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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exhibitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hall_of_Remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hall_of_Remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hall of Remembrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hall_of_Remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_Exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_Exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Permanent Exhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_Exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remember_the_Children:_Daniel's_Story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remember_the_Children:_Daniel's_Story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Remember the Children: Daniel's Story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remember_the_Children:_Daniel's_Story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stephen_Tyrone_Johns_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_Tyrone_Johns_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stephen Tyrone Johns Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_Tyrone_Johns_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Dangerous_Lie_(2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Dangerous_Lie_(2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>A Dangerous Lie (2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Dangerous_Lie_(2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Permanent collection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Permanent_collection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Permanent collection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Permanent_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museum_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Museum gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Financial administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_Advanced_Holocaust_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_Advanced_Holocaust_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_Advanced_Holocaust_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_on_Conscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_on_Conscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Committee on Conscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_on_Conscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>National Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Institute_for_Holocaust_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Institute_for_Holocaust_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>National Institute for Holocaust Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Institute_for_Holocaust_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Outreach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elie_Wiesel_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elie_Wiesel_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Elie Wiesel Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elie_Wiesel_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="متحف ذكرى الهولوكوست بالولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متحف ذكرى الهولوكوست بالولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Memorial_de_l%27Holocaust_dels_Estats_Units" title="Museu Memorial de l'Holocaust dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Museu Memorial de l'Holocaust dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_holokausti_memoriaalmuuseum" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide holokausti memoriaalmuuseum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide holokausti memoriaalmuuseum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Μουσείο Μνήμης του Ολοκαυτώματος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσείο Μνήμης του Ολοκαυτώματος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Conmemorativo_del_Holocausto_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Museo Conmemorativo del Holocausto de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Museo Conmemorativo del Holocausto de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Holoka%C5%ADsta_Memora_Muzeo" title="Usona Holokaŭsta Memora Muzeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Holokaŭsta Memora Muzeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="موزه یادبود هولوکاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موزه یادبود هولوکاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsaem_Cuimhneach%C3%A1in_an_Uileloiscthe,_St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe_Mheirice%C3%A1_(Washington,_DC)" title="Músaem Cuimhneacháin an Uileloiscthe, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (Washington, DC) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Músaem Cuimhneacháin an Uileloiscthe, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (Washington, DC)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EA%B4%80" title="미국 홀로코스트 기념관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 홀로코스트 기념관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86)" title="Հոլոքոստի թանգարան (ԱՄՆ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլոքոստի թանգարան (ԱՄՆ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Memorial_Holokaus_Amerika_Serikat" title="Museum Memorial Holokaus Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Museum Memorial Holokaus Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="מוזיאון ארצות הברית לזכר השואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיאון ארצות הברית לזכר השואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატების ჰოლოკოსტის მემორიალური მუზეუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატების ჰოლოკოსტის მემორიალური მუზეუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="متحف ذكرى هولوكوست بامريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="متحف ذكرى هولوكوست بامريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="アメリカ合衆国ホロコースト記念博物館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国ホロコースト記念博物館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Memorial_do_Holocausto_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Museu Memorial do Holocausto dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Museu Memorial do Holocausto dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeul_Memorial_al_Holocaustului_din_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din Statele Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din Statele Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Мемориальный музей Холокоста (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мемориальный музей Холокоста (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABD_Holokost%27u_Anma_M%C3%BCzesi" title="ABD Holokost'u Anma Müzesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ABD Holokost'u Anma Müzesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Меморіальний музей Голокосту (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меморіальний музей Голокосту (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ ہولوکاسٹ میموریل میوزیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاستہائے متحدہ ہولوکاسٹ میموریل میوزیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99" title="אמעריקאנער חורבן אייראפע מוזיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמעריקאנער חורבן אייראפע מוזיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&params=38_53_12_N_77_01_57_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88667°N 77.03250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88667; -77.03250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=USHMM&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="USHMM">USHMM</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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sources">sources</a> where they are used inappropriately.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Holocaust museum in Washington, D.C.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg/250px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg/330px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg/500px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG/330px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="325" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG/500px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG/960px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="2023" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Washington,_D.C._central_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is located in Central Washington, D.C."