die bestaande kapasiteit al jare lank oorbelas word, terwyl die meeste internasionale roetes vanaf <a href="/wiki/Lughawe_Londen-Gatwick" title="Lughawe Londen-Gatwick">Gatwick</a> bedien word. <a href="/wiki/Lughawe_Londen-Stansted" title="Lughawe Londen-Stansted">Stansted</a> is 48 km noordoos van Londen. Die <i>Not For Tourists Guide to London 2015</i> is allesbehalwe gaande oor Luton-lughawe: <i>"...calling Luton Airport an 'Airport' is pushing it: the reality is it's one huge shit pit that airplanes depart and arrive from occasionally."</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strawwe mededinging het 'n soort paradys vir Londense toeriste laat ontstaan – hulle betaal tans van die laagste vlugpryse ter wêreld. Dieselfde geld egter – met uitsondering van sekere Europese roetes – nie vir vlugte na Londen nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argitektuur">Argitektuur</h2></div> <p>Londen se unieke argitektoniese erfenis is oor 'n tydperk van meer as 2 000 jaar gevorm. Anders as in die geval van Parys, waar baron Haussmann in opdrag van keiser Napoléon III in die tweede helfte van die 19de eeu groot dele van die middestad herbou het, het monarge en politici hier, wat stadsbeplanning betref, nouliks hul invloed laat geld. So het die inisiatief vir uitbreiding en hernuwing meestal uitgegaan van die privaat sektor. </p><p>'n Stadlandskap volgens die klassieke styl wat sy inspirasie in antieke Griekeland en Rome gevind het, as Barok- en Renaissance-boukuns, maar steeds aangepas is by die Engelse smaak, met elegante pleine en halfmaanvormige gebouekomplekse, het tussen 1600 en 1830 in die West End van Londen ontstaan. Middeleeuse, Tudor- en Victoriaanse boukuns het hul stempel met kenmerkende ontwerpe op hele stadsbuurte afgedruk, veral in die City of London en die East End. </p><p>Min strukture dateer uit die tyd voor die Groot Brandramp van September 1666, waaronder die oorblyfsels van die 2de eeuse Romeinse stadsmuur, die Londense Tower, die Westminster-abdy, die <i>Groot Saal</i> van Hampton Court (1536) en die argitek Inigo Jones se meesterwerk, <i>Banqueting House</i> in Whitehall.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die laasgenoemde deel een kenmerk met talle ander bekende geboue in Londen en die Britse eilande – dit is van portlandsteen gebou, 'n wit-grys natuursteen wat in steengroewe op Portland-eiland in Dorset ontgin word. Dit is maklik herkenbaar as die boumateriaal vir onder meer die Westminster-paleis, die Londense Tower, die <a href="/wiki/Buckingham-paleis" title="Buckingham-paleis">Buckingham-paleis</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a> en die Bank van Engeland-gebou. </p> <dl><dt>Renaissance en Barok</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Banqueting_House_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banqueting_House_London.jpg/220px-Banqueting_House_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banqueting_House_London.jpg/330px-Banqueting_House_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banqueting_House_London.jpg/440px-Banqueting_House_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Inigo Jones: <i>Banqueting House</i>, Whitehall-paleis</figcaption></figure> <p>Inigo Jones, 'n boorling van Smithfield, was 'n baanbreker vir die gesofistikeerde Italiaanse Renaissance-boukuns en die elegante simmetrie wat kenmerkend vir boumeesters soos Andrea Palladio was. Jones het met sy ontwerpe 'n belangrike rol by die ontwikkeling van Covent Garden gespeel, veral met sy Piazza (1631–1639) en Londen se eerste twee geboue in die Palladiaanse styl, <i>Banqueting House</i> (1619–1622) en <i>Queen's House</i> in Greenwich. </p><p>Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), wat sy wetenskaplike opleiding aan die Universiteit van Oxford ontvang het, is ná die Groot Brandramp as direkteur-generaal vir die heropbou van Londen benoem. Hy staan vandag veral bekend vir sy sakrale boukuns. Die torings van sy kerke vorm die raamwerk vir 'n uitsig oor die middestad waarin die koepel van die St. Paul's-katedraal – 'n gestandaardiseerde weergawe van sy beroemde eweknie in Rome, die Sint Pieterskerk, wat aan St. Paulus as beskermheilige van Londen gewy is – sentraal staan. Wren het vir sy ontwerpe gebruik gemaak van klassieke Renaissance-elemente wat in Londen se middeleeuse stadskern ingepas moes word. </p><p>Wren het daarnaas ook 'n aantal wêreldlike geboue ontwerp soos die <i>Royal Naval Hospital</i> in Greenwich (1696–1702) en die Koninklike Hospitaal in Chelsea (1681–1691). Wren het naas sy assistent Nicholas Hawksmoor, wat 'n aantal kerkgeboue soos St. Mary Woolnoth (1716–1724) geskep het, ook invloed op ander argitekte soos James Gibbs, 'n leidende verteenwoordiger van die Engelse Barokstyl, uitgeoefen wat met St. Martin-in-the-Fields (1722–1726) 'n geslaagde kombinasie van Renaissance- en Barokelemente geskep het. Sy toring kontrasteer met die hoofgebou wat op 'n antieke tempel lyk. </p> <dl><dt>Georgiaanse periode</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG/220px-Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG/330px-Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG/440px-Carlton_House_Terrace_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Carlton House Terrace</figcaption></figure> <p>In die Georgiaanse periode het boumeesters die reëls en konvensies van klassieke boukuns