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<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Donghu people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhu" title="Dunhu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dunhu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дунху – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дунху" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu_(peuple)" title="Donghu (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Donghu (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%98%B8_(%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1)" title="동호 (민족) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동호 (민족)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="दोंगहु लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दोंगहु लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дунху – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дунху" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donguk" title="Donguk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Donguk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дорнод ху – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дорнод ху" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1" title="東胡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東胡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghufolket" title="Donghufolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Donghufolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun-xu" title="Dun-xu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dun-xu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%81%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="دونگہو لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دونگہو لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дунху – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дунху" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghular" title="Donghular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Donghular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%83%A1" title="东胡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东胡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">697–150 BCE nomadic confederacy in northern China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Donghu people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Donghu people is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Donghu people is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.347%;left:86.423%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Donghu people"><img alt="Donghu people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/20px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/30px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/40px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1456" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 500 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-500</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x50" 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title="Mahajanapadas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAHA-<br />JANAPADAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ZHOU<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x42" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Slab-grave<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DONGHU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MEROË</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x45" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Scythians</b></i></span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">General location of the Donghu people, and contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> BCE</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">600-150 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Donghu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">东胡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">東胡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōnghú</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tung-hu</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʊ́ŋ.xǔ]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Eastern foreigners or Eastern barbarians</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was a tribal <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a>" (胡) nomadic people that was first recorded from the 7th century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Shiji110_-_Watson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiji110_-_Watson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in 150 BCE. They lived in northern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and the western part of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Khingan Range">Greater Khingan Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/220px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/330px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/440px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Donghu were located to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Qin_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin empire">Qin China</a> in the 3rd century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> name <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:東">東</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:胡">胡</a></span> literally means "Eastern Barbarians".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Dōnghú</i> contrasts with the term <i>Xīhú</i> meaning "Western barbarians" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">西胡</span>, meaning "non-Chinese peoples in the west" and <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a> 五胡 (<i>Wǔ Hú</i>) "five northern nomadic tribes involved in the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_the_Five_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of the Five Barbarians">Uprising of the Five Barbarians</a> (304–316 CE)". Hill (2009:59) translates <i>Xīhú</i> as "Western Hu" and notes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">hu</a></i> 胡 was used to denote non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> populations. It is, rather unsatisfactorily, commonly translated as 'barbarian'. While sometimes it was used in this general way to describe people of non-Han descent, and carried the same negative overtones of the English term, this was not always the case. Most frequently, it was used to denote people, usually of Caucasoid or partial Caucasoid appearance, living to the north and west of China. (2009:453)</p></blockquote> <p>In 307 BCE, the 胡 <i><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hú</a></i> proper, encompassing both the eastern <i>Dōnghú</i> (東胡, "Eastern Hu") and the western <i>Linhu</i> (林胡, "Forest Hu"), were mentioned as a non-Chinese people who were neighbors of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and skilled at <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a> (a military tactic which <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a> would later adopt).<sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term <i>Hu</i> can also refer to a variety of different races and different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used by Han Chinese to describe anyone who is not of ethnic Han Chinese descent and were considered barbarians: for example, Sima Qian also used Hu to call the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, who were then ruled by <a href="/wiki/Touman" title="Touman">Touman</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a>, once expelled by <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> general <a href="/wiki/Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng Tian</a> north from the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos Loop</a>, yet able to regain their territory following the Qin Empire's collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank1994_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Hu workmen were famed for their skills at making bows and carts even without specialization.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Xiajiadian_culture,_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/330px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/495px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/660px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5478" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>Horse bit and harness ornaments. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_Museum" title="Inner Mongolia Museum">Inner Mongolia Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_(151%E2%80%93153_CE)._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/330px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/495px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/660px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> tombs in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> often have depiction of battles between Hu barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han dynasty (151–153 CE). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. Also visible in <a href="/wiki/Yinan_tombs" title="Yinan tombs">Yinan tombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yinan_battle_scene,_2nd_century_CE,_Eastern_Han.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/330px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/495px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/660px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Hu warriors from the mountains (left) and Han troops (right) battling around a bridge, <a href="/wiki/Yinan_tombs" title="Yinan tombs">Yinan tombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Hu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The peoples categorized as the Five Barbarians, or "Five Hu", were the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernet_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Veer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Veer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these five ethnic groups, the Xiongnu and Xianbei were <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic people">nomadic peoples</a> from the northern <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. The ethnic identity of the Xiongnu is uncertain, but the Xianbei appear to have been Mongolic. The <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> people, may have been a branch of the Xiongnu, who may have been <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniseian">Yeniseian</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DWong_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWong-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Di and Qiang were from the highlands of western China.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernet_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qiang were predominantly herdsmen and spoke <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) languages</a>, while the Di were farmers who may have spoken a Sino-Tibetan<sup id="cite_ref-Di_People_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_People-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional explanation, going back to the second-century <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> scholar Cui Hao 崔浩 is that the Donghu were originally located "east of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>" who were one of the "Five Barbarians" (<i>Hú</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Yu_1986,_p._436_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu_1986,_p._436-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Chinese <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a> suggests that "Donghu" was a transcription of an <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> and did not literally mean "Eastern Barbarian".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usual English translation of <i>Dōnghú</i> is "Eastern Barbarians" (e.g., Watson, di Cosmo, Pulleyblank, and Yu), and the partial translation "Eastern Hu" is occasionally used (Pulleyblank). Note that "Eastern Barbarians" is also a translation for <i><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dōngyì</a></i> 東夷, which refers to "ancient peoples in eastern China, Korea, Japan, etc."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a> differentiates the <i><a href="/wiki/Huaxia" title="Huaxia">Huáxià</a></i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:華">華</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:夏">夏</a> "Chinese" and the <i>Yì</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:夷">夷</a> "barbarians, non-Chinese, foreigner": this is referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Huá–Yì distinction</a></i>. Many names besides <i>Hu</i> originally had <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> "barbarian" meanings, for instance <i><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></i> 南蠻 ("southern barbarians") and <i><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></i> 北狄 ("northern barbarians"). <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a> explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the dawn of history we find the Chinese, self-identified by such terms as Hsia and Hua, surrounded and interspersed by other peoples with whom they were frequently in conflict and whom they typically looked down upon as inferior beings in the same way the Hellenes looked down on the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βάρβαρος">barbaroi</a></i> and, indeed, as human we-groups have always looked down on their neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The historian Nicola di Cosmo concludes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We can thus reasonably say that, by the end of the fourth century B.C., the term "Hu" applied to various ethnic groups (tribes, groups of tribes, and even states) speaking different languages and generally found living scattered across a wide territory. Their fragmentation, however, could be turned, when the need arose, into a superior form of political organization (a "state"). This explains why <i>hu</i> appears often preceded by a qualifier that we may take for a specific ethnic group, as with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Hu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Hu people (page does not exist)">Lin Hu</a> and the Tung Hu. Whether or not it had originally been an ethnonym, such a designation had been lost by the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> usage <i>hú</i> has lost its original meaning although it still appears in words like <i><a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">èrhú</a></i> 二胡 (lit. "two foreign") "Chinese two-string fiddle", <i>hútáo</i> 胡桃 ("foreign peach") "<a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>", and <i>húluóbō</i> 胡萝卜 ("foreign radish") "<a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_(with_and_without_mussel_mask),_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan,_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/330px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/495px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/660px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Burial at Zhoujiadi cemetery (with and without mussel mask), an ancestor of the Donghu clan, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a> (1000-600 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern pronunciation <i>Dōnghú</i> differs from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> pronunciation, which roughly dates from the Warring States period (476–221 BCE) when Donghu was first recorded. Old Chinese reconstructions of <i>Dōnghú</i> include *<i>Tûngɣâg</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *<i>Tungg'o</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *<i>Tewnggaɣ</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *<i>Tongga</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and *<i>Tôŋgâ</i> > *<i>Toŋgɑ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reconstruct the <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> ancestor of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:胡">胡</a> <i>Hú</i> as *[g]ˤa. Recently, Christopher Atwood reconstructs a foreign ethnonym *<i>ga</i>, which was borrowed into Old Chinese as 胡 *<i>gâ</i> (> <i>hú</i>), while an <i>i</i>-suffixed derivative of *<i>ga</i> underlies two <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> transcriptions: namely, </p> <ul><li><i>*Bo-lâk <b>Khėi</b></i> (> <i>Bùluò-<b>Jī</b></i>) (步落<b>稽</b>), based on the ethnonym of a people of <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Mountain Rong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Red Di</a> origins<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos</a>; as well as</li> <li><i><b>*Gʰiei</b></i>, based on the ethnonym of the Mongolic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Xī</a> (奚), whom Arab geographers knew as <i>Qāy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The etymology of ethnonym *<i>ga</i> (> 胡 OC *<i>gâ</i> > Ch. <i>hú</i>) is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for *<i>ga'</i>s possibly derivation <i>Qay</i>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden</a> (2003) proposes several Mongolic etymologies: <i>ɣai</i> "trouble, misfortune, misery", <i>χai</i> "interjection of grief", <i>χai</i> "to seek", <i>χai</i> "to hew", albeit none compelling.