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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> whose areas of interest included <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history. He is best known for his two-volume work <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), published in 1918 and 1922, covering <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>. Spengler's model of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> postulates that human <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> are akin to biological entities, each with a limited, predictable, and deterministic lifespan. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Oswald Spengler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Oswald_Spengler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Oswald_Spengler.jpg/220px-Oswald_Spengler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Oswald_Spengler.jpg/330px-Oswald_Spengler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Oswald_Spengler.jpg/440px-Oswald_Spengler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1781"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Spengler in 1929</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler</div> (1880-05-29)29 May 1880 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Blankenburg_(Harz)" title="Blankenburg (Harz)">Blankenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1936(1936-05-08) (aged 55) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49906">The Decline of the West</a> (1918, 1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.53913/2015.53913.Man-And-Technics-1932.pdf">Man and Technics</a> (1932), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503389">The Hour of Decision</a> (1934)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Goethean_science" title="Goethean science">Goethean science</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes199159-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dermetaphysisch00spengoog">Der metaphysische Grundgedanke der heraklitischen Philosophie</a> (1904)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alois_Riehl" title="Alois Riehl">Alois Riehl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG/150px-Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG/225px-Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG/300px-Oswald_Spengler_signature.PNG 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="116"></a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Spengler predicted that about the year 2000, <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a> would enter the period of pre‑death emergency which would lead to 200 years of <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a> (extra-constitutional omnipotence of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branch of government) before Western civilization's final collapse.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Spengler is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/German_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="German nationalist">German nationalist</a> and a critic of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, and he was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a>. The Nazis had viewed his writings as a means to provide a "respectable pedigree" to their ideology,<a href="#cite_note-VQR-5">[4]</a> Spengler later criticized <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> due to its excessive racialist elements. He saw <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, and entrepreneurial types, like the mining magnate <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> as examples of the impending Caesars of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>—later showcasing his disappointment in Mussolini's colonialist adventures.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life_and_family">1.1 Early life and family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Education">1.2 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Career">1.3 Career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Aftermath">1.4 Aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Later_life_and_death">1.5 Later life and death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Views">2 Views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Influences">2.1 Influences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_Decline_of_the_West_(1918)">2.2 The Decline of the West (1918)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Prussianism_and_Socialism_(1919)">2.3 Prussianism and Socialism (1919)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Nazism_and_Fascism">2.3.1 Nazism and Fascism</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Legacy">3 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Works">4 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sources">7.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_foreign_languages">8.1 In foreign languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler was born on 29 May 1880 in <a href="/wiki/Blankenburg_(Harz)" title="Blankenburg (Harz)">Blankenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the oldest surviving child of Bernhard Spengler (1844–1901) and Pauline Spengler (1840–1910), <a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">née</a> Grantzow, the descendant of an artistic family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaeher198419-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20194-9">[8]</a> Oswald's elder brother was born prematurely in 1879, when his mother tried to move a heavy laundry basket, and died at the age of three weeks. Oswald was born ten months after his brother's death.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> His younger sisters were Adele (1881–1917), Gertrud (1882–1957), and Hildegard (1885–1942).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaeher198419-8">[7]</a> Oswald's paternal grandfather, Theodor Spengler (1806–1876), was a metallurgical inspector (Hütteninspektor) in <a href="/wiki/Altenbrak" title="Altenbrak">Altenbrak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Spengler's maternal great-grandfather, Friedrich Wilhelm Grantzow, a tailor's apprentice in Berlin, had three children out of wedlock with a Jewish woman named Bräunchen Moses (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1769–1849) whom he later married, on 26 May 1799.<a href="#cite_note-selfimage-12">[11]</a> Shortly before the wedding, Moses was baptized as Johanna Elisabeth Anspachin; the surname was chosen after her birthplace—<a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Anspach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beck1968-13">[12]</a> Her parents, Abraham and Reile Moses, were both deceased by then. The couple had another five children,<a href="#cite_note-selfimage-12">[11]</a> one of whom was Spengler's maternal grandfather, Gustav Adolf Grantzow (1811–1883)—a solo dancer and ballet master in Berlin, who in 1837 married Katharina Kirchner (1813–1873), a solo dancer from a Munich Catholic family;<a href="#cite_note-beck1968-13">[12]</a> the second of their four daughters was Oswald Spengler's mother Pauline Grantzow.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Like the Grantzows in general, Pauline was of a <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemian</a> disposition, and, before marrying Bernhard Spengler, accompanied her dancer sisters on tours. In appearance, she was plump. Her temperament, which Oswald inherited, was moody, irritable, and morose.