Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="Explaining former President Donald Trump's gag order in his New York criminal trial, the alleged violations, and the legal framework." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Explaining former President Donald Trump's gag order in his New York criminal trial, the alleged violations, and the legal framework." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-04-25T05:01:28+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-04-25T19:57:39+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-2147934445-scaled-e1713789818736.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2560" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1309" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Norman L. 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Eisen, Karen Agnifilo, Andrew Warren, Jacob Kovacs-Goodman, Siven Watt" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="27 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/27cab6c27cfc8d8e2d6348c448bc329a"},{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/21901e2e9be12d541e706074e7d8e5a3"},{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/84d00524d6babc196cbb305469ae0bed"},{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/366a770a15261fca949e95a2f31f8b9f"},{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/b81e9887bd6b35688fb30e1ef5e0eec4"}],"headline":"Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then","datePublished":"2024-04-25T05:01:28+00:00","dateModified":"2024-04-25T19:57:39+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/"},"wordCount":5961,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-2147934445-scaled-e1713789818736.jpg?fit=2560%2C1309&ssl=1","keywords":["Alvin Bragg","Contempt","courts","criminal trial","Donald Trump","Gag Order","Social Media Platforms"],"articleSection":["Courts","Rule of Law"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/","name":"Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-2147934445-scaled-e1713789818736.jpg?fit=2560%2C1309&ssl=1","datePublished":"2024-04-25T05:01:28+00:00","dateModified":"2024-04-25T19:57:39+00:00","description":"Explaining former President Donald Trump's gag order in his New York criminal trial, the alleged violations, and the legal framework.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-2147934445-scaled-e1713789818736.jpg?fit=2560%2C1309&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-2147934445-scaled-e1713789818736.jpg?fit=2560%2C1309&ssl=1","width":2560,"height":1309,"caption":"NEW YORK, NEW YORK - APRIL 19: Former U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to the media as he exits the courtroom for the day at Manhattan Criminal Court during his trial for allegedly covering up hush money payments on April 19, 2024 in New York City. Former President Trump faces 34 felony counts of falsifying business records in the first of his criminal cases to go to trial. 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Eisen","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/f1c28bc1eb3e6ab7394bcbb0a66835bf","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfa40116cf81d9a50dc822a001d3d55?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfa40116cf81d9a50dc822a001d3d55?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Norman L. Eisen"},"description":"Ambassador Norman Eisen (ret.) (@NormEisen) served as special counsel to the House Judiciary Committee majority during the impeachment proceedings and trial of President Donald J. Trump in 2019 to 2020. Eisen was the U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2014. From January 2009 to January 2011, Eisen worked in the White House as special counsel and special assistant to the president for ethics and government reform. Eisen received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1991 and his B.A. from Brown University in 1985, both with honors. Eisen is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/21901e2e9be12d541e706074e7d8e5a3","name":"Karen Agnifilo","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/84aa0b58ed0e619e790b8cfed85c8788","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0ded06fd88de66845dc806ea66d7b79e?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0ded06fd88de66845dc806ea66d7b79e?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Karen Agnifilo"},"description":"Karen Friedman Agnifilo (@KFAlegal) has a three-decade background in Criminal Justice, litigation, and trials. In private practice since 2021, her practice focuses primarily on criminal defense, both in state and federal courts, from accusation to investigation to arrest and trial. In addition to criminal defense, she also represents plaintiffs in civil and employment matters and individuals in Title IX matters. Her practice also focuses on internal investigations relating to misconduct, discrimination, and sexual assault. She previously served as an Executive, Chief of the Trial Division, and Chief Assistant District Attorney until 2021 at the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office. During her time as the Chief Assistant District Attorney, Ms. Friedman Agnifilo helped re-define the role of a prosecutor’s office in modernizing and reforming the criminal justice system and reducing unnecessary incarceration. As the second in command in the office, she would often serve as Acting District Attorney when the DA was out of town or unavailable. In addition to supervising complex and high-profile cases in the office, she supervised all hiring and personnel related matters including EEOC related claims. She managed a staff of 1500 with a $120 million dollar budget and helped restructure the office and redefine criminal justice policy for New York City. During her tenure, the office ended the prosecution of several crimes of poverty, expanded diversion opportunities, introduced implicit bias analysis and training, and focused on alternatives to incarceration, collateral consequences, and reentry. At the same time, she helped create the Antiquities Trafficking Unit, the Human Trafficking Unit, the Hate Crimes Unit, the Terrorism Unit and the Cyber Crimes Bureau, to name a few. Ms. Friedman Agnifilo worked closely with the press, advocates, and other external groups including the Governor’s office, the Mayor’s Office and the NYPD. She helped to create and participated in the Inside Criminal Justice program within the DA’s Office, partnering prosecutors with incarcerated individuals who are working to re-enter the community. She was instrumental in the creation of the Criminal Justice Investment Initiative which invests in youth, families, and communities, as well as the national Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Elimination Grant Program. During her time with the Manhattan DA’s Office, she participated in two Executive Sessions: Reimagining the Role of the Prosecutor in the 21st Century; and, Adolescents and Young Adults in the Criminal Justice System. She also served as co-chair of the Mayor’s steering committee to help facilitate the closing of Rikers Island and the planning of borough based local jails. Ms. Friedman Agnifilo rejoined the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office in 2010 as Executive ADA and Chief of the Trial Division, leaving her position as General Counsel to the New York City Mayor’s Office’s Criminal Justice Coordinator where she worked for Mayor Mike Bloomberg on issues of criminal justice policy. In that capacity, she managed multi-agency criminal justice policy initiatives and projects, and helped shape New York City’s criminal justice legislative and policy agendas. Her areas of focus have included human trafficking – including serving as the co-chair of the New York City Anti Human Trafficking Task Force, implementing numerous citywide human trafficking initiatives, internet safety, sexual assault, DNA, domestic violence, mental health, technology projects, juvenile justice, identity theft, and fraud. A veteran of the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office, Ms. Friedman Agnifilo previously served for 14 years as an Assistant District Attorney, including four years as Deputy Chief of the Sex Crimes Unit. She also served in the Homicide Investigation Unit, the Family Violence and Child Abuse Bureau, and the Asian Gang Unit. She is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/agnifilokaren/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/84d00524d6babc196cbb305469ae0bed","name":"Andrew Warren","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/963dbd55ead281ae807baa6cb2ced150","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4d4beeeef32c5d24a0d96ba1d32befe?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4d4beeeef32c5d24a0d96ba1d32befe?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Andrew Warren"},"description":"Andrew Warren (@AndrewWarrenFL) has served as the duly-elected State Attorney in Tampa, Florida since 2016. In August of 2022 during his second term, Gov. Ron DeSantis suspended Warren for speaking out against laws criminalizing abortion and discriminating against transgender Americans. In January of 2023, a federal court found that the suspension violated the U.S. and Florida Constitutions but said it lacked the jurisdiction to reinstate him. Warren appealed the decision, which remains ongoing. Warren previously served as a federal prosecutor with the U.S. Department of Justice.