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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numbers_of_survivors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Numbers of survivors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Numbers_of_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concentration_camp_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_camp_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Concentration camp prisoners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_camp_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immediate aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immediate aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trauma_of_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma_of_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trauma of liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma_of_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugees_and_displaced_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees_and_displaced_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Refugees and displaced persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees_and_displaced_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displaced_persons_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displaced_persons_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Displaced persons camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displaced_persons_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Searching_for_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Searching_for_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Searching for survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Searching_for_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists_of_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Lists of survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Hidden children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Immigration and absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rehabilitation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medical care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Psychological care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Social welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restitution_and_reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restitution_and_reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Restitution and reparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restitution_and_reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs_and_testimonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs_and_testimonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memoirs and testimonies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memoirs_and_testimonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Memoirs and testimonies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Memoirs_and_testimonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Memoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yizkor_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yizkor_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Yizkor books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yizkor_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testimonies_and_oral_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testimonies_and_oral_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Testimonies and oral histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testimonies_and_oral_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Organizations and conferences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations_and_conferences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations and conferences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Child survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation_of_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation_of_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Second generation of survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation_of_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivor_registries_and_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivor_registries_and_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Survivor registries and databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivor_registries_and_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survivors_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivors_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivors_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_survivors_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_survivors_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Child survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_survivors_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generational_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generational_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Generational impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generational_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivor_registries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivor_registries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Survivor registries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivor_registries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust_survivor_testimonials_and_witness_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust_survivor_testimonials_and_witness_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Holocaust survivor testimonials and witness accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust_survivor_testimonials_and_witness_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بازماندگان هولوکاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازماندگان هولوکاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivant_de_la_Shoah" title="Survivant de la Shoah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Survivant de la Shoah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%83%9D%EC%A1%B4%EC%9E%90" title="홀로코스트 생존자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀로코스트 생존자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyintas_Holokaus" title="Penyintas Holokaus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyintas Holokaus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstiti_dell%27Olocausto" title="Superstiti dell'Olocausto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Superstiti dell'Olocausto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="ניצולי השואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניצולי השואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%90_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A" title="له هالوکاسټ ژوندي پاتې شوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="له هالوکاسټ ژوندي پاتې شوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supravie%C8%9Buitorii_Holocaustului" title="Supraviețuitorii Holocaustului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Supraviețuitorii Holocaustului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96,_%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ті, хто пережив Голокост – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ті, хто пережив Голокост" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12409870#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">People who survived the Holocaust</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" title="Category:The Holocaust">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: black;font-size:160%;; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">The Holocaust</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> on selection ramp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, May 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>People</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">Major perpetrators</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Organizations</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände"><i>Totenkopfverbände</i> (SS-TV)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung"><i>Sturmabteilung</i> (SA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe"><i>Verfügungstruppe</i> (SS-VT)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="padding:0.4em 0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators during World War II</a></dt></dl> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></dt></dl></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people (Gypsies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">People with disabilities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">Ghettos</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilnius</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghettos in<br />German-occupied Poland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">List of selected ghettos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Camps</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination camps</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz I">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp" title="Bogdanovka concentration camp">Bogdanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaspils concentration camp">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate#The_Holocaust" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uckermark_concentration_camp" title="Uckermark concentration camp">Uckermark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Transit and collection camps</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#World_War_II_camps" title="Internment camps in France">France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Slovakia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Divisions</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Extermination methods</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Atrocities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pogrom#Nazi-occupied_Europe" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plung%C4%97_massacre" title="Plungė massacre">Plungė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radzi%C5%82%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Radziłów pogrom">Radziłów pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv (Lvov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_up_of_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Round up of Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Conference" title="Mogilev Conference">Mogilev Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation "Reinhard"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mordowicz" title="Czesław Mordowicz">Czesław Mordowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Tabeau" title="Jerzy Tabeau">Jerzy Tabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_by_Members_of_the_United_Nations" title="Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations">Joint Declaration by Members of<br />the United Nations</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">MS <i>St. Louis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Displaced persons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Liberated_Jews" title="Central Committee of the Liberated Jews">Central Committee of the Liberated Jews</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">Reparations Agreement between<br />Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportations of French Jews<br />to death camps</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_survivors_of_Sobibor" title="List of survivors of Sobibor">Survivors of Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp">Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_Nazism" title="List of victims of Nazism">Victims of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuers_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescuers of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the<br />European Jews</a></i></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></i></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism versus<br />intentionalism</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template talk:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Holocaust survivors</b> are people who survived <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, defined as the persecution and attempted annihilation of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">its allies</a> before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe and North Africa. There is no universally accepted definition of the term, and it has been applied variously to Jews who survived the war in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> or other Axis territories, as well as to those who fled to <a href="/wiki/Allies_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies (World War II)">Allied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral countries</a> before or during the war. In some cases, non-Jews who also experienced collective persecution under the Nazi regime are considered Holocaust survivors as well. The definition has evolved over time. </p><p>Survivors of the Holocaust include those persecuted civilians who were still alive in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> when they were liberated at the end of the war, or those who had either <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">survived as partisans</a> or had been hidden with the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">assistance of non-Jews</a>, or had escaped to territories beyond the control of the Nazis before the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> was implemented. </p><p>At the end of the war, the immediate issues faced by Holocaust survivors were physical and emotional recovery from the starvation, abuse, and suffering that they had experienced; the need to search for their relatives and reunite with them if any of them were still alive; rebuild their lives by returning to their former homes, or more often, by immigrating to new and safer locations because their homes and communities had been destroyed or because they were endangered by renewed acts of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> violence, which until this day can still be felt in many European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the initial and immediate needs of Holocaust survivors were addressed, additional issues came to the forefront. Examples of such included social welfare and psychological care, <a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">reparations</a> and restitution for the persecution, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_slave_labor_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi slave labor camp">slave labor</a> and property losses which they had suffered, the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">looted books, works of art and other stolen property</a> to their rightful owners, the collection of witness and survivor testimonies, the memorialization of murdered family members and destroyed communities, and care for disabled and aging survivors, to name just a few. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg/220px-Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg/330px-Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg/440px-Child_survivors_of_Auschwitz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Children at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> at the time of its liberation by Soviet forces</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Holocaust survivor" applies to Jews who lived through the mass exterminations which were carried out by the Nazis. However, the term can also be applied to those who did not come under the direct control of the Nazi regime in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a>, but were substantially affected by it, such as Jews who fled Germany or their homelands in order to escape the Nazis, and never lived in a Nazi-controlled country after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power but lived in it before the Nazis put the "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>" into effect, or others who were not persecuted by the Nazis themselves, but were persecuted by their allies or <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a> both in Nazi satellite countries and occupied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>'s official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, defines Holocaust survivors as Jews who lived under Nazi control, whether it was direct or indirect, for any amount of time, and survived it. This definition includes Jews who spent the entire war living under Nazi collaborationist regimes, including <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">Romania</a>, but were not deported, as well as Jews who fled or were forced to leave Germany in the 1930s. Additionally, other Jewish refugees are considered Holocaust survivors, including those who fled their home countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> to evade the invading German army and spent years living in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> gives a broader definition of Holocaust survivors: "The Museum honors any persons as survivors, Jewish or non-Jewish, who were displaced, persecuted, or discriminated against due to the racial, religious, ethnic, social, and political policies of the Nazis and their collaborators between 1933 and 1945. In addition to former inmates of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a>, and prisons, this definition includes, among others, people who lived as refugees or people who lived in hiding."