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some dictionaries and scholars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat">Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat</a>) confuse Dōnghú 東胡 with <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>, <i>Tonggu</i> 通古. Russian Mongolist Lydia Viktorova states that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is due to the insufficient amount of materials and partly due to the mistakes made. For example, the phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus, made at the beginning of the 19th century by Abel-Rémusat only on the principle of sound similarity between Donghu and Tungus. This led to the fact that for a long time all the descendants of the Donghu were considered the ancestors of the Tungus."<sup id="cite_ref-viktorova1980_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viktorova1980-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This "chance similarity in modern pronunciation", writes Pulleyblank, "led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. This is a vulgar error with no real foundation."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_(%2Bdetail_of_figurine).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/220px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/330px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/440px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3475" data-file-height="5168" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Dagger with figurine, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a> (1000-600 BCE). Inner Mongolia Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_(19808401406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/220px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/330px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/440px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bronze helmet, Upper Xiajiadian Culture later period.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the northern ethnic groups, the Donghu was the earliest to evolve into a state of civilization and first developed <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> technology. Their culture was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a>, characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the use of cavalry and bronze weaponry in warfare, the Donghu apparently dominated over the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> on their west.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "Upper Xiajiadian" is indeed frequently attributed to the Donghu, such attribution remains uncertain given the lack of details in Chinese sources about what the Donghu exactly were, beyond a name (<i>Donghu</i>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a>, ie "Eastern mounted nomads") and the account of their destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The (ca. 109–91 BCE) <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> section on <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> history first records the Donghu during the era of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a> (r. 697–628 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin" title="Duke Mu of Qin">Duke Mu of Qin</a> (r. ca. 659–621 BCE).</p><blockquote><p>At this time Qin and Jin were the most powerful states in China. Duke Wen of Jin expelled the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Wu_Hu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Di (Wu Hu)">Di</a> barbarians and drove them into the region west of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> between the Yun and Luo rivers; there they were known as the Red Di and the White Di. Shortly afterwards, Duke Mu of Qin, having obtained the services of You Yu, succeeded in getting the eight barbarian tribes of the west to submit to his authority.<br /> Thus at this time there lived in the region west of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Long</a> the Mianzhu, the Hunrong, and the Diyuan tribes. North of Mts. Qi and Liang and the Jing and Qi rivers lived the Yiqu, Dali, Wuzhi, and Quyuan tribes. North of Jin were the Linhu (Forest Barbarians) and the Loufan, while north of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Yan">Yan</a> lived the Donghu (Eastern Barbarians) and <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a> (Mountain Barbarians), each of them with their own chieftains. From time to time they would have gatherings of a hundred or so men, but no one tribe was capable of unifying the others under a single rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Shiji110_-_Watson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiji110_-_Watson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 307 BC <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a> (born 356 BC, reigned 325-299 BC), a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (356-323 BC), instituted a military reform called "Hu clothes, Cavalry archery" after having been repeatedly harassed earlier in his reign by Donghu horse-archers. In 300 BCE <a href="/wiki/Qin_Kai_(general)" title="Qin Kai (general)">Qin Kai</a>, a general taken hostage from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Yan">state of Yan</a> (whose capital "Ji" is now <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>), defeated the Donghu after having gained the esteem of the Donghu and learning their battle tactics. In 273 BC (26th year of <a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Zhao" title="King Huiwen of Zhao">King Huiwen</a>) Zhao defeated the Donghu. In 265 BC <a href="/wiki/Li_Mu" title="Li Mu">Li Mu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Zhao">Zhao</a> state, one of the four most prominent generals of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> period, defeated the Donghu after stopping a major Xiongnu invasion. By the time of the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Touman" title="Touman">Touman</a> (c. 220 BCE to 209 BCE), "the Donghu were very powerful and the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> were likewise flourishing."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Xiongnu crown prince <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> killed his father Touman (in 209 BCE) and took the title of Chanyu, the Donghu thought that Modu feared them, and they started to ask for tribute from the Xiongnu, his best horses and even a consort of Modu's. Modu conceded. Not satisfied with this they asked for some of the Xiongnu territories. This enraged Modu who attacked and soundly defeated them, killing their ruler, taking his subjects prisoner, and seizing their livestock, before turning west to attack and defeat the Yuezhi (c. 177 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused disintegration in the Donghu federation. Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> moved to Mt. Wuhuan and engaged in continuous warfare with the Xiongnu on the west and China on the south. As they came to be worn out from the lengthy battles, the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> preserved their strengths by moving northward to Mt. Xianbei. When the Han dynasty vassal king <a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a> defected to the Xiongnu in 195 BC he was created King of Donghu (東胡王) by the Xiongnu. This Kingdom of Donghu fiefdom lasted until 144 BC when Lu Wan's grandson Lu Tazhi defected back to the Han dynasty. The Wuhuan (southern Donghu) inhabitants of the fiefdom continued as vassals of the Xiongnu until 121 BC. Gradually the name Donghu stopped being used. In the 1st century, the Xianbei (northern Donghu) defeated the Wuhuan and northern Xiongnu, and developed into a powerful state under the leadership of their elected <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>, Tanshihuai.