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When Oswald was ten years of age, his family moved to the university city of <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a>. Here he received a classical education at the local <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> (academically oriented secondary school), studying Greek, Latin, mathematics and sciences. Here, too, he developed his propensity for the arts—especially poetry, drama, and music—and came under the influence of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes199159-1">[1]</a> At 17, he wrote a drama titled Montezuma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20194-9">[8]</a> After his father's death in 1901, Spengler attended several universities (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">Halle</a>) as a private scholar, taking courses in a wide range of subjects. His studies were undirected. In 1903, he failed his <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>—titled Der metaphysische Grundgedanke der heraklitischen Philosophie (The Fundamental Metaphysical Thought of the Heraclitean Philosophy) and conducted under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Alois_Riehl" title="Alois Riehl">Alois Riehl</a>—because of insufficient references. He took the <a href="/wiki/Thesis_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis defense">doctoral oral exam</a> again and received his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> from Halle on 6 April 1904. In December 1904, he began to write the secondary dissertation (<a href="/wiki/Staatsexamen" title="Staatsexamen">Staatsexamensarbeit</a>) necessary to qualify as a high school teacher. This became The Development of the Organ of Sight in the Higher Realms of the Animal Kingdom (Die Entwicklung des Sehorgans bei den Hauptstufen des Tierreiches), a text now lost.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> It was approved and he received his teaching certificate. In 1905, Spengler suffered a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Spengler briefly served as a teacher in <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> then in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>. From 1908 to 1911 he worked at a grammar school (Realgymnasium) in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, where he taught science, German history, and mathematics. Biographers report that his life as a teacher was uneventful.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In 1911, following his mother's death, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, where he lived for the rest of his life. While there, he was a cloistered scholar, supported by his modest inheritance. Spengler survived on very limited means and was marked by loneliness. He owned no books, and took work as a tutor and wrote for magazines to earn additional income. Due to a severe heart problem, Spengler was exempted from military service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20194-9">[8]</a> During the war, his inheritance was useless because it was invested overseas; thus, he lived in genuine poverty for this period.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He began work on the first volume of The Decline of the West intending to focus on Germany within Europe. However, the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> of 1911 affected him deeply, so he widened the scope of his study. According to Spengler the book was completed in 1914, but the first edition was published in the summer of 1918, shortly before the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20195-18">[17]</a> Spengler wrote about the years immediately prior to World War I in Decline: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At that time the World-War appeared to me both as imminent and also as the inevitable outward manifestation of the historical crisis, and my endeavor was to comprehend it from an examination of the spirit of the preceding centuries—not years. ... Thereafter I saw the present—the approaching World-War—in a quite other light. It was no longer a momentary constellation of casual facts due to national sentiments, personal influences, or economic tendencies endowed with an appearance of unity and necessity by some historian's scheme of political or social cause-and-effect, but the type of historical change of phase occurring within a great historical organism of definable compass at the point preordained for it hundreds of years ago.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></blockquote> When the first volume of The Decline of the West was published, it was a wild success.<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> Spengler became an instant celebrity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20195-18">[17]</a> The national humiliation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919), followed by <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a> in 1923 and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, seemed to prove Spengler right. Decline comforted Germans because it could be used as a rationale for their diminished pre-eminence, i.e. due to larger world-historical processes. The book met with wide success outside of Germany as well, and by 1919 had been translated into several other languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The second volume of Decline was published in 1922. In it, Spengler argued that German <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> differed from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>; instead, he said it was more compatible with traditional German conservatism. Spengler declined an appointment as Professor of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, saying he needed time to focus on writing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The book was widely discussed, even by those who had not read it. Historians took umbrage at his unapologetically non-scientific approach. Novelist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> compared reading Spengler's book to reading <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>'s works for the first time. Academics gave it a mixed reception. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> described Spengler as a "very ingenious and learned dilettante", while philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> called the thesis "pointless". Both volumes of Decline were published in English by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> in 1926.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1924, following the social-economic upheaval and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, Spengler entered politics in an effort to bring <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> General <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a> to power as the country's <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leader</a>. The attempt failed and Spengler proved ineffective in practical politics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 1928 <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> review of the second volume of Decline described the immense influence and controversy Spengler's ideas enjoyed during the 1920s: "When the first volume of The Decline of the West appeared in Germany a few years ago, thousands of copies were sold. Cultivated European discourse quickly became Spengler-saturated. Spenglerism spurted from the pens of countless disciples. It was imperative to read Spengler, to sympathize or revolt. It still remains so".<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> In 1931, he published <a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a>, which warned against the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialism">industrialism</a> to culture. He especially pointed to the tendency of Western technology to spread to hostile "Colored races" which would then use the weapons against the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1991-22">[20]</a> It was poorly received because of its anti-industrialism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This book contains the well-known Spengler quote "Optimism is cowardice".