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later years of the twentieth century, as public awareness of the Holocaust evolved, other groups who had previously been overlooked or marginalized as survivors began to share their testimonies with memorial projects and seek restitution for their experiences. One such group consisted of Sinti (Gypsy) survivors of Nazi persecution who went on a hunger strike at <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, Germany, in 1980 in order to draw attention to their situation and demand moral rehabilitation for their suffering during the Holocaust, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> formally recognized the <a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">genocide of the Roma</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-HC-Epilogue_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-Epilogue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group that has been defined as Holocaust survivors consists of "flight survivors", that is, refugees who fled eastward into Soviet-controlled areas from the start of the war, or people were deported to various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing awareness of additional categories of survivors has prompted a broadening of the definition of Holocaust survivors by institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Claims Conference</a>, Yad Vashem and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum so it can include flight survivors and others who were previously excluded from restitution and recognition, such as those who lived in hiding during the war, including <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Children">children who were hidden</a> in order to protect them from the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers_of_survivors">Numbers of survivors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Numbers of survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of World War II in September 1939, about nine and a half million <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jews lived in the European countries</a> that were either already under the control of Nazi Germany or would be <a href="/wiki/Nazi_conquest_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi conquest of Europe">invaded or conquered</a>, either willingly or by force during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-hagen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grabowski_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabowski_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost two-thirds of these European Jews, nearly six million people, were annihilated, so that by the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, about 3.5 million of them had survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-Atlas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2024, about 245,000 survivors were alive.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who managed to stay alive until the end of the war, under varying circumstances, comprise the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration_camp_prisoners">Concentration camp prisoners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concentration camp prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 250,000 and 300,000 Jews withstood the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, although tens of thousands of them were so weak or sick that even with post-liberation medical care, they died within a few months of liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-Atlas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THE1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_survivors">Other survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Jews throughout Europe survived because the Germans and their collaborators did not manage to complete the deportations and mass-murder before Allied forces arrived, or the collaborationist regimes were overthrown before the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> could be carried out. Thus, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, around three-quarters of the pre-war Jewish population survived the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in France">Holocausts in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a>, about half survived in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a>, while only a quarter of the pre-war Jewish population survived in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around a third of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austrian Jews</a> and 70% of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">German Jews</a> who did not flee those countries by 1939 were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewishlosesbycountry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewishlosesbycountry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In eastern and south-eastern Europe, most of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria's</a> Jews survived the war,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as 60% of Jews in Romania<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nearly 30% of the Jewish population in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-thirds survived in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Yugoslavia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Holocaust in Yugoslavia (disambiguation)">Yugoslavia</a> lost about 80% of their Jewish populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewishlosesbycountry_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewishlosesbycountry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grabowski_2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabowski_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> close to 90% of Jews were murdered by the Nazis and their local collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-Atlas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Escape_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escape-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-Fate_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Fate-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Europe, a few thousand Jews also survived in hiding, or with false papers posing as non-Jews, hidden or <a href="/wiki/Rescuers_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust">assisted by non-Jews</a> who risked their lives to rescue Jews individually or in small groups. Several thousand Jews also survived by hiding in dense forests in Eastern Europe, and as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> actively resisting the Nazis as well as protecting other escapees, and, in some instances, working with non-Jewish partisan groups to fight against the German invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-Atlas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees">Refugees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279,_London,_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Jewish refugees arriving in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> from Nazi Germany and Poland in February 1939 </figcaption></figure> <p>The largest group of survivors consisted of <a href="/wiki/Jews_escaping_from_German-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe">Jews who managed to escape from German-occupied Europe</a> before or during the war. Jews had begun emigrating from Germany in 1933 once the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis came to power</a>, and from Austria from 1938, after the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i>. By the time war began in Europe, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany, and 117,000 had left Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 10% of Polish Jews survived the war.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-Fate_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Fate-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of survivors (around 300,000) were those who fled to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Soviet-occupied Poland</a> and the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> between the start of the war in September 1939 and the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-Fate_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-Fate-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Escape_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escape-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet authorities deported tens of thousands of them to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and other remote parts to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Escape_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escape-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deportees endured forced labor, extreme conditions, hunger and disease. Nonetheless, most managed to survive, despite the harsh circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, more than a million Soviet Jews fled eastward into the interior. During the war, some European Jews managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Neutral_countries_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral countries in World War II">neutral European countries</a>, such as Switzerland, which allowed in nearly 30,000 but turned away some 20,000 others; Spain, which permitted the entry of almost 30,000 Jewish refugees between 1939 and 1941, mostly from France, on their way to Portugal, but under German pressure allowed in fewer than 7,500 between 1942 and 1944; Portugal, which allowed thousands of Jews to enter so that they could continue their journeys from the port of Lisbon to the United States and South America; and Sweden, which allowed in some Norwegian Jews in 1940, and in October 1943, accepted almost the entire Danish Jewish community, <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">rescued by the Danish resistance movement</a>, which organized the escape of 7,000 Danish Jews and 700 of their non-Jewish relatives in small boats from Denmark to Sweden. About 18,000 Jews escaped by means of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">clandestine immigration to Palestine</a> from central and eastern Europe between 1937 and 1944 on 62 voyages organized by the <i>Mossad l'Aliyah Bet</i> (Organization for Illegal Immigration), which was established by the Jewish leadership in Palestine in 1938. These voyages were conducted under dangerous conditions during the war, with hundreds of lives lost at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-Atlas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Escape_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escape-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immediate aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath of the Holocaust</a></div> <p>When the Second World War ended, the Jews who had survived the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi extermination camps">extermination camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, as well as the Jews who had survived by hiding in forests or hiding with rescuers, were almost all suffering from <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">exhaustion</a> and the abuse which they had endured, and tens of thousands of survivors continued to die from weakness, eating more than their emaciated bodies could handle, epidemic diseases, exhaustion and the shock of liberation. Some survivors returned to their countries of origin while others sought to leave Europe by immigrating to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> or other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-odot_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma_of_liberation">Trauma of liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trauma of liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg/220px-Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg/330px-Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg/440px-Buchenwald_Penig_Survivor_J.W._Branch_Chief_Surgeon_U.S._Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army surgeon attends to a survivor in a sub-camp of Buchenwald concentration camp shortly after liberation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BU_003765.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BU_003765.jpeg/220px-BU_003765.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BU_003765.jpeg/330px-BU_003765.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BU_003765.jpeg/440px-BU_003765.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>A survivor, reduced by starvation to a living skeleton, photographed after the liberation of Bergen-Belsen by the British</figcaption></figure> <p>For survivors, the end of the war did not bring an end to their suffering. Liberation itself was extremely difficult for many survivors and the transition to freedom from the terror, brutality and starvation they had just endured was frequently traumatic: </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> fought their way across Europe and captured areas that had been occupied by the Germans, they discovered the Nazi concentration and extermination camps. In some places, the Nazis had tried to destroy all evidence of the camps to <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the holocaust">conceal the crimes</a> that they had perpetrated there. In other places, the Allies found only empty buildings, as the Nazis had already moved the prisoners, often on death marches, to other locations. However, in many camps, the Allied soldiers found hundreds or even thousands of weak and starving survivors. Soviet forces reached <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camp</a> in July 1944 and soon came across many other sites but often did not publicize what they had found; British and American units on the Western Front did not reach the concentration camps in Germany until the spring of 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-THE1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOTH297_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTH297-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Allied troops entered the death camps, they discovered thousands of Jewish and non-Jewish survivors suffering from starvation and disease, living in the most terrible conditions, many of them dying, along with piles of corpses, bones, and the human ashes of the victims of the Nazi mass murder. The liberators were unprepared for what they found but did their best to help the survivors. Despite this, thousands died in the first weeks after liberation. Many died from disease. Some died from <a href="/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome" title="Refeeding syndrome">refeeding syndrome</a> since after prolonged starvation their stomachs and bodies could not take normal food. Survivors also had no possessions. At first, they still had to wear their concentration camp uniforms as they had no other clothes to wear.<sup id="cite_ref-THE1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THEAH_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEAH-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first weeks of liberation, survivors faced the challenges of eating suitable food, in appropriate amounts for their physical conditions; recuperating from illnesses, injuries and extreme fatigue and rebuilding their health; and regaining some sense of mental and social normality. Almost every survivor also had to deal with the loss of many loved ones, many being the only one remaining alive from their entire family, as well as the loss of their homes, former activities or livelihoods, and ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As survivors faced the daunting challenges of rebuilding their broken lives and finding any remaining family members, the vast majority also found that they needed to find new places to live. Returning to life as it had been before the Holocaust proved to be impossible. At first, following liberation, numerous survivors tried to return to their previous homes and communities, but <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Jewish communities had been ravaged or destroyed</a> and no longer existed in much of Europe, and returning to their homes frequently proved to be dangerous. When people tried to return to their homes from camps or hiding places, they found that, in many cases, their homes had been looted or taken over by others. Most did not find any surviving relatives, encountered indifference from the local population almost everywhere, and, in Eastern Europe in particular, were met with hostility and sometimes violence.