hervat, soos uit die ontwerp vir die Palladiaanse Chiswick-huis (1725–1729) blyk. Die tuin vir hierdie gebou, wat in die gelyknamige voormalige dorp aan die Teemsoewer ontstaan het, is deur William Kent geskep. </p><p>Kenmerkend vir hierdie stylperiode is die Georgiaanse terrashuise waarmee Robert Adam (1728–1792) bekendheid verwerf het. Sy ontwerpe deel elegante fasades as hul unieke stylelement. Die <i><a href="/wiki/Regency" title="Regency">Regency</a></i>-argitek John Nash (1752–1835) het dié elemente in die laat Georgiaanse tydperk ingespan om 'n elegante voorkoms aan die stadsbeeld van die middestad te gee. Sy mees ambisieuse plan het voorsiening gemaak vir 'n <i>Royal Mile</i> ("Koninklike Myl") wat vanuit die prins-regent se woning in Carlton-huis tot <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a> sou strek. <i>Carlton House Terrace</i> (1827–1832) en <i>Park Crescent</i> (1812–1822) in <a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a> gee steeds 'n indruk van sy visie wat later, in die 1820's en 1830's, deur Thomas Cubitt se terrashuise en halfmaanvormige strukture in Belgravia en Chelsea voortgesit is. </p> <dl><dt>Victoriaanse periode</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/220px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/330px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/440px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8466" data-file-height="7140" /></a><figcaption>St. Pancras-stasie, soos gesien vanaf Euston-straat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cabot_Square,_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cabot_Square%2C_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg/220px-Cabot_Square%2C_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cabot_Square%2C_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg/330px-Cabot_Square%2C_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cabot_Square%2C_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg/440px-Cabot_Square%2C_Canary_Wharf_-_June_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>Cabot Square, Canary Wharf</figcaption></figure> <p>Die morele waardes van die <a href="/wiki/Victoriaanse_tydperk" title="Victoriaanse tydperk">Victoriaanse tydperk</a> is in 'n aantal kerkagtige ontwerpe soos dié vir die <i>Houses of Parliament</i> (Parlementsgebou) weerspieël wat tussen 1840 en 1850 volgens planne van Sir Charles Barry en Augustus Pugin ontstaan het. Die Victoriaanse styl, wat later as <i>Gothic Revival</i> (Gotiese Herlewing) bekend sou staan, het nogtans ook fantasievolle elemente ingesluit soos uit sy Sir Gilbert Scott se ontwerp vir St. Pancras-stasie met sy toringspitse (1868–1874) blyk. </p><p>Die regentskap van koningin Victoria was daarnaas 'n tydperk van tegnologiese vooruitgang en asemberowende prestasies – en die begin van die spoorwegtydperk. Siviele ingenieurs het 'n beslissende rol by die ontwerp van strukture soos Paddington-stasie (1850–1854) gespeel. Gietyster en glas was gewilde boumateriale vir geboue soos Decimus Burton se konservatorium in Kew Gardens (1844–1848). </p> <dl><dt>20ste en 21ste eeu</dt></dl> <p>Baie voorbeelde van 20ste eeuse argitektuur het nie onmiddellik byval gevind by die publiek nie, maar is eers dekades later gewaardeer soos die industriële boukuns van die 1920's en 1930's wat strukture soos die Art Deco-<a href="/wiki/Hoover-gebou" title="Hoover-gebou">Hoover-fabriek</a> in Western Avenue, Perivale en die Battersea-kragsentrale (1939) opgelewer het. Berthold Lubetkin (1901–1990), 'n Russiese emigrant, het die ontwerpgroep <i>Tecton</i> in die lewe geroep wat onder meer deur Le Corbusier vir hul behuisingskompleks <i>Highpoint Flats</i> (1936) in <a href="/wiki/Highgate" title="Highgate">Highgate</a>, 'n voorbeeld van <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Styl" title="Internasionale Styl">Internasionale Styl-boukuns</a>, geprys is. </p><p>Na-oorlogse projekte in Londen was dikwels omstrede, soos Richard Seifert se veelverdieping-kantoorgebou <i>Centre Point</i> (1966) in Oxford-straat en Denys Lasdun se <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a></i> (1967–1977) wat deel uitmaak van die South Bank-kompleks. In sommige dele van die stadsgebied is daar beperkings ten opsigte van die aantal verdiepings van nuwe projekte sodat die uitsig op bekende bakens soos St. Paul's-katedraal en ander historiese geboue nie belemmer word nie. </p><p>Nogtans het ook in die historiese middestad 'n aantal wolkekrabbers ontstaan soos die Lloyd's-gebou, Richard Rogers se gewaagde futuristiese hoofkwartier vir die assuransie-maatskappy <i>Lloyd's of London</i>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster" title="Norman Foster">Norman Foster</a> se <i><a href="/wiki/30_St_Mary_Axe" title="30 St Mary Axe">30 St Mary Axe</a></i>, wat intussen 'n ikoniese simbool van Londen geword het; en <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> se <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a></i> (2012) wat met 72 verdiepings tans die rekord vir die hoogste gebou in Europa hou. Buite die City of London is wolkekrabbers veral in Londen se tweede belangrikste finansiële distrik <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> opgerig. </p><p>Ander bekende voorbeelde van moderne argitektuur in Londen sluit <i>City Hall</i> in Southwark, die Britse Biblioteek (<i>British Library</i>) in Somers Town/Kings Cross en die O<small>2</small> Arena aan die Teemsoewer oos van Canary Wharf in. Die aantal veelverdiepinggeboue in aanbou en beplande projekte het volgens navorsing deur die forum <i>New London Architecture</i> en die eiendomskonsultante GL Hearn in 2018 'n nuwe rekordvlak bereik. 