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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Link rot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="رابط مكسور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رابط مكسور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtav_link" title="Mrtav link – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrtav link" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dt_link" title="Dødt link – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødt link" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toter_Link" title="Toter Link – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toter Link" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingik%C3%B5du" title="Lingikõdu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lingikõdu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_roto" title="Enlace roto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enlace roto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پیوند مرده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیوند مرده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_mort" title="Lien mort – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lien mort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%A8%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="깨진 링크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="깨진 링크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="मृत कड़ियाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृत कड़ियाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranala_mati" title="Pranala mati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pranala mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קישור שבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קישור שבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkrot" title="Linkrot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linkrot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%88%87%E3%82%8C" title="リンク切れ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンク切れ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenker%C3%A5te" title="Lenkeråte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lenkeråte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martwy_link" title="Martwy link – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martwy link" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodrecimento_de_links" title="Apodrecimento de links – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apodrecimento de links" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Вымирание ссылок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вымирание ссылок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_link" title="Dead link – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dead link" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkkim%C3%A4t%C3%A4" title="Linkkimätä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linkkimätä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nkr%C3%B6ta" title="Länkröta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Länkröta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ลิงก์เสีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิงก์เสีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm%C3%BC" title="Bağlantı ölümü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağlantı ölümü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вимирання посилань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вимирання посилань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7" title="مردہ روابط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مردہ روابط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Fng" title="Liên kết hỏng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên kết hỏng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="失效連結 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="失效連結" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_link&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead link">Dead link</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phenomenon of URLs tending to cease functioning</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Broken Link" redirects here. For the <i>Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</i> episode, see <a href="/wiki/Broken_Link_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)" title="Broken Link (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)">Broken Link (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For link rot on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">Wikipedia:Link rot</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:404_not_found.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page Not Found" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/404_not_found.png/220px-404_not_found.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/404_not_found.png/330px-404_not_found.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/404_not_found.png/440px-404_not_found.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption>A rotten link usually leads to an error message</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Link rot</b> (also called <b>link death</b>, <b>link breaking</b>, or <b>reference rot</b>) is the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> tending over time to cease to point to their originally targeted <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> due to that resource being relocated to a new address or becoming permanently unavailable. A link that no longer points to its target, often called a <i>broken</i>, <i>dead</i>, or <i>orphaned</i> link, is a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Dangling_pointer" title="Dangling pointer">dangling pointer</a>. </p><p>The rate of link rot is a subject of study and research due to its significance to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>'s ability to preserve information. Estimates of that rate vary dramatically between studies. Information professionals have warned that link rot could make important archival data disappear, potentially impacting the legal system and scholarship. </p><p>Commonly, broken website links may immediately redirect the user to the home page of the website, confusing users even more and resulting in it being difficult to obtain the URL of the broken link. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of studies have examined the prevalence of link rot within the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, in academic literature that uses <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> to cite web content, and within <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital libraries</a>. </p><p>In a 2023 study of the <a href="/wiki/The_Million_Dollar_Homepage" title="The Million Dollar Homepage">Million Dollar Homepage</a> external links, it was found that 27% of the links resulted in a site loading with no redirects, 45% of links have been redirected, and 28% returned various error messages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2002 study suggested that link rot within digital libraries is considerably slower than on the web, finding that about 3% of the objects were no longer accessible after one year<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equating to a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of nearly 23 years). </p><p>A 2003 study found that on the Web, about one link out of every 200 broke each week,<sup id="cite_ref-Fetterly2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fetterly2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 138 weeks. This rate was largely confirmed by a 2016–2017 study of links in <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a> (which had stopped updating in 2014 after 21 years of development) that found the half-life of the directory's links to be two years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2004 study showed that subsets of Web links (such as those targeting specific file types or those hosted by academic institutions) could have dramatically different half-lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehler2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehler2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The URLs selected for publication appear to have greater longevity than the average URL. A 2015 study by Weblock analyzed more than 180,000 links from references in the full-text corpora of three major open access publishers and found a half-life of about 14 years,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally confirming a 2005 study that found that half of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a> cited in <i><a href="/wiki/D-Lib_Magazine" title="D-Lib Magazine">D-Lib Magazine</a></i> articles were active 10 years after publication.<sup id="cite_ref-McCown2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCown2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have found higher rates of link rot in academic literature but typically suggest a half-life of four years or greater.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinellis2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinellis2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study in <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Bioinformatics" title="BMC Bioinformatics">BMC Bioinformatics</a></i> analyzed nearly 15,000 links in abstracts from Thomson Reuters's <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> citation index and found that the median lifespan of web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study of external links in <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> articles published between 1996 and 2019 found a half-life of about 15 years (with significant variance among content topics) but noted that 13% of functional links no longer lead to the original content—a phenomenon called <i>content drift</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 study found that 49% of links in U.S. Supreme court opinions are dead.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 study looking at United States <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> dashboards found that 23% of the state dashboards available in February 2021 were no longer available at the previous URLs in April 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> found that, in 2023, 38% of pages from 2013 went missing. Also, in 2023, 54% of <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> articles had a dead link in the 'references' section and 23% of <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">news articles</a> linked to a dead URL.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Link rot can result for several reasons. A target web page may be removed. The server that hosts the target page could fail, be removed from service, or relocate to a new <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a>. As far back as 1999, it was noted that with the amount of material that can be stored on a hard drive, "a single disk failure could be like the burning of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">library at Alexandria</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-McGranaghan1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGranaghan1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A domain name's registration may lapse or be transferred to another party. Some causes will result in the link failing to find any target and returning an error such as <a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">HTTP 404</a>. Other causes will cause a link to target content other than what was intended by the link's author. </p><p>Other reasons for broken links include: </p> <ul><li>the restructuring of websites that causes changes in URLs (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">domain.net/pine_tree</code> might be moved to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">domain.net/tree/pine</code>)</li> <li>relocation of formerly free content to behind a <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adams1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a change in server architecture that results in code such as <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> functioning differently</li> <li>dynamic page content such as search results that changes by design</li> <li>deletion of the target page and/or its content</li> <li>the presence of user-specific information (such as a login name) within the link</li> <li>deliberate blocking by <a href="/wiki/Content_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Content filter">content filters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewall (networking)">firewalls</a></li> <li>the expiration of a <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain name registration">domain name registration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_detection">Prevention and detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevention and detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Link_rot" title="Special:EditPage/Link rot">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Strategies for preventing link rot can focus on placing content where its likelihood of persisting is higher, authoring links that are less likely to be broken, taking steps to preserve existing links, or repairing links whose targets have been relocated or removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The creation of URLs that will not change with time is the fundamental method of preventing link rot. Preventive planning has been championed by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and other web pioneers.