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/300px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/450px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/600px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="4348" /></a><figcaption>Donghu raided both Zhao and Yan in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a>, published in 648, linked the Donghu and their <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> descendants to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor#Xuanyuan_and_Youxiong" title="Yellow Emperor">Youxiong</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Shi" title="Chinese surname">lineage</a> (有熊氏),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly named after the Yellow Emperor's "hereditary principality".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> rulers were claimed to be the Yellow Emperor's descendants, for individual and national prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Yu_Ying-shih" title="Yu Ying-shih">Yu Ying-shih</a> describes the Donghu.</p><blockquote><p>The Tung-hu peoples were probably a tribal federation founded by a number of nomadic peoples, including the Wu-huan and Hsien-pi. After its conquest of the Hsiung-nu, the federation apparently ceased to exist. Throughout the Han period, no trace can be found of activities of the Tung-hu as a political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu_1986,_p._436_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu_1986,_p._436-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Di Cosmo says the Chinese considered the <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> 胡 as "a new type of foreigner", and believes, "This term, whatever its origin, soon came to indicate an 'anthropological type' rather than a specific group or tribe, which the records allow us to identify as early steppe nomads. The Hu were the source of the introduction of cavalry in China."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_(%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/170px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/255px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/340px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>General appearance of the numerous <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythoïd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> monumental statues from <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> period, 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Pulleyblank cites <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> that the Donghu, Xianbei, and Wuhuan were "proto-Mongols".</p><blockquote><p>The Eastern Hu, mentioned in the <i>Shih-chi</i> along with the Woods Hu and the Lou-fan as barbarians to the north of Chao in the fourth century B.C., appear again as one of the first peoples whom the Hsiung-nu conquered in establishing their empire. Toward the end of the Former Han, as the Hsiung-nu empire was weakening through internal dissension, the Eastern Hu became rebellious. From then on they played an increasingly prominent role in Chinese frontier strategy as a force to play off against the Hsiung-nu. Two major divisions are distinguished, the Hsien-pei to the north and the Wu-huan to the south. By the end of the first century B.C. these more specific names had supplanted the older generic term.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Pulleyblank also writes that although </p><blockquote><p>there is now archaeological evidence of the spread of pastoral nomadism based on horse riding from Central Asia into Mongolia and farther east in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., as far as we have evidence it did not impinge on Chinese consciousness until the northward push of the state of Zhao 趙 to the edge of the steppe in present Shanxi province shortly before the end of the fifth century B.C.E. brought them into contact with a new type of horse-riding “barbarian” that they called Hu 胡. … In Han times the term Hu was applied to steppe nomads in general but especially to the Xiongnu who had become the dominant power in the steppe. Earlier it had referred to a specific proto-Mongolian people, now differentiated as the Eastern Hu 東胡, from whom the Xianbei 鮮卑 and the Wuhuan 烏桓 later emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Hu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/300px-Eastern_Hu.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/450px-Eastern_Hu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/600px-Eastern_Hu.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Lineage of the Donghu (Eastern Hu)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dōnghú later divided into the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-wuhuan-kumoxi_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wuhuan-kumoxi-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Khingan Range">Greater Khingan Range</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200524_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200524-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Wuhuan are ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wuhuan-kumoxi_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wuhuan-kumoxi-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Xianbei are ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200524_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200524-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175–179_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175–179-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another people of Donghu descent were the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a> tribe).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past, scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Zuoguai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Zuoguai (page does not exist)">Fan Zuoguai</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Feimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Feimu (page does not exist)">Han Feimu</a> also mistakenly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (June 2022)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> thought that <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> (ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>) descended from the Donghu.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Russian scholar Lydia Leonidovna Viktorova criticized the 19th century phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus.<sup id="cite_ref-viktorova1980_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viktorova1980-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i> detected the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">haplogroup C2b1a1b</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>. This lineage has also been found among the Donghu. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has a high frequency among <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_origins">Ethnic origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:261px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi,_Shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/149px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/224px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/298px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:261px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi,_Shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/135px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/203px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/270px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> statues from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Late <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The ethnic composition of the Donghu people remains unclear. It is suggested that the majority was of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> origins, and that they stood in contact with other Steppe nomadic entities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saka_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka people">Saka people</a> further West. The Donghu were ethnically related to the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinggouzi">Jinggouzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a>, which are described as either <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a> or Para-Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hw_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hw-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While often being referred as tribal confederation, they may rather be an only loosely united group of nomadic tribes "that occupied territories between the Mongolian steppes and the Great Xing'an Mountains of China".