510 nuwe torings met meer as twintig verdiepings was in 2018 in die beplanningsfase. 155 was reeds in aanbou.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>22 Bishopsgate</i>, wat oorspronklik die bynaam <i>the Pinnacle</i> en later, nadat boubedrywighede tydelik gestaak is, <i>the Stump</i> genoem is die hoogste wolkekrabber in die <i>City of London</i> wees met 62 verdiepings en 'n hoogte van 278 meter. Dit sal na verwagting gedurende die 2020's verbygesteek word deur <i>1 Undershaft</i>, ook bekend onder sy bynaam <i>the Trellis</i>, met 'n hoogte van 290 meter. Twee van Europa se hoogste residensiële toringgeboue sal na verwagting in 2020 voltooi wees – die <i>Landmark Pinnacle</i> op die eiland Isle of Dogs (met 233 meter) en die <i>Spire London</i>, eweneens in Canary Wharf, met 235 meter. </p><p>Rekenaargesteunde ontwerp gee nuwe moontlikhede aan argitekte wie se geboue nie meer beperk moet bly tot die ou tekenbord se strukture met regte hoeke nie. Laat 20ste en vroeë 21ste eeuse boukuns word gekenmerk deur oopheid en ligtheid, nuwe materiale en kleurvolle fasades. </p> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Highpoint_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highpoint I (1935)"><img alt="Highpoint I (1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Highpoint_detail.jpg/80px-Highpoint_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Highpoint_detail.jpg/120px-Highpoint_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Highpoint_detail.jpg/160px-Highpoint_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Highpoint_I" title="Highpoint I">Highpoint I</a> (1935)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Centre_Point_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Centre Point (1966)"><img alt="Centre Point (1966)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Centre_Point_London.jpg/66px-Centre_Point_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Centre_Point_London.jpg/100px-Centre_Point_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Centre_Point_London.jpg/133px-Centre_Point_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Centre Point (1966)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:National_Theatre,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Theatre (1976)"><img alt="National Theatre (1976)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_Theatre%2C_London.jpg/120px-National_Theatre%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_Theatre%2C_London.jpg/180px-National_Theatre%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_Theatre%2C_London.jpg/240px-National_Theatre%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> (1976)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lloyd%27s-gebou,_Londen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lloyd's-gebou (1978–86)"><img alt="Lloyd's-gebou (1978–86)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/7/7a/Lloyd%27s-gebou%2C_Londen.jpg/67px-Lloyd%27s-gebou%2C_Londen.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/7/7a/Lloyd%27s-gebou%2C_Londen.jpg/101px-Lloyd%27s-gebou%2C_Londen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/7/7a/Lloyd%27s-gebou%2C_Londen.jpg/135px-Lloyd%27s-gebou%2C_Londen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lloyd's-gebou (1978–86)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="30 St Mary Axe (2004)"><img alt="30 St Mary Axe (2004)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg/87px-30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg/131px-30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg/175px-30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="3607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/30_St_Mary_Axe" title="30 St Mary Axe">30 St Mary Axe</a> (2004)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_O2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="O2 Arena (2007)"><img alt="O2 Arena (2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_O2.jpg/120px-The_O2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_O2.jpg/180px-The_O2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_O2.jpg/240px-The_O2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">O<small>2</small> Arena (2007)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="7 More London Riverside (2010)"><img alt="7 More London Riverside (2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/120px-7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/180px-7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-7_More_London_Riverside_at_dusk%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="4674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">7 More London Riverside (2010)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shard (2012)"><img alt="The Shard (2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_%281%29.jpg/79px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_%281%29.jpg/118px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_%281%29.jpg/158px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_The_Shard_at_Sunset_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="3417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a> (2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:City_skyline_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="22 