<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Despite voting for <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> over <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> in 1932, Spengler found the Führer vulgar. He met Hitler in 1933 and after a lengthy discussion remained unimpressed, saying that Germany did not need a "heroic tenor" [: one of several conventional tenor classifications] but a real <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> ". He quarreled publicly with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, and his pessimism and remarks about the Führer resulted in isolation and public silence. He further rejected offers from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> to give public speeches. However, Spengler did become a member of the German Academy that year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Hour of Decision, published in 1934, was a bestseller, but was later banned for its critique of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>. Spengler's criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> were welcomed by the Nazis, but Spengler disagreed with their biological ideology and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrenkopf2001237%E2%80%9338-25">[23]</a> While racial mysticism played a key role in his own worldview, Spengler had always been an outspoken critic of the racial theories professed by the Nazis and many others in his time, and was not inclined to change his views during and after Hitler's rise to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20196-26">[24]</a> Although a German nationalist, Spengler viewed the Nazis as too narrowly German, and not <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">occidental</a> enough to lead the fight against other peoples. The book also warned of a coming world war in which Western Civilization risked being destroyed, and was widely distributed abroad before eventually being banned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> in Germany. A <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> review of The Hour of Decision noted Spengler's international popularity as a polemicist, observing that "When Oswald Spengler speaks, many a Western Worldling stops to listen". The review recommended the book for "readers who enjoy vigorous writing", who "will be glad to be rubbed the wrong way by Spengler's harsh aphorisms" and his pessimistic predictions.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Oswald Spengler's grave on a snowy day." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/220px-Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/220px-Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" data-alt="Oswald Spengler's grave on a snowy day." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/330px-Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/440px-Grab_Oswald_Spengler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spengler's grave</figcaption></figure> On 13 October 1933, Spengler became one of the hundred senators of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie" title="Deutsche Akademie">German Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Spengler spent his final years in Munich, listening to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, reading <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, buying several thousand books, and collecting ancient <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Median_and_Achaemenid_Empire_(680%E2%80%93330_BC)" title="History of Iran">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Classical_period_(c._200_BCE_%E2%80%93_c._650_CE)" title="History of India">Indian</a> weapons. He made occasional trips to the <a href="/wiki/Harz_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz mountains">Harz mountains</a> and to Italy. Spengler died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> on 8 May 1936, in Munich, at age 55.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1991136-30">[28]</a> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Nordfriedhof_(Munich)" title="Nordfriedhof (Munich)">Nordfriedhof</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the introduction to The Decline of the West, Spengler cites <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann W. von Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> as his major influences. Goethe's vitalism and Nietzsche's cultural criticism, in particular, are highlighted in his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20197-31">[29]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I feel urged to name once more those to whom I owe practically everything: Goethe and Nietzsche. Goethe gave me method, Nietzsche the questioning faculty…<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></blockquote> Spengler was also influenced by the universal and cyclical vision of <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">world history</a> proposed by the German historian <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meyer" title="Eduard Meyer">Eduard Meyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20197-31">[29]</a> The belief in the progression of civilizations through an evolutionary process comparable with living beings can be traced back to classical antiquity, although it is difficult to assess the extent of the influence those thinkers had on Spengler: <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, who compared different empires with each other with the help of biological analogies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20197%E2%80%938-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Decline_of_the_West_(1918)">The Decline of the West (1918)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Decline of the West (1918)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></div> The concept of historical philosophy developed by Spengler is founded upon two assumptions: <ul><li>the existence of social entities called 'Cultures' (Kulturen) and regarded as the largest possible actors in human history, which itself had no metaphysical sense,</li> <li>the parallelism between the evolution of those Cultures and the evolution of living beings.</li></ul> Spengler enumerates nine Cultures: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, Indian, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> or 'Apollonian', 'Magian' or 'Arabic' (including early and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Christianity</a> and Islam), Mexican, <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> or 'Faustian', and Russian. They interacted with each other in time and space but were distinctive due to 'internal' attributes. According to Spengler, "Cultures are organisms, and world-history is their collective biography."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20198%E2%80%939-34">[32]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">'Mankind'… has no aim, no idea, no plan, any more than the family of butterflies or orchids. 'Mankind' is a zoological expression, or an empty word. … I see, in place of that empty figment of one linear history which can only be kept up by shutting one’s eyes to the overwhelming multitude of the facts, the drama of a number of mighty Cultures, each springing with primitive strength from the soil of a mother region to which it remains firmly bound throughout its whole life-cycle; each stamping its material, its mankind, in its own image; each having its own idea, its own passions, its own life, will and feeling, its own death.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></blockquote> Spengler also compares the evolution of Cultures to the different ages of human life, "Every Culture passes through the age-phases of the individual man. Each has its childhood, youth, manhood and old age." When a Culture enters its late stage, Spengler argues, it becomes a 'Civilization' (Zivilisation), a petrified body characterized in the modern age by technology, imperialism, and mass society, which he expected to fossilize and decline from the 2000s onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels201910-36">[34]</a> The first-millennium <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> was, in his view, not a transition between <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but rather an emerging new Culture he named 'Arabian' or 'Magian', explaining messianic Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">early Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and Islam as different expressions of a single Culture sharing a unique worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels201911%E2%80%9312-37">[35]</a> The great historian of antiquity <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meyer" title="Eduard Meyer">Eduard Meyer</a> thought highly of Spengler, although he also had some criticisms of him. Spengler's obscurity, intuitiveness, and mysticism were easy targets, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantians</a> who rejected the possibility that there was meaning in world history. The critic and aesthete Count <a href="/wiki/Harry_Graf_Kessler" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Graf Kessler">Harry Kessler</a> thought him unoriginal and rather inane, especially in regard to his opinion on <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, however, shared Spengler's cultural pessimism. Spengler's work became an important foundation for <a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">social cycle theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wittgen-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussianism_and_Socialism_(1919)">Prussianism and Socialism (1919)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prussianism and Socialism (1919)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Preußentum und Sozialismus <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈpʁɔʏsn̩tuːm ʔʊnt zotsi̯aˈlɪsmʊs]</a>), is a 1919 book by Oswald Spengler originally based on notes intended for the second volume of The Decline of the West, in which he argues that German socialism is the correct socialism in contrast to English socialism.