><img alt="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is located in Central Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central_2.svg/250px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central_2.svg/375px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central_2.svg/500px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="432" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.439%;left:46.824%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"><img alt="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Washington, D.C.</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Central Washington, D.C.</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is located in the United States"><img alt="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.535%;left:81.645%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"><img alt="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (the United States)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">April 22, 1993</td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data locality">100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, <a href="/wiki/Southwest,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest, Washington, D.C.">Southwest, Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&params=38_53_12_N_77_01_57_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88667°N 77.03250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88667; -77.03250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Holocaust museum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">1.6 million (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Sara_J._Bloomfield" title="Sara J. Bloomfield">Sara J. Bloomfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Curator</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Steven Luckert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WMATA_Metro_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WMATA_Metro_Logo.svg/20px-WMATA_Metro_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WMATA_Metro_Logo.svg/40px-WMATA_Metro_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="655" /></a></span> <span style="color:inherit;background-color:#FF9127!important;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <span style="color:inherit;background-color:#0079C5!important;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <span style="color:inherit;background-color:#9BA6A3!important;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_station" title="Smithsonian station">Smithsonian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/">www<wbr />.ushmm<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238990#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</b> (<b>USHMM</b>) is the United States' official memorial to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. Adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the USHMM provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. It is dedicated to helping leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred, prevent <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the museum had an operating budget of $120.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a staff of about 400 employees, 125 contractors, 650 volunteers, 91 Holocaust survivors, and 175,000 members. It had local offices in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Raton">Boca Raton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Kit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Kit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its dedication on April 22, 1993, the museum has had nearly 40 million visitors, including more than 10 million school children, 99 heads of state, and more than 3,500 foreign officials from over 211 countries and territories. The museum's visitors came from all over the world, and less than 10 percent are Jewish. In 2008, its website had 25 million visits, from an average of 100 countries daily. Thirty-five percent of these visits were from outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The USHMM's collections contain more than 12,750 artifacts, 49 million pages of archival documents, 85,000 historical photographs, a list of over 200,000 registered <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">survivors</a> and their families, 1,000 hours of archival footage, 93,000 library items, and 9,000 oral history testimonies. It also has teacher fellows in every state in the United States and, since 1994, almost 400 university fellows from 26 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Kit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Kit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum have documented 42,500 <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">ghettos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> created by the Nazis throughout German-controlled areas of Europe from 1933 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum is located geographically in the same cluster as the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a> museums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_(USHMM)_(53831937253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="14th Street Entrance of USHMM. Large, rectangular façade with rounded opening." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_%28USHMM%29_%2853831937253%29.jpg/250px-The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_%28USHMM%29_%2853831937253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_%28USHMM%29_%2853831937253%29.jpg/330px-The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_%28USHMM%29_%2853831937253%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_%28USHMM%29_%2853831937253%29.jpg/500px-The_United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_%28USHMM%29_%2853831937253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4705" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>14th Street entrance of USHMM</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 1, 1978, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> established the President's Commission on the Holocaust, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>, a prominent author, activist, and Holocaust survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its mandate was to investigate the creation and maintenance of a memorial to victims of the Holocaust and an appropriate annual commemoration to them. The mandate was a joint effort of Wiesel and Richard Krieger<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the original papers are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Carter Museum">Jimmy Carter Museum</a>). On September 27, 1979, the Commission presented its report to the President, recommending the establishment of a national Holocaust memorial museum in Washington, D.C., with three main components: a national museum/memorial, an educational foundation, and a Committee on Conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a unanimous vote by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1980 to establish the museum, the federal government made available 1.9 acres (0.77 ha) of land adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> for construction. Under the founding director Richard Krieger, and subsequent director Jeshajahu Weinberg and chairman <a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a>, nearly $190 million was raised from private sources for building design, artifact acquisition, and exhibition creation. In October 1988, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> helped lay the cornerstone of the building, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/James_Ingo_Freed" title="James Ingo Freed">James Ingo Freed</a>. Dedication ceremonies on April 22, 1993, included speeches by American President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a>, Chairman <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Meyerhoff" title="Harvey Meyerhoff">Harvey Meyerhoff</a>, and Elie Wiesel. On April 26, 1993, the museum opened to the general public. Its first visitor was the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/2002_white_supremacist_terror_plot" title="2002 white supremacist terror plot">a federal jury convicted white supremacists Leo Felton and Erica Chase</a> of planning to bomb a series of institutions associated with American black and Jewish communities, including the USHMM.