<sup id="cite_ref-Berners-Lee1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berners-Lee1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strategies pertaining to the authorship of links include: </p> <ul><li>linking to primary rather than secondary sources and prioritizing stable sites<sup id="cite_ref-Koehler2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehler2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>avoiding links that point to resources on researchers' personal pages<sup id="cite_ref-McCown2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCown2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>using <a href="/wiki/Clean_URL" title="Clean URL">clean URLs</a> or otherwise employing <a href="/wiki/URL_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="URL normalization">URL normalization</a> or <a href="/wiki/URL_canonicalization" class="mw-redirect" title="URL canonicalization">URL canonicalization</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kille2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kille2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>using <a href="/wiki/Permalinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Permalinks">permalinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_identifier" title="Persistent identifier">persistent identifiers</a> such as ARKs, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOIs</a>, Handle System references, <a href="/wiki/PURL" class="mw-redirect" title="PURL">PURLs</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or <a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_storage" title="Content-addressable storage">content addressing</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>avoiding linking to documents other than web pages<sup id="cite_ref-Kille2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kille2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>avoiding <a href="/wiki/Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">deep linking</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>linking to <a href="/wiki/Web_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Web archives">web archives</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenbach2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenbach2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perma.cc" title="Perma.cc">Perma.cc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-permacc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-permacc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Arweave<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Strategies pertaining to the protection of existing links include: </p> <ul><li>using <a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">redirection</a> mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/HTTP_301" title="HTTP 301">HTTP 301</a> to automatically refer browsers and crawlers to relocated content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>using <a href="/wiki/Web_content_management_system" title="Web content management system">content management systems</a> which can automatically update links when content within the same site is relocated or automatically replace links with canonical URLs<sup id="cite_ref-Justaddwater_2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justaddwater_2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>integrating search resources into <a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">HTTP 404</a> pages<sup id="cite_ref-GoogleToolbar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleToolbar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The detection of broken links may be done manually or automatically. Automated methods include <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a> for <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management systems</a> as well as standalone broken-link checkers such as like <a href="/wiki/Xenu%27s_Link_Sleuth" title="Xenu's Link Sleuth">Xenu's Link Sleuth</a>. Automatic checking may not detect links that return a <a href="/wiki/Soft_404" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft 404">soft 404</a> or links that return a <a href="/wiki/200_OK" class="mw-redirect" title="200 OK">200 OK</a> response but point to content that has changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-Yossef2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-Yossef2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Team" title="Archive Team">Archive Team</a>, web archiving team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_rot" title="Software rot">Software rot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzymura2023" class="citation web cs1">Szymura, Sav (2023-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wolfenden.agency/insights/link-rot-what-is-it-and-how-can-i-prevent-it/">"Link rot: what is it and how can I prevent it?"</a>. <i>Wolfenden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cyber.law.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Harvard+University%27s+Berkman+Center+Releases+Amber%2C+a+%22Mutual+Aid%22+Tool+for+Bloggers+%26+Website+Owners+to+Help+Keep+the+Web+Available+%7C+Berkman+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fnode%2F99276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arweave.org/">"Arweave - A community-driven ecosystem"</a>. <i>arweave.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315024155/https://arweave.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arweave.org&rft.atitle=Arweave+-+A+community-driven+ecosystem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farweave.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justaddwater_2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Justaddwater_2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRønn-Jensen2007" class="citation web cs1">Rønn-Jensen, Jesper (2007-10-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justaddwater.dk/2007/10/05/blog-software-eliminates-user-errors-and-linkrot/">"Software Eliminates User Errors And Linkrot"</a>. Justaddwater.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011033526/http://justaddwater.dk/2007/10/05/blog-software-eliminates-user-errors-and-linkrot/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+Eliminates+User+Errors+And+Linkrot&rft.pub=Justaddwater.dk&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft.aulast=R%C3%B8nn-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Jesper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustaddwater.dk%2F2007%2F10%2F05%2Fblog-software-eliminates-user-errors-and-linkrot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoogleToolbar-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleToolbar_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2007" class="citation web cs1">Mueller, John (2007-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2007/12/fyi-on-google-toolbars-latest-features.html">"FYI on Google Toolbar's Latest Features"</a>. Google Webmaster Central Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913132848/http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2007/12/fyi-on-google-toolbars-latest-features.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FYI+on+Google+Toolbar%27s+Latest+Features&rft.pub=Google+Webmaster+Central+Blog&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgooglewebmastercentral.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F12%2Ffyi-on-google-toolbars-latest-features.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bar-Yossef2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bar-Yossef2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-YossefBroderKumarTomkins2004" class="citation conference cs1">Bar-Yossef, Ziv; Broder, Andrei Z.; Kumar, Ravi; Tomkins, Andrew (2004). "Sic transit gloria telae: towards an understanding of the Web's decay". <i>Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web – WWW '04</i>. pp. 328–337. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1.9406">10.1.1.1.9406</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F988672.988716">10.1145/988672.988716</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1581138443" title="Special:BookSources/978-1581138443"><bdi>978-1581138443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Sic+transit+gloria+telae%3A+towards+an+understanding+of+the+Web%27s+decay&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+13th+international+conference+on+World+Wide+Web+%E2%80%93+WWW+%2704&rft.pages=328-337&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1.9406%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F988672.988716&rft.isbn=978-1581138443&rft.aulast=Bar-Yossef&rft.aufirst=Ziv&rft.au=Broder%2C+Andrei+Z.