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id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1937–1945:_Nazi_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937–1945:_Nazi_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1937–1945: Nazi origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937–1945:_Nazi_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1949:_British_occupying_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1949:_British_occupying_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1945–1949: British occupying power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1949:_British_occupying_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervisory_board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervisory_board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Supervisory board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervisory_board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Collective agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_Councils_and_IG_Metall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_Councils_and_IG_Metall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Works Councils and IG Metall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_Councils_and_IG_Metall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1964_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1964 coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Czechia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FAW-VW_labour_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FAW-VW_labour_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>FAW-VW labour dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FAW-VW_labour_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_Strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>1980 Strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_Strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Westmoreland,_Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westmoreland,_Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Westmoreland, Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westmoreland,_Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chattanooga,_Tennessee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chattanooga,_Tennessee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Chattanooga, Tennessee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chattanooga,_Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collective worker action at the German auto firm Volkswagen</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg/220px-Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg/330px-Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg/440px-Tarifmappe_Haustarifvertrag_Volkswagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>A red binder containing the <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement" title="Collective agreement">collective agreement</a> texts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_collective_agreements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkswagen collective agreements (page does not exist)">Volkswagen collective agreements</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Haustarifvertrag" class="extiw" title="de:Volkswagen Haustarifvertrag">de</a>]</span> between Volkswagen and <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Workers of the German auto manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> are collectively organized and represented by <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">Works Councils</a> across the globe. Workers are organized on multiple levels; locally, regionally, nationally, internationally and by marque. </p><p>Within Germany, the role of the union <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> and Works Councils at Volkswagen is unique, even compared with other large auto firms. </p><p>Volkswagen workers have some of the strongest <a href="/wiki/Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized labour">organized labour</a> power at any company in the world. These powers are codified in different <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective agreements">collective agreements</a> internationally. In Germany <a href="#Collective_agreements">collective agreements</a> cover 120,000 workers, almost the entire workforce. </p><p>Workers at all of its major locations are represented in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_Works_Council">Global Works Council</a> and local union bodies. VW Group has a tradition and practice of <a href="/wiki/Social_Partnership" title="Social Partnership">social partnership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codetermination_in_Germany" title="Codetermination in Germany">co-determination</a> rights between management and workers beyond the regulated standards.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transnational_activity">Transnational activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transnational activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audi_Brussels_labor_unions,_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity,_Anderlecht,_September_6,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nine trade union leaders are sitting around a table. Some wearing headsets. The table and background is adorned with English signage "Automotive workers stronger together" with logos of different union federations underneath." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Audi_Brussels_labor_unions%2C_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity%2C_Anderlecht%2C_September_6%2C_2024.jpg/220px-Audi_Brussels_labor_unions%2C_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity%2C_Anderlecht%2C_September_6%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Audi_Brussels_labor_unions%2C_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity%2C_Anderlecht%2C_September_6%2C_2024.jpg/330px-Audi_Brussels_labor_unions%2C_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity%2C_Anderlecht%2C_September_6%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Audi_Brussels_labor_unions%2C_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity%2C_Anderlecht%2C_September_6%2C_2024.jpg/440px-Audi_Brussels_labor_unions%2C_the_UAW_and_IndustriALL_Europe_hold_a_joint_press_conference_at_Technicity%2C_Anderlecht%2C_September_6%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2231" /></a><figcaption>Trade union leaders from <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a>, <a href="/wiki/IndustriALL_Global_Union" title="IndustriALL Global Union">IndustriALL</a> and Belgian unions <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Belgian_Metal_Industry" title="Union of the Belgian Metal Industry">CMB</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Labour_Federation_of_Belgium" title="General Labour Federation of