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 10, 2009, 88-year-old <a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemite</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_shooting" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting">shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns</a>. Special Police Officer Johns and von Brunn were seriously wounded and transported by ambulance to the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Hospital" title="George Washington University Hospital">George Washington University Hospital</a>. Special Police Officer Johns later died of his injuries; he is permanently honored in an official memorial at the USHMM. Von Brunn, who had a previous criminal record, died before the conclusion of his federal criminal trial,<sup id="cite_ref-Post_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Butner" title="Federal Correctional Complex, Butner">Butner federal prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/James_Ingo_Freed" title="James Ingo Freed">James Ingo Freed</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pei_Cobb_Freed_%26_Partners" title="Pei Cobb Freed & Partners">Pei Cobb Freed & Partners</a>, in association with <a href="/wiki/Finegold_Alexander_%26_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Finegold Alexander & Associates">Finegold Alexander & Associates</a>, the USHMM is created to be a "resonator of memory". (Born to a Jewish family in Germany, Freed came to the United States at the age of nine in 1939 with his parents, who fled the Nazi regime.) The outside of the building disappears into the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern</a> architecture of Washington, D.C. Upon entering, each architectural feature becomes a new element of allusion to the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In designing the building, Freed researched post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/German_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="German architecture">German architecture</a> and visited Holocaust sites throughout Europe. The Museum building and the exhibitions within are intended to evoke deception, fear, and solemnity, in contrast to the comfort and grandiosity usually associated with Washington, D.C., public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other partners in the construction of the USHMM included Weiskopf & Pickworth, <a href="/wiki/Cosentini_Associates" title="Cosentini Associates">Cosentini Associates</a> LLP, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Fisher" title="Jules Fisher">Jules Fisher</a>, and Paul Marantz, all from New York City. The structural engineering firm was <a href="/wiki/Severud_Associates" title="Severud Associates">Severud Associates</a>. The Museum's Meyerhoff Theatre and Rubenstein Auditorium were constructed by Jules Fisher Associates of New York City. The Permanent Exhibition was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Appelbaum_Associates" title="Ralph Appelbaum Associates">Ralph Appelbaum Associates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raoul Wallenberg Place Entrance with Dwight Eisenhower Plaza in the Foreground"><img alt="Raoul Wallenberg Place Entrance of USHMM. Three large façades made of brick and limestone. In the foreground a black modern art statue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpeg/250px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpeg" decoding="async" width="237" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpeg/500px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a> Place Entrance with <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight Eisenhower Plaza</a> in the Foreground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_Bridges.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bridges in the USHMM. Blue glass etched with names and places lost during the Holocaust."><img alt="Glass bridges at the USHMM. Blue glass etched with names and places lost during the Holocaust." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_Bridges.jpg/250px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_Bridges.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_Bridges.jpg/500px-United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_Bridges.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bridges in the USHMM. Blue glass etched with names and places lost during the Holocaust.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass bridge over the Hall of Witness"><img alt="Glass bridge over the Hall of Witness" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg/237px-15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg/356px-15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg/474px-15_23_0221_USHMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glass bridge over the Hall of Witness</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USHMM houses two exhibitions open continuously since 1993 as well as rotating exhibitions on topics related to the Holocaust and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hall_of_Remembrance">Hall of Remembrance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hall of Remembrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HallOfRemembrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panoramic view of the Hall of Remembrance. Hexagonal room with red-tile floor, limestone walls, and black panels. Eternal flame in foreground supported by a black box containing ashes from European Concentration Camps." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HallOfRemembrance.jpg/300px-HallOfRemembrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HallOfRemembrance.jpg/450px-HallOfRemembrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HallOfRemembrance.jpg/600px-HallOfRemembrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of the Hall of Remembrance</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hall of Remembrance is the USHMM's official memorial to the victims and survivors of the Holocaust. Visitors can light candles and view the eternal flame in the hexagonal hall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_Exhibition">Permanent Exhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Permanent Exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using more than 900 artifacts, 70 video monitors, and four theaters showing historic film footage and eyewitness testimonies, the USHMM's Permanent Exhibition is the most visited exhibit at the Museum. Upon entering large industrial elevators on the first floor, visitors are given identification cards, each of which tells the story of a person such as a random victim or survivor of the Holocaust. Upon exiting these elevators on the fourth floor, visitors walk through a chronological history of the Holocaust, starting with the Nazi rise to power led by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, 1933–1939. Topics dealt with include <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> ideology, <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and the American response to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Visitors continue walking to the third floor, where they learn about <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi-era_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi-era ghettos">ghettos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> – the Nazis's plan for the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of the Jews of Europe – during which the Nazis murdered six million Jews, many in <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a>. The Permanent Exhibition ends on the second floor with the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces; it includes a continuously looped film of Holocaust survivor testimony. First-time visitors spend an average of two to three hours in this self-guided exhibition. Due to certain images and subject matter, it is recommended for visitors 11 years of age and older.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remember_the_Children:_Daniel's_Story"><span id="Remember_the_Children:_Daniel.27s_Story"></span>Remember the Children: Daniel's Story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Remember the Children: Daniel's Story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Remember the Children: Daniel's Story</i> is an exhibition designed to explain the Holocaust to elementary and middle school children. Opened in 1993, it follows true stories about children during the Holocaust. Daniel is named after the son of Isaiah Kuperstein, who was the original curator of the exhibit. He worked together with Ann Lewin and Stan Woodward to create the exhibit. Because of its popularity with families, it is still open to the public today.