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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-True_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>True breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedigrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedigrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pedigrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedigrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By type</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_type-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By type subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cats" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cistokrevn%C3%A1_plemenitba" title="Čistokrevná plemenitba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čistokrevná plemenitba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigr%C3%AD" title="Pedigrí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedigrí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نژاد اصیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نژاد اصیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr 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href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka_tulen" title="Baka tulen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baka tulen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renavl" title="Renavl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Renavl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_pura" title="Raça pura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raça pura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distinct, selectively bred animal species</div> <p> <b>Purebreds</b> are like <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> achieved through the process of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">lineage</a> of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedigree (animal)">pedigreed</a>. Purebreds breed true-to-type which means the progeny of like-to-like purebred parents will carry the same <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>, or observable characteristics of the parents. A group of like purebreds is called a pure-breeding line or strain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="True_breeding">True breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: True breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the world of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective animal breeding</a>, to "breed true" means that specimens of an animal <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breed</a> will breed true-to-type when mated like-to-like; that is, that the progeny of any two individuals of the same breed will show fairly consistent, replicable and predictable characteristics, or traits with sufficiently high heritability.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A puppy from two purebred dogs of the same breed, for example, will exhibit the traits of its parents, and not the traits of all breeds in the subject breed's ancestry. </p><p>Breeding from too small a gene pool, especially direct <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>, can lead to the passing on of undesirable characteristics or even a collapse of a breed population due to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>. Therefore, there is a question, and often heated controversy, as to when or if a breed may need to allow "outside" stock in for the purpose of improving the overall health and vigor of the breed. </p><p>Because pure-breeding creates a limited <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>, purebred animal breeds are also susceptible to a wide range of congenital health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-dogtown_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogtown-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem is especially prevalent in competitive dog breeding and dog show circles due to the singular emphasis on aesthetics rather than health or function. Such problems also occur within certain segments of the horse industry for similar reasons. The problem is further compounded when breeders practice <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pde_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposite effect to that of the restricted gene pool caused by pure-breeding is known as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vigor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vigor">hybrid vigor</a>, which generally results in healthier animals.<sup id="cite_ref-dogtown_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogtown-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedigrees">Pedigrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pedigrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaMirage_body07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/220px-LaMirage_body07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/330px-LaMirage_body07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaMirage_body07.jpg/440px-LaMirage_body07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>A purebred <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pedigreed animal</b> is one that has its ancestry recorded. Often this is tracked by a major <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">registry</a>. The number of generations required varies from breed to breed, but all pedigreed animals have papers from the registering body that attest to their ancestry. </p><p>The word "pedigree" appeared in the English language in 1410 as "pee de Grewe", "pedegrewe" or "pedegru", each of those words being borrowed to the Middle French "pié de grue", meaning "crane foot". This comes from a visual analogy between the trace of the bird's foot and the three lines used in the English official registers to show the ramifications of a genealogical tree.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the word <i>purebred</i> is used synonymously with <i>pedigreed</i>, but purebred refers to the animal having a known ancestry, and pedigree refers to the written record of breeding. Not all purebred animals have their lineage in written form. For example, until the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> only recorded the ancestry of their <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a> via an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, supported by the swearing of religiously based oaths as to the <a href="/wiki/Asil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Asil (disambiguation)">asil</a> or "pure" breeding of the animal. Conversely, some animals may have a recorded pedigree or even a registry, but not be considered "purebred". Today the modern <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Arabian" title="Anglo-Arabian">Anglo-Arabian</a> horse, a cross of <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian</a> bloodlines, is considered such a case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_type">By type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs">Dogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG/220px-Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG/330px-Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG/440px-Bram_Zwergschnauzer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Pure-breed Zwergschnauzer</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Dog breed</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of dog breeds</a></div> <p>A <i>purebred dog</i> is a dog of a <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">modern breed of dog</a>, with written documentation showing the individual purebred dog's descent from its breeds' <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation stock</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Purebred#Dubious" title="Talk:Purebred">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. In dogs, the term breed is used two ways: loosely, to refer to <a href="/wiki/Dog_type" title="Dog type">dog types</a> or <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a> of dog (also called natural breeds or ancient breeds); or more precisely, to refer to modern breeds of dog, which are documented so as to be known to be descended from specific ancestors, that closely resemble others of their breed in appearance, movement, way of working and other characters; and that reproduce with offspring closely resembling each other and their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purebred dogs are breeds in the second sense. </p><p>New breeds of dog are constantly being created, and there are many websites for new breed associations and breed clubs offering legitimate registrations for new or rare breeds. When dogs of a new breed are "visibly similar in most characteristics" and have reliable documented descent from a "known and designated foundation stock",<sup id="cite_ref-definition_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then they can then be considered members of a breed, and, if an individual dog is documented and registered, it can be called <i>purebred</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cats">Cats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate_Persian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chocolate_Persian.jpg/220px-Chocolate_Persian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chocolate_Persian.jpg/330px-Chocolate_Persian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chocolate_Persian.jpg/440px-Chocolate_Persian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>Purebred chocolate <a href="/wiki/Persian_cat" title="Persian cat">Persian</a> show cat with "Grand Champion" title.