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate#Genetics" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Genetics" title="Xianbei">Xianbei § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu#Genetics" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns#Genetics" title="Huns">Huns § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Genetics" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i> in August 2018 detected the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">haplogroup C2b1a1b</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>. This lineage has also been found among remains associated with the Donghu people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20184Table_2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20184Table_2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of the study suggested that haplogroup C2b1a1b was an important lineage among the Donghu, and that the Rouran were paternally descended from the Xianbei and Donghu. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has a high frequency among <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic data support a close genetic relationship between the Donghu, the ancient Jinggouzi people, and the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>. The closest modern extant people to the historical Donghu are the <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen people</a> of Northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-hw_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hw-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manchuria" title="Category:History of Manchuria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchuria" title="History of Manchuria">History of <span class="fn org label">Manchuria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/100px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/150px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/200px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient to Classical period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan (Warring States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Yan (Three Kingdoms)">Yan (Three Kingdoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Sima Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval to Early Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Xingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Ming rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Korean invasion of Manchuria">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dalian" title="Russian Dalian">Russian Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fengtian_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengtian Clique">Fengtian Clique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template talk:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Kai_(general)" title="Qin Kai (general)">Qin Kai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shiji110_-_Watson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji110_-_Watson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji110_-_Watson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Qian (author); Watson, Burton (translator), 1993. <i>Shiji</i>, "vol. 110 - Account of the Xiongnu"; p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html">Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043037/http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html">Archived</a> March 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liang (1992) and DeFrancis (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji/zhao-shi-jia#n6694">"Hereditary House of Zhao"</a> quote: "今中山在我腹心，北有燕，東有<b>胡</b>，西有林胡、樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無彊兵之救，是亡社稷，柰何？" translation: "Now <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a> is at our heart and belly [note: Zhao surrounded Zhongshan, except on the Zhongshan's north-eastern side], <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> to the north, <b>Hu</b> to the east, Forest Hu to the west, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loufan_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loufan (tribe) (page does not exist)">Loufan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a> at our borders. Yet we have no strong army to help us, surely we will lose our country. What is to be done?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stratagems_of_the_Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratagems of the Warring States">Stratagems of the Warring States</a>, "King Wuling spends his day in idleness", quote: "自常山以至代、上黨，東有燕、<b>東胡</b>之境，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無騎射之備。" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jenniferdodgson.wixsite.com/warringstates/wuling">Jennifer Dodgson's translation</a>: "From <a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Shanxi)" title="Mount Heng (Shanxi)">Mount Chang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shangdang_Commandery" title="Shangdang Commandery">Shangdang</a>, our lands border Yan and the <b>Donghu</b> in the east, and to the west we have the Loufan and shared borders with Qin and Han. Nevertheless, we have no mounted archers ready for action."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulleyblank1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1994_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1994_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank E. G.</a> (1994) “Ji Hu: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi,” in Edward H. Kaplan, ed.,<i> Opuscula Altaica: Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz</i>. ed. by. Bellingham: Western Washington University. pp. 518-519 of 499-531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania By Barbara A. West <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&dq=Hu+term+Donghu&pg=PA293">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shiji</i> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji/xiong-nu-lie-zhuan">Ch. 110 Account of the Xiongnu</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zhouli (<a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a>)</i> "Dongguan Kaogong Ji (Winter Office(r)s: Records on the Examination of Craftsmanship)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=37323">4</a> quote: 「胡無弓車。……胡之無弓車也，非無弓車也，夫人而能為弓車也。」Translation by Jun (2013): "Among the nomads Hu there are no special craftsmen of bow and chariot but all the men there are proficient in the art."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jun Wenren (translator) (2013) <i>Ancient Chinese Encyclopedia of Technology: Translation and Annotation of the Kaogong Ji (the Artificers' Records)</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hu_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hu_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bi, Zhicheng (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf">"Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research</i>. <b>368</b>: 175–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Stone+Reliefs+of+the+Han+Tombs+in+Shandong+Province%3A+Relationship+Between+Motifs+and+Composition&rft.volume=368&rft.pages=175-177&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Zhicheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F125923384.