Bishopsgate, die hoogste wolkekrabber in die City of London"><img alt="22 Bishopsgate, die hoogste wolkekrabber in die City of London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/City_skyline_2020.jpg/120px-City_skyline_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/City_skyline_2020.jpg/180px-City_skyline_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/City_skyline_2020.jpg/240px-City_skyline_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">22 Bishopsgate, die hoogste wolkekrabber in die <i>City of London</i></div> </li> </ul></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div> <p>Londen is die eerste stad wat reeds drie keer <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele" title="Olimpiese Somerspele">Olimpiese Somerspele</a> aangebied het: <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1908" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1908">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1948" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1948">1948</a> en <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2012" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 2012">2012</a>. Daarbenewens het Londen ook twee keer as gasheer van <a href="/wiki/Statebondspele" title="Statebondspele">Statebondspele</a> opgetree: in 1911 (destyds Inter-Ryk Kampioenskappe genoem) en 1934. </p><p>In Londen vind sedert 1981 elke jaar die <a href="/wiki/Londen-maraton" title="Londen-maraton">Londen-maraton</a> plaas, volgens prysgelde, wentye en aantal deelnemers een van die belangrikste <a href="/wiki/Maraton" title="Maraton">maratons</a> ter wêreld. </p><p><i>The Boat Race</i> tussen die roerspanne van die <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Oxford" title="Universiteit van Oxford">Universiteit van Oxford</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Cambridge" title="Universiteit van Cambridge">Universiteit van Cambridge</a> is een van die mees tradisionele wedstryde ter wêreld en word sedert 1856 op die Londense Teems aangebied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krieket">Krieket</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg/220px-Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg/330px-Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg/440px-Twickenham_Stadium_-_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4447" /></a><figcaption>Binnekant van Twickenham, die wêreld se grootste rugbystadion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lord%27s_today.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lord%27s_today.jpg/220px-Lord%27s_today.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lord%27s_today.jpg/330px-Lord%27s_today.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lord%27s_today.jpg/440px-Lord%27s_today.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Lord's word <i>tuiste van krieket</i> genoem<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/330px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/440px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Binnekant van Wembley, die VK se grootste stadion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Centre_Court,_28_March_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Centre_Court%2C_28_March_2012.jpg/220px-Centre_Court%2C_28_March_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Centre_Court%2C_28_March_2012.jpg/330px-Centre_Court%2C_28_March_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Centre_Court%2C_28_March_2012.jpg/440px-Centre_Court%2C_28_March_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Centre Court by Wimbledon. Die Wimbledon-kampioenskap is die oudste tennistoernooi in die wêreld<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Londen beskik oor twee <a href="/wiki/Krieket" title="Krieket">krieketvelde</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord%E2%80%99s" title="Lord’s">Lord’s</a> (tuisveld van Middlesex C.C.C.) en <a href="/wiki/The_Oval_(Londen)" title="The Oval (Londen)">The Oval</a> (tuisveld van Surrey C.C.C.). Albei stadions is in die 19de eeu opgerig. Lord’s het al vyf eindstryde van die <a href="/wiki/Krieketw%C3%AAreldbeker" title="Krieketwêreldbeker">Krieketwêreldbekertoernooi</a> aangebied (in <a href="/wiki/Krieketw%C3%AAreldbeker_1975" title="Krieketwêreldbeker 1975">1975</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krieketw%C3%AAreldbeker_1979" title="Krieketwêreldbeker 1979">1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krieketw%C3%AAreldbeker_1983" title="Krieketwêreldbeker 1983">1983</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krieketw%C3%AAreldbeker_1999" title="Krieketwêreldbeker 1999">1999</a> en <a href="/wiki/Krieketw%C3%AAreldbeker_2019" title="Krieketwêreldbeker 2019">2019</a>), meer as enige ander krieketveld.