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THE2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THETS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THETS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees_and_displaced_persons">Refugees and displaced persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Refugees and displaced persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_A_group_of_orphans,_survivors_of_the_holocaust,_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_group_of_orphans%2C_survivors_of_the_holocaust%2C_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg/250px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_group_of_orphans%2C_survivors_of_the_holocaust%2C_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_group_of_orphans%2C_survivors_of_the_holocaust%2C_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg/375px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_group_of_orphans%2C_survivors_of_the_holocaust%2C_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_group_of_orphans%2C_survivors_of_the_holocaust%2C_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg/500px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_group_of_orphans%2C_survivors_of_the_holocaust%2C_atthe_reception_camp_in_Atlit..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>A group of orphaned survivors of the Holocaust, at the <a href="/wiki/Atlit_detainee_camp" title="Atlit detainee camp">Atlit detainee camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> in 1944 </figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish survivors who could not or did not want to go back to their old homes, particularly those whose entire families had been murdered, whose homes, or neighborhoods or entire communities had been destroyed, or who faced renewed antisemitic violence, became known by the term "<i>Sh'erit ha-Pletah</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <i lang="he" dir="rtl">the surviving remnant</i>). Most of the survivors comprising the group known as <i>Sh'erit ha-Pletah</i> originated in central and eastern European countries, while most of those from western European countries returned to them and rehabilitated their lives there.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these refugees gathered in <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camps_in_post-World_War_II_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe">displaced persons camps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Germany">British, French and American occupation zones of Germany</a>, and in Austria and Italy. The conditions in these camps were harsh and primitive at first, but once basic survival needs were being met, the refugees organized representatives on a camp-by-camp basis, and then a coordinating organization for the various camps, to present their needs and requests to the authorities, supervise cultural and educational activities in the camps, and advocate that they be allowed to leave Europe and immigrate to the British <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate of Palestine</a> or other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-odot_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first meeting of representatives of survivors in the DP camps took place a few weeks after the end of the war, on 27 May 1945, at the <a href="/wiki/St._Ottilien_Archabbey" title="St. Ottilien Archabbey">St. Ottilien</a> camp, where they formed and named the organization "<i>Sh'erit ha-Pletah</i>" to act on their behalf with the Allied authorities. After most survivors in the DP camps had immigrated to other countries or resettled, the Central Committee of <i>She'arit Hapleta</i> disbanded in December 1950 and the organization dissolved itself in the British Zone of Germany in August 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-odot_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Königseder_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Königseder-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<i>Sh'erit ha-Pletah</i>" is thus usually used in reference to Jewish refugees and displaced persons in the period after the war from 1945 to about 1950. In historical research, this term is used for Jews in Europe and North Africa in the five years or so after World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displaced_persons_camps">Displaced persons camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Displaced persons camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camps_in_post-World_War_II_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe">Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe</a></div> <p>After the end of World War II, most non-Jews who had been displaced by the Nazis returned to their homes and communities. For Jews, however, tens of thousands had no homes, families or communities to which they could return. Furthermore, having experienced the horrors of the Holocaust, many wanted to leave Europe entirely and restore their lives elsewhere where they would encounter less <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. Other Jews who attempted to return to their previous residences were forced to leave again upon finding their homes and property stolen by their former neighbors and, particularly in central and eastern Europe, after being <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946">met with hostility and violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THE2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THETS_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THETS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOTH191_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTH191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cesarani85_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesarani85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since they had nowhere else to go, about 50,000 homeless Holocaust survivors gathered in <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camps_in_post-World_War_II_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe">Displaced Persons (DP) camps</a> in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Emigration to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> was still strictly limited by the British government and emigration to other countries such as the United States was also severely restricted. The first groups of survivors in the DP camps were joined by Jewish refugees from central and eastern Europe, fleeing to the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Germany">British and American occupation zones in Germany</a> as post-war conditions worsened in the east. By 1946, an estimated 250,000 displaced Jewish survivors – about 185,000 in Germany, 45,000 in Austria, and 20,000 in Italy – were housed in hundreds of refugee centers and DP camps administered by the militaries of the United States, Great Britain and France, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a> (UNRRA).<sup id="cite_ref-THEAH_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEAH-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-odot_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOTH191_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTH191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Survivors initially endured dreadful conditions in the DP camps. The camp facilities were very poor, and many survivors were suffering from severe physical and psychological problems. Aid from the outside was slow at first to reach the survivors. Furthermore, survivors often found themselves in the same camps as German prisoners and Nazi collaborators, who had been their tormentors until just recently, along with a larger number of freed non-Jewish forced laborers, and ethnic German refugees fleeing the Soviet army, and there were frequent incidents of anti-Jewish violence. Within a few months, following the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Report" title="Harrison Report">visit and report</a> of President Roosevelt's representative, <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Harrison" title="Earl G. Harrison">Earl G. Harrison</a>, the United States authorities recognized the need to set up separate DP camps for Jewish survivors and improve the living conditions in the DP camps. The British military administration, however, was much slower to act, fearing that recognizing the unique situation of the Jewish survivors might somehow be perceived as endorsing their calls to emigrate to Palestine and further antagonizing the Arabs there. Thus, the Jewish refugees tended to gather in the DP camps in the American zone.<sup id="cite_ref-THE1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cesarani85_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesarani85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DP camps were created as temporary centers for facilitating the resettlement of the homeless Jewish refugees and to take care of immediate humanitarian needs, but they also became temporary communities where survivors began to rebuild their lives. With assistance sent from Jewish relief organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Distribution_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Distribution Committee">Joint Distribution Committee</a> (JDC) in the United States and the Jewish Relief Unit in Britain, hospitals were opened, along with schools, especially in several of the camps where there were large numbers of children and orphans, and the survivors resumed cultural activities and religious practices. Many of their efforts were in preparations for emigration from Europe to new and productive lives elsewhere. They established committees to represent their issues to the Allied authorities and to a wider audience, under the Hebrew name, <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></i>, an organization which existed until the early 1950s. Political life rejuvenated and a leading role was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a>, with most of the Jewish DPs declaring their intention of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">moving to a Jewish state</a> in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOTH191_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTH191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cesarani85_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesarani85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-DP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-DP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slow and erratic handling of the issues regarding Jewish DPs and refugees, and the substantial increase of people in the DP camps in 1946 and 1947, gained international attention; public opinion resulted in increased political pressure to lift restriction on immigration to countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, as well as on the British authorities to stop detaining refugees who were attempting to leave Europe for Palestine, and imprisoning them in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_internment_camps" title="Cyprus internment camps">internment camps on Cyprus</a> or returning them to Europe. Britain's treatment of Jewish refugees, such as the handling of the refugee ship <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus">Exodus</a></i>, shocked public opinion around the world and added to international demands to establish an independent state for the Jewish people. This led Britain to refer the matter to the United Nations which voted in 1947 to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">create a Jewish and an Arab state</a>. Thus, when the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate in Palestine">British Mandate in Palestine</a> ended in May 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of the State of Israel">State of Israel was established</a>, and Jewish refugee ships were immediately allowed unrestricted entry. In addition, the United States also changed its immigration policy to allow more Jewish refugees to enter under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons_Act" title="Displaced Persons Act">Displaced Persons Act</a>, while other Western countries also eased curbs on emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-odot_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THETS_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THETS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening of Israel's borders after its independence, as well as the adoption of more lenient emigration regulations in Western countries regarding survivors led to the closure of most of the DP camps by 1952. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hrenwald" title="Föhrenwald">Föhrenwald</a>, the last functioning DP camp, closed in 1957. About 136,000 Displaced Person camp inhabitants, more than half the total, immigrated to Israel; some 80,000 emigrated to the United States, and the remainder emigrated to other countries, including Canada, Australia, South Africa, Mexico and Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-DP_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-DP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THEDP_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEDP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Searching_for_survivors">Searching for survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Searching for survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As soon as the war ended, survivors began looking for family members, and for most, this was their main goal once their basic needs of finding food, clothing and shelter had been met.<sup id="cite_ref-THE2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local Jewish committees in Europe tried to register the living and account for the dead. Parents sought the children they had hidden in convents, orphanages or with foster families. Other survivors returned to their original homes to look for relatives or gather news and information about them, hoping for a reunion or at least the certainty of knowing if a loved one had perished. The International Red Cross and Jewish relief organizations set up tracing services to support these searches, but inquiries often took a long time because of the difficulties in communications, and the displacement of millions of people by the conflict, the Nazi policies of deportation and destruction, and the mass relocations of populations in central and eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-THE2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THEHC_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEHC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THEDP_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEDP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Location services were set up by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Immigrant_Aid_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society">Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society</a> (HIAS) and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency for Palestine</a>. This resulted in the successful reunification of survivors, sometimes decades after their separation during the war. For example, the Location Service of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a>, in cooperation with other organizations, ultimately traced 85,000 survivors successfully and reunited 50,000 widely scattered relatives with their families in all parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Ausubel_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ausubel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the process of searching for and finding lost relatives sometimes took years and, for many survivors, continued until the end of their lives. In many cases, survivors searched all their lives for family members, without learning of their fates.