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernet-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gernet_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gernet_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&dq=%22five+barbarians%22&pg=PA186"><i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gernet" title="Jacques Gernet">Jacques Gernet</a>, Cambridge University Press 1996 P.186-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Der_Veer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Veer_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slp8RTUn97AC&dq=%22five+barbarians%22&pg=PA200">Peter Van Der Veer, "III. Contexts of Cosmopolitanism" in Steven Vertovec, Robin Cohen eds., <i>Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context and Practice</i> Oxford University Press 2002</a> p. 200-01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWong-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWong_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gNk5HzIIKgC&dq=di+qiang+people&pg=PA44">Dorothy Wong, <i>Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form University of Hawaii</i> Press</a> P.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_People-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Di_People_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bswh.net/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=421&BigClassName=%B3%C9%B9%FB%D5%B9%CC%A8&SmallClassName=%D7%A8%D6%B0%C8%CB%D4%B1%C2%DB%CE%C4&SpecialID=45">段渝, 先秦巴蜀地区百濮和氐羌的来源</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054257/http://www.bswh.net/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=421&BigClassName=%B3%C9%B9%FB%D5%B9%CC%A8&SmallClassName=%D7%A8%D6%B0%C8%CB%D4%B1%C2%DB%CE%C4&SpecialID=45">Archived</a> 2018-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2006-11-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=UAAaAQAAIAAJ">Guo Ji Zhongguo Yu Yan Xue Ping Lun</a>, Volume 1, Issue 1, J. Benjamins 1996. page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu_1986,_p._436-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yu_1986,_p._436_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yu_1986,_p._436_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yu (1986), p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hao and Qimudedaoerji (2007), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank (1983), p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Cosmo (2002), p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ban, Lin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1893664/v1/75102b6a-6015-4bee-a3bf-53ce1c9fa791.pdf?c=1661258677">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Shelter My Soul with Your Body" – A Burial Custom Influenced by Shamanism: A Case of Covering a Dead Face with the Right Ribs of a Local Sheep in Inner Mongolia, China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>The most typical early form of metal mask was a combination of sackcloth, copper clasps and mussels found in the Zhoujiadi cemetery in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, of the Xiajiadian upper culture (Yang and Gu 1984). (...) Besides, both Zhoujiadi M45 and Iheura M2 can be identified as remains of the Donghu clan, with Zhoujiadi M45 considered to be an ancestor of the Donghu clan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Shelter+My+Soul+with+Your+Body%22+%E2%80%93+A+Burial+Custom+Influenced+by+Shamanism%3A+A+Case+of+Covering+a+Dead+Face+with+the+Right+Ribs+of+a+Local+Sheep+in+Inner+Mongolia%2C+China&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Ban&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.researchsquare.com%2Ffiles%2Frs-1893664%2Fv1%2F75102b6a-6015-4bee-a3bf-53ce1c9fa791.pdf%3Fc%3D1661258677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dong 1948:?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlgren 1957:303, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou 1972:?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baxter 1992:754, 763.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuesler 2007:215, 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014. <i>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction</i>. Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5">978-0-19-994537-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a> "稽胡一曰步落稽，蓋匈奴別種，劉元海五部之苗裔也。或云山戎赤狄之後。" tr. "<i>Jihu</i>, another appellation is <i>Buluoji</i>, probably a splinter kind of Xiongnu [and] descendants of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuanhai</a>'s five tribes. Or said [to be] successors of Mountain Rong [or] Red Di".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atwood, Christopher P. "The Qai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú" <i>International Journal of Eurasian Studies</i> II. p. 47-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuessler (2007), p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. (2006). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipčaqs" in <i>Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</i> 15: notes 24–25. p. 17 of 13-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, P.B. (2003) "Cumanica II: The Olberli (Olperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan" in <i>Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian Steppe</i> note. 49 p. 17 of 5-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-viktorova1980-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viktorova1980_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viktorova1980_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViktorova1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viktorova, Lydia Leonidovna (1980). <i>Mongols: Origin of the People and Source of Culture</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 183. <q>Это отчасти связано с недостаточным количеством материалов, отчасти - с допущенными ошибками. Например, фонетическое отождествление древнего народа дунху (восточные ху) с тунгусами, сделанное в начале XIX в. Абелем Ремюса лишь на принципе звукового сходства дунху - тунгус, привело к тому, что всех потомков дунху долгое время считали предками тунгусов.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongols%3A+Origin+of+the+People+and+Source+of+Culture&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Viktorova&rft.aufirst=Lydia+Leonidovna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsarras1999" class="citation journal cs1">Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). "Upper Xiajiadian". <i>Monumenta Serica</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 90, Figure 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324">10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=Upper+Xiajiadian&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90%2C+Figure+19&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324&rft.aulast=Psarras&rft.aufirst=Sophia-Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://image.invaluable.com/housePhotos/Kim/84/734184/H22682-L306697095.jpg">"Certificate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Certificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.invaluable.com%2FhousePhotos%2FKim%2F84%2F734184%2FH22682-L306697095.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3"><i>The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i></a>. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3">10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9154-6"><bdi>978-981-32-9154-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=249+Fig+4.12+No25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3&rft.isbn=978-981-32-9154-6&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin (2007)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma (1962)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu (1994)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang (2007)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lü (2002), pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsarras1999" class="citation journal cs1">Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324">"Upper Xiajiadian"</a>. <i>Monumenta Serica</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 4–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324">10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-9948">0254-9948</a>. <q>The study of Upper Xiaiadianis hampered by the small number of well-reported excavations, the conditions of the tombs themselves, and by confusion concerning the nature of the culture and its dating. In general，"Upper Xiajiadian" is considered to refer to a nomadic culture，frequently attributed to the Donghu.(p.4) The attribution of any non-Chinese culture to a name provided by early Chinese texts is risky. Unless material evidence appears to coincide with written evidence (assuming there is indeed written evidence, other than the notation of a name), we cannot be sure such attribution is justified. In the case of the Donghu, we have scant textual evidence.