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/366a770a15261fca949e95a2f31f8b9f","name":"Jacob Kovacs-Goodman","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/ded66dc0d6f72f16a219684f6f129f89","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f67450a636cf27ca27256a9ab1b8f6d1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f67450a636cf27ca27256a9ab1b8f6d1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Jacob Kovacs-Goodman"},"description":"Jacob Kovacs-Goodman (@JNKGoodman) is an elections and technology lawyer. He received his JD from Harvard Law School, where he was Executive Editor of the Harvard International Law Journal and a Research Assistant to Professor Laurence Tribe. Prior to law school, he managed online speech policies at Google. He received his BA from Stanford. He is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/b81e9887bd6b35688fb30e1ef5e0eec4","name":"Siven Watt","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/fa3c01406160edacc79941ba64349f4b","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4f5f5e7b459097e1c353141d3b97cdc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4f5f5e7b459097e1c353141d3b97cdc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Siven Watt"},"description":"Siven Watt (@SivenWatt) is a Legal Fellow at Just Security, based at New York University School of Law. He works on issues of accountability, democracy, and the rule of law in the United States. He was project director and a principal drafter of the Mar-a-Lago Model Prosecution Memo, overseeing a team of student staff editors from NYU and Yale law school, and also leads on our regularly updated Trump Trials Clearinghouse and Trump Master Calendar. In 2020-2021, he served as an Associate Editor of Just Security and in that capacity was responsible for producing the Early Edition, a curated summary of national and global news implicating U.S. national security, democracy, and rights. He is based in the U.K. and U.A.E. and was called to the Bar of England and Wales in 2023, having completed his bar studies on a prestigious full-fees scholarship (the Princes of Wales Scholarship) from Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. Previously, Siven received a B.A. in Politics, Philosophy and History from Birkbeck College, University of London, an accelerated graduate LL.B. from the University of Law, before finally being awarded the Lord Blunkett Widening Access Award scholarship to undertake an LL.M. in International Human Rights at the University of Law. He is also on LinkedIn. Siven has a rich human rights background, including as a Senior Legal Fellow at the U.K. human rights organization JUSTICE, working on tackling racial injustice in the criminal youth justice system, improving the parole system of England and Wales, and reforming institutional responses to deaths or other serious incidents where a “systemic pattern of failure” is evident. He also worked as a researcher and assistant to Professor Leslie Thomas K.C. (an English barrister who specializes in inquests, civil liberties, and public law), working on, inter alia, the Grenfell Tower Inquiry and various human rights actions against the state for deaths in custody. Siven also assisted Professor Felicity Gerry K.C., an international lawyer specializing in human trafficking and the law of joint enterprise, on a published piece into cryptocurrency and human trafficking.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/94878\/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-2147934445-scaled-e1713789818736.jpg?fit=2560%2C1309&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/agnifilokaren/" title="Profile and articles by Karen Agnifilo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karen Agnifilo</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a></p><p class="date">April 25, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-94878" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-94878" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-94878" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94878/why-trump-will-likely-be-held-in-contempt-and-what-then/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/alvin-bragg/" rel="tag">Alvin Bragg</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/contempt/" rel="tag">Contempt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/courts/" rel="tag">courts</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/criminal-trial/" rel="tag">criminal trial</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/donald-trump/" rel="tag">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gag-order/" rel="tag">Gag Order</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/" rel="tag">Social Media Platforms</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/agnifilokaren/" title="Profile and articles by Karen Agnifilo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karen Agnifilo</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a></p><p class="date">April 25, 2024</p></div><p><em>Originally published April 22, 2024; updated April 25, 2024</em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trial in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The People of the State of New York vs. Donald J. Trump</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the first-ever criminal prosecution of a former U.S. president, began on Monday, April 15. Although the trial is still in its early stages, Trump has already run into trouble with a court “gag order” restricting his extrajudicial statements about trial participants. On the opening day of trial, the office of District Attorney for New York (DANY) Alvin Bragg </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94DA-mem-of-law-support-motion-Trump-held-in-contempt-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-15-2024-entered-April-16.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sought</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> an order to show cause, alleging that Trump was in contempt of court for violating the gag order. That same day, the court </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Order-requiring-Trump-to-show-cause-as-to-why-he-should-not-be-held-in-contempt-and-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-orderApril152024.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">granted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the order to show cause, meaning that the allegations were sufficient to warrant a hearing, which it set for Tuesday, April 23. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Undaunted, Trump went on to make additional statements that prosecutors allege also violate the gag order. Three days later, on April 18, DANY submitted a </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Supplemental-affirmation-of-Christopher-Conroy-in-support-of-DA-motion-for-contempt-and-sanctions-April-18-2024.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">supplemental filing</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> identifying seven more alleged violations of the gag order. The court issued an </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Second-order-requiring-Trump-show-cause-why-not-in-contempt-and-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-18-2024.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">order</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to show cause the same day, again finding the allegations were sufficient for the hearing to be held on Tuesday.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As if that were not enough, the DA </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/25/nyregion/trump-gag-order-violations.html?smid=url-share"><span style="font-weight: 400;">alleged</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> four new violations on the morning of April 25, in which Trump made extrajudicial statements about not only Cohen, but even the jury and the witness who was about to resume testifying, David Pecker. Prosecutors sought a new order to show cause and as of this writing, the judge is considering whether to sign it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Below we explain the gag order, the alleged violations, and the legal framework. We then assess the strength of the prosecution’s case and what may follow.</span></p> <h3><strong>The Gag Order</strong></h3> <p>In May 2023, the court originally issued a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Just-Security-Hush-Money-New-York-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-Protective-order-social-media-gag-order-May-8-2023.pdf">protective order</a> prohibiting Trump from disclosing on social media or elsewhere any discovery the defense received from the prosecution as well as the names and identifying information of personnel from DANY—other than sworn members of law enforcement, assistant district attorneys and trial witnesses (the latter could be disclosed only once jury selection began). In granting the protective order, Justice Juan Merchan, the presiding trial judge, <a href="https://lawandcrime.com/trump/its-certainly-not-a-gag-order-trump-can-speak-about-criminal-case-if-he-doesnt-spill-sensitive-files-judge-affirms/">explained</a>, “It’s certainly not a gag order,” as Trump was allowed to publicly discuss the case.</p> <p>In February 2024, DANY filed a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Just-Security-NY-2016-Election-Interference-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-State-of-New-York-motion-for-an-order-restricting-Trump-extrajudicial-statements-Feb.-22-2024.pdf">motion</a> seeking a narrowly-tailored gag order to prohibit Trump from making statements outside of court intended to threaten, intimidate or harass jurors, prosecutors, witnesses, or court staff. The motion contended that Trump’s “[a]dvocacy of revenge and retribution against perceived opponents” justified such an order. The motion cataloged Trump’s long history of verbally attacking people involved in legal proceedings against him and his allies, offering examples from this case, the D.C. federal criminal prosecution, the Georgia state prosecution, the NY civil fraud case, and the prosecution of Roger Stone.</p> <p>Trump <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Trump-opposition-to-State-of-New-York-motion-for-an-order-restricting-his-extrajudicial-statements-March-4-2024.pdf">opposed</a> the motion, arguing it would be unconstitutional to restrict his political speech, especially when he is the presumptive Republican nominee for president.