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, to where many Holocaust survivors immigrated, some relatives reunited after encountering each other by chance. Many survivors also found relatives from whom they had been separated through notices for missing relatives posted in newspapers and a radio program dedicated to reuniting families called <i>Who Recognizes, Who Knows?</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lists_of_survivors">Lists of survivors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lists of survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List of Holocaust survivors</a></div> <p>Initially, survivors simply posted hand-written notes on message boards in the relief centers, Displaced Person's camps or Jewish community buildings where they were located, in the hope that family members or friends for whom they were looking would see them, or at the very least, that other survivors would pass on information about the people whom they were seeking. Others published notices in DP camp and survivor organization newsletters, and in newspapers, in the hopes of reconnecting with relatives who had found refuge in other places. Some survivors contacted the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> and other organizations that produced lists of survivors, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a>, which established a <a href="/wiki/Arolsen_Archives" title="Arolsen Archives">Central Tracing Bureau</a> to help survivors locate relatives who had survived the concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-THE2_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THEDP_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEDP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various lists were collated into larger booklets and publications, which were more permanent than the original notes or newspaper notices. One such early compilation, <i>"Sharit Ha-Platah"</i> (<i>Surviving Remnant</i>), was published in 1946 in several volumes with the names of tens of thousands of Jews who survived the Holocaust, collected mainly by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Klausner" title="Abraham Klausner">Abraham Klausner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Chaplain Corps (United States Army)">United States Army chaplain</a> who visited many of the Displaced Persons camps in southern Germany and gathered lists of the people there, subsequently adding additional names from other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first "Register of Jewish Survivors" (<i>Pinkas HaNitzolim I</i>) was published by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>'s Search Bureau for Missing Relatives in 1945, containing over 61,000 names compiled from 166 different lists of Jewish survivors in various European countries. A second volume of the "Register of Jewish Survivors" (<i>Pinkas HaNitzolim II</i>) was also published in 1945, with the names of some 58,000 Jews in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newspapers outside of Europe also began to publish lists of survivors and their locations as more specific information about the Holocaust became known towards the end of, and after, the war. Thus, for example, the German-Jewish newspaper <i>"<a href="/wiki/Aufbau" title="Aufbau">Aufbau</a>"</i>, published in New York City, printed numerous lists of Jewish Holocaust survivors located in Europe, from September 1944 until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Aufbau_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufbau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, many <a href="#Survivor_registries_and_databases">Holocaust survivor registries</a> were established. Initially, these were paper records, but from the 1990s, an increasing number of records have been digitized and made available online.<sup id="cite_ref-CJN_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hidden_children">Hidden children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hidden children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Children">Hidden Children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></div> <p>Following the war, Jewish parents often spent months and years searching for the <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Children">children they had sent into hiding</a>. In fortunate cases, they found their children were still with the original rescuer. Many, however, had to resort to notices in newspapers, tracing services, and survivor registries in the hope of finding their children. These searches frequently ended in heartbreak – parents discovered that their child had been killed or had gone missing and could not be found. For hidden children, thousands who had been concealed with non-Jews were now orphans and no surviving family members remained alive to retrieve them.<sup id="cite_ref-THEHC_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEHC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cesarani85_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesarani85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For children who had been hidden to escape the Nazis, more was often at stake than simply finding or being found by relatives. Those who had been very young when they were placed into hiding did not remember their <a href="/wiki/Biological_parent" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological parent">biological parents</a> or their Jewish origins and the only family that they had known was that of their rescuers. When they were found by relatives or Jewish organizations, they were usually afraid, and resistant to leave the only caregivers they remembered. Many had to struggle to rediscover their real identities.<sup id="cite_ref-THEHC_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEHC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HCS_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some instances, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">rescuers refused to give up hidden children</a>, particularly in cases where they were orphans, did not remember their identities, or had been baptized and sheltered in Christian institutions. Jewish organizations and relatives had to struggle to recover these children, including custody battles in the courts. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy#Finaly_Affair" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Finaly Affair</a> only ended in 1953, when the two young Finaly brothers, orphaned survivors in the custody of the Catholic Church in Grenoble, France, were handed over to the guardianship of their aunt, after intensive efforts to secure their return to their family.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twenty-first century, the development of <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">DNA testing for genealogical purposes</a> has sometimes provided essential information to people trying to find relatives from whom they were separated during the Holocaust, or to recover their Jewish identity, especially Jewish children who were hidden or adopted by non-Jewish families during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_absorption">Immigration and absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration and absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHILDREN,_HOLOCAUST_SURVIVORS,_ON_BOARD_THE_REFUGEE_SHIP_%22MATAROA%22_IN_THE_HAIFA_PORT._%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D,_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.D820-066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CHILDREN%2C_HOLOCAUST_SURVIVORS%2C_ON_BOARD_THE_REFUGEE_SHIP_%22MATAROA%22_IN_THE_HAIFA_PORT._%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%2C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%2C_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.D820-066.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CHILDREN%2C_HOLOCAUST_SURVIVORS%2C_ON_BOARD_THE_REFUGEE_SHIP_%22MATAROA%22_IN_THE_HAIFA_PORT._%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%2C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%2C_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.D820-066.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CHILDREN%2C_HOLOCAUST_SURVIVORS%2C_ON_BOARD_THE_REFUGEE_SHIP_%22MATAROA%22_IN_THE_HAIFA_PORT._%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%2C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%2C_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.D820-066.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Young Holocaust survivors aboard the refugee ship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Mataroa" title="RMS Mataroa"><i>Mataroa</i></a> arrive in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> port, July 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946">anti-Jewish violence occurred in several central and Eastern European countries</a>, motivated to varying extents by economic antagonism, increased by alarm that returning survivors would try to reclaim their stolen houses and property, as well as age-old <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic myths">antisemitic myths</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">anti-Jewish pogrom occurred in July 1946 in Kielce</a>, a city in southeastern Poland, when rioters killed 41 people and wounded 50 more. As news of the Kielce pogrom spread, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Jews began to flee from Poland</a>, perceiving that there was no viable future for them there, and this pattern of post-war anti-Jewish violence repeated itself in other countries such as Hungary, Romania, <a href="/wiki/Postwar_anti-Jewish_violence_in_Slovakia" title="Postwar anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and Ukraine. Most survivors sought to leave Europe and build new lives elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-THETS_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THETS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, about 50,000 survivors gathered in <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camps_in_post-World_War_II_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe">Displaced Persons (DP) camps</a> in Germany, Austria, and Italy and were joined by Jewish refugees fleeing from central and eastern Europe, particularly Poland, as post-war conditions there worsened. By 1946, there were an estimated 250,000 Jewish displaced persons, of whom 185,000 were in Germany, 45,000 in Austria, and about 20,000 in Italy. As the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate in Palestine</a> ended in May 1948 and the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of the State of Israel">State of Israel was established</a>, nearly two-thirds of the survivors immigrated there. Others went to Western countries as restrictions were eased and opportunities for them to emigrate arose.<sup id="cite_ref-YV-HS_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-HS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV-odot_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_care">Medical care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medical care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_care">Psychological care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Psychological care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holocaust survivors suffered from the war years and afterward in many different ways, physically, mentally and emotionally.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most survivors were deeply traumatized both physically and mentally and some of the effects lasted throughout their lives. This was expressed, among other ways, in the emotional and mental trauma of feeling that they were on a "different planet" that they could not share with others; that they had not or could not process the mourning for their murdered loved ones because at the time they were consumed with the effort required for survival; and many experienced <a href="/wiki/Survivor_guilt" title="Survivor guilt">guilt that they had survived</a> when others had not. This dreadful period engulfed some survivors with both physical and mental scars, which were subsequently characterized by researchers as "concentration camp syndrome" (also known as <a href="/wiki/Survivor_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivor syndrome">survivor syndrome</a>). </p><p>Nonetheless, many survivors drew on inner strength and learned to cope, restored their lives, moved to a new place, started a family and developed successful careers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_welfare">Social welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malben" title="Malben">Malben</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restitution_and_reparations">Restitution and reparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Restitution and reparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Katz_(geographer)#Holocaust_survivor_assets" title="Yossi Katz (geographer)">Yossi Katz (geographer) § Holocaust survivor assets</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memoirs_and_testimonies">Memoirs and testimonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Memoirs and testimonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theresienstadt_Concentration_Camp_Czech_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Ela_Stein-Weissberger,_German_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Inge_Auerbacher;_and_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_Liberator_Jimmy_Gentry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Theresienstadt_Concentration_Camp_Czech_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Ela_Stein-Weissberger%2C_German_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Inge_Auerbacher%3B_and_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_Liberator_Jimmy_Gentry.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Theresienstadt_Concentration_Camp_Czech_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Ela_Stein-Weissberger%2C_German_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Inge_Auerbacher%3B_and_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_Liberator_Jimmy_Gentry.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Theresienstadt_Concentration_Camp_Czech_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Ela_Stein-Weissberger%2C_German_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivor_Inge_Auerbacher%3B_and_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_Liberator_Jimmy_Gentry.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Holocaust survivors light a memorial candle with a concentration camp liberator at a <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">remembrance ceremony</a>, Washington DC, 2013.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Faber,_author.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/David_Faber%2C_author.jpg/220px-David_Faber%2C_author.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/David_Faber%2C_author.jpg/330px-David_Faber%2C_author.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/David_Faber%2C_author.jpg/440px-David_Faber%2C_author.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Holocaust survivor <a href="/wiki/David_Faber_(author)" title="David Faber (author)">David Faber</a> speaks in 2006 about his experiences in nine different concentration camps between 1939 and 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, many Holocaust survivors engaged in efforts to record testimonies about their experiences during the war, and to memorialize lost family members and <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">destroyed communities</a>. These efforts included both personal accounts and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivor_memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust survivor memoirs">memoirs of events</a> written by individual survivors about the events that they had experienced, as well as the compilation of remembrance books for destroyed communities called <a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a>, usually printed by societies or groups of survivors from a common locality.