(p.5) In any case, attributing Upper Xiajiadian to the Donghu compounds the problems the material remains themselves present. At this time，I see no benefit in making any specific attribution (p.6)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=Upper+Xiajiadian&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324&rft.issn=0254-9948&rft.aulast=Psarras&rft.aufirst=Sophia-Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (1993), p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (1993), p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma (1962)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu (1994)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang (2007)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lü (2002)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a> et al., <i>Jinshu</i>, vol. 108 <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7108#%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E5%BB%86">Murong Hui</a> text: "慕容廆，字弈洛瑰，昌黎棘城鮮卑人也。其先有熊氏之苗裔，世居北夷，邑于紫蒙之野，號曰東胡。" tr.: "<a href="/wiki/Murong_Hui" title="Murong Hui">Murong Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Yìluòguī, a Xianbei man from the Jí Citadel, Chānglí. He/They descended from the Youxiong lineage in former times; for generations [they] had been dwelling [among] the Northern <a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Yi</a>, [their] settlement in the wilderness of Zimeng, [their] appellation Eastern Hu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i>, vol. 1 <a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7001#%E7%B5%90%E8%AA%9E">[2]</a> txt: "自黃帝至舜、禹，皆同姓而異其國號，以章明德。故黃帝爲有熊，..." tr.: "From the Yellow Emperor to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Shùn</a>, [and then] <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yǔ</a>, all [had] the same <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Xing" title="Chinese surname">tribal surname</a> (姓) yet [each] called [his] nation differently; [each] used [a different appellation] to stamp [his] bright virtue; therefore, the Yellow Emperor['s nation] was Youxiong..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giles, Herbert Allen (1898), <i>A Chinese Biographical Dictionary</i>, p. 338 cited in Unschuld, Paul U.; Tessenow, Hermann, eds. (2011), <i>Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: An Annotated Translation of Huang Di's Inner Classic – Basic Questions</i>, 2 volumes, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Edward_Lewis" title="Mark Edward Lewis">Lewis, Mark Edward</a> (2009), <i>China's Cosmopolitan Empire: the Tang Dynasty</i>, Harvard University Press. p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abramson, Mark Samuel (2008), <i>Ethnic Identity in Tang China</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Cosmo (1999), pp. 951–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several photographs and descriptions in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐2017" class="citation journal cs1">徐, 龙国 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/2017/20170912xulongguo.pdf">"山东发现的汉代大型胡人石雕像再研究"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>美术研究 (Art Research)</i>. <q><br />上述石雕像为胡人形象，对此学者们均无异议。胡人是我国古代中原汉人对北方和西方异族的通称。在汉人的认知领域，胡人的概念比较模糊，大致也有个变化的过程。先秦时的胡，专指匈奴，汉晋时期泛指匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌，"胡人"的范围已由北方逐渐扩大到西部族群。<br />"The above-mentioned stone statues are images of Hu people, and scholars have no objection to this. Hu people are the general name given by the Han people in the Central Plains of our country to the foreign ethnic groups in the north and west in ancient China. In the cognitive field of Han people, the concept of Hu people is relatively vague, and it has a tendency to change with time. The Hu in the pre-Qin period refers specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, but in the Han and Jin dynasties generally Hu refers to the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>. The scope of "Hu people" also expanded from the north to the west."<br />山东发现的这种高鼻深目、头戴尖帽的胡人形象，很可能是与斯基泰人文化有关的某些白种民族，并推测可能是月氏或早于月氏的民族<br />"The image of a barbarian with a high nose, deep eyes, and a pointed hat found in Shandong is likely to be some white ethnic group related to the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Scythian culture</a>, it is also speculated that it may be the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> or an ethnic group earlier than the Yuezhi."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%28Art+Research%29&rft.atitle=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E5%86%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=%E5%BE%90&rft.aufirst=%E9%BE%99%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fuploads%2Fsoft%2F2017%2F20170912xulongguo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank (2000), p 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wuhuan-kumoxi-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wuhuan-kumoxi_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wuhuan-kumoxi_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7219">vol. 219</a> "奚亦東胡種, 為匈奴所破, 保烏丸山. 漢曹操斬其帥蹋頓蓋其後也." tr. "The Xi are also a Donghu race. Defeated by the Xiongnu, their refuge was Wuwan mountains. During <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> time, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> slew their leader <a href="/wiki/Tadun" title="Tadun">Tadun</a>. [Xi] are probably their descendants"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a></i> "Vol. 90 Accounts of the Wuhuan & Xianbei - <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B790#%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">Xianbei</a>" quote: "鮮卑者，亦東胡之支也，別依鮮卑山，故因號焉。其言語習俗與烏桓同。…… 漢初，亦為冒頓所破，遠竄遼東塞外，與烏桓相接，未常通中國焉。" Xu (2005)'s translation: "The Xianbei who were a branch of the Donghu, relied upon the Xianbei Mountains. Therefore, they were called the Xianbei. [...] At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), (they) were defeated by Maodun, and then fled in disorder to Liaodong beyond the northern border of China Proper ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200524-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200524_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200524_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Suishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suishu">Suishu</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B784">vol. 84</a> "奚本曰庫莫奚東部胡之種" tr. "The Xi were originally called the Kumo Xi. They are a race of Eastern Hu"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Book of Tang</i> "Vol. 219 - Northern Barbarians - <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7219#%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9">Khitans</a>" quote: "契丹，本東胡種，其先爲匈奴所破，保鮮卑山。" Xu (2005)'s translation: "The Khitan were of Donghu origin. Their ancestors were defeated by the Xiongnu, and then sought refuge in the Xianbei Mountains."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175–179-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175–179_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, pp. 75, 86, 175–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2006">Janhunen 2006</a>, pp. 405–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Book of Wei</i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103">vol. 103</a> "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank (2000), p. 20, n. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrow2015" class="citation book cs1">Zarrow, Peter (2015-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJ2NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191"><i>Educating China: Knowledge, Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11547-7"><bdi>978-1-107-11547-7</bdi></a>. <q>Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race (Donghuzu)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educating+China%3A+Knowledge%2C+Society+and+Textbooks+in+a+Modernizing+World%2C+1902%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11547-7&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJ2NCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi_et_al.2018">Li et al. 2018</a>, pp. 1, 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuanBing2023" class="citation journal cs1">Guan, Liu; 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"The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in <i>The Origins of Chinese Civilization</i>, University of California Press, pp. 411–466.