</p> <p>On March 26, 2024, the court <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/clearinghouse-manhattan-trump-trial-gag-order.pdf">granted</a>, in substantial part, DANY’s request to restrict Trump’s prejudicial extrajudicial statements. Justice Merchan imposed a narrowly-tailored gag order that prohibits Trump from making or directing others to make public statements about witnesses, DANY counsel and staff (other than DA Bragg) or their families, court staff or their families, and jurors. The gag order closely tracks the <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Just-Security-Jan.-6-D.C.-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-Opinion-and-order-on-limiting-extrajudicial-prejudicial-statements-Oct.-17-2023.pdf">one</a> adopted by the DC Circuit in the federal election interference case against Trump, here with the additional protection for jurors.</p> <p>In granting the motion, Justice Merchan rejected Trump’s argument that as the presumptive Republican nominee for president, he needs to be able to respond to political attacks and “criticize these public figures.” The judge found that Trump’s history of extrajudicial statements “went far beyond defending himself against ‘attacks’ by ‘public figures,’” and included “threatening, inflammatory, denigrating” statements targeting local officials, prosecutors, court staff, and jurors “performing their civic duty.” The court concluded that these types of statements “undoubtedly risk impeding the orderly administration” of the court, with no less restrictive means to guard against that risk short of a limited gag order.</p> <p>The court’s order is consistent with New York and U.S. Supreme Court law which, in order to protect the administration of justice, allows a court <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/1030/">to restrict</a> a party’s extrajudicial speech that is “substantially likely to have a materially prejudicial effect” or that <a href="https://casetext.com/case/broadcasting-co-v-cooperman">presents</a> a “‘reasonable likelihood’ of a serious and imminent threat” to the integrity of the trial.</p> <p>On March 27 at 10:30 am, the morning after the gag order was entered, Trump <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112168131310885618">mentioned</a> Justice Merchan’s daughter in a post on Truth Social in which he criticized the gag order, saying she was “allowed to post pictures of her ‘dream’ of putting me in jail.” One minute later, Trump again <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112168132432855508">posted</a> about the judge’s daughter, saying she “represents Crooked Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, Adam ‘Shifty’ Schiff, and other Radical Liberals.” (It was later <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/06/politics/trump-judge-daughter-attacks-explainer/index.html">determined</a> that Merchan’s daughter had not posted any such image of Trump; the false claim started with a prominent conspiracy theorist.)</p> <p>On March 28, DANY filed a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94-State-of-New-York-pre-motion-letter-to-clarify-gag-order-March-28-2024-entered-March-29.pdf">letter</a> asking for clarification that the gag order, which expressly covered “family members of any counsel or [court] staff,” was also intended to cover members of the judge’s family. Trump <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94-Trump-opposition-to-State-of-New-York-pre-motion-letter-to-clarify-gag-order-March-29-2024-1.pdf">responded</a>, arguing that the gag order should not apply to the judge’s family because his daughter was “actively supporting adversarial campaign speech” by Trump’s political opponents. DANY filed a second <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94State-of-New-York-supplemental-filing-regarding-the-courts-order-limiting-Trump-extrajudicial-statements-April-1-2024.pdf">letter</a> on April 1 asking the court to expand the order if it was determined not to currently cover the judge’s family.</p> <p>Trump made several more posts about Merchan’s daughter in the days that followed, leading to DANY filing another <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94State-of-New-York-supplemental-filing-regarding-the-courts-order-limiting-Trump-extrajudicial-statements-April-1-2024.pdf">brief</a> on April 1 to curb what it described as Trump’s “dangerous, violent, and reprehensible rhetoric.” It wrote:</p> <blockquote><p>There is no constitutional right to target the family of this Court, let alone on the blatant falsehoods that have served as the flimsiest pretexts for defendant’s attacks. Defendant knows what he is doing, and everyone else does too. And we all know exactly what defendant intends because he has said for decades that it is part of his life philosophy to go after his perceived opponents “as viciously and as violently” as he can.</p></blockquote> <p>Trump <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94-Trump-opposition-to-State-of-New-York-motion-to-clarify-March-26-order-limiting-Trump-extrajudicial-statements-April-1-2024.pdf">responded</a>, rehashing arguments he had raised while challenging the existing gag order and rejecting the need for any clarification to cover the court’s family.</p> <p>On April 1, the court <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Order-granting-motion-to-clarify-and-amending-March-26-gag-order-to-include-the-family-members-of-Justice-Merchan-and-DA-Bragg-April-1-2024.pdf">granted</a> the DA’s motion, clarifying the gag order to include the court’s family. The judge wrote:</p> <blockquote><p>[Trump’s] pattern of attacking family members of presiding jurists and attorneys assigned to his cases serves no legitimate purpose. It merely injects fear in those assigned or called to participate in the proceedings, that not only they, but their family members as well are ‘fair game’ for Defendant’s vitriol. … To argue that the most recent attacks, which included photographs, were ‘necessary and appropriate in the current environment,’ is farcical.</p></blockquote> <p>The Court’s April 1 order further stated that Trump was “hereby warned that any violation of this Order will result in sanctions under Judiciary Law §§ 750(A)(3) and 751.”</p> <p>The order now reads:</p> <blockquote><p>ORDERED, that the Court’s Order of March 26, 2024, is amended as indicated below.</p> <p>Defendant is directed to refrain from:</p> <p>a. Making or directing others to make public statements about known or reasonably foreseeable witnesses concerning their potential participation in the investigation or in this criminal proceeding;</p> <p>b. Making or directing others to make public statements about (1) counsel in the case other than the District Attorney, (2) members of the court’s staff and the District Attorney’s staff, or (3) the family members of any counsel, staff member, the Court or the District Attorney, if those statements are made with the intent to materially interfere with, or to cause others to materially interfere with, counsel’s or staff’s work in this criminal case, or with the knowledge that such interference is likely to result; and</p> <p>b. Making or directing others to make public statements about any prospective juror or any juror in this criminal proceeding.</p></blockquote> <h3><strong>Trump’s Alleged Violations of the Gag Order</strong></h3> <p>DANY’s initial April 15 <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94DA-mem-of-law-support-motion-Trump-held-in-contempt-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-15-2024-entered-April-16.pdf">request</a> for an order to show cause—effectively a motion to find Trump in contempt of court—argues that there is “good cause” for believing that three social media postings by Trump (numbers 1-3 below) violate the gag order. DANY argued the statements relate to witness credibility and were made “on the eve of trial” and Trump, with recent knowledge of New York gag orders and their scope, acted willfully and “deliberate[ly] flout[ed]” the Court’s mandate. As a result, DANY sought a finding of contempt and the maximum $1,000 fine for each of Trump’s three violations of the gag order. (As we explain below in discussing the law, that is the maximum amount for the relevant contempt statute; other statutes not relied upon here have different maximum fines.) The prosecutors also asked the court to order Trump to remove the posts, and to warn him that future violations could lead not only to fines but jail time of up to 30 days.</p> <p>Three days later, on April 18, DANY <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Supplemental-affirmation-of-Christopher-Conroy-in-support-of-DA-motion-for-contempt-and-sanctions-April-18-2024.pdf">supplemented</a> its motion for contempt, raising seven more alleged violations of the gag order (numbers 4-10 below). DANY explained the additional (alleged) violations occurred:</p> <p>after this Court issued the order to show cause to hold defendant in criminal contempt; after the Court warned defendant on Monday that there was no exception in the orders allowing defendant to make statements about witnesses who defendant perceives to have attacked him; and after this Court made it “crystal clear” to defendant that it would not “tolerate” his gestures and statements to jurors in the courtroom.</p> <p>The court <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Second-order-requiring-Trump-show-cause-why-not-in-contempt-and-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-18-2024.pdf">issued</a> an order the same day, again finding the allegations were sufficient to warrant addressing at the hearing scheduled for Tuesday, April 23.