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stephen_Tyrone_Johns_Memorial">Stephen Tyrone Johns Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stephen Tyrone Johns Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2009, the USHMM unveiled a memorial plaque in honor of Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the outpouring of grief and support after the shooting on June 10, 2009, it has also established the <i>Stephen Tyrone Johns Summer Youth Leadership Program</i>. Each year, 50 outstanding young people from the Washington, D.C. area will be invited to the USHMM to learn about the Holocaust in honor of Johns' memory.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Dangerous_Lie_(2006)"><span id="A_Dangerous_Lie_.282006.29"></span>A Dangerous Lie (2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A Dangerous Lie (2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>A Dangerous Lie: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i> was a special exhibition about the 1903 Russian <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic canard</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RothsteinHoax_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RothsteinHoax-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibit was curated by Daniel Greene.<sup id="cite_ref-RothsteinReview_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RothsteinReview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LevensonReview_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevensonReview-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MattinglyReview_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MattinglyReview-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhibit explained that in the early 20th century and during <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s rise to power in Germany, it was widely accepted that the <i>Protocols</i> documented an actual conspiracy by a small cabal of Jews to control the world for nefarious purposes, and that government and media in some countries continue to promote the <i>Protocols</i> as proof that such a Jewish conspiracy to control the world exists.<sup id="cite_ref-MattinglyReview_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MattinglyReview-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It details the manner in which <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> was responsible for popularizing the fake <i>Protocols</i> in his newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JoselitRevolutionary_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoselitRevolutionary-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permanent_collection">Permanent collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Permanent collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Museum's holdings included art, books, pamphlets, advertisements, maps, film and video historical footage, audio and video oral testimonies, music and sound recordings, furnishings, architectural fragments, models, machinery, tools, microfilm and microfiche of government documents and other official records, personal effects, personal papers, photographs, photo albums, and textiles. This information can be accessed through online databases or by visiting the USHMM. Researchers from all over the world come to the USHMM Library and Archives and the <i>Benjamin and Vladka Meed Registry of Holocaust Survivors</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, the museum announced that it acquired the Centropa collection, a collection that contains rare testimonies of Holocaust survivors living in post-war communist countries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum_gallery">Museum gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museum gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_exposition,_Holocaust_Museum,_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""State of Deception" Nazi propaganda exhibition at the museum in 2011"><img alt=""State of Deception" Nazi propaganda exhibition at the museum in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Special_exposition%2C_Holocaust_Museum%2C_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG/330px-Special_exposition%2C_Holocaust_Museum%2C_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Special_exposition%2C_Holocaust_Museum%2C_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG/500px-Special_exposition%2C_Holocaust_Museum%2C_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Special_exposition%2C_Holocaust_Museum%2C_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG/960px-Special_exposition%2C_Holocaust_Museum%2C_D.C._IMG_4789.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"State of Deception" <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> exhibition at the museum in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Interior) An A2 railcar, one of several types used as Holocaust trains by Nazi Germany to transport victims"><img alt="Original artifact. Brown boxcar with light creating shadows from upper right corner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg/330px-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg/500px-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg/960px-US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_-_Boxcar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Interior) An <a href="/wiki/Covered_goods_wagon" title="Covered goods wagon">A2 railcar</a>, one of several types used as <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a> by Nazi Germany to transport <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">victims</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15_23_0224_USHMM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tower of Faces"><img alt="Tower of Faces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/15_23_0224_USHMM.jpg/500px-15_23_0224_USHMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/15_23_0224_USHMM.jpg/960px-15_23_0224_USHMM.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tower of Faces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoner_Uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This uniform on display was worn by prisoners in Nazi concentration camps."><img alt="This uniform on display was worn by prisoners in Nazi concentration camps." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Prisoner_Uniform.jpg/180px-Prisoner_Uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Prisoner_Uniform.jpg/270px-Prisoner_Uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Prisoner_Uniform.jpg/360px-Prisoner_Uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This uniform on display was worn by prisoners in Nazi concentration camps.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Exterior) A2 railcar owned by Deutsche Reichsbahn and donated by the Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in 1991[32][33]"><img alt="(Exterior) A2 railcar owned by Deutsche Reichsbahn and donated by the Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in 1991[32][33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Railroad_Car.jpg/330px-Railroad_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Railroad_Car.jpg/500px-Railroad_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Railroad_Car.jpg/960px-Railroad_Car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> (Exterior) A2 railcar owned by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> and donated by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commission_for_the_Prosecution_of_Crimes_against_the_Polish_Nation" title="Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation">Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation</a> in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo Wall at the Holocaust Memorial Museum"><img alt="Photo Wall at the Holocaust Memorial Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg/180px-Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg/270px-Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg/360px-Photo_Wall_at_Holocause_memorial_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo Wall at the Holocaust Memorial Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_administration">Financial administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Financial administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USHMM operates on a mixed federal and private revenue budget. For the 2014–2015 fiscal year, the museum reported total revenues of $133.4 million; $81.9 million and $51.4 million from private and public sources, respectively. Nearly the entirety of private funds come from donations. Expenses totaled of $104.6 million, with a total of $53.5 million used to pay 421 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Net assets tallied $436.1 million as of September 30, 2015, of which $319.1 million is classified as long-term investments, including the museum's endowment.