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Engelse_nasionale_krieketspan" title="Engelse nasionale krieketspan">Engeland</a> het hier op 14 Julie 2019 sy eerste krieketwêreldbeker ooit ingepalm, nadat hulle in 'n gelykop <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Seelandse_nasionale_krieketspan" title="Nieu-Seelandse nasionale krieketspan">Nieu-Seeland</a> volgens aantal grenshoue geklop het. Beide Lord’s en The Oval is tydens die <a href="/wiki/T20I-w%C3%AAreldbeker_2009" title="T20I-wêreldbeker 2009">T20I-wêreldbeker 2009</a> ingespan. Daarbenewens het The Oval wedstryde tydens die <a href="/wiki/Kampioenetrofee" title="Kampioenetrofee">Kampioenetrofeë</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampioenetrofee_2004" title="Kampioenetrofee 2004">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampioenetrofee_2013" title="Kampioenetrofee 2013">2013</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kampioenetrofee_2017" title="Kampioenetrofee 2017">2017</a> aangebied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3></div> <p>Van Londen se bekende <a href="/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby">rugbyspanne</a> sluit in Harlequins en Saracens. Internasionale wedstryde word op <a href="/wiki/Twickenham-stadion" title="Twickenham-stadion">Twickenham</a> gespeel. Die eindstryd van die <a href="/wiki/Rugbyw%C3%AAreldbeker_2015" title="Rugbywêreldbeker 2015">Rugbywêreldbeker 2015</a> tussen die <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a> van <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Seeland" title="Nieu-Seeland">Nieu-Seeland</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Wallabies" title="Wallabies">Wallabies</a> van <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a> is hier op 31 Oktober beslis en deur die verdedigende kampioen Nieu-Seeland met 34–17 gewen. Ander wedstryde soos die bronseindstryd tussen die <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> en <a href="/wiki/Argentynse_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Argentynse nasionale rugbyspan">Argentinië</a> wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Springbokke" title="Springbokke">Springbokke</a> met 24–13 gewen is, is daarbenewens in die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Stadion_(Londen)" title="Olimpiese Stadion (Londen)">Olimpiese Stadion</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Wembley-stadion" title="Wembley-stadion">Wembley-stadion</a> gehou. Twickenham word tydens die <a href="/wiki/Sesnasies-toernooi" title="Sesnasies-toernooi">Sesnasies-toernooi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Engelse_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Engelse nasionale rugbyspan">Engeland</a> se tuisstadion ingespan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sokker">Sokker</h3></div> <p>Van die Engelse <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> se suksesvolste <a href="/wiki/Sokker" title="Sokker">sokkerspanne</a> is in Londen gebaseer. Ses van die 20 spanne wat in die 2014–2015 seisoen in die Premier League gespeel het kom van Londen. Hierdie spanne is: <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_FC" title="Chelsea FC">Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur" title="Tottenham Hotspur">Tottenham Hotspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United" title="West Ham United">West Ham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers" title="Queens Park Rangers">Queens Park Rangers</a> en Crystal Palace. Tweedeliga spanne Charlton Athletic en Fulham is ook van Londen afkomstig. Die bekendste sokkerstadion is <a href="/wiki/Wembley-stadion" title="Wembley-stadion">Wembley</a>, waar die eindstryd van die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1966" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966</a> tussen <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wes-Duitsland" title="Wes-Duitsland">Wes-Duitsland</a> gespeel is wat deur die gasheer gewen is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennis">Tennis</h3></div> <p>Tussen einde Junie en die begin van Julie word vir twee weke die oudste belangrike en mees prestigeryke kampioenskap in <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> aangebied: Die <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon-kampioenskap" title="Wimbledon-kampioenskap">Wimbledon-kampioenskap</a>. Dit vorm saam met die <a href="/wiki/Australiese_Ope_(tennis)" title="Australiese Ope (tennis)">Australiese Ope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franse_Ope" title="Franse Ope">Franse Ope</a> en <a href="/wiki/VSA_Ope_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA Ope (tennis)">VSA Ope</a> die vier "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a>"-toernooie van elke jaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Susterstede">Susterstede</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_London">Greater London</h3></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Vlag van Colombia"><img alt="Vlag van Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Maleisi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Maleisië"><img alt="Vlag van Maleisië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maleisi%C3%AB" title="Maleisië">Maleisië</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Vlag van Chili"><img alt="Vlag van Chili" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago de Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Vlag van Iran"><img alt="Vlag van Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Vlag van Japan"><img alt="Vlag van Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_of_London">City of London</h3></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Algerië"><img