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In his view, correct socialism has a much more "national" spirit.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Spengler responded to the claim that socialism's rise in Germany had not begun with the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> rebellions of 1918 to 1919, but rather in 1914 when Germany waged war, uniting the German nation in a national struggle that he claimed was based on socialistic Prussian characteristics, including creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity, and self-sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:4-41">[39]</a> Spengler claimed that these socialistic Prussian qualities were present across Germany and stated that the merger of German nationalism with this form of socialism while resisting Marxist and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> socialism would be in the interests of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:2-42">[40]</a> Spengler's Prussian socialism was popular amongst some Germans, especially some <a href="/wiki/Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionaries">revolutionaries</a> who had distanced themselves from <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditional conservatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:2-42">[40]</a> His notions of Prussian socialism influenced <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolutionary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Revolutionary movement">Conservative Revolutionary movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:1-43">[41]</a></div></div><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> Spengler claimed that socialistic Prussian characteristics existed across Germany that included creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity, and self-sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:4-41">[39]</a> Spengler described socialism outside of a <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> perspective and said "The meaning of socialism is that life is controlled not by the opposition between rich and poor, but by the rank that achievement and talent bestow. That is our freedom, freedom from the economic despotism of the individual."<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:1-43">[41]</a> Spengler addressed the need of Germans to accept Prussian socialism to free themselves from foreign forms of government: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Prussiandom and socialism stand together against the inner England, against the world-view that infuses our entire life as a people, crippling it and stealing its soul…The working class must liberate itself from the illusions of Marxism. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> is dead. As a form of existence, socialism is just beginning, but the socialism of the German proletariat is at an end. For the worker, there is only Prussian socialism or nothing... For conservatives, there is only conscious socialism or destruction. But we need liberation from the forms of Anglo-French democracy. We have our own.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:1-43">[41]</a></blockquote> Spengler went further to demonstrate the difference between England's capitalist nature and Prussian socialism by saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">English society is founded on the distinction between rich and poor, Prussian society on the distinction between command and obedience...Democracy in England means the possibility for everyone to become rich, in Prussia the possibility of attaining to every existing rank.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a></blockquote> Spengler claimed that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a> became the "first conscious socialist" for having founded Prussian tradition of military and bureaucratic discipline.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> Spengler claimed that <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> pursued Prussian socialism through his implementation of social policy that complemented his conservative policies rather than contradicted them as claimed by others.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a></div></div><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> Spengler denounced <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> for having developed <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a> from an English perspective, while not understanding Germans' socialist nature.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> In the pamphlet, a central argument is that the corrupt forces promoting English socialism in his country comprised an "invisible English army, which Napoleon had left behind on German soil after the Battle of Jena."<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Spengler accused Marxism of following the British tradition in which the poor envy the rich.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> He claimed that Marxism sought to train the proletariat to "expropriate the expropriator", the capitalist, so that the proletariat could live a life of leisure on this expropriation.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> In summary, Spengler concluded that "Marxism is the capitalism of the working class" and not true socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> In contrast to Marxism, Spengler <a href="/wiki/Rebranding" title="Rebranding">claimed</a> that "true socialism" in its German form "does not mean nationalization through expropriation or robbery."<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> Spengler justified this claim by saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In general, it is a question not of nominal possession but of the technique of administration. For a slogan’s sake to buy up enterprises immoderately and purposelessly and to turn them over to public administration in the place of the initiative and responsibility of their owners, who must eventually lose all power of supervision—that means the destruction of socialism. The old Prussian idea was to bring under legislative control the formal structure of the whole national productive force, at the same time carefully preserving the right of property and inheritance, and leaving scope for the kind of personal enterprise, talent, energy, and intellect displayed by an experienced chess player, playing within the rules of the game and enjoying that sort of freedom which the very sway of the rule affords….<a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialization</a> means the slow transformation—taking centuries to complete—of the worker into an economic functionary, and the employer into a responsible supervisory official.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></blockquote> True socialism according to Spengler would take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a> in which "local corporate bodies organized according to the importance of each occupation to the people as a whole; higher representation in stages up to a supreme council of the state; mandates revocable at any time; no organized parties, no professional politicians, no periodic elections."