<sup id="cite_ref-report2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Center_for_Advanced_Holocaust_Studies">Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, the museum established the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies (CAHS). Working with the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, the CAHS supports research projects and publications about the Holocaust (including a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> to publish the scholarly journal <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>), helps make accessible collections of Holocaust-related archival material, supports fellowship opportunities for pre- and post- doctoral researchers, and hosts seminars, summer research workshops for academics, conferences, lectures, and symposia. The CAHS's Visiting Scholars Program and other events have made the USHMM one of the world's principal venues for Holocaust scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg/250px-Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg/330px-Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg/500px-Arbeit_Macht_Frei_at_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The slogan <i>"<a href="/wiki/Arbeit_Macht_Frei" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeit Macht Frei">Arbeit Macht Frei</a>"</i> displayed at the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committee_on_Conscience">Committee on Conscience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Committee on Conscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Museum contains the offices of the Committee on Conscience (CoC), a joint <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> and privately funded <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, which by presidential mandate engages in global human rights research. Using the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a>, approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1948 and ratified by the United States in 1988, the CoC has established itself as a leading non-partisan commenter on the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a>, as well as the war-torn region of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, a zone that the CoC believes could produce genocidal atrocities. The CoC does not have policy-making powers and serves solely as an advisory institution to the American and other governments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust">National Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG/250px-Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG/330px-Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG/500px-Holocaust_Remembrance_Week.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2983" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>While standing inside The Hall of Remembrance, located within the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, a volunteer reads the names of Holocaust victims during the <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to coordinating the National Civic Commemoration, events are held during the week of the Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust on a theme designated each year by the USHMM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Institute_for_Holocaust_Education">National Institute for Holocaust Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National Institute for Holocaust Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USHMM conducted several programs devoted to improving Holocaust education. The <i>Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Conference for Teachers</i>, conducted in Washington, D.C., attracted around 200 middle school and secondary teachers from around the United States each year. The Education Division offered workshops around the United States for teachers to learn about the Holocaust, to participate in the Museum Teacher Fellowship Program (MTFP), and to join a national corps of educators who served as leaders in Holocaust education in their schools, communities, and professional organizations. Some MTFP participants also participated in the Regional Education Corps, an initiative to implement Holocaust education on a national level.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1999, the USHMM also provided public service professionals, including law enforcement officers, military personnel, civil servants, and federal judges with ethics lessons based in Holocaust history. In partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, more than 21,000 law enforcement officers from worldwide and local law enforcement agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> and local police departments have been trained to act in a professional and democratic manner.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg/250px-Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg/330px-Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg/500px-Replica_of_Auschwitz_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Replica of Auschwitz sign "<i>Arbeit Macht Frei</i>" which means "work will set you free"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a></i> is a seven-part encyclopedia series that explores the history of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and the ghettos in German-occupied Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi era">Nazi era</a>. The series is produced by the USHMM and published by the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. The work on the series began in 2000 by the researchers at the USHMM's <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Center_for_Advanced_Holocaust_Studies">Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies</a>. Its general editor and project directory is the American historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Geoffrey P. Megargee</a>. As of 2017, two volumes have been issued, with the third being planned for 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volume I covers the early camps that the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> set up in the first year of the Nazi regime, and the camps later run by the <a href="/wiki/SS_Economic_Administration_Main_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Economic Administration Main Office">SS Economic Administration Main Office</a> and their numerous sub-camps. The volume contains 1,100 entries written by 150 contributors. The bulk of the volume is dedicated to cataloguing the camps, including locations, duration of operation, purpose, perpetrators and victims.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volume II is dedicated to the ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Europe and was published in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, archival material now housed at the Center has allowed the post-mortem reconstruction of considerable achievements, such as the work of Lodz ghetto artist <a href="/wiki/Melania_Fogelbaum" title="Melania Fogelbaum">Melania Fogelbaum</a> and others, which would otherwise have been lost to Nazi extermination and total war terror. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outreach">Outreach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Outreach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dedication plaque of the USHMM. Made from Limestone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg/250px-HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg/330px-HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg/500px-HolocaustMuseumPlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A dedication plaque outside the Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Through its online exhibitions,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Museum published the <b>Holocaust Encyclopedia</b>—an online, multilingual encyclopedia detailing the events surrounding the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is published in all six of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>—<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. It contains thousands of entries and includes copies of the identification card profiles that visitors receive at the Permanent Exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Genocide Prevention Mapping Initiative is a collaboration between the USHMM and <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>. It seeks to collect, share, and visually present to the world critical information on emerging crises that may lead to genocide or related <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elie_Wiesel_Award">Elie Wiesel Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Elie Wiesel Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Award, established in 2011, "recognizes internationally prominent individuals whose actions have