Belgium">ABVV-FGTB</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metea_(trade_union)" title="Metea (trade union)">Metea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions" title="Confederation of Christian Trade Unions">ACV-CSC</a>) hold a press conference against the proposed closure of <a href="/wiki/Audi_Brussels" title="Audi Brussels">Audi Brussels</a> in September 2024</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_factories" title="List of Volkswagen Group factories">VW Group operates 120 plants</a> in 29 countries as of November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VW Group opened its first foreign plant in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Brazil">Brazil</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transnational labour organizing started in the 1970s with German workers and workers at its foreign locations which were Belgium, Brazil, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#South_Africa">South Africa</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">Works Councils</a> were particularly concerned with the political developments in <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship in Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> While most of the Volkswagen and unions operate on a respective national level, several transnational structures like the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_Works_Council">VW Global</a> and European Works Councils and the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#International_Solidarity_working_group">InterSoli</a> groups bridge these connections. </p><p>A general tension exists between the interests of the workers in the headquarter state (Germany) and foreign states, but workers in foreign states also gain strategic benefits from having closer access to a well resourced union (IG Metall) and the German Works Councils with their direct access to central management.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>From a managerial point of view, countries with limited employee representation and therefore lower <a href="/wiki/Direct_labor_cost" title="Direct labor cost">labour costs</a> have a '<a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a>' over countries with strong representation (i.e Germany). For German VW workers, expanding German 'best practices' globally neutralizes that threat by leveling the playing field.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Solidarity_working_group">International Solidarity working group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International Solidarity working group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Solidarity (InterSoli) working group of IG Metall Wolfsburg (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Arbeitskreis Internationale Solidarität der IG Metall Wolfsburg</i>) launched in 1982, with separate working groups focused on <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#South_Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 523">: 523 </span></sup> In February 1999, InterSoli launched the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China">China</a> working group. Three years later the Central and Eastern Europe working group was established in February 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>InterSoli, in addition to the VW World Group Committee established in 1979 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Metalworkers%27_Federation" title="International Metalworkers' Federation">International Metalworkers' Federation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> facilitates global contact between German union members and workers in foreign operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Works_Council">European Works Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European Works Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a> in 1986, VW Group had operations in 3 European states: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Germany">Germany</a>, Belgium and Spain. The German <a href="/wiki/Group_Works_Council" title="Group Works Council">Group Works Council</a> and foreign members of VW Group initiated the formation of a <a href="/wiki/European_Works_Council" title="European Works Council">European Works Council</a>. The first meeting was in 1990, with a signed agreement in 1992; a full two years prior to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> ratification of the European Works Council Directive (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31994L0045&from=EN">94/45/EC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, the VW European Works Council has 70 employee representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Works_Council">Global Works Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Global Works Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Volkswagen Group Global Works Council (GWC) also known as the Volkswagen Group World Works Council, was established in 1998. It was the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Works_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Works Council (page does not exist)">Global Works Council</a> of its kind anywhere in the world. The first president, and general secretary of the GWC was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Volkert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Volkert (page does not exist)">Klaus Volkert</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Volkert" class="extiw" title="de:Klaus Volkert">de</a>]</span>, the VW European–, Group– and General Works Council chair at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preamble and provisions of the GWC are copied nearly verbatim from the VW European Works Council agreements, albeit with a different formula accounting for the additional non–European countries. It consisted of 27 employee representatives, 20 from Europe and 7 from other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> It has grown as of 2017 to 100 employee representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>VW Global Works Council members in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Number of members </th> <th>By marque </th></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>11 </td> <td>8 Volkswagen, 2 <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, 1 VW Sachsen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a>, 1 VW Navarra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 VW Brussels </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czechia </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Slovakia" title="Volkswagen Slovakia">VW Škoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 VW Poznan </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Rolls-Royce/Bentley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Autoeuropa" title="Volkswagen Autoeuropa">AutoEuropa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>European total</b> </td> <td><b>20</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Volkswagen