<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_:0-44">[42]</a> He also posited that the West will spend the next and last several hundred years of its existence in a state of <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarian</a> socialism, when all humans will be <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Synergy" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Synergy">synergized</a> into a harmonious and happy totality by a dictator, like an orchestra is synergized into a harmonious totality by its <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (music)">conductor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prussianism_and_Socialism_PaS-47">[45]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazism_and_Fascism">Nazism and Fascism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nazism and Fascism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Spengler was an important influence on Nazi ideology. He "provided skeletal Nazi ideas" to the early Nazi movement "and gave them a respectable pedigree".<a href="#cite_note-VQR-5">[4]</a> Key parts of his writings were incorporated into Nazi Party ideology.<a href="#cite_note-VQR-5">[4]</a> Spengler's criticism of the Nazi Party was taken seriously by Hitler, and Carl Deher credited him for inspiring Hitler to carry out the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a> and other leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA) were executed.<a href="#cite_note-VQR-5">[4]</a> In 1934, Spengler pronounced the funeral oration for one of the victims of the Night of the Long Knives and retired in 1935 from the board of the highly influential <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_Archive" title="Nietzsche Archive">Nietzsche Archive</a> which was viewed as opposition to the regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20196-26">[24]</a> Spengler considered <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> to be a "disintegrating element" (zersetzendes Element) that acts destructively "wherever it intervenes" (wo es auch eingreift). In his view, Jews are characterized by a "cynical intelligence" (zynische Intelligenz) and their "money thinking" (Gelddenken).<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Therefore, they were incapable of adapting to Western culture and represented a foreign body in Europe. He also clarifies in The Decline of the West that this is a pattern shared in all civilizations: He mentions how the ancient Jew would have seen the cynical, atheistic Romans of the late Roman empire the same way Westerners today see Jews. Alexander Bein argues that with these characterizations Spengler contributed significantly to the enforcement of Jewish stereotypes in pre-WW2 German circles.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Spengler viewed Nazi anti-Semitism as self-defeating, and personally took an <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnological</a> view of race and culture.<a href="#cite_note-VQR-5">[4]</a> In his private papers, he remarked upon "how much envy of the capability of other people in view of one's lack of it lies hidden in anti-Semitism!", and arguing that "when one would rather destroy business and scholarship than see Jews in them, one is an ideologue, i.e., a danger for the nation. Idiotic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrenkopf2001237%E2%80%9338-25">[23]</a> Spengler, however, regarded the transformation of ultra-capitalist mass democracies into dictatorial regimes as inevitable, and he had expressed acknowledgement for <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Italian Fascist</a> movement as a first symptom of this development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20196-26">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Spengler influenced other academics, including historians <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Quigley" title="Carroll Quigley">Carroll Quigley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Others include fascist ideologues <a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Francis Parker Yockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvert_(scholar)" title="John Calvert (scholar)">John Calvert</a> notes that Oswald Spengler's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">criticism of Western civilisation</a> remains popular among <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Der metaphysische Grundgedanke der heraklitischen Philosophie [The Fundamental Metaphysical Idea of the Philosophy of Heraclitus] (in German), 1904</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+metaphysische+Grundgedanke+der+heraklitischen+Philosophie&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte [The Decline of the West: Outlines of a Morphology of world history], Gestalt und Wirklichkeit; Welthistorische Perspektiven (in German), 1918–22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Untergang+des+Abendlandes%3A+Umrisse+einer+Morphologie+der+Weltgeschichte&rft.series=Gestalt+und+Wirklichkeit%3B+Welthistorische+Perspektiven&rft.date=1918%2F1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988">, 2 vols. – <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a>; an Abridged Edition by Helmut Werner (tr. by C.F. Atkinson).<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theoriesofsociet02pars#page/1342/mode/2up">"On the Style-Patterns of Culture."</a> In Talcott Parsons, ed., Theories of Society, Vol. II, The Free Press of Glencoe, 1961.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a>, 1920, Translated 1922 as Prussianism And Socialism by C.F. Atkinson (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrussianismAndSocialism#page/n0/mode/2up">Prussianism and Socialism</a>).</li> <li>Pessimismus?, G. Stilke, 1921.</li> <li>Neubau des deutschen Reiches, 1924.</li> <li>Die Revolution ist nicht zu Ende, 1924.</li> <li>Politische Pflichten der deutschen Jugend; Rede gehalten am 26. Februar 1924 vor dem Hochschulring deutscher Art in Würzburg, 1925.</li> <li>Der Mensch und die Technik, 1931 (<a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a>: A Contribution to a Philosophy of Life, tr. C.F. Atkinson, Knopf, 1932).<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></li> <li>Politische Schriften, 1932.</li> <li>Jahre der Entscheidung, 1934 (The Hour of Decision tr. C.F. Atkinson)(<a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.121879/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.121879/page/n3/mode/2up">The Hour of Decision</a>).<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></li> <li>Reden und Aufsätze, 1937 (ed. by Hildegard Kornhardt) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SelectedEssays_932/SE#page/n0/mode/2up">Selected Essays</a> (tr. Donald O. White).</li> <li>Gedanken, c. 1941 (ed. by Hildegard Kornhardt) – Aphorisms (translated by Gisela Koch-Weser O'Brien).</li> <li>Briefe, 1913–1936, 1963 [The Letters of Oswald Spengler, 1913–1936] (ed. and tr. by A. Helps).</li> <li>Urfragen; Fragmente aus dem Nachlass, 1965 (ed. by Anton Mirko Koktanek and Manfred Schröter).</li> <li>Frühzeit der Weltgeschichte: Fragmente aus dem Nachlass, 1966 (ed. by A. M. Koktanek and Manfred Schröter).</li> <li>Der Briefwechsel zwischen Oswald Spengler und Wolfgang E. Groeger. Über russische Literatur, Zeitgeschichte und soziale Fragen, 1987 (ed. by Xenia Werner).