advanced the Museum’s vision of a world where people confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been renamed the Elie Wiesel Award in honor of its first recipient. Winners include: </p> <ul><li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (rescinded in 2018 due to the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%93present_Rohingya_genocide_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–present Rohingya genocide in Myanmar">ongoing Rohingya genocide</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a> and the Veterans of World War II</li> <li>2014: Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a></li> <li>2015: Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buergenthal" title="Thomas Buergenthal">Thomas Buergenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ferencz" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Ferencz">Benjamin Ferencz</a></li> <li>2016: US Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2017: German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: All <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivors</li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Serge_and_Beate_Klarsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Serge and Beate Klarsfeld">Serge and Beate Klarsfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_Civil_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Civil Defense">Syria Civil Defense</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Maziar_Bahari" title="Maziar Bahari">Maziar Bahari</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Ambassador Stuart Eizenstat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Investigations_(United_States_Department_of_Justice)" title="Office of Special Investigations (United States Department of Justice)">DOJ Office of Special Investigations</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The museum is overseen by the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, which includes 55 private citizens appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, five members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, and five members of the <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, and three ex-officio members from the Departments of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the museum opened, the council has been led by the following officers:<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chairman Elie Wiesel; 1980–1986</li> <li>Chairman <a href="/wiki/Harvey_M._Meyerhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey M. Meyerhoff">Harvey M. Meyerhoff</a>; 1987–1993</li> <li>Chairman <a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a> and Vice Chairman Ruth B. Mandel, appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1993; through 2000</li> <li>Chairman Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Irving_Greenberg" title="Irving Greenberg">Irving Greenberg</a>, appointed by President Clinton in 2000; through 2002</li> <li>Chairman Fred S. Zeidman, appointed by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2002; and Vice Chairman Joel M. Geiderman, appointed by President Bush in 2005; through 2010</li> <li>Chairman Tom A. Bernstein; 2010–2017<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chairman Howard M. Lorber; 2017–2022<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chairman Stuart Eizenstat, 2022–present<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The council has appointed the following as directors of the museum:<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Jeshajahu Weinberg, 1987–94</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reich" title="Walter Reich">Walter Reich</a>, 1995–98</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_J._Bloomfield" title="Sara J. Bloomfield">Sara J. Bloomfield</a>, 1999–present<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The museum was criticized for refusal to address alleged incidents of genocide in non-Jewish contexts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, the USHMM took part in a public debate about the inappropriate use of Holocaust-related terminology after U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> called the detention camps along the southern U.S. border "concentration camps", and used the phrase "Never Again".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USHMM published a statement declaring that it "unequivocally <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">rejects efforts to create analogies between the Holocaust and other events</a>, whether historical or contemporary."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of historians and scholars responded with an open letter portraying the stance of the museum as "a radical position that is far removed from mainstream scholarship on the Holocaust and genocide." They claimed it "made learning from the past almost impossible."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Holocaust_Memorial_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service">Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Remembrance" title="Culture of Remembrance">Culture of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Fighters%27_House" title="Ghetto Fighters' House">Ghetto Fighters' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Center">Holocaust Memorial Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Holocaust_Museum_and_Education_Center" title="Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center">Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">List of Holocaust memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of museums in Washington, D.C.">List of museums in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe" title="Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Holocaust_Memorial_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre">Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_for_International_Cooperation_on_Holocaust_Education,_Remembrance,_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research">Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_United_Nations_Outreach_Programme" title="The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme">The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aecom.com/content/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2016-ThemeMuseum-Index.pdf">"TEA-AECOM 2016 Theme Index and Museum Index: The Global Attractions Attendance Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Themed Entertainment Association. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127184506/http://www.aecom.com/content/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2016-ThemeMuseum-Index.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TEA-AECOM+2016+Theme+Index+and+Museum+Index%3A+The+Global+Attractions+Attendance+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Themed+Entertainment+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aecom.com%2Fcontent%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2F2016-ThemeMuseum-Index.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/about/">"About the Museum"</a>. Ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916002540/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Museum&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fmuseum%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/online/annualreport/a/p/2018-financial-statements.pdf">"2018 Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420010719/https://www.ushmm.org/online/annualreport/a/p/2018-financial-statements.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=US+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Marks+First+Anniversary+of+the+Loss+of+Officer+Stephen+Tyrone+Johns+%E2%80%94+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Finformation%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fus-holocaust-memorial-museum-marks-first-anniversary-of-the-loss-of-offic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFadmin2009" class="citation web cs1">admin (11 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nleomf.org/remembering-stephen-tyrone-johns/">"Remembering Stephen Tyrone Johns"</a>. <i>National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Stephen+Tyrone+Johns+Summer+Youth+Leadership+Program+%E2%80%94+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fprofessionals-and-student-leaders%2Fstudent-leaders%2Freach-stephen-tyrone-johns-summer-youth-leadership-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RothsteinHoax-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RothsteinHoax_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2006" class="citation news cs1">Rothstein, Edward (21 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/21/arts/design/the-antisemitic-hoax-that-refuses-to-die.html">"The Anti-Semitic Hoax That Refuses to Die"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524011858/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/21/arts/design/the-antisemitic-hoax-that-refuses-to-die.