<sup id="cite_ref-PMHS_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMHS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EH-487_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH-487-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumel_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumel-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Survivors and witnesses also participated in providing <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">oral testimonies</a> about their experiences. At first, these were mainly for the purpose of prosecuting war criminals and often only many years later, for the sake of recounting their experiences to help process the traumatic events that they had suffered, or for the historical record and educational purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-PMHS_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMHS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QP_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several programs were undertaken by organizations, such the as the <a href="/wiki/USC_Shoah_Foundation_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="USC Shoah Foundation Institute">USC Shoah Foundation Institute</a>, to collect as many oral history testimonies of survivors as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-USCSF_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCSF-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, survivors also began speaking at educational and commemorative events at schools and for other audiences, as well as contributing to and participating in the building of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">museums and memorials to remember the Holocaust</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivor_memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust survivor memoirs">Holocaust survivor memoirs</a></div> <p>Some survivors began to publish memoirs immediately after the war ended, feeling a need to write about their experiences, and about a dozen or so survivors' memoirs were published each year during the first two decades after the Holocaust, notwithstanding a general public that was largely indifferent to reading them. However, many survivors felt that they could not describe their experiences to those who had not lived through the Holocaust. Those who were able to record testimony about their experiences or publish their memoirs did so in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish Language">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMHS_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMHS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of memoirs that were published increased gradually from the 1970s onwards, indicating both the increasing need and psychological ability of survivors to relate their experiences, as well as a growing public interest in the Holocaust driven by events such as the capture and <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Adolf_Eichmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Adolf Eichmann">trial of Adolf Eichmann</a> in 1961, the existential threats to Jews presented by the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967 and the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973, the broadcasting in many countries of the television documentary series <i>"<a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(miniseries)" title="Holocaust (miniseries)">Holocaust</a>"</i> in 1978, and the establishment of new Holocaust memorial centers and memorials, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMHS_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMHS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writing and publishing of memoirs, prevalent among Holocaust survivors, has been recognized as related to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">processing and recovering</a> from memories about the traumatic past.<sup id="cite_ref-QP_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the twentieth century, Holocaust memoirs had been written by Jews not only in Yiddish, but also other languages including Hebrew, English, French, Italian, Polish and Russian. They were written by concentration/death camp survivors, and also those who had been in hiding, or who had managed to flee from Nazi-held territories before or during the war, and sometimes they also described events after the Holocaust, including the liberation and rebuilding of lives in the aftermath of destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-PMHS_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMHS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Survivor memoirs, like other personal accounts such as oral testimony and diaries, are a significant source of information for most <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">scholars of the history of the Holocaust</a>, complementing more traditional sources of historical information, and presenting events from the unique points of view of individual experiences within the much greater totality, and these accounts are essential to an understanding of the Holocaust experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMHS_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMHS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While historians and survivors themselves are aware that the retelling of experiences is subjective to the source of information and sharpness of memory, they are recognized as collectively having "a firm core of shared memory" and the main substance of the accounts does not negate minor contradictions and inaccuracies in some of the details.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yizkor_books">Yizkor books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Yizkor books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></div> <p>Yizkor (Remembrance) books were compiled and published by groups of survivors or <i><a href="/wiki/Landsmanshaft" title="Landsmanshaft">landsmanshaft</a></i> societies of former residents to memorialize lost family members and <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">destroyed communities</a> and was one of the earliest ways in which the Holocaust was communally commemorated. The first of these books appeared in the 1940s and almost all were typically published privately rather than by publishing companies. Over 1,000 books of this type are estimated to have been published, albeit in very limited quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-EH-487_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH-487-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumel_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumel-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYPL_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYPL-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these books are written in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, while some also include sections in English or other languages, depending on where they were published. The first Yizkor books were published in the United States, mainly in Yiddish, the mother tongue of the <i>landsmanschaften</i> and Holocaust survivors. Beginning in the 1950s, after the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors to the newly independent State of Israel, most of the Yizkor books were published there, primarily between the mid-1950s and the mid-1970s. From the later 1970s, there was a decline in the number of collective memorial books but an increase in the number of survivors' personal memoirs. Most of the Yizkor books were devoted to the Eastern European Jewish communities in Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Hungary, with fewer dedicated to the communities of south-eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumel_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumel-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, many of these books, or sections of them have been translated into English, <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitized</a>, and made available online.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testimonies_and_oral_histories">Testimonies and oral histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Testimonies and oral histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate post-war period, officials of the DP camps and organizations providing relief to the survivors conducted interviews with survivors primarily for the purposes of providing physical assistance and assisting with relocation. Interviews were also conducted for the purpose of gathering evidence about war crimes and for the historical record.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were among the first of the recorded testimonies of the survivors Holocaust experiences. </p><p>Some of the first projects to collect witness testimonies began in the DP camps, amongst the survivors themselves. Camp papers like <i>Undzer Shtimme</i> ("Our Voice"), published in Hohne Camp (<a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_displaced_persons_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>), and <i>Undzer Hofenung</i> ("Our Hope"), published in <a href="/wiki/Eschwege_displaced_persons_camp" title="Eschwege displaced persons camp">Eschwege camp</a>, (Kassel) carried the first eyewitness accounts of Jewish experiences under Nazi rule, and one of the first publications on the Holocaust, <i>Fuhn Letsn Khurbn</i>, ("About the Recent Destruction"), was produced by DP camp members, and was eventually distributed around world.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cesarani85_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesarani85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following decades, a concerted effort was made to record the memories and testimonials of survivors for posterity. French Jews were amongst the first to establish an institute devoted to documentation of the Holocaust at the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesarani85_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesarani85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> memorial was officially established in 1953; the organization had already begun projects including acquiring Holocaust documentation and personal testimonies of survivors for its archives and library.<sup id="cite_ref-YVQ2003-6_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YVQ2003-6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naor1954_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naor1954-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest collection of testimonials was ultimately gathered at the <a href="/wiki/USC_Shoah_Foundation_Institute_for_Visual_History_and_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education">USC Shoah Foundation Institute</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> in 1994 after he made the film <i><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler’s List</a></i>. Originally named the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, it became a part of the University of Southern California in 2006. The foundation’s mission was to videotape the personal accounts of 50,000 Holocaust survivors and other witnesses, a goal which it achieved in 1999 and then surpassed.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Sinti and Roma Holocaust</a> survivor testimonies opened at the <a href="/wiki/Documentation_and_Cultural_Centre_of_German_Sinti_and_Roma" title="Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma">Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma</a> in Heidelberg, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_conferences">Organizations and conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Organizations and conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_SURVIVORS_FROM_THE_WARSAW_GHETTO_AND_CONCENTRATION_CAMPS_MEETING_IN_A_MASS_RALLY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Warsaw Ghetto and Concentration Camps Survivors’ meeting rally in Tel Aviv, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>A wide range of organizations have been established to address the needs and issues of Holocaust survivors and their descendants. Immediately following the war, <i>"Sh'erit ha-Pletah</i>" was established to meet the immediate physical and rehabilitation needs in the Displaced Persons camps and to advocate for rights to immigrate. Once these aims had largely been met by the early 1950s, the organization was disbanded. In the following decades, survivors established both local, national and eventually international organizations to address longer term physical, emotional and social needs, and organizations for specific groups such as child survivors and descendants, especially children, of survivors were also set up. Starting in the late 1970s, conferences and gatherings of survivors, their descendants, as well as rescuers and liberators began to take place and were often the impetus for the establishment and maintenance of permanent organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survivors">Survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981, around 6,000 Holocaust survivors gathered in Jerusalem for the first World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ9-1946-86_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ9-1946-86-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-SamBloch-1981_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-SamBloch-1981-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the Center of Organizations of Holocaust Survivors in Israel, was established to as an umbrella organization of 28 Holocaust survivor groups in Israel to advocate for survivors' rights and welfare worldwide and to the Government of Israel, and to commemorate the Holocaust and revival of the Jewish people. In 2010 it was recognized by the government as the representative organization for the entire survivor population in Israel. In 2020, it represented 55 organizations and a survivor population whose average age was 84.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_survivors">Child survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Child survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Holocaust" title="Children in the Holocaust">Children in the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_JEWISH_BRIGADE_SOLDIER_%26_NURSES_OF_THE_JEWISH_AGENCY_TAKING_CARE_OF_JEWISH_REFUGEE_CHILDREN_IN_FLORENCE,_ITALY._%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%94,_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94._%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D,_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94D817-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_JEWISH_BRIGADE_SOLDIER_%26_NURSES_OF_THE_JEWISH_AGENCY_TAKING_CARE_OF_JEWISH_REFUGEE_CHILDREN_IN_FLORENCE%2C_ITALY._%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%94%2C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94._%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D%2C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94D817-007.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_JEWISH_BRIGADE_SOLDIER_%26_NURSES_OF_THE_JEWISH_AGENCY_TAKING_CARE_OF_JEWISH_REFUGEE_CHILDREN_IN_FLORENCE%2C_ITALY._%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%94%2C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94._%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D%2C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94D817-007.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_JEWISH_BRIGADE_SOLDIER_%26_NURSES_OF_THE_JEWISH_AGENCY_TAKING_CARE_OF_JEWISH_REFUGEE_CHILDREN_IN_FLORENCE%2C_ITALY._%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%94%2C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94._%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D%2C_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94D817-007.