de México">VW Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">VW Brasil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Argentina" title="Volkswagen Argentina">VW Argentina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_of_South_Africa" title="Volkswagen of South Africa">VW South Africa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Non European total</b> </td> <td><b>7</b> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Framework_Agreements">Global Framework Agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global Framework Agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the VW Group, Global and European Works Councils signed the "Declaration on Social Rights and Industrial Relationships at Volkswagen" a <a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a> (GFA) with the <a href="/wiki/International_Metalworkers%27_Federation" title="International Metalworkers' Federation">International Metalworkers' Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, VW Group and the <a href="/wiki/IndustriALL_Global_Union" title="IndustriALL Global Union">IndustriALL Global Union</a> signed the Global Framework Agreement "Charter on Temporary Work for the Volkswagen Group", specifying the terms and conditions of <a href="/wiki/Agency_worker_law" title="Agency worker law">agency workers</a> at VW Group and its subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, VW Group formally limits the scope of the GFA to countries represented in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_Works_Council">Global Works Council</a>, which China is not a member of.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Chinese temporary workers at <a href="/wiki/FAW-Volkswagen" title="FAW-Volkswagen">FAW-Volkswagen</a> posted on social media, bylaws from the "Charter on Temporary Work" as evidence of VW Group's commitment to its temporary workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, IndustriALL suspended its agreement with VW Group over its refusal to bargain with the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038789-0032A,_Wolfsburg,_VW_Autowerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of 2 women at an assembly machine. A migrant worker walks past them, wearing a VW branded apron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038789-0032A%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038789-0032A%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038789-0032A%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038789-0032A%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038789-0032A%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Workers in the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant</a> in 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Volkswagen Group is organized on multiple levels, locally, regionally, nationally, internationally and by marque. The heart of its labour representation is in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany. Its <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">headquarter plant</a> alone has over 65,000 employees or half of the total German workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1945:_Nazi_origins"><span id="1937.E2.80.931945:_Nazi_origins"></span>1937–1945: Nazi origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1937–1945: Nazi origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Private_sector_participation_in_Nazi_crimes" title="Private sector participation in Nazi crimes">Private sector participation in Nazi crimes</a></div> <p><i>Volkswagenwerk</i> <i><a href="/wiki/GmbH" title="GmbH">GmbH</a></i> (Volkswagen Factory GmbH) was established in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany in 1937 by the <a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-chronicle_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronicle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated by historians that 60–70% of the workforce were <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">enslaved or forced labour</a> including from <a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a>, a concentration camp specifically built for providing VW with enslaved labour.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers were subject to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">racialized hierarchies</a> when it came to housing, nutrition and treatment, with <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>, Poles and "<a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">Eastern Workers</a>" on the bottom of the hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4–9, 46">: 4–9, 46 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1949:_British_occupying_power"><span id="1945.E2.80.931949:_British_occupying_power"></span>1945–1949: British occupying power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1945–1949: British occupying power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000000th_Beetle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1000000th_Beetle.jpg/220px-1000000th_Beetle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1000000th_Beetle.jpg/330px-1000000th_Beetle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1000000th_Beetle.jpg/440px-1000000th_Beetle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> was an icon of post-war West Germany's "<a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">economic miracle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1945, with pressure from <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communists</a>, a provisional Works Council (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Betriebsvertretung</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Factory representation') was authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#British_Zone" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British occupying power</a>. It was expressly forbidden for the Works Council to discuss politics or practice co-determination. However, it had informational and discussion rights. By November 1945, the first democratically elected Works Council was voted in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> </p><p>Given Volkswagen's origins and the political climate after the end of World War II, British Major <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hirst" title="Ivan Hirst">Ivan Hirst</a> was tasked with the <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> of Volkswagen in the autumn of 1945; which initially applied solely to VW management on a limited scale. In January 1946, Hirst declared the denazification process as complete, to the dismay of the Works Council and the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Trade_Union_Federation" title="General German Trade Union Federation">General Union</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> 228 mid to lower–level managers were selected for dismissal due to their