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">List of cat breeds</a></div> <p>A cat whose <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">ancestry</a> is formally registered is called a <a href="/wiki/Purebred_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Purebred cat">pedigreed or purebred cat</a>. Technically, a <i>purebred</i> cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. A <i>pedigreed</i> cat is one whose ancestry is recorded with a <a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">cat registry</a>, but may have ancestors of different breeds. <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace"><i>Landraces</i></a> are not cat breeds, but a selective group of representative cats can be used as <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stock" title="Foundation stock">foundation stock</a> to create a new cat breed (examples of breeds created in this way are the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Coon" title="Maine Coon">Maine Coon</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Shorthair" title="European Shorthair">European Shorthair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_cat" title="Siberian cat">Siberian</a>). </p><p>Because of common crossbreeding in populated areas, most cats are simply identified as belonging to the unregistered non-pedigree cats of mixed or unknown ancestry, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_long-haired_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic long-haired cat">domestic long-haired</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_short-haired_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic short-haired cat">domestic short-haired cat</a>, depending on their fur length.<sup id="cite_ref-DK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commonly used terms are random-bred cat, domestic cat, house(hold) cat or moggie/moggy (UK English).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the hundreds of millions of cats worldwide, almost none have any purebred ancestors, nor belong to a specific breed, because purebred cats are a human invention of the last 150 years and selectively bred from <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stock" title="Foundation stock">foundation stock</a> by breeders in closed off lineages. </p><p>Approximately 3–4% of the cats in the US are purchased from breeders.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all breeders sell registered pedigree cats.<sup id="cite_ref-UKkitten_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKkitten-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, approximately 4% of cats are pedigreed.<sup id="cite_ref-France_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide the number of pedigreed cats is somewhat lower, and is estimated at approximately 1–2%.<sup id="cite_ref-world_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By definition all cats belonging to a specific breed are pedigreed cats with a known and formally <a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">registered</a> <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">ancestry</a> with one of the <a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">cat registries</a>, also known as the cat’s “paperwork” or pedigree.<sup id="cite_ref-CFAkitten_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFAkitten-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKkitten_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKkitten-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">list of cat breeds</a> is quite large: most <a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">cat registries</a> actually recognize between 30 and 75<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> breeds of cats, and several more are in development, with one or more new breeds being recognized each year on average, having distinct features (<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">lineage</a>. Nowadays, there exist over 100 <a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">cat breeds and varieties</a> recognized by at least one of the official <a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">cat registries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DK_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the registry of cat breeds is to develop and maintain a healthy breed by controlling <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">hereditary diseases</a>, and regulating the well-being of the cats.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WCF_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCF-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cat_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat culture">Owners and breeders</a> compete in <a href="/wiki/Cat_show" title="Cat show">cat shows</a> to see whose animal bears the closest resemblance (best <i>conformance</i>) to an idealized definition, based on <a href="/wiki/Breed_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Breed type">breed type</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">breed standard</a> for each breed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern breeders created cat breeds, which are actually feline <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Wild_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild cat">wild cat species</a> and the domestic cat species (<i><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Felis catus</a></i> ). A famous example of such a hybrid cat breed is the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_cat" title="Savannah cat">Savannah</a> cat (<i><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Felis catus</a></i> × <i><a href="/wiki/Leptailurus_serval" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptailurus serval">Leptailurus serval</a></i> ), which is produced by crossing wild <a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">servals</a> with domestic cats.<sup id="cite_ref-DK_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">natural, ancient breeds</a> of cat that have a distinct <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> were formerly considered or speculated to be subspecies of wild cats or domestic cats (<i>Felis catus</i>), or hybrids between them. Later genetic research shows that only one wild cat species was domesticated; the north African and southwest Asian wild cat (<i><a href="/wiki/Felis_silvestris_lybica" class="mw-redirect" title="Felis silvestris lybica">Felis silvestris lybica</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ancientcat_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientcat-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All domestic (non-hybrid) cats and cat breeds fall under the domestic cat (<i>Felis catus</i>), and are no longer considered separate (sub)species.