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a> soldier and nurses of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> taking care of Jewish refugee children in Florence, Italy, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Child survivors of the Holocaust were often the only ones who remained alive from their entire extended families, while even more were orphans. This group of survivors included children who had survived in the concentration/death camps, in hiding with non-Jewish families or in Christian institutions, or had been sent out of harm's way by their parents on <a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransports</a>, or by escaping with their families to remote locations in the Soviet Union, or <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Shanghai</a> in China. After the war, child survivors were sometimes sent to be cared for by distant relatives in other parts of the world, sometimes accepted unwillingly, and mistreated or even abused. Their experiences, memories and understanding of the terrible events they had suffered as child victims of the Nazis and their accomplices was given little consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-child_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s and 80s, small groups of these survivors, now adults, began to form in a number of communities worldwide to deal with their painful pasts in safe and understanding environments. The First International Conference on Children of Holocaust Survivors took place in 1979 under the auspices of Zachor, the Holocaust Resource Center. The conference and was attended by some 500 survivors, survivors’ children and mental health professionals and established a network for children of survivors of the Holocaust in the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Network of Children of Jewish Holocaust Survivors held its first international conference in New York City in 1984, attended by more than 1,700 children of survivors of the Holocaust with the stated purpose of creating greater understanding of the Holocaust and its impact on the contemporary world and establishing contacts among the children of survivors in the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Federation_of_Jewish_Child_Survivors_of_the_Holocaust_and_Descendants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Federation of Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Descendants (page does not exist)">World Federation of Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Descendants</a> was founded in 1985 to bring child survivors together and coordinate worldwide activities. The organization began holding annual conferences in cities the United States, Canada, Europe and Israel. Descendants of survivors were also recognized as having been deeply affected by their families’ histories. In addition to the annual conferences to build community among child survivors and their descendants, members speak about their histories of survival and loss, of resilience, of the heroism of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish resistance</a> and self-help for other Jews, and of the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>, at schools, public and community events; they participate in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Remembrance Day">Holocaust Remembrance</a> ceremonies and projects; and campaign against antisemitism and bigotry.<sup id="cite_ref-child_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_generation_of_survivors">Second generation of survivors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Second generation of survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Holocaust_survivors" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Holocaust survivors">Children of Holocaust survivors</a></div> <p>The "second generation of Holocaust survivors" is the name given to children born after World War II to a parent or parents who survived the Holocaust. Although the second generation did not directly experience the horrors of the Holocaust, the impact of their parents' trauma is often evident in their upbringing and outlooks, and from the 1960s, children of survivors began exploring and expressing in various ways what the implications of being children of Holocaust survivors meant to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conversation broadened public discussion of the events and impacts of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second generation of the Holocaust has raised several research questions in psychology, and psychological studies have been conducted to determine how their parents' horrendous experiences affected their lives, among them, whether <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> experienced by a parent can be passed on to their children even when they were not present during the ordeal, as well as the psychological manifestations of this <a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma" title="Transgenerational trauma">transference of trauma</a> to the second generation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after descriptions of concentration camp syndrome (also known as <a href="/wiki/Survivor_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivor syndrome">survivor syndrome</a>) appeared, clinicians observed in 1966 that large numbers of children of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivors were seeking treatment in clinics in Canada. The grandchildren of Holocaust survivors were also over-represented by 300% among the referrals to a child psychiatry clinic in comparison with their representation in the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A communication pattern that psychologists have identified as a communication feature between parents who experienced trauma and their children has been referred to as the "connection of silence". This silent connection is the tacit assent, in the families of Holocaust survivors, not to discuss the trauma of the parent and to disconnect it from the daily life of the family. The parent's need for this is not only due to their need to forget and adapt to their lives after the trauma, but also to protect their children's psyches from being harmed by their depictions of the atrocities that they experienced during the Holocaust. </p><p>Awareness groups have thus developed, in which children of survivors explore their feelings in a group that shares and can better understand their experiences as children of Holocaust survivors. Some second-generation survivors have also organized local and even national groups for mutual support and to pursue additional goals and aims regarding Holocaust issues. For example, in November 1979, the First Conference on Children of Holocaust Survivors was held, and resulted in the establishment of support groups all over the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many members of the "second generation" have sought ways to get past their suffering as children of Holocaust survivors and to integrate their experiences and those of their parents into their lives. For example, some have become involved in activities to commemorate the lives of people and ways of life of communities that were wiped out during the Holocaust. They research the history of Jewish life in Europe before the war and the Holocaust itself; participate in the renewal of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish culture">Yiddish culture</a>; engage in educating others about the Holocaust; fight against <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>; become politically active, such as with regard to finding and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi war criminals">prosecuting Nazis</a>, or by taking up Jewish or humanitarian causes; and through creative means such as theater, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_art_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in art and literature">art and literature</a>, examine the Holocaust and its consequences on themselves and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozett427_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1983, Holocaust survivors in North America established the <a href="/wiki/American_Gathering_of_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivors_and_their_Descendants" title="American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants">American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants</a>; the first event was attended by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and 20,000 survivors and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amcha, the Israeli Center for Psychological and Social Support for Holocaust Survivors and the Second Generation was established in Jerusalem in 1987 to serve survivors and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivor_registries_and_databases">Survivor registries and databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Survivor registries and databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg/230px-ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg/345px-ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg/460px-ITS_Arolsen_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arolsen_Archives-International_Center_on_Nazi_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Arolsen Archives-International Center on Nazi Persecution">Arolsen Archives-International Center on Nazi Persecution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Arolsen" title="Bad Arolsen">Bad Arolsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, a repository of information on victims of Nazi persecution, including survivors</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most well-known and comprehensive archives of Holocaust-era records, including lists of survivors, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Arolsen_Archives-International_Center_on_Nazi_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Arolsen Archives-International Center on Nazi Persecution">Arolsen Archives-International Center on Nazi Persecution</a></i> founded by the Allies in 1948 as the <i>International Tracing Service</i> (ITS). For decades after the war, in response to inquiries, the main tasks of ITS were determining the fates of victims of Nazi persecution and searching for missing people.<sup id="cite_ref-CJN_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arolsen_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arolsen-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Holocaust Global Registry</i> is an online collection of databases maintained by the Jewish genealogical website <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a>, an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a> – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust; it contains thousands of names of both survivors trying to find family and family searching for survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-CJN_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database</i>, maintained by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, contains millions of names of people persecuted under the Nazi regime, including concentration camp or displaced persons camp lists that can be searched by place name or keywords.<sup id="cite_ref-CJN_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Benjamin and Vladka Meed Registry of Holocaust Survivors</i>, created in 1981 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Gathering_of_Jewish_Holocaust_Survivors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors">American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors</a> to document the experiences of survivors and assist survivors and their families trying to trace missing relatives and friends, includes over 200,000 records related to survivors and their families from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOJM_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOJM-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In partnership with the Arolsen Archives, the family history website <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry</a> began digitizing millions of Holocaust and Nazi-persecution records and making them searchable online in 2019. Two distinct databases included in the records are the "Africa, Asia and European passenger lists of displaced persons (1946 to 1971)" and "Europe, Registration of Foreigners and German Individuals Persecuted (1939–1947)".<sup id="cite_ref-USAT_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAT-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Holocaust Survivor Children: Missing Identity</i> website addresses the issue of child survivors still hoping to find relatives or people who can tell them about their parents and family, and others who hope to find out basic information about themselves such as their original names, dates and place of birth, and parents’ names, based on a photograph of themselves as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-CJN_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HCS_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors" title="Armenian genocide survivors">Armenian genocide survivors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, and has been released under the <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official">"Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official"</a>. The Guardian. 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+is+deeply+ingrained+in+European+society%2C+says+EU+official&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2Foct%2F30%2Fantisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rozett427-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozett427_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozettSpector2013" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (2013). "Holocaust survivors". <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 427–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96950-9"><bdi>978-1-135-96950-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holocaust+survivors&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=427-428&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96950-9&rft.aulast=Rozett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Spector%2C+Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names/database/faq.html">"FAQs – Names' Database"</a>. <i>www.yadvashem.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=FAQs+%E2%80%93+Names%27+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Farchive%2Fhall-of-names%2Fdatabase%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/remember/resources-holocaust-survivors-victims/individual-research/registry-faq#11">"Frequently Asked Questions. FAQ #11"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions.+FAQ+%2311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fremember%2Fresources-holocaust-survivors-victims%2Findividual-research%2Fregistry-faq%2311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-Epilogue-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC-Epilogue_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarran2000" class="citation book cs1">Harran, Marilyn, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustchronic00harr/page/655">"Epilogue: The Aftermath"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Chronicle</i> (1st ed.). Publications International. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustchronic00harr/page/655">655–698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-2963-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-2963-3"><bdi>978-0-7853-2963-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue%3A+The+Aftermath&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Chronicle&rft.pages=655-698&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Publications+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7853-2963-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocaustchronic00harr%2Fpage%2F655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarany2002" class="citation book cs1">Barany, Zoltan D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTylND961ZMC"><i>The East European gypsies: regime change, marginality, and ethnopolitics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00910-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00910-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00910-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+European+gypsies%3A+regime+change%2C+marginality%2C+and+ethnopolitics&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00910-2&rft.aulast=Barany&rft.aufirst=Zoltan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTylND961ZMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adler_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerAleksiun2018" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Eliyana R; Aleksiun, Natalia, eds. (2018). "Seeking Relative Safety: The Flight of Polish Jews to the East in the Autumn of 1939". <i>Yad Vashem Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 41–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.atitle=Seeking+Relative+Safety%3A+The+Flight+of+Polish+Jews+to+the+East+in+the+Autumn+of+1939&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-71&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinberg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Grinberg, Emanuella (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-and-who-defines-being-holocaust-survivor-180972076/">"How the Definition of Holocaust Survivor Has Changed Since the End of World War II"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=How+the+Definition+of+Holocaust+Survivor+Has+Changed+Since+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.aulast=Grinberg&rft.aufirst=Emanuella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-and-who-defines-being-holocaust-survivor-180972076%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hagen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hagen_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hagen" title="William W. Hagen">William W. Hagen</a>. Before the "Final Solution": Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Antisemitism in Interwar Germany and Poland. <i>Journal of Modern History</i> July 1996: 1–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabowski_2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabowski_2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabowski_2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabowski2013" class="citation book cs1">Grabowski, Jan (2013). <i>Hunt for the Jews: betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01074-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01074-2"><bdi>978-0-253-01074-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunt+for+the+Jews%3A+betrayal+and+murder+in+German-occupied+Poland&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01074-2&rft.aulast=Grabowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-Atlas-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-Atlas_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gilbert-Atlas" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2009). <i>The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust</i> (4th ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 223–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48486-2"><bdi>978-0-415-48486-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=223-229&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48486-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieshaber2024" class="citation web cs1">Grieshaber, Kirsten (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/holocaust-survivors-numbers-report-claims-conference-890c9ad6aa7bc1cf99e1cbe40e61c013">"Almost 80 years after the Holocaust, 245,000 Jewish survivors are still alive"</a>. <i>AP News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Almost+80+years+after+the+Holocaust%2C+245%2C000+Jewish+survivors+are+still+alive&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Grieshaber&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fholocaust-survivors-numbers-report-claims-conference-890c9ad6aa7bc1cf99e1cbe40e61c013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/survival-and-legacy/liberation-the-survivors/">"What happened to the survivors?"