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɔsvalt ˈʃpɛŋlɐ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The original Preface is dated December 1917 and ends with Spengler expressing hope that "his book would not be unworthy of German military achievements". </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes199159-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes199159_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes199159_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes1991">Hughes 1991</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Peter E. Gordon, John P. McCormick (eds.), Weimar Thought: A Contested Legacy, Princeton University Press, 2013, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton2000" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Gerald James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsn0czcji8C&pg=PA13">Einstein, History, and Other Passions: The Rebellion Against Science at the End of the Twentieth Century</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00433-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00433-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%2C+History%2C+and+Other+Passions%3A+The+Rebellion+Against+Science+at+the+End+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00433-7&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFsn0czcji8C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VQR-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VQR_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VQR_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VQR_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VQR_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VQR_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreher" class="citation web cs1">Dreher, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vqronline.org/essay/spengler-and-third-reich">"Spengler and the Third Reich"</a>. VQR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207131601/https://www.vqronline.org/essay/spengler-and-third-reich">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VQR&rft.atitle=Spengler+and+the+Third+Reich&rft.aulast=Dreher&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Fessay%2Fspengler-and-third-reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The Decline of the West, Alfred A. Knopf. Volume 1, page 37, Atkinson's Translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Letters of Oswald Spengler page 305, Alfred A. Knopf, 1966, Translation Arthur Helps. Here Spengler is quite critical of Mussolini's involvement in Abyssinia, saying: "Mussolini has lost the calm statesmanlike superiority of his first years...". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaeher198419-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaeher198419_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaeher198419_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaeher1984">Naeher 1984</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels20194-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngels20194_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngels20194_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngels20194_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2019">Engels 2019</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Koktanek, Anton Mirko, Oswald Spengler in seiner Zeit, Beck, 1968, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Koktanek, Anton Mirko, Oswald Spengler in seiner Zeit. Beck, 1968, p. 3, 517 </li> <li id="cite_note-selfimage-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selfimage_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-selfimage_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwerbuchJersch-Wenzel1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Awerbuch, Marianne; Jersch-Wenzel, Stefi (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALhtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Br%C3%A4unchen+Moses%22">Bild und Selbstbild der Juden Berlins zwischen Aufklärung und Romantik</a> [Image and self-image of the Jews of Berlin between the Enlightenment and Romanticism] (in German). Berlin: Colloquium. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783767808058" title="Special:BookSources/9783767808058"><bdi>9783767808058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bild+und+Selbstbild+der+Juden+Berlins+zwischen+Aufkl%C3%A4rung+und+Romantik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Colloquium&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783767808058&rft.aulast=Awerbuch&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Jersch-Wenzel%2C+Stefi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALhtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Br%25C3%25A4unchen%2BMoses%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beck1968-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beck1968_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beck1968_13-1">b</a> Koktanek, Anton Mirko, Oswald Spengler in seiner Zeit. Beck, 1968, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpengler2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spengler, Oswald (2007). Ich beneide jeden, der lebt [I envy anyone who lives] (in German). Lilienfeld. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783940357021" title="Special:BookSources/9783940357021"><bdi>9783940357021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ich+beneide+jeden%2C+der+lebt&rft.place=Lilienfeld&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783940357021&rft.aulast=Spengler&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Fischer, Klaus P., History and Prophecy: Oswald Spengler and The Decline of the West. P. Lang, 1989, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Mark Sedgwick (ed.), Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engelsbergideas.com/portraits/oswald-spengler-an-intellectual-life/">"Oswald Spengler - an intellectual life"</a>. Engelsberg ideas. 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Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33856-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33856-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33856-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/145396710">145396710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism+%3A+a+documentary+and+reference+guide&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145396710&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33856-4&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Falke, Konrad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/livingage2784080bostuoft#page/696/mode/2up">"A Historian's Forecast,"</a> The Living Age, Vol. 314, September 1922. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Stewart, W. K. (1924). "The Decline of Western Culture," The Century Magazine, Vol. CVIII, No. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Mumford, Lewis (1932). "The Decline of Spengler," The New Republic, 9 March. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Dewey, John (1932). "Instrument or Frankenstein?," The Saturday Review, 12 March. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Vasilkovsky, G. "Oswald Spengler's 'Philosophy of Life'," The Communist, April 1932. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Reis, Lincoln (1934). "Spengler Declines the West," The Nation, 28 February. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2019" class="citation book cs1">Engels, David (2019). "Oswald Spengler and the Decline of the West". In Sedgwick, Mark (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0SCDwAAQBAJ">Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 3–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6"><bdi>978-0-19-087760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oswald+Spengler+and+the+Decline+of+the+West&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=3-21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087760-6&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0SCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1991" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, H. Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l__lhQxYWdYC">Oswald Spengler</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3034-8"><bdi>978-1-4128-3034-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oswald+Spengler&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3034-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=H.+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl__lhQxYWdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrenkopf2001" class="citation book cs1">Farrenkopf, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AK7fN-jB1Q8C">Prophet of Decline: Spengler on World History and Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2727-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-2727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+of+Decline%3A+Spengler+on+World+History+and+Politics&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2727-8&rft.aulast=Farrenkopf&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAK7fN-jB1Q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaeher1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Naeher, Jürgen (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqsYAAAAIAAJ">Oswald Spengler: mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten</a> (in German). Rowohlt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50330-6"><bdi>978-3-499-50330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oswald+Spengler%3A+mit+Selbstzeugnissen+und+Bilddokumenten&rft.pub=Rowohlt&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-499-50330-6&rft.aulast=Naeher&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqsYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> Prisms. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, MA</a>: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a> 1967.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1935" class="citation journal cs1">Chisholm, A. R. (September 1935). "Oswald Spengler and the Decline of the West". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Quarterly" title="Australian Quarterly">Australian Quarterly</a>. 7 (27): 35–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20629241">10.2307/20629241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20629241">20629241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Oswald+Spengler+and+the+Decline+of+the+West&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=35-44&rft.date=1935-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20629241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20629241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1942" class="citation journal cs1">Chisholm, A. R. (September 1942). "No Decline of the West: Sorokin's Reply to Spengler". Australian Quarterly. 14 (3): 99–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20631045">10.2307/20631045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20631045">20631045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=No+Decline+of+the+West%3A+Sorokin%27s+Reply+to+Spengler&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=99-103&rft.date=1942-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20631045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20631045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._Collingwood1927" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a> (1927). "Oswald Spengler and the Theory of Historical Cycles". <a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a>. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Oswald+Spengler+and+the+Theory+of+Historical+Cycles&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1927&rft.au=R.+G.+Collingwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Cooper" title="David E. Cooper">David E. Cooper</a>. 'Reactionary Modernism'. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_O%27Hear" title="Anthony O'Hear">Anthony O'Hear</a> (ed.) German Philosophy Since Kant. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1999, pp. 291–304.</li> <li>Costello, Paul. World Historians and Their Goals: Twentieth-Century Answers to Modernism (1993).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Dawson1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Christopher Dawson</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dynamicsofworldh008899mbp#page/n393/mode/2up">Oswald Spengler and the Life of Civilizations In The Dynamics of World History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Sheed And Ward</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oswald+Spengler+and+the+Life+of+Civilizations+In+The+Dynamics+of+World+History&rft.pub=Sheed+And+Ward&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Christopher+Dawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdynamicsofworldh008899mbp%23page%2Fn393%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Farrenkopf1991" class="citation journal cs1">John Farrenkopf (July–September 1991). "The Transformation of Spengler's Philosophy of World History". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a>. 52 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+Spengler%27s+Philosophy+of+World+History&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1991-07%2F1991-09&rft.au=John+Farrenkopf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrenkopf1991" class="citation journal cs1">Farrenkopf, John (October 1991). "Spengler's 'Der Mensch und die Technik: An Embarrassment or a Significant Treatise?". <a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Review" title="German Studies Review">German Studies Review</a>. 14 (3): 533–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1430968">10.2307/1430968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1430968">1430968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Spengler%27s+%27Der+Mensch+und+die+Technik%3A+An+Embarrassment+or+a+Significant+Treatise%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-552&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1430968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1430968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Farrenkopf&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrenkopf1993" class="citation journal cs1">Farrenkopf, John (June 1993). "Spengler's Historical Pessimism and the Tragedy of Our Age". <a href="/wiki/Theory_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory and Society">Theory and Society</a>. 22 (3): 391–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00993534">10.1007/BF00993534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144121178">144121178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=Spengler%27s+Historical+Pessimism+and+the+Tragedy+of+Our+Age&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=391-412&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00993534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144121178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farrenkopf&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennelly1972" class="citation book cs1">Fennelly, John F. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twilightofevenin00fenn">Twilight of the Evening Lands: Oswald Spengler – A Half Century Later</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Brookdale Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912650-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912650-01-2"><bdi>978-0-912650-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Evening+Lands%3A+Oswald+Spengler+%E2%80%93+A+Half+Century+Later&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Brookdale+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-912650-01-2&rft.aulast=Fennelly&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwilightofevenin00fenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fischer, Klaus P. History and Prophecy: Oswald Spengler and the Decline of the West. Durham: Moore, 1977.</li> <li>Frye, Northrop. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzgZrML6tQ0C&pg=PA297">Spengler Revisited</a>." In Northrop Frye on Modern Culture (2003), pp 297–382, first published 1974.</li> <li>Goddard, E. H. Civilisation or Civilisations: An Essay on the Spenglerian Philosophy of History, Boni & Liveright, 1926.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Gottfried1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a> (March 1982). "Spengler and the Inspiration of the Classical Age". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a>. XXVI (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Age&rft.atitle=Spengler+and+the+Inspiration+of+the+Classical+Age&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1982-03&rft.au=Paul+Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Stuart_Hughes1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Stuart_Hughes" title="H. Stuart Hughes">H. Stuart Hughes</a> (1952). Oswald Spengler: A Critical Estimate. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oswald+Spengler%3A+A+Critical+Estimate&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1952&rft.au=H.+Stuart+Hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hughes, H. Stuart (1991). Preface to the Present Edition". The Decline of the West: An Abridged Edition, by Oswald Spengler. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506751-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preface+to+the+Present+Edition%22.+The+Decline+of+the+West%3A+An+Abridged+Edition%2C+by+Oswald+Spengler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506751-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=H.+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kidd, Ian James. "Oswald Spengler, Technology, and Human Nature: 'Man and Technics' as Philosophical Anthropology". In The European Legacy, (2012) 17#1 pp 19–31.