alt="Vlag van Algerië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Algerië">Algerië</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Indië"><img alt="Vlag van Indië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moembaai" class="mw-redirect" title="Moembaai">Moembaai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/cgi-bin/findweather/getForecast?query=pws:IGREATER13">"London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Bloomsbury)"</a>. The Weather Underground, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Augustus</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%2C+United+Kingdom+Forecast+%3A+Weather+Underground+%28weather+and+elevation+at+Bloomsbury%29&rft.pub=The+Weather+Underground%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffindweather%2FgetForecast%3Fquery%3Dpws%3AIGREATER13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f">"Population Growth in London, 1939–2015"</a>. <i>London Datastore</i>. Greater London Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428220042/https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 28 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Datastore&rft.atitle=Population+Growth+in+London%2C+1939%E2%80%932015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.london.gov.uk%2Fdataset%2Fpopulation-change-1939-2015%2Fresource%2F0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/Faecher/Ek/BAY/mek/mek/klima/europa/freukl.htm"><i>www.zum.de: Klimadiagramm Kew bei London</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Klaus Zehner en Gerald Wood (reds.): <i>Großbritannien. Geographien eines europäischen Nachbarn</i>. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 2010, bl. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_David_Mills2001" class="citation book cs1">Anthony David Mills (2001). <i>A Dictionary of London Place Names</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-280106-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-280106-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280106-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45406491">45406491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+London+Place+Names&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45406491&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280106-7&rft.au=Anthony+David+Mills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTheodora_Bynon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Theodora Bynon (2016). "London's Name". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>114</b> (3): 281–97. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-968X.12064">10.1111/1467-968X.12064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0079-1636">0079-1636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=London%27s+Name&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-97&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-968X.12064&rft.issn=0079-1636&rft.au=Theodora+Bynon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Mills2001" class="citation book cs1">David Mills (2001). <i>A Dictionary of London Place Names</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-280106-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-280106-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280106-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45406491">45406491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+London+Place+Names&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45406491&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280106-7&rft.au=David+Mills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldweather.org/010/c00032.htm">"Weerinligting vir Londen"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%AAreldmeteorologiese_Organisasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wêreldmeteorologiese Organisasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wêreldmeteorologiese Organisasie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003400/http://www.worldweather.org/010/c00032.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weerinligting+vir+Londen&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldmeteorologiese+Organisasie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldweather.org%2F010%2Fc00032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/?tab=climateTables">Tabel met weergemiddeldes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Rob Humphreys en Judith Bamber: <i>The Rough Guide to London</i>. 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Londen: Routledge 1991, bl. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> City of London in samewerking met die Museum of London en die Worshipful Company of Firefighters: <i>The Great Fire of London</i>. Brosjure sonder jaargetal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Ingrid Nowel: <i>London. 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Besoek op 26 Julie 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Lucy Inglis: <i>Georgian London</i>. London: Penguin Books 2014, bl. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Francis Sheppard: <i>London – A History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998, bl. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls">"Table QS213EW 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 26 Maart 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223092049/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Februarie 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">23 Februarie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+QS213EW+2011+Census%3A+Country+of+birth+%28expanded%29%2C+regions+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fquick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth%2Frft-qs213ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Rainer Eisenschmid: <i>London</i>. Ostfildern: Baedeker 2010, bl. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Peter Sahla: <i>London</i>. Ostfildern: DuMont 2011, bl. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <i>Hello, world</i>. In: <i>The Economist</i>, 30 Junie 2012. Aanlyn beskikbaar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21557524"><i>economist.com</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <i>The Economist</i>, 30 Junie 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/maerkte,did=1067550.html"><i>GTAI Germany Trade and Invest: Britische Baubranche blickt optimistisch in die Zukunft, 20 Augustus 2014</i></a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/green-deal-energy-saving-measures/overview"><i>www.gov.uk: Green Deal. Besoek op 25 Augustus 2014</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11042939/Is-this-the-top-of-the-London-housing-market.html"><i>Is this the top of the London housing market?</i> In: <i>The Telegraph</i>, 19 Augustus 2014. Besoek op 26 Augustus 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150402-can-cities-become-too-big"><i>BBC Future, 3 April 2015: Can a city become too big? Besoek op 3 April 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-36733339"><i>BBC News, 7 Julie 2016: UK economy increasingly reliant on London tax, report finds. Besoek op 7 Julie 2016</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jul/07/london-top-taxpaying-city-uk-report"><i>The Guardian, 7 Julie: London pays almost a third of UK tax, report finds. Besoek op 7 Julie 2016</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> David Kynaston: <i>City of London. The History</i>. Londen: Chatto & Windus 2011. eBoek/Kindle-uitgawe, pos. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Zehner/Wood (2010), bl. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article127826495/London-sticht-jede-andere-Stadt-der-Welt-aus.html"><i>Die Welt, 9 Mei 2014: London sticht jede andere Stadt der Welt aus. Besoek op 9 Mei 2014</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jan/23/post-brexit-london-economic-self-sabotage">Tom Campbell: <i>Can post-Brexit London survive as Europe's cultural and financial capital?</i> In: <i>The Guardian</i>, 23 Januarie 2017. Besoek op 5 Februarie 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/brexit-folgen-frontalangriff-auf-londons-banken-a-1100834.html"><i>www.spiegel.de, 3 Julie 2016: Brexit-Folgen: Frontalangriff auf Londons Banken. Besoek op 5 Julie 2016</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2017-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2017_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2017_34-1">34,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2017_34-2">34,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Campbell (2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/londons-transport-a-history/london-underground"><i>Transport for London – London Underground</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/londons-transport-a-history/london-buses"><i>Transport for London (TfL): London buses. Besoek op 15 September 2014</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/news-articles/2014-is-the-year-of-the-bus"><i>www.tfl.gov.uk – Year of the Bus. Besoek op 26 Julie 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910141659/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/news-articles/2014-is-the-year-of-the-bus">Geargiveer</a> 10 September 2015 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <i>Not For Tourists Guide to London 2015</i>. 7de uitgawe. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing 2015, bl. 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Michael Jackson: <i>London</i>. Londen: Mitchell Beazley 1988, bl. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/18/londons-skyline-soars-with-record-510-tall-buildings-in-pipeline"><i>The Guardian, 18 April 2018: London's skyline soars with record 510 tall buildings in pipeline. Besoek op 18 April 2018</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html">"Lord's"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911140641/http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord%27s&rft.pub=ESPNcricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricinfo.com%2Fengland%2Fcontent%2Fground%2F57129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html">cnn.com: <i>125 years of Wimbledon: From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels</i></a>, 22 Junie 2011, besoek op 5 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/lords-to-host-record-5th-world-cup-final-in-2019-world-cup-14474.html">"Lord's to host record 5th final in 2019 World Cup"</a>. <i>India TV</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707070450/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/lords-to-host-record-5th-world-cup-final-in-2019-world-cup-14474.