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Explained: Designed for Schools</i>. London, UK: The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide. 22 June 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Explained%3A+Designed+for+Schools&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+the+survivors%3F&rft.date=1933-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theholocaustexplained.org%2Fsurvival-and-legacy%2Fliberation-the-survivors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Italy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/italy-background-history.html">"Italy"</a>. Yad Vashem.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For France, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/france-historical-background.html">"France"</a>. Yad Vashem.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For Belgium, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/belgium-historical-background.html">"Belgium"</a>. Yad Vashem.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For Netherlands, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/netherlands-historical-background.html">"The Netherlands"</a>. Yad Vashem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewishlosesbycountry-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewishlosesbycountry_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewishlosesbycountry_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-losses-during-the-holocaust-by-country?parent=en%2F11652">"Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+losses+during+the+Holocaust%3A+By+country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjewish-losses-during-the-holocaust-by-country%3Fparent%3Den%252F11652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/bulgaria.html">"Bulgaria"</a>. Yad Vashem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/romania-historical-background.html">"Romania"</a>. Yad Vashem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/jews-of-hungary-during-the-holocaust.html">"Hungary"</a>. Yad Vashem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/fsd/centropa/ermordete_juden_nach_land.php">"Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land." / "Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule."</a> Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany), April 29th 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2012" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777312000094">"The Causes of the Holocaust"</a>. <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 164–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777312000094">10.1017/S0960777312000094</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144399366">144399366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-165&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777312000094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144399366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0960777312000094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Escape-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Escape_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escape_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escape_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escape_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/escape-from-german-occupied-europe">"Escape from German-Occupied Europe"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=German+Jewish+Refugees%2C+1933%E2%80%931939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgerman-jewish-refugees-1933-1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aliyah-bet">"Aliyah Bet"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/item.asp?gate=1-13">the original</a> on 28 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Survivors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Fholocaust%2Fresource_center%2Fitem.asp%3Fgate%3D1-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV-odot-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YV-odot_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-odot_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-odot_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-odot_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-odot_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-odot_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%207797.pdf">"She'arit Hapleta (the Surviving Remnant)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Center for Holocaust Education</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Holocaust+Education&rft.atitle=She%27arit+Hapleta+%28the+Surviving+Remnant%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25207797.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOTH297-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOTH297_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozettSpector2013" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel, eds. (2013). "Liberation". <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>. Taylor and Francis. pp. 297–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96950-9"><bdi>978-1-135-96950-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96950-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THEAH-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THEAH_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THEAH_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-aftermath-of-the-holocaust">"The Aftermath of the Holocaust"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Aftermath+of+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-aftermath-of-the-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/liberation-and-the-return-to-life.html">"Liberation and the Return to Life"</a>. <i>Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem%3A+The+World+Holocaust+Remembrance+Center&rft.atitle=Liberation+and+the+Return+to+Life&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Farticles%2Fgeneral%2Fliberation-and-the-return-to-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE2_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE2_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/survival-and-legacy/rebuilding-lives-case-studies/">"How did survivors rebuild their lives?"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools</i>. London, UK: The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide. 22 June 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Explained%3A+Designed+for+schools&rft.atitle=How+did+survivors+rebuild+their+lives%3F&rft.date=1933-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theholocaustexplained.org%2Fsurvival-and-legacy%2Frebuilding-lives-case-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THETS-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THETS_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THETS_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THETS_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THETS_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-survivors">"The Survivors"</a>. <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Survivors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-survivors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Königseder-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Königseder_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönigsederWetzel2001" class="citation book cs1">Königseder, Angelika; Wetzel, Juliane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y59izLT_VawC"><i>Waiting for Hope: Jewish Displaced Persons in Post-World War II Germany</i></a>. Translated by Broadwin, John A. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 80–82, 90, 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1477-7"><bdi>978-0-8101-1477-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waiting+for+Hope%3A+Jewish+Displaced+Persons+in+Post-World+War+II+Germany&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=80-82%2C+90%2C+93-94&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-1477-7&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nigseder&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft.au=Wetzel%2C+Juliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY59izLT_VawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOTH191-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOTH191_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOTH191_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOTH191_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozettSpector2013" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel, eds. (2013). "Displaced Persons, Jewish". <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>. 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New York: Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-290-1"><bdi>978-1-56000-290-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+and+Psychological+Effects+of+Concentration+Camps+on+Holocaust+Survivors&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Genocide%3A+A+Critical+Bibliographic+Review&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-290-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YVQ2003-6-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YVQ2003-6_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberklang2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Silberklang" class="mw-redirect" title="David Silberklang">Silberklang, David</a> (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/sites/default/files/yv_magazine31.pdf">"More Than a Memorial: The Evolution of Yad Vashem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yad Vashem Quarterly Magazine</i> (Special Commemorative ed). 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Cologne, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Konenmann Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 317–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89508-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89508-595-6"><bdi>978-3-89508-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1954&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century+in+Eretz+Israel&rft.place=Cologne%2C+DE&rft.pages=317-318&rft.pub=Konenmann+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-89508-595-6&rft.aulast=Naor&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USC-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USC_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USC_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfi.usc.edu/about">"Institute History Timeline"</a>. <i>USC Shoah Foundation</i>. 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). "Family approach with grandchildren of Holocaust survivors," <i>American Journal of Psychotherapy,</i> 57(4), 519–527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Stephen (26 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/obituaries/benjamin-meed-88-organized-holocaust-survivors/42352/">"Benjamin Meed, 88, Organized Holocaust Survivors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Holocaust Survivors Gather to Piece the Puzzle Together". <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791">0743-1791</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/294115949">294115949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Survivors+Gather+to+Piece+the+Puzzle+Together&rft.date=1983-04-10&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft.aulast=Trausch&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210424/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41171">"Ronald Reagan: Remarks to the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. 11 April 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41171">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan%3A+Remarks+to+the+American+Gathering+of+Jewish+Holocaust+Survivors&rft.date=1983-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D41171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902190613/http://www.amcha.org/node/390">"Amcha – what does it mean?"</a>. <i>The Israeli Center for Psychological and Social Support for Holocaust Survivors and the Second Generation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amcha.org/node/390">the original</a> on 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Israeli+Center+for+Psychological+and+Social+Support+for+Holocaust+Survivors+and+the+Second+Generation&rft.atitle=Amcha+%E2%80%93+what+does+it+mean%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amcha.org%2Fnode%2F390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arolsen-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arolsen_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arolsen-archives.org/en/">"International Center on Nazi Persecution"</a>. <i>Arolsen Archives</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arolsen+Archives&rft.atitle=International+Center+on+Nazi+Persecution&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farolsen-archives.org%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ushmm.org/remember/resources-holocaust-survivors-victims/register-a-survivor">"Register a Holocaust Survivor"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Register+a+Holocaust+Survivor&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fremember%2Fresources-holocaust-survivors-victims%2Fregister-a-survivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOJM-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MOJM_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjhnyc.org/registry-survivors/">"Registry of Survivors – Museum of Jewish Heritage"</a>. <i>Museum of Jewish Heritage – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust</i>. 24 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage+%E2%80%93+A+Living+Memorial+to+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=Registry+of+Survivors+%E2%80%93+Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage&rft.date=2017-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjhnyc.org%2Fregistry-survivors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAT-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USAT_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaig2019" class="citation web cs1">Baig, Edward C. (31 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/07/31/ancestry-search-may-help-you-find-relatives-displaced-holocaust/1876990001/">"Ancestry search may help you find relatives displaced by the Holocaust"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Ancestry+search+may+help+you+find+relatives+displaced+by+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft.aulast=Baig&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftech%2Ftalkingtech%2F2019%2F07%2F31%2Fancestry-search-may-help-you-find-relatives-displaced-holocaust%2F1876990001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survivors_2">Survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumel-Schwartz1997" class="citation book cs1">Baumel-Schwartz, Judith Tydor (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BhhiQgAACAAJ"><i>Kibbutz Buchenwald: Survivors and Pioneers</i></a>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2336-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-2336-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34598180">34598180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kibbutz+Buchenwald%3A+Survivors+and+Pioneers&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34598180&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2336-1&rft.aulast=Baumel-Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Judith+Tydor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhhiQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, B.B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBrpgELb5YwC"><i>Case Closed: Holocaust Survivors in Postwar America</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4130-3"><bdi>978-0-8135-4130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Closed%3A+Holocaust+Survivors+in+Postwar+America&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4130-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=B.