</li> <li>Kroll, Joe Paul. "'A Biography of the Soul': Oswald Spengler's Biographical Method and the Morphology of History German Life & Letters (2009) 62#1 pp 67-83. </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Merry" title="Robert W. Merry">Robert W. Merry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/article/spenglers-ominous-prophecy-7878">"Spengler's Ominous Prophecy,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603053659/http://nationalinterest.org/article/spenglers-ominous-prophecy-7878">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Interest, 2 January 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1985" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls, Roger A. (Summer 1985). "Thomas Mann and Spengler". <a href="/wiki/The_German_Quarterly" title="The German Quarterly">The German Quarterly</a>. 58 (3): 361–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F406568">10.2307/406568</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/406568">406568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+German+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thomas+Mann+and+Spengler&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-374&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F406568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F406568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Roger+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigert1942" class="citation magazine cs1">Weigert, Hans W. (October 1942). "Oswald Spengler, Twenty-five Years After: The Future in Retrospect". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Oswald+Spengler%2C+Twenty-five+Years+After%3A+The+Future+in+Retrospect&rft.date=1942-10&rft.aulast=Weigert&rft.aufirst=Hans+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOswald+Spengler" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_foreign_languages">In foreign languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In foreign languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Baltzer, Armin. Philosoph oder Prophet? Oswald Spenglers Vermächtnis und Voraussagen [Philosopher or Prophet?], Verlag für Kulturwissenschaften, 1962.</li> <li>Caruso, Sergio. La politica del Destino. Relativismo storico e irrazionalismo politico nel pensiero di Oswald Spengler [Destiny's politics. Historical relativism & political irrationalism in Oswald Spengler's thought]. Firenze: Cultura 1979.</li> <li>Caruso, Sergio. "Minoranze, caste e partiti nel pensiero di Oswald Spengler". In Politica e società. Scritti in onore di Luciano Cavalli, ed. by G. Bettin. Cedam: Padova 1997, pp. 214–82.</li> <li>Felken, Detlef. Oswald Spengler; Konservativer Denker zwischen Kaiserreich und Diktatur. Munich: CH Beck, 1988.</li> <li>Messer, August. Oswald Spengler als Philosoph, Strecker und Schröder, 1922.</li> <li>Reichelt, Stefan G. "Oswald Spengler". In: Nikolaj A. Berdjaev in Deutschland 1920–1950. Eine rezeptionshistorische Studie. Universitätsverlag: Leipzig 1999, pp. 71–73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-933240-88-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-933240-88-3">3-933240-88-3</a>.</li> <li>Schroeter, Manfred. Metaphysik des Untergangs: eine kulturkritische Studie über Oswald Spengler, Leibniz Verlag, 1949.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Spengler&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oswald_Spengler" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Spengler%2C%20Oswald%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Oswald%20Spengler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Spengler%2C%20Oswald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Oswald%20Spengler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Spengler%2C%20O%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Oswald%20Spengler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Spengler%2C%20Oswald%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Oswald%20Spengler%22%29%20OR%20%28%221880-1936%22%20AND%20Spengler%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Oswald Spengler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srikanta_Sastri" title="S. Srikanta Sastri">S. Srikanta Sastri</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/oswald-spengler-on-indian-culture">Oswald Spengler on Indian Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/spenglerinstitute/bibliography/by-spengler">Complete bibliography of Spengler's essays, lectures, and books, including translations, arranged chronologically</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oswaldspenglersociety.com/">The Oswald Spengler Society for the Study of Humanity and World History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016852">Newspaper clippings about Oswald Spengler</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div 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data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="أوسفالد شبينغلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوسفالد شبينغلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvald_%C5%9Epenqler" title="Osvald Şpenqler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osvald Şpenqler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B1" title="اسوالد اشپنقلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسوالد اشپنقلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Освалд Шпенглер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Освалд Шпенглер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Όσβαλντ Σπένγκλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσβαλντ Σπένγκλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="اسوالد اشپنگلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسوالد اشپنگلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%ED%8E%AD%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC" title="오스발트 슈펭글러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스발트 슈펭글러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%87%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օսվալդ Շպենգլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսվալդ Շպենգլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="אוסוואלד שפנגלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסוואלד שפנגלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოსვალდ შპენგლერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსვალდ შპენგლერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Освальд Шпенглер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Освальд Шпенглер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Освальд Шпенглер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Освальд Шпенглер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvaldus_Spengler" title="Osvaldus Spengler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osvaldus Spengler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvalds_%C5%A0penglers" title="Osvalds Špenglers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osvalds Špenglers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Освалд Шпенглер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Освалд Шпенглер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოსვალდ შპენგლერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსვალდ შპენგლერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B1" title="اوسفالد شبينجلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوسفالد شبينجلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="オスヴァルト・シュペングラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスヴァルト・シュペングラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Шпенглер, Освальд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шпенглер, Освальд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئۆسڤالد شپێنگلەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆسڤالد شپێنگلەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Освалд Шпенглер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Освалд Шпенглер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆசுவால்டு ஸ்பெங்கிலர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசுவால்டு ஸ்பெங்கிலர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Освальд Шпенглер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Освальд Шпенглер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oswald Spengler" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="奥斯瓦尔德·斯宾格勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯瓦尔德·斯宾格勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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