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Tomkins%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkwellBrooks2002" class="citation journal cs1">Markwell, John; Brooks, David W. (2002). "Broken Links: The Ephemeral Nature of Educational WWW Hyperlinks". <i>Journal of Science Education and Technology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 105–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1014627511641">10.1023/A:1014627511641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60802264">60802264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Science+Education+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Broken+Links%3A+The+Ephemeral+Nature+of+Educational+WWW+Hyperlinks&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-108&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1014627511641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A60802264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Markwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Brooks%2C+David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomesSilva2006" class="citation conference cs1">Gomes, Daniel; Silva, Mário J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716190802/http://xldb.di.fc.ul.pt/daniel/docs/papers/gomes06urlPersistence.pdf">"Modelling Information Persistence on the Web"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Web Engineering</i>. ICWE'06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xldb.di.fc.ul.pt/daniel/docs/papers/gomes06urlPersistence.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Modelling+Information+Persistence+on+the+Web&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Conference+on+Web+Engineering&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Silva%2C+M%C3%A1rio+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxldb.di.fc.ul.pt%2Fdaniel%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2Fgomes06urlPersistence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellavalleHesterHeiligDrake2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dellavalle, Robert P.; Hester, Eric J.; Heilig, Lauren F.; Drake, Amanda L.; Kuntzman, Jeff W.; Graber, Marla; Schilling, Lisa M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9030760">"Going, Going, Gone: Lost Internet References"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>302</b> (5646): 787–788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1088234">10.1126/science.1088234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14593153">14593153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154604929">154604929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Going%2C+Going%2C+Gone%3A+Lost+Internet+References&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=5646&rft.pages=787-788&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154604929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14593153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1088234&rft.aulast=Dellavalle&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.au=Hester%2C+Eric+J.&rft.au=Heilig%2C+Lauren+F.&rft.au=Drake%2C+Amanda+L.&rft.au=Kuntzman%2C+Jeff+W.&rft.au=Graber%2C+Marla&rft.au=Schilling%2C+Lisa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F9030760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Koehler, Wallace (1999). "An Analysis of Web Page and Web Site Constancy and Permanence". <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 162–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4571%281999%2950%3A2%3C162%3A%3AAID-ASI7%3E3.0.CO%3B2-B">10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:2<162::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Web+Page+and+Web+Site+Constancy+and+Permanence&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-180&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4571%281999%2950%3A2%3C162%3A%3AAID-ASI7%3E3.0.CO%3B2-B&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellitto2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sellitto, Carmine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vuir.vu.edu.au/336/1/The_impact_of_impermanent_Web.pdf">"The impact of impermanent Web-located citations: A study of 123 scholarly conference publications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology</i>. <b>56</b> (7): 695–703. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.473.2732">10.1.1.473.2732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.20159">10.1002/asi.20159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+impermanent+Web-located+citations%3A+A+study+of+123+scholarly+conference+publications&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=695-703&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.473.2732%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.20159&rft.aulast=Sellitto&rft.aufirst=Carmine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvuir.vu.edu.au%2F336%2F1%2FThe_impact_of_impermanent_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Authoring_Webpages" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Authoring Webpages">Authoring Webpages</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Authoring_Webpages/Preventing_link_rot" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Authoring Webpages/Preventing link rot">Preventing link rot</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/link_rot" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:link rot">link rot</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linkrot" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:linkrot">linkrot</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109071631/http://www.wrox.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-301495.html">Future-Proofing Your URIs</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(usability_consultant)" title="Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)">Nielsen, Jakob</a> (14 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223011620/http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980614.html">"Fighting Linkrot"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980614.html">the original</a> on 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+Linkrot&rft.date=1998-06-14&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.useit.com%2Falertbox%2F980614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+rot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&oldid=1259082484">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&oldid=1259082484</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_quality" title="Category:Data quality">Data quality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Product_expiration" title="Category:Product expiration">Product expiration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:URL" title="Category:URL">URL</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from November 2015">Articles prone to spam from November 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 07:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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