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBrpgELb5YwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2010" class="citation journal cs1">David, Paula (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kavod.claimscon.org/2010/09/aging-holocaust-survivors-an-evolution-of-understanding/">"Aging Holocaust Survivors: An Evolution of Understanding"</a>. <i>Kavod: Honoring Aged Survivors</i>. Journal for Caregivers and Families.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kavod%3A+Honoring+Aged+Survivors&rft.atitle=Aging+Holocaust+Survivors%3A+An+Evolution+of+Understanding&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkavod.claimscon.org%2F2010%2F09%2Faging-holocaust-survivors-an-evolution-of-understanding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1989" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Anton (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKRfkQEACAAJ"><i>The Journey Back from Hell: Conversations with Concentration Camp Survivors</i></a>. London: Grafton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-20650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-20650-8"><bdi>978-0-586-20650-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20565927">20565927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+Back+from+Hell%3A+Conversations+with+Concentration+Camp+Survivors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grafton&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20565927&rft.isbn=978-0-586-20650-8&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKRfkQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangisser-Cohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Kangisser-Cohen, Sharon (2014). <i>Testimony and time: Holocaust survivors remember</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, International Institute for Holocaust Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-308-478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-308-478-0"><bdi>978-965-308-478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimony+and+time%3A+Holocaust+survivors+remember&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem%2C+International+Institute+for+Holocaust+Research&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-965-308-478-0&rft.aulast=Kangisser-Cohen&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpf1996" class="citation book cs1">Karpf, Anne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frFtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The War After: Living with the Holocaust</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00239-9"><bdi>978-0-434-00239-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60283745">60283745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+After%3A+Living+with+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60283745&rft.isbn=978-0-434-00239-9&rft.aulast=Karpf&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaimanShpringer-Aharoni1995" class="citation book cs1">Klaiman, Yehudit; Shpringer-Aharoni, Ninah (1995). <i>The Anguish of Liberation: Testimonies from 1945</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-308-044-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-308-044-7"><bdi>978-965-308-044-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anguish+of+Liberation%3A+Testimonies+from+1945&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-965-308-044-7&rft.aulast=Klaiman&rft.aufirst=Yehudit&rft.au=Shpringer-Aharoni%2C+Ninah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiraKeynan2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Shapira, Anita</a>; Keynan, Irit (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/the-survivors-of-the-holocaust.html">"The Survivors of the Holocaust"</a>. <i>yadvashem.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=The+Survivors+of+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft.au=Keynan%2C+Irit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Farticles%2Fgeneral%2Fthe-survivors-of-the-holocaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2015" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Dan (2015). <i>The Liberation of the Camps: the End of the Holocaust and its Aftermath</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20457-5"><bdi>978-0-300-20457-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908252719">908252719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberation+of+the+Camps%3A+the+End+of+the+Holocaust+and+its+Aftermath&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908252719&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20457-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonka1999" class="citation book cs1">Yablonka, Hanna (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNy-DAAAQBAJ"><i>Survivors of the Holocaust: Israel after the War</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14154-8"><bdi>978-1-349-14154-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004391081">1004391081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survivors+of+the+Holocaust%3A+Israel+after+the+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004391081&rft.isbn=978-1-349-14154-8&rft.aulast=Yablonka&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNy-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_survivors_2">Child survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Child survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPQLGwAACAAJ"><i>The Boys: Triumph over Adversity</i></a>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0032-4"><bdi>978-0-7538-0032-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38574735">38574735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boys%3A+Triumph+over+Adversity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38574735&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-0032-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPQLGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangisser-Cohen2020" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Kangisser-Cohen, Sharon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh8RS_J0SL4"><i>What Now? Child Survivors in the Aftermath of the Holocaust</i></a> (video). Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/oh8RS_J0SL4">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Now%3F+Child+Survivors+in+the+Aftermath+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kangisser-Cohen&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Doh8RS_J0SL4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1995" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Jane (1995). <i>The Hidden Children: The Secret Survivors of the Holocaust</i>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90686-6"><bdi>978-0-449-90686-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Children%3A+The+Secret+Survivors+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-449-90686-6&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generational_impact">Generational impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Generational impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On1995" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Dan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_pmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Fear and Hope: Three Generations of the Holocaust</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41891-2"><bdi>978-0-674-41891-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562502799">562502799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+Hope%3A+Three+Generations+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F562502799&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41891-2&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_pmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goren, S. W. (2024). "<a href="//doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40373" class="extiw" title="doi:10.25071/1916-0925.40373">Towards a Contemporary Canadian Jewish Pedagogy of Listening"</a>. <i>Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes</i>, <i>38</i>, 26–45. https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40373</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHass1990" class="citation book cs1">Hass, Aaron (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lRFnAAAAMAAJ"><i>In the Shadow of the Holocaust: The Second Generation</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2477-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-2477-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21523221">21523221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Second+Generation&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21523221&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2477-9&rft.aulast=Hass&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlRFnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemberger1995" class="citation book cs1">Lemberger, John, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfJmAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Global perspective on working with Holocaust survivors and the second generation</i></a>. Monograph series. JDC – Brookdale Institute of Gerontology and Human Development in cooperation with the World Council of Jewish Communal Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-353-011-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-353-011-9"><bdi>978-965-353-011-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+perspective+on+working+with+Holocaust+survivors+and+the+second+generation&rft.series=Monograph+series&rft.pub=JDC+%E2%80%93+Brookdale+Institute+of+Gerontology+and+Human+Development+in+cooperation+with+the+World+Council+of+Jewish+Communal+Service&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-965-353-011-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfJmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2014" class="citation book cs1">Stein, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ctBAAAQBAJ"><i>Reluctant Witnesses: Survivors, Their Children, and the Rise of Holocaust Consciousness</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938192-0"><bdi>978-0-19-938192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Witnesses%3A+Survivors%2C+Their+Children%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Holocaust+Consciousness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938192-0&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0ctBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteir-Livny2019" class="citation book cs1">Steir-Livny, Liat (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/112/remaking-holocaust-memories/"><i>Remaking Holocaust Memory: Documentary Cinema by Third-Generation Survivors in Israel</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3632-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3632-8"><bdi>978-0-8156-3632-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+Holocaust+Memory%3A+Documentary+Cinema+by+Third-Generation+Survivors+in+Israel&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3632-8&rft.aulast=Steir-Livny&rft.aufirst=Liat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.syr.edu%2Fsupressbooks%2F112%2Fremaking-holocaust-memories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolocaust+survivors" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors/resources#Resources">Resources for Holocaust Survivors and Their Families (US and international)</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/remember/resources-holocaust-survivors-victims">Resources on Survivors and Victims</a> – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kavod.claimscon.org/">Kavod: Honoring Aging Survivors</a> – journal for caregivers and families</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/holocaust-survivors">The Holocaust: Survivors</a> – collection at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a> including articles, photographs, famous survivors, testimonies and reports</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/people/survivor.htm">A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust: Survivors</a> – University of South Florida</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amcha.org/node/390">Amcha, the Israeli Center for Psychological and Social Support for Holocaust Survivors and the Second Generation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902190613/http://www.amcha.org/node/390">Archived</a> 2 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amgathering.org">American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502171121/http://amgathering.org/">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claimscon.org/">Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holocaustchild.org/">World Federation of Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust & Descendants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wjro.org.il/">World Jewish Restitution Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survivor_registries">Survivor registries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Survivor registries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missing-identity.net">Holocaust Survivor Children</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/registry/">Holocaust Global Registry</a> – at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/remember/resources-holocaust-survivors-victims/database-of-holocaust-survivor-and-victim-names">The Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database</a> – at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjhnyc.org/registry-survivors/">Registry of Survivors</a> – Museum of Jewish Heritage – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocaust_survivor_testimonials_and_witness_accounts">Holocaust survivor testimonials and witness accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_survivors&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Holocaust survivor testimonials and witness accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfi.usc.edu/">USC Shoah Foundation</a> – first-hand accounts of survivors and other eyewitnesses of the Holocaust</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlri.ca/">Holocaust Literature Research Institute</a> – collection of Holocaust survivor testimonials and witness accounts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tellingstories.org/holocaust/index.html">Telling Their Stories – Holocaust Survivors and Refugees</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tellingstories.org/liberators/index.html">Liberators and Witnesses to Genocide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/">Holocaust Survivors</a> – accounts of wartime and post-war experiences</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holocaust.umd.umich.edu/">Holocaust Survivor Oral History Archive</a> – at the University of Michigan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talklouderfilm.com/">Talk Louder – Michael Bornstein</a> – Holocaust survivor's documentary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12409870#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12409870#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12409870#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061527">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11998349t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11998349t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="přeživší holocaust"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph852432&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6321860">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000087912&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562961405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028076087">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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