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stuart Eizenstat Appointed Museum Chairman"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i>. 26 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231001157/https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/museum-welcomes-appointment-of-ambassador-eizenstat-as-chairman">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Amb.+Stuart+Eizenstat+Appointed+Museum+Chairman&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Finformation%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fmuseum-welcomes-appointment-of-ambassador-eizenstat-as-chairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHouse2022" class="citation web cs1">House, The White (26 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/26/president-biden-announces-appointees-for-the-united-states-holocaust-memorial-council/">"President Biden Announces Appointees for the United States Holocaust Memorial Council"</a>. <i>The White House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231001139/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/26/president-biden-announces-appointees-for-the-united-states-holocaust-memorial-council/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=President+Biden+Announces+Appointees+for+the+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Council&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=The+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbidenwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2022%2F01%2F26%2Fpresident-biden-announces-appointees-for-the-united-states-holocaust-memorial-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/information/about-the-museum/executive-biographies/bloomfield">"Sara J. Bloomfield — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521130621/https://www.ushmm.org/information/about-the-museum/executive-biographies/bloomfield">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Sara+J.+Bloomfield+%E2%80%94+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Finformation%2Fabout-the-museum%2Fexecutive-biographies%2Fbloomfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebFisher2017" class="citation news cs1">Deb, Sopan; Fisher, Max (17 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/17/arts/holocaust-museum-study-syria.html">"The Holocaust Museum Sought Lessons on Syria. What It Got Was a Political Backlash"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620044448/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/17/arts/holocaust-museum-study-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+Museum+Sought+Lessons+on+Syria.+What+It+Got+Was+a+Political+Backlash.&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Sopan&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F17%2Farts%2Fholocaust-museum-study-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/244567/holocaust-museum-pulls-study-absolving-obama-administration-for-inaction-in-face-of-syrian-genocide">"Holocaust Museum Pulls Study Absolving Obama Administration for Inaction in Face of Syrian Genocide"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925002838/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/244567/holocaust-museum-pulls-study-absolving-obama-administration-for-inaction-in-face-of-syrian-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Museum+Pulls+Study+Absolving+Obama+Administration+for+Inaction+in+Face+of+Syrian+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F244567%2Fholocaust-museum-pulls-study-absolving-obama-administration-for-inaction-in-face-of-syrian-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2019" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Cheryl Gay (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/us/politics/ocasio-cortez-cheney-detention-centers.html">"Ocasio-Cortez Calls Migrant Detention Centers 'Concentration Camps,' Eliciting Backlash"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613130347/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/us/politics/ocasio-cortez-cheney-detention-centers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ocasio-Cortez+Calls+Migrant+Detention+Centers+%27Concentration+Camps%2C%27+Eliciting+Backlash&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Focasio-cortez-cheney-detention-centers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/statement-regarding-the-museums-position-on-holocaust-analogies">"Statement Regarding the Museum's Position on Holocaust Analogies"</a>. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. 24 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601012809/https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/statement-regarding-the-museums-position-on-holocaust-analogies">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Statement+Regarding+the+Museum%27s+Position+on+Holocaust+Analogies&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Finformation%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fstatement-regarding-the-museums-position-on-holocaust-analogies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/07/01/an-open-letter-to-the-director-of-the-holocaust-memorial-museum/">"An Open Letter to the Director of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. New York Review of Books. 1 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514093915/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/07/01/an-open-letter-to-the-director-of-the-holocaust-memorial-museum/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Open+Letter+to+the+Director+of+the+US+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2019%2F07%2F01%2Fan-open-letter-to-the-director-of-the-holocaust-memorial-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Belau, L. M. 1998. "Viewing the Impossible: The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum". Reference Librarian. (61/62): 15–22.</li> <li>Berenbaum, Michael, and Arnold Kramer. 2006. The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharny2000" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Charny, Israel W. (10 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/api/collection/transaction/id/203359/download">"Manuscript rejection"</a>. Letter to Michael Gelb. Jerusalem, Israel: Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscript+rejection&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Institute+on+the+Holocaust+and+Genocide&rft.date=2000-04-10&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.libraries.psu.edu%2Fdigital%2Fapi%2Fcollection%2Ftransaction%2Fid%2F203359%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Freed, James Ingo. 1990. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: what can it be? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council.</li> <li>Hasian, Jr, Marouf. 2004. "Remembering and forgetting the "Final Solution": a rhetorical pilgrimage through the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 21 (1): 64–92.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Linenthal" title="Edward Linenthal">Linenthal, Edward Tabor</a>. 1995. Preserving memory: the struggle to create America's Holocaust Museum. New York: Viking.</li> <li>Pieper, Katrin. 2006. Die Musealisierung des Holocaust: das Jüdische Museum Berlin und das U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C.: ein Vergleich. Europäische Geschichtsdarstellungen, Bd. 9. Köln: Böhlau.</li> <li>Strand, J. 1993. "Jeshajahu Weinberg of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum". Museum News – Washington. 72 (2): 40.</li> <li>Timothy, Dallen J. 2007. Managing heritage and cultural tourism resources: critical essays. Critical essays, v. 1. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.</li> <li>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2001. Teaching about the Holocaust: a resource book for educators. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.</li> <li>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2007. You are my witnesses: selected quotations at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</li> <li>Weinberg, Jeshajahu, and Rina Elieli. 1995. The Holocaust Museum in Washington. New York, N.Y.: Rizzoli International Publications.</li> <li>Young, James E, and John R Gillis. 1996. "The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning". The Journal of Modern History. 68 (2): 427.