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Julie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+TV&rft.atitle=Lord%27s+to+host+record+5th+final+in+2019+World+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Fsports%2Fcricket%2Flords-to-host-record-5th-world-cup-final-in-2019-world-cup-14474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susterstede-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-0">44,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-1">44,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-2">44,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-3">44,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-4">44,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-5">44,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-6">44,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-7">44,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-8">44,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_44-9">44,09</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/twin-cities-oxford-cambridge-london/">"The Twin Cities of Oxford, Cambridge and London"</a>. Oxford Royale Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">16 Mei</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Twin+Cities+of+Oxford%2C+Cambridge+and+London&rft.pub=Oxford+Royale+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford-royale.com%2Farticles%2Ftwin-cities-oxford-cambridge-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:London" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:London">Londen</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Londen" class="extiw" title="wikt:Londen">Londen</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Algemeen</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london.gov.uk/">Amptelike webwerf</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londonist.com/"><i>Londonist – Things to see and do in London</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/London">Londen</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/London">"London"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">16 Mei</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLondon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALonden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geskiedenis van Londen</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visit-the-city/our-history/Pages/default.aspx"><i>City of London – Explore Our History</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224012005/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visit-the-city/our-history/Pages/default.aspx">Geargiveer</a> 24 Februarie 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofengland.net/london-history"><i>History of England – London History</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Argitektuur</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.london/about-us"><i>New London Architecture (NLA)</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Media</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkHr3B4-T50"><i>youtube.com – Museum of London: history of the British capital</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Fotogalerye</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://londonfromtherooftops.com/"><i>James Burns: London from the Rooftops 2014</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geographical.co.uk/places/cities/item/3502-unreal-city"><i>Geographical.co.uk: London – the Unreal City: a striking new look at our capital</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Russiese kultuur in Londen</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://20bedfordway.com/news/russian-culture-in-london/"><i>20 Bedford Way – Russian Culture in London</i></a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hoofstede_in_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Europa"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Hoofstede_in_Europa" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Hoofstede in Europa"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Europa&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hoofstede_in_Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">onafhanklike lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bakoe" title="Bakoe">Bakoe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belgrado" title="Belgrado">Belgrado</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a> • <a 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href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vatikaanstad" title="Vatikaanstad">Vatikaanstad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warskou" title="Warskou">Warskou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wene" title="Wene">Wene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Nicosia" title="Noord-Nicosia">Lefkoşa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loehansk" title="Loehansk">Loehansk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_(Man)" title="Douglas (Man)">Douglas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Episkopi" title="Episkopi">Episkopi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Olonkinbyen" title="Olonkinbyen">Olonkinbyen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a> • <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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