</li> <li>Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118181857/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~earlychina/docs/2008/ec25_pulleyblank.pdf">"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"</a>, <i>Early China</i> 25:1–27.</li> <li>Schuessler, Axel. (2007). <i>An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese</i>. University of Hawaii Press.</li> <li>Wang, Zhongluo [王仲荦] (2007). Wei jin nan bei chao shi [History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties] 魏晋南北朝史. Beijing [北京], Zhonghua shuju [China Press] 中华书局.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). <i>Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan</i> (PhD). University of Helsinki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Historical+development+of+the+pre-dynastic+Khitan&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Elina-Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson,_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson, Burton">Watson, Burton</a>. (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> by Sima Qian</i>. Translated by Burton Watson. Revised Edition. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a>.</li> <li>Yu Ying-Shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in <i>The Cambridge History of China. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–462.</li> <li>Zhou Fagao [周法高]. (1972). "Shanggu Hanyu he Han-Zangyu 上古漢語和漢藏語", <i>Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong</i> 5:159–244. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_et_al.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Haijung; et al. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/human-biology/volume-84/issue-4/027.084.0402/Genetic-Data-Suggests-that-the-Jinggouzi-People-are-Associated-with/10.3378/027.084.0402.short">"Genetic data suggests that the Jinggouzi people are associated with the Donghu, an ancient nomadic group of North China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Genetics_(journal)" title="Human Genetics (journal)">Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>84</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: 365–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3378%2F027.084.0402">10.3378/027.084.0402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249313">23249313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202599607">202599607</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+data+suggests+that+the+Jinggouzi+people+are+associated+with+the+Donghu%2C+an+ancient+nomadic+group+of+North+China&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-378&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202599607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23249313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3378%2F027.084.0402&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Haijung&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioone.org%2Fjournals%2Fhuman-biology%2Fvolume-84%2Fissue-4%2F027.084.0402%2FGenetic-Data-Suggests-that-the-Jinggouzi-People-are-Associated-with%2F10.3378%2F027.084.0402.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/hu/bottom.html">The Hu Peoples</a>, Silk Road Seattle Virtual Art Exhibit.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/hu.html">Non-Chinese peoples and neighboring states: Hu 胡</a>, ChinaKnowledge.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Donghu_and_Xianbei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Donghu_and_Xianbei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Donghu and Xianbei (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donghu and Xianbei"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Donghu_and_Xianbei" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donghu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei"> Xianbei (93–234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran (330–555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei (534–550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei (535–557)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi (550–577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou (557–581)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan (250–338)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen (260–345)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun (284–670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebineng" title="Kebineng">Kebineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Shujineng" title="Tufa Shujineng">Tufa Shujineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Ke" title="Murong Ke">Murong Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chao" title="Murong Chao">Murong Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Gui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Gui">Tuoba Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Tao">Tuoba Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Tai" title="Yuwen Tai">Yuwen Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Xin" title="Dugu Xin">Dugu Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jiong" title="Yuchi Jiong">Yuchi Jiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Zhaojun" title="Lou Zhaojun">Lou Zhaojun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lingxuan" title="Lu Lingxuan">Lu Lingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Hu" title="Yuwen Hu">Yuwen Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuwen Yong">Yuwen Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Mugul%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulü Mugulü">Yujiulü Mugulü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Cheluhui" title="Yujiulü Cheluhui">Yujiulü Cheluhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Shelun" title="Yujiulü Shelun">Yujiulü Shelun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Datan" title="Yujiulü Datan">Yujiulü Datan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiulu_Anagui" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulu Anagui">Yujiulu Anagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anluochen" title="Yujiulü Anluochen">Yujiulü Anluochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Dengshuzi" title="Yujiulü Dengshuzi">Yujiulü Dengshuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Yichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi Yichen">Yuchi Yichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shu" title="Yuwen Shu">Yuwen Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Zhiji" title="Yuwen Zhiji">Yuwen Zhiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Wuji" title="Zhangsun Wuji">Zhangsun Wuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Jingde" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi Jingde">Yuchi Jingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutu_Tong" title="Qutu Tong">Qutu Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangsun_Shunde" title="Zhangsun Shunde">Zhangsun Shunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Shiji" title="Yuwen Shiji">Yuwen Shiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhining" title="Yu Zhining">Yu Zhining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups">Mongol ethnic groups</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">Modern clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonos_tribe" title="Chonos tribe">Chonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katagans" title="Katagans">Katagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkhonud" title="Olkhonud">Olkhonud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southern_Mongols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Southern Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyot</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a> (<i>Yunnan Mongol</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei">Donghu and Xianbei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a><br /> <sup>*</sup>Mongolized ethnic groups.<sup>**</sup>Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&oldid=1239933776">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&oldid=1239933776</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Donghu_people" title="Category:Donghu people">Donghu people</a></li><li><a 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