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/13px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/26px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poniatowa_concentration_camp" title="Poniatowa concentration camp">Poniatowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C.459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template talk:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C.459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_Disabled_for_Life_Memorial" title="American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial">American Veterans Disabled for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Barry" title="Statue of John Barry">John Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Memorial" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Commemorative_Tribute" title="Boy Scout Commemorative Tribute">Boy Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Carroll" title="Statue of John Carroll">John Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_War_Memorial" title="District of Columbia War Memorial">D.C. War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Farragut_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of David Farragut (Washington, D.C.)">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Division_Monument" title="First Division Monument">First Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_Memorial" title="Gallaudet Memorial">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran_Memorial_Garden_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden (Washington, D.C.)">Kahlil Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers_Memorial" title="Samuel Gompers Memorial">Samuel Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Genocide_Memorial,_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC">Holodomor Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Memorial_to_Patriotism_During_World_War_II" title="Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II">Japanese American Patriotism During World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Memorial" title="John Paul Jones Memorial">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)">Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">Law Enforcement Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_B._McClellan" title="Equestrian statue of George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg_Memorial" title="Peter Muhlenberg Memorial">Peter Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_%E2%80%93_Merchant_Marine_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial">Navy – Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuns_of_the_Battlefield" title="Nuns of the Battlefield">Nuns of the Battlefield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing_General_of_the_Armies" title="John J. Pershing General of the Armies">John J. Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Division_Memorial" title="Second Division Memorial">Second Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Extra_Mile" title="The Extra Mile">The Extra Mile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Soldiers_(statue)" title="Three Soldiers (statue)">Three Soldiers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Statue of the Comte de Rochambeau">Jean de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_Memorial" title="Taras Shevchenko Memorial">Taras Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_the_Liberators" title="Statues of the Liberators">Statues of the Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_Memorial" title="Oscar Straus Memorial">Oscar Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft_Memorial" title="Robert A. Taft Memorial">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Titanic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial" title="Victims of Communism Memorial">Victims of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Women%27s_Memorial" title="Vietnam Women's Memorial">Vietnam Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Memorial" title="Daniel Webster Memorial">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_II_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National World War II Memorial">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Pool" title="Rainbow Pool">Rainbow Pool</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Capitol Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAR_Constitution_Hall" title="DAR Constitution Hall">DAR Constitution Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist_steps" title="Exorcist steps"><i>Exorcist</i> steps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Mail_Marker" title="First Air Mail Marker">First Air Mail Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healy_Hall" title="Healy Hall">Healy Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillwood_Estate,_Museum_%26_Gardens" title="Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens">Hillwood Estate and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arts_of_War_and_The_Arts_of_Peace" title="The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace"><i>The Arts of War</i> and <i>The Arts of Peace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_Basin" title="Tidal Basin">Tidal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Bank_Building" title="Freedman's Bank Building">Freedman's Bank Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Place" title="Tudor Place">Tudor Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks<br />and plazas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farragut_Square" title="Farragut Square">Farragut Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza" title="L'Enfant Plaza">L'Enfant Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)#Pershing_Park" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Pershing Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boundaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_River" title="Anacostia River">Anacostia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Memorial_Bridge" title="Arlington Memorial Bridge">Arlington Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_markers_of_the_original_District_of_Columbia" title="Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia">Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Bridge_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)">Francis Scott Key Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Milestone" title="Zero Milestone">Zero Milestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby<br />landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington_National_Cemetery)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington National Cemetery)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">John F. Kennedy gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Carillon" title="Netherlands Carillon">Netherlands Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">United States Air Force Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Military_Service_for_America_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Military Service for America Memorial">Women in Military Service for America Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Desert_Storm_and_Desert_Shield_Memorial" title="National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial">National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberty_Memorial" title="National Liberty Memorial">National Liberty Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps_Commemorative" title="Peace Corps Commemorative">Peace Corps Commemorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mothers_National_Monument" title="Gold Star Mothers National Monument">Gold Star Mothers National Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Memorial_Advisory_Commission" title="National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission">National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.">List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of public art in Washington, D.C.">Public art in Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Revolution_Statuary" title="American Revolution Statuary">American Revolution Statuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Monuments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.">Civil War Monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_artworks_commemorating_African_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of artworks commemorating African Americans in Washington, D.C.">Commemorating African-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_sculpture_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.">Outdoor sculpture</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238990#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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