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The domestication of the <i>Felis silvestris lybica</i> started around 9.000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-ancientcat_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientcat-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> of purebred/pedigreed cat breeds only started 150 years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horses">Horses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friesian_Stallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friesian_Stallion.jpg/220px-Friesian_Stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friesian_Stallion.jpg/330px-Friesian_Stallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friesian_Stallion.jpg/440px-Friesian_Stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Friesian_horse" title="Friesian horse">Frisian horse</a> (stallion), a breed which earliest known reference is from AD 50 (reign of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>) and is pedigree registered since 1879<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breed</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">List of horse breeds</a></div> <p>Written and oral histories of various animals or pedigrees of certain types of horse have been kept throughout history, though <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registry</a> stud books trace back to about the 13th century, at least in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, when pedigrees were tracked in writing, and the practice of declaring a type of horse to be a breed or a purebred became more widespread. </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">horse breeds</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_horse" title="Andalusian horse">Andalusian horse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>, are claimed by aficionados of the respective breeds to be ancient, near-pure descendants from an ancient wild prototype, though mapping of the horse genome as well as the <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">y-DNA</a> of various breeds has largely disproved such claims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">List of cattle breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">List of water buffalo breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">List of donkey breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">List of guinea pig breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">List of duck breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">List of pig breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">List of chicken breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">List of sheep breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">List of rabbit breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">List of pigeon breeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">List of chicken breeds</a></div> <p>Most domesticated <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> animals among others can also have true-breeding breeds and <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registries</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffaloes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fancy_pigeon" title="Fancy pigeon">fancy pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">domestic ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>. While animals bred strictly for market sale are not always purebreds, or if purebred may not be registered, most livestock producers value the presence of purebred genetic stock for the consistency of traits such animals provide. It is common for a farm's male breeding stock in particular to be of purebred, pedigreed lines. </p><p>In cattle, some breeders associations make a difference between "purebred" and "full blood". Full blood cattle are fully pedigreed animals, where every ancestor is registered in the herdbook and shows the typical characteristics of the breed. Purebred are those animals that have been bred-up to purebred status as a result of using full blood animals to cross with an animal of another breed. </p><p>Artificial breeding via <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Embryo_transfer" title="Embryo transfer">embryo transfer</a> is often used in sheep and cattle breeding to quickly expand, or improve purebred herds. Embryo transfer techniques allow top quality female <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> to have a greater influence on the genetic advancement of a herd or flock in much the same way that artificial insemination has allowed greater use of superior sires.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-France-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All purebred cats born in France after 1999 should be registered with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livre_Officiel_des_Origines_F%C3%A9lines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livre Officiel des Origines Félines (page does not exist)">LOOF</a>. LOOF registry data from 2003-2022 is publicly available and shows that 646774 cats were registered in that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-LOOF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOOF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, France had a cat population of 14.9 million according to <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discarding the import and export of French purebred cats and cats born before 2003 (due to lack of data), this means 646774 out of 14.9 million or 4.3% of the French cats is registered/pedigreed. As most cat registries don't have their data public, are an international registry, or not forced by national laws, this is one of the few sources that gives a valid indication on cat registry numbers. Most self-reported data on cat breeds is influenced by the fact that rescues/owners label for example all solid blue cats as Russian Blue cats.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-world_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the approximately 4% of the known pedigreed cats in France, and the popularity of pedigreed cats in France compared to all other countries worldwide. The cat fancy is well established in France since the end of the 19th-century. The popularity of pedigree cats in France is also seen in the amount of different breeds registered with LOOF,<sup id="cite_ref-LOOF_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOOF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the numbers of France born and living pedigree cats compared to other countries in the PawPeds-database.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purebred&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2016" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Kurt Leroy (2016). "What can animal models tell us about depressive disorders?". <i>Modeling Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Laboratory Animals</i>. pp. 35–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100099-1.00002-9">10.1016/B978-0-08-100099-1.00002-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100099-1"><bdi>978-0-08-100099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+can+animal+models+tell+us+about+depressive+disorders%3F&rft.btitle=Modeling+Neuropsychiatric+Disorders+in+Laboratory+Animals&rft.pages=35-86&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100099-1.00002-9&rft.isbn=978-0-08-100099-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Kurt+Leroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurebred" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieger,_R.Michaelis,_A.Green,_M.M.1968" class="citation book cs1">Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M.M. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glossaryofgeneti00rieg"><i>A glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular</i></a></span>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387076683" title="Special:BookSources/9780387076683"><bdi>9780387076683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+genetics+and+cytogenetics%3A+Classical+and+molecular&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780387076683&rft.au=Rieger%2C+R.&rft.au=Michaelis%2C+A.&rft.au=Green%2C+M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglossaryofgeneti00rieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurebred" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dogtown-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dogtown_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dogtown_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>Hurricane Hound</i>. Dog-town. 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Springfield, Massachusetts: G&C Merriam Company. 1967. p. 274. <q>A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and <em>visibly similar in most characteristics</em>, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a <em>known and designated foundation stock</em> without admixture of other blood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Unabridged&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=G%26C+Merriam+Company&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurebred" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DK_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggaleyGoddardJohn2014" class="citation book cs1">Baggaley, Ann; Goddard, Jolyon; John, Katie (2014). <i>The Cat Encyclopedia</i>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed#Lists_of_animal_breeds" title="Breed">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li>Breeder <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder_(animal)" title="Breeder (animal)">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purebred&oldid=1245629110">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purebred&oldid=1245629110</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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