</p> <p>The 10 posts allegedly made by Trump across his Truth Social and campaign website from April 10 through April 17 that DANY claims violate the gag order are as follows:</p> <p>1. <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94DA-mem-of-law-support-motion-Trump-held-in-contempt-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-15-2024-entered-April-16.pdf"><strong>April 10, 2024, at 10:07 AM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="994" height="914" class="wp-image-94895" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-1.png?resize=994%2C914&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-1.png?w=994&ssl=1 994w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-1.png?resize=300%2C276&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-1.png?resize=768%2C706&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump reposted to his Truth Social a Truth Social post by Michael Avenatti, Stormy Daniels’ former lawyer who was convicted of stealing from her.</li> <li>Avenatti’s post read: “We can’t be hypocrites when it comes to the 1st Amendment. It is outrageous that Cohen and Daniels can do countless TV interviews, post on social, & make $$ on bogus documentaries – all by talking shit about Trump – but he’s gagged and threatened with jail if he responds.”</li> <li>Trump’s repost further added: “Thank you Michael Avenatti—for revealing the truth about two sleaze bags who have, with their lies and misrepresentations, cost our Country dearly!”</li> </ul> <p>2. <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94DA-mem-of-law-support-motion-Trump-held-in-contempt-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-15-2024-entered-April-16.pdf"><strong>April 10, 2024, at 10:48 AM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="998" height="860" class="wp-image-94896" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-2.png?resize=998%2C860&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-2.png?w=998&ssl=1 998w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-2.png?resize=300%2C259&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-2.png?resize=768%2C662&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 998px) 100vw, 998px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump shared on his Truth Social platform a picture of a document titled “Official Statement of Stormy Daniels,” dated Jan. 30, 2018, in which Daniels denied having an affair with Trump: not because she was paid “hush money,” but rather “because it never happened,” the statement read.</li> <li>Trump’s post of the statement was accompanied by the following words by Trump: “LOOK WHAT WAS JUST FOUND! WILL THE FAKE NEWS REPORT IT?”</li> </ul> <p>3. <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94DA-mem-of-law-support-motion-Trump-held-in-contempt-sanctioned-for-violating-gag-order-April-15-2024-entered-April-16.pdf"><strong>April 13, 2024, at 12:56 PM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="1016" height="368" class="wp-image-94897" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-3.png?resize=1016%2C368&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-3.png?w=1016&ssl=1 1016w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-3.png?resize=300%2C109&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-3.png?resize=768%2C278&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Truth Social post by Trump: “Has Mark POMERANTZ been prosecuted for his terrible acts in and out of the D.A.’s Office. Has disgraced attorney and felon Michael Cohen been prosecuted for LYING? Only TRUMP people get prosecuted by this Judge and these thugs! A dark day for our Country. MAGA2024!!!”</li> </ul> <p>4. <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112275405545650590"><strong>April 15, 2024, at 9:12 AM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1010" height="672" class="wp-image-94898" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-4.png?resize=1010%2C672&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-4.png?w=1010&ssl=1 1010w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-4.png?resize=300%2C200&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-4.png?resize=768%2C511&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump reshared to his Truth Social an April 14 <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/04/14/opinion/a-serial-perjurer-will-try-to-prove-an-old-misdemeanor-against-trump-in-an-embarrassment-for-the-new-york-legal-system/">article</a> by Jonathan Turley in the New York Post, titled “A serial perjurer will try to prove an old misdemeanor against Trump in an embarrassment for the New York legal system”</li> </ul> <p>5. <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112275696246863613"><strong>April 15, 2024, at 10:26 AM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1038" height="542" class="wp-image-94899" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-5.png?resize=1038%2C542&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-5.png?w=1038&ssl=1 1038w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-5.png?resize=300%2C157&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-5.png?resize=1024%2C535&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-5.png?resize=768%2C401&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump again reshared to his Truth Social an April 14 <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/04/14/opinion/a-serial-perjurer-will-try-to-prove-an-old-misdemeanor-against-trump-in-an-embarrassment-for-the-new-york-legal-system/">article</a> by Jonathan Turley in the New York Post, titled “A serial perjurer will try to prove an old misdemeanor against Trump in an embarrassment for the New York legal system”</li> </ul> <p>6. <a href="https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/367c85f3-341a-47ce-b080-41120f0b36e3"><strong>April 15, 2024</strong></a></p> <p><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-94907 aligncenter" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Screenshot-2024-04-22-at-12.03.36-PM-e1713801874591.png?resize=715%2C394&ssl=1" alt="" width="715" height="394" /></p> <ul> <li>Trump provided a link to Jonathan Turley’s New York Post <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/04/14/opinion/a-serial-perjurer-will-try-to-prove-an-old-misdemeanor-against-trump-in-an-embarrassment-for-the-new-york-legal-system/">article</a> on his campaign website. “ICYMI: ‘A serial perjurer will try to prove an old misdemeanor against Trump in an embarrassment for the New York legal system’”</li> </ul> <p>7. <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112282163636037050"><strong>April 16, 2014, 1:50 PM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1022" height="596" class="wp-image-94900" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-6.png?resize=1022%2C596&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-6.png?w=1022&ssl=1 1022w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-6.png?resize=300%2C175&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-6.png?resize=768%2C448&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump again reshared to his Truth Social Jonathan Turley’s New York Post <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/04/14/opinion/a-serial-perjurer-will-try-to-prove-an-old-misdemeanor-against-trump-in-an-embarrassment-for-the-new-york-legal-system/">article</a>.</li> </ul> <p>8. <a href="https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/ceff5b47-6f8e-4328-b35a-bb4f1b1d46b2"><strong>April 16, 2024 </strong></a></p> <p><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1407" height="832" class="wp-image-94901" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-7.png?resize=1407%2C832&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-7.png?w=1407&ssl=1 1407w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-7.png?resize=300%2C177&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-7.png?resize=1024%2C606&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-7.png?resize=768%2C454&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></p> <ul> <li>Trump again shared a link to Jonathan Turley’s New York Post <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/04/14/opinion/a-serial-perjurer-will-try-to-prove-an-old-misdemeanor-against-trump-in-an-embarrassment-for-the-new-york-legal-system/">article</a> on his <a href="https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/ceff5b47-6f8e-4328-b35a-bb4f1b1d46b2">campaign website</a>.</li> </ul> <p>9. <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112283417331198737"><strong>April 16, 2024, 7:09 PM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1022" height="776" class="wp-image-94902" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-8.png?resize=1022%2C776&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-8.png?w=1022&ssl=1 1022w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-8.png?resize=300%2C228&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-8.png?resize=768%2C583&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112283417331198737">reshared</a> to his Truth Social an April 3 <a href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/04/no-cohens-guilty-plea-does-not-prove-trump-committed-campaign-finance-crimes/">op-ed</a> by Andrew McCarthy in the National Review, titled, “No, Cohen’s Guilty Plea Does Not Prove Trump Committed Campaign-Finance Crimes”</li> </ul> <p>10. <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112288751107447732"><strong>April 17, 2024, 5:46 PM</strong></a></p> <p><strong><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1016" height="270" class="wp-image-94903" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-9.png?resize=1016%2C270&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-9.png?w=1016&ssl=1 1016w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-9.png?resize=300%2C80&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/word-image-94878-9.png?resize=768%2C204&ssl=1 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></strong></p> <ul> <li>Trump’s Truth Social post quoted a remark by Fox News commentator Jesse Watters regarding the prospective jurors: “‘They are catching undercover Liberal Activists lying to the Judge in order to get on the Trump Jury,’ Jesse Watters”</li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Note: the following four new and additional violations were offered by the prosecution on the morning of April 25 as the basis for a third contempt motion. They concern extrajudicial statements that went after not only Cohen, but even the jury and the then-current trial witness who was about to resume testifying, David Pecker. Prosecutors sought a new order to show cause and, as of this writing, the judge is considering whether to sign it.</span></p> <p>11. <a href="https://twitter.com/acyn/status/1782454276876308732?s=46&t=9jPSyJb3r1MPv8OScfnfsg"><span style="font-weight: 400;">April 22, 2024</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moments after he emerged from the courtroom, Trump </span><a href="https://twitter.com/acyn/status/1782454276876308732?s=46&t=9jPSyJb3r1MPv8OScfnfsg"><span style="font-weight: 400;">told</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> reporters, “When are they going to look at all the lies Cohen did in the last trial…he got caught lying, pure lying.”</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">12. April 22, 2024 </span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump </span><a href="https://twitter.com/kaitlancollins/status/1782582792133464467"><span style="font-weight: 400;">told</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Real America’s Voice in an interview, “That jury was picked so fast. 95% Democrats…You think of it as a purely Democrat area. It’s a very unfair situation.” </span></li> </ul> <p>13. <b></b><span style="font-weight: 400;">April 23, 2024</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump gave an interview with Action News in Pennsylvania and </span><a href="https://6abc.com/former-president-donald-trump-speaks-exclusively-with-action-newss-walter-perez-on-the-upcoming-election/14722331/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, “Michael Cohen is a convicted liar, and he’s got no credibility whatsoever. He was a lawyer and you rely on your lawyers. But Michael Cohen was a convicted liar. He was a lawyer for many people, not just me. Then he got in trouble because of things outside of what he did for me.”</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">14. April 25, 2024 </span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump </span><a href="https://apnews.com/live/trump-trial-hush-money-updates-day-7#0000018f-1507-dc4a-a1df-3f27ff020000"><span style="font-weight: 400;">spoke</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to reporters about David Pecker, who was set to resume testifying that day, saying, “David’s been very nice, a nice guy.”</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If the court finds that Trump has in fact violated the order, the court has several options to sanction him under the New York law of contempt. The law gives the court this authority to maintain order in the court and the court proceedings generally. A discussion of those options under the applicable statute follows. For the sake of clarity and completeness and for future reference, we also outline the other contempt statutes not currently invoked by the prosecution. </span></p> <h3><b>The Law of Contempt in New York</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Contempt law in New York can be confusing as there are three types of contempt under state law: criminal contempt under the Judiciary Code (here at issue), criminal contempt under the Penal Code, and civil contempt. Criminal contempt under both the Judiciary and Penal Codes is </span><a href="https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1480&context=jlp#p=6"><span style="font-weight: 400;">intended</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to protect the public’s right to the efficient administration of justice through a judicial branch that can enforce its own orders. But there are significant differences between the two, and between them and civil contempt, including whether the remedy is designed to (1) punish a violation (the point of criminal contempt) or (2) to compel behavior (the object of civil contempt). </span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A. Judiciary Code Sections 750 & 751 (at issue here)</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The DA’s Office has asked the court to punish Trump for criminal contempt violations under sections 750 and 751 of the Judiciary Code. Section </span><a href="https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/judiciary-law/jud-sect-750/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">750</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> covers disorderly conduct before the court, publication of a “grossly inaccurate report” of a proceeding, and—as DANY has alleged—“willful disobedience to [the court’s] lawful mandate.” NY JUD 751(A)(3). Section </span><a href="https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/judiciary-law/jud-sect-750/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">751</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> provides the penalties for contempt, including a fine up to $1,000 and/or 30 days in jail per incident. Despite the name, criminal contempt under the Judiciary Code is not a crime. Criminal contempt proceedings under the Judiciary Code “</span><a href="https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1480&context=jlp#p=10"><span style="font-weight: 400;">are neither civil nor criminal. They are </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">sui generis </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">special proceedings to coerce future obedience or punish past disobedience</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.” The order to show cause motion filed by the DA’s office serves as the accusatory instrument. The hearing will provide the fact finding before the judge, who will have to find that the defendant violated the order beyond a reasonable doubt. </span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">B. Penal Code Section 215.50</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By contrast, contempt under New York Penal Code section </span><a href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/215.50"><span style="font-weight: 400;">215.50</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">—which is not being sought here—is a crime. Criminal contempt in the second degree, a misdemeanor, covers the same general type of conduct as in the Judiciary code, including “disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent behavior” committed in the court’s “immediate view and presence” that tends to interrupt its proceedings or challenge its authority. Criminal contempt in the first degree, a felony, covers threats of physical danger. For contempt under the Penal Code section </span><a href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/215.51"><span style="font-weight: 400;">215.5</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">1</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a defendant would be formally charged with a crime with an accusatory instrument, resulting in a separate proceeding where the people would have to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The maximum penalties are also higher than under the Judiciary Code, with second-degree contempt potentially resulting in one year of imprisonment and first-degree contempt, a class E felony, having a maximum penalty of up to four years of imprisonment. Criminal contempt under both the Judiciary and Penal Codes must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. With respect to the burden of proof under Penal Code Criminal contempt, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">see, e.g.</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://casetext.com/case/town-bd-of-town-of-southampton-v-rkb-realty"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Town Bd. of Southampton v. R.K.B. Realty</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, LLC</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 91 A.D.3d 628, 629 (2d Dep’t 2012). Under the Judiciary Code, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">see, e.g.</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">N.Y.C. Coal. to End Lead Poisoning v. Giuliani</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 245 A.D.2d 49, 50 (App. Div. 1st Dept. 1997); </span><a href="https://casetext.com/case/in-re-winograd-3"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">In re: Winograd</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 2020 NY Slip Op 03587, 184 A.D.3d 1073, 1075 (App. Div. 3rd Dept.).</span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">C. Civil Contempt</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Whereas criminal contempt is intended to protect the public’s right to a functioning judicial system, the purpose of civil contempt—again not here at issue—is to protect the rights of both the government and private parties involved in a court proceeding and designed to compel future behavior rather than to punish past behavior. Civil contempt, governed by NY Judiciary Code section </span><a href="https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/judiciary-law/jud-sect-753/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">753</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, covers a wide array of conduct that violates, impairs, impedes, or prejudices a party’s right, including disobeying a court order. Examples of civil contempt include a parent who fails to pay child support or a witness who fails to appear in response to a subpoena. Civil contempt can be proven by the lower standard of preponderance of the evidence. Note that unlike the criminal contempt statute here at issue that limits the penalty to $1,000 per episode, there is no financial cap for civil contempt.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another important difference between these varieties of criminal contempt and civil contempt is that the former are meant to be punitive, whereas the latter </span><a href="https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1480&context=jlp#p=48"><span style="font-weight: 400;">is intended</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to be coercive. In other words, all three involve potential penalties of jail time or fines. But criminal contempt punishes a person for their past misconduct, whereas civil contempt is intended to bring the person into compliance going forward. That being said, punishing prior wrongdoing can also have a deterrent effect on its future recurrence.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It was under section 753 that Trump was previously and repeatedly held in contempt for extrajudicial statements in his New York civil fraud trial. There Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Arthur Engoron had </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Just-Security-N.Y.-Civil-Fraud-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-Gag-order-as-to-Trump-Oct.-3-2023-entered-on-record-Oct.-26-2023-so-ordered.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">implemented</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> a narrow gag order prohibiting Trump from commenting about court staff in response to the ex-president’s repeated criticisms of one of Engoron’s clerks. A New York appellate court </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Just-Security-N.Y.-Civil-Fraud-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-First-department-appellate-court-decision-denying-defendants-permission-to-appeal-to-the-court-of-appeals-Dec.-14-2023.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">upheld</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the decision. Less than three weeks after the gag order was imposed, Engoron </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Just-Security-N.Y.-Civil-Fraud-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-Court-order-fining-Trump-for-violating-gag-order-Oct.-20-2023.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">found</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Trump to be in civil contempt for violating the gag order and fined him $5,000. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The judge did so notwithstanding arguments that the posts on Trump’s campaign website were inadvertent, noting that Trump had “received ample warning” and had said he would abide by the order. Concluding, Engoron warned Trump: </span></p> <blockquote><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Make no mistake: future violations, whether intentional or unintentional, will subject the violator to far more severe sanctions, which may include, but are not limited to, steeper financial penalties, holding Donald Trump in contempt of court, and possibly imprisoning him pursuant to New York Judiciary Law § 753.” </span></p></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Days later, Trump violated the gag order again and was this time </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Just-Security-N.Y.-Civil-Fraud-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-Court-order-fining-Trump-10000-for-violating-gag-order-Oct.-26-2023.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">fined</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> $10,000. That sanction seemed to put an end to the violations. That almost certainly was not because of the increasing amounts of the fines; $10,000 is hardly a significant sum to the former president. Likely, it was because it appeared that the judge was possibly escalating toward some form of confinement, and Trump made the determination that that was not in his best interest.</span></p> <h3><b>Analysis of Trump’s Alleged Criminal Contempt </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To sustain a finding of criminal contempt under the Judiciary Code based on an alleged violation of the court’s gag order, DANY must establish the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt (</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">see</span></i> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/21-N.Y.-Jur.-2d-Contempt-36-Elements-of-contempt-for-violation-of-mandate-of-court-generally.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">21 N.Y. Jur. 2d Contempt § 36</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">):</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">There was a lawful court order in effect (i.e., that the court had jurisdiction);</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The court order expressed a clear and unequivocal mandate;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump had actual knowledge of the order’s terms;</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump violated the order; and</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump’s violation was knowing and willful.</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We review all five elements, although the inquiry is likely to focus on 2, 4, and 5. We focus the analysis only on instances 1-10 above, as the judge is still considering whether to issue an order to show cause for 11-14 as of this writing.</span></p> <p><b>Element 1: Lawful Court Order in Effect</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DANY will easily be able to establish element one. The gag order was issued by a court of competent jurisdiction and is not invalid on its face.</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> See Dalessio v. Kressler</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 6 A.D.3d 57, 65 (2d Dep’t 2004). As DANY notes in its motion, as a criminal defendant, Trump came under the jurisdiction of the court when he was arraigned, and Merchan’s order restricting Trump’s extrajudicial statements was one that courts are authorized, and often do, issue in criminal proceedings. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump is currently challenging the gag order in the appellate courts. As DANY’s first contempt </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JustSecurityNY2016ElectionInterferenceCaseClearinghouse%E2%80%94Affirmation-Chris-Conroy-supporting-DA-motion-for-contempt-sanctions-of-Trump-for-gag-order-violation-April152024enteredApril16.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">motion </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted, Trump’s Article 78 petition in the First Department specifically seeks to bar enforcement of certain aspects of the gag order, including, as relevant here, its “restrictions on speech regarding Michael Cohen” and Stephanie Clifford (a.k.a. Stormy Daniels). But as DANY also made clear, New York law does not allow a defendant to act contrary to a gag order because the defendant disagrees with it even if the defendant is appealing it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">So long as Merchan had the jurisdiction to issue the gag order (which he unquestionably did) and the gag order was not stayed (which it was not), then this element is satisfied. That is true even if the gag order is eventually overturned on appeal for being erroneous or improvidently made, or for being granted by Merchan under misapprehension or mistake. Trump’s disobedience would still be considered willful contempt. Even a good-faith belief that the gag order is unlawful does not allow Trump to disobey it. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">See </span></i><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/21-N.Y.-Jur.-2d-Contempt-43-Enforcement-of-irregular-erroneous-or-improvident-order-by-contempt.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">21 N.Y. Jur. 2d Contempt § 43</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span></p> <p><b>Element 2: Clear and Unequivocal Mandate </b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The gag order clearly and unequivocally expresses the mandate of the court, that Trump must “refrain from,” </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">inter alia</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, “[m]aking … public statements about known or reasonably foreseeable witnesses concerning their potential participation in the investigation or in this criminal proceeding,” as well as “[m]aking … public statements about any prospective juror or any juror in this criminal proceeding.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump’s statements are undoubtedly about known witnesses in the case (such as Cohen and Daniels) as well as prospective jurors. They were made in the days leading up to and throughout jury selection, mostly questioning witnesses’ credibility, above all Cohen and to some extent Daniels. One criticized prospective jurors, quoting Jesse Watters and stating “They are catching undercover Liberal Activists lying to the Judge in order to get on the Trump Jury.” </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These appear well within the plain language of the order. With regard to Cohen and Daniels, Trump’s statements certainly seem specifically related to their participation in these proceedings based upon their timing during pretrial proceedings and their content. For instance, his April 10 post with a document alleged to be a statement from Daniels directly references the “hush money” payment at issue in the case. And Trump’s later series of posts describing Cohen as a “serial perjurer” mirror his attorneys’ tactics in their motions </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">in limine</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that seek to preclude Cohen’s testimony by casting doubt on his veracity. There can be little question that the posts are casting aspersions on Cohen’s participation in this case as a known cooperator with prosecutors and as a certain trial witness. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Because there has already been discussion of the matter in court, we have a sense of how Trump will defend himself from this plain reading of the order. (Trump’s responsive papers have also been filed but they are not yet public.) His counsel Emil Bove stated, “I think that the comments this morning called to Your Honor’s attention a couple of issues that have been challenges with the Gag Order [caps in original] from the outset. And they do not establish that there is any willful violations [sic]. In fact, it brings to light some of the ambiguities in the order. Mr. Cohen has been attacking President Trump through public statements with respect to his candidacy. President Trump’s responses are political in nature and intended to defend against what Mr. Cohen is saying in connection with the campaign. Your Honor has said in the April 1st ruling, that the Gag Order did not prohibit President Trump from responding to political attacks. And we submit that’s what he is doing in these posts.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The flaw in this argument is that these statements do not solely pertain to Trump’s campaign, if at all. When his Truth Social posts mention only Daniels and hush money payments, or only Cohen and allegations of perjury, the factual connection to his campaign is attenuated, to say the least. Rather, these posts are “public statements about known or reasonably foreseeable witnesses concerning their potential participation”—exactly what the gag order prohibits.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Certainly item 10, attacking the jury pool as being rife with “Liberal Activists” has no campaign connection. Casting this kind of baleful scrutiny upon the prospective jurors can have a powerful intimidating effect on them irrespective of the falsity of the statement. In reality, the careful exclusion of jurors with any bias is proof that the process is working to ensure a fair trial. Nevertheless, whether members of the jury pool are liberal or otherwise, they may be affected by this kind of a statement. The risk is highlighted by the fact that it came in the midst of jury selection, and that at least one juror who had been selected expressed nervousness and had to be excused. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump will also likely argue the gag order’s prohibition against him “making” statements does not expressly include statements made by others that he shares or quotes, which constitute seven of the ten posts (numbers 4-10). Bove stated, “We dispute that …. reposting statements that are already in public by others violates what Your Honor has set forth.” But resharing another person’s attacks on a witness does not insulate Trump under the plain language of the order. Even the posts that simply reshare other content violate the clear directive not to “make public statements about … witnesses.” The intimidating effect is hardly eliminated by a reposting—targeting is targeting. Indeed, the DA’s </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Just-Security-NY-2016-Election-Interference-Trump-Clearinghouse-%E2%80%94-State-of-New-York-motion-for-an-order-restricting-Trump-extrajudicial-statements-Feb.-22-2024.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">submission</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that led to the original gag order included examples of reposting. See, e.g. Ex. 1 at DANYDJT00209733 (Trump reposting comments by Andrew Napolitano). Had Trump stood outside the courtroom and read the reposted attacks verbatim to the press pool, there would be little doubt that conduct constituted a violation of the gag order. That he reshared them digitally through social media is no different.</span></p> <p><b>Element 3: Actual Knowledge of Terms</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As for element 3, there is no dispute that Trump knew about the gag order, as it was discussed repeatedly in open court in his presence, and he frequently criticized it outside the courtroom, including in some of the social media posts alleged to violate it. </span></p> <p><b>Element 4: Violations of the Gag Order</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There should be little dispute that posts 1-3, in which Trump directly commented on witnesses, violate the gag order (as we note in the discussion of Element 2 above). They are naked attacks on witnesses in connection with their role in this case. Establishing violations for posts 4-10 will depend, to some extent, on whether the court finds the gag order prohibited sharing other people’s statements (and whether that prohibition was clear and unequivocal). We think the order satisfies those thresholds, again as we explain above. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Expect Trump’s lawyers to argue, as they did in last week’s hearings, that his “limited responses to this barrage of attacks do not deal with [the witnesses’] expected testimony in this case. You know, it’s not as if President Trump is going out and targeting individuals. He’s responding to salacious repeated … attacks by these witnesses.” Yet Trump’s posts reference such topics as hush money and Cohen’s and Daniels’ purported lying, which directly deals with expected testimony as we have noted. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Of potential significance, New York Judiciary Law § 751 provides that a contempt “committed in the immediate view and presence of the court, may be punished summarily; when not so committed, the party charged must be notified of the accusation, and have a reasonable time to make a defense.” The prosecution has provided timestamps of the offending social media posts, one of which (number 5 above: calling Cohen a “serial perjurer”) appears to have been made at 10:26 AM on Monday, April 15 while court was in session. Two others (numbers 4 and 7, identical in content to number 5) bear timestamps suggesting that they were made while Trump was actually in the courthouse but not the courtroom. Some commentators have </span><a href="https://x.com/rgoodlaw/status/1781104309410615794"><span style="font-weight: 400;">noted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that this emphasizes Trump’s disrespect for the court and might, if those alleged violations meet the standard in § 751, even have allowed the judge to mete out sanctions without the formality of the order to show cause process that was followed here. That prospect should also be borne in mind with respect to future possible violations of the gag order.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indeed, if the judge takes an expansive view of “in the immediate view and presence of the court” he may decide at the Tuesday hearing to act upon the 11th possible violation that occurred when Trump emerged from court on Monday to tell reporters, “When are they going to look at all the lies Cohen did in the last trial … he got caught lying, pure lying.” However, the more conservative approach, and the one the DA will probably take, is for prosecutors to point out the incident as part of the reason that action is needed, without independently seeking a separate additional sanction.</span></p> <p><b>Element 5: Trump’s Disobedience Was Willful</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While the terms of Merchan’s order may be plain, if Trump honestly misunderstood its terms or parameters then there can be no finding of willful disobedience. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">See Crane v. New York Council 66 of American Federation of State, County and Mun. Employees</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 101 A.D.2d 682, 475 N.Y.S.2d 165 (3d Dep’t 1984). Trump was and is fully aware of the gag order’s prohibitory parameters. It is hard to understand how his persistent and repeated statements even after the first order to show cause was served on April 15 does not demonstrate full knowledge that his statements were in violation of the court’s limits. DANY will argue the language was unequivocal and that Trump was aware of the parameters, as it has noted in court: “Judge, the defendant is aware of the April 1st order. We know that from various posts he has made. The day after the order, he posted on his Truth Social account, ‘I was just informed that another corrupt New York Judge Juan Merchan gagged me so I cannot talk about the corruption and the conflict taking place in this courtroom with respect to a case that everyone, including the DA felt should never have been brought. They can talk about me, but I can’t talk about them.’ There he is clearly referencing the witnesses in this case.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Trump’s attorneys will again raise the idea that the language of the order is sufficiently ambiguous that Trump could not have been certain that the conduct was forbidden, so he could not have acted willfully. In fact, as we explain above, the wording of the order is sufficiently definite to rule out the possibility that these violations were “inadvertent or mistaken,” </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">El-Dehdan v. El-Dehdan</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 114 A.D.3d 4, 16-17 (2d Dep’t 2013), aff’d, 26 N.Y.3d 19 (2015).</span></p> <h3><b>What Will Happen</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We believe that DANY will prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Trump willfully violated the gag order. The first three posts are clear violations. Trump’s potential defense for posts 4-10 in which he shared others’ comments will likely fail. We think that item number 10 is particularly egregious because it targets jurors and because Trump applied a high degree of editorial judgment in picking out exactly this statement. “This is the most disturbing post in light of what happened this morning,” the prosecutor’s </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/18/nyregion/gag-order-trump-prosecution.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">told</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Merchan, in reference to a juror asking to be released out of concern for her safety and that she could be targeted.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The judge would be on firm legal footing to sanction Trump for all of the statements, but in an abundance of caution, may distinguish some of the repostings for the sake of taking a balanced approach and an incremental one. For example, number 9 simply consists of a complete verbatim article with no editing by Trump. That distinction provides an opportunity for the judge to sanction the other repostings while at the same time further clarifying the scope of the order as reaching even verbatim repostings with no editorial selection or quotation whatsoever. Justice Merchan has shown a propensity to find compromise to be fair to the defendant, and we think he will likely seek that or some other concession here as well, while overall rejecting Trump’s actions.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We expect the court to impose fines against Trump for a substantial number of the violations and to warn him that future violations will result in additional fines and potentially jail time. The most difficult question to answer, however, is whether any finding of contempt and resulting punishment will deter this particular defendant from future violations. Prior history suggests it may. As noted above, as the fines increased together with the risk of incarceration in the civil fraud matter, Trump finally stopped. On the other hand, he may view a short confinement as politically beneficial. Referencing Justice Merchan, Trump </span><a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112225363872196974"><span style="font-weight: 400;">wrote</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on social media, “If this Partisan Hack wants to put me in the ‘clink’ for speaking the open and obvious TRUTH . . . .I will gladly become a Modern Day Nelson Mandela – It will be my GREAT HONOR.” He had previously stated in October 2023 that “I don’t mind being Nelson Mandela, because I’m doing it for a reason.” And the amounts of the fines here at issue will not give him pause if he is determined to continue his extrajudicial statements. In the interest of protecting the administration of justice, we must hope for a firm response by the judge on Tuesday morning, and then wait to see what follows from the former president. </span></p> <h6><a id="post-94878-_pak25lf06ous"></a><strong>IMAGE: Former U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to the media as he exits the courtroom for the day at Manhattan Criminal Court on April 19, 2024 (Photo by Curtis Means-Pool/Getty Images)</strong></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/alvin-bragg/" rel="tag">Alvin Bragg</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/contempt/" rel="tag">Contempt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/courts/" rel="tag">courts</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/criminal-trial/" rel="tag">criminal trial</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/donald-trump/" rel="tag">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gag-order/" rel="tag">Gag Order</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/" rel="tag">Social Media Platforms</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80800/introduction-to-symposium-still-at-war-where-and-why-the-united-states-is-fighting-the-war-on-terror/">Introduction to Symposium: Still at War – Where and Why the United States is Fighting the “War on Terror”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/">After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80290/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-executive-order-9066-80-years-after-signing/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Executive Order 9066, 80 Years After Signing</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79951/congress-can-and-should-address-the-threat-from-unauthorized-paramilitary-activity/">Congress Can and Should Address the Threat from Unauthorized Paramilitary Activity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79900/the-good-governance-papers-a-january-2022-report-card-update/">The Good Governance Papers: A January 2022 “Report Card” Update</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bermanemily/" title="Profile and articles by Emily Berman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emily Berman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78797/symposium-recap-security-privacy-and-innovation-reshaping-law-for-the-ai-era/">Symposium Recap: Security, Privacy and Innovation – Reshaping Law for the AI Era</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brawleylaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Brawley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Brawley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joardarantara/" title="Profile and articles by Antara Joardar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Antara Joardar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/narasimhanmadhu/" title="Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhu Narasimhan</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78063/towards-a-new-treaty-on-crimes-against-humanity-next-steps/">Towards a New Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity: Next Steps</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sadatleila/" title="Profile and articles by Leila Nadya Sadat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leila Nadya Sadat</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 13th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78118/introduction-to-a-symposium-how-perpetual-war-has-changed-us-reflections-on-the-anniversary-of-9-11/">Introduction to Symposium: How Perpetual War Has Changed Us — Reflections on the Anniversary of 9/11</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goldbrennerrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Goldbrenner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 7th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77536/new-just-security-series-beyond-the-myanmar-coup/">New Just Security Series: Beyond the Myanmar Coup</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 19th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77262/new-just-security-series-reflections-on-afghanistan-on-the-eve-of-withdrawal/">New Just Security Series: Reflections on Afghanistan on the Eve of Withdrawal</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 30th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76906/introducing-a-symposium-on-the-un-global-counterterrorism-strategy/">Introducing a Symposium on the UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 14th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76709/the-mendez-principles-leadership-to-transform-interrogation-via-science-law-and-ethics/">The Méndez Principles: Leadership to Transform Interrogation via Science, Law, and Ethics</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barelasteven/" title="Profile and articles by Steven J. Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/">Norman L. <span>Eisen</span></a></h4><p>Ambassador Norman Eisen (ret.) (<a href="https://twitter.com/NormEisen">@NormEisen</a>) served in the White House as special counsel and special assistant to the president for ethics and government reform and as ambassador to the Czech Republic under President Barack Obama, as well as special counsel to the House Judiciary Committee from 2019–20, including for the first impeachment and trial of President Donald Trump.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/agnifilokaren/">Karen <span>Agnifilo</span></a></h4><p>Karen Friedman Agnifilo (<a href=\\\"https://twitter.com/KFAlegal\\\">@KFAlegal</a>) has a three-decade background in Criminal Justice, litigation, and trials. In private practice since 2021, her practice focuses primarily on criminal defense, both in state and federal courts, from accusation to investigation to arrest and trial.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/">Andrew <span>Warren</span></a></h4><p>Andrew Warren (<a href="https://twitter.com/AndrewWarrenFL">@AndrewWarrenFL</a>) has served as the duly-elected State Attorney in Tampa, Florida since 2016. Warren previously served as a federal prosecutor with the U.S. Department of Justice.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/">Jacob <span>Kovacs-Goodman</span></a></h4><p>Jacob Kovacs-Goodman (<a href="https://twitter.com/JNKGoodman">@JNKGoodman</a>) is an elections and technology lawyer.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/">Siven <span>Watt</span></a></h4><p>Siven Watt (<a href="https://twitter.com/sivenwatt">@SivenWatt</a>) is a Legal Fellow at Just Security.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104948/social-media-for-atrocity-prevention/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/social-media-myanmar-scaled-e1732144866293.jpg?fit=768%2C299&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104948/social-media-for-atrocity-prevention/">How Social Media Interventions Can Aid Atrocity Prevention</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rajsinghshannon/" title="Profile and articles by Shannon Raj Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shannon Raj Singh</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zelenskyy-Trump-shaking-hands-scaled-e1732164790599.jpg?fit=768%2C282&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Ukraine-US-White-House-protest-scaled-e1731977966913.jpg?fit=768%2C289&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104844/sanctions-trump-maximum-pressure/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Trump-Iran-sanctions-scaled-e1731639937419.jpg?fit=768%2C271&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104844/sanctions-trump-maximum-pressure/">Will Renewed `Maximum Pressure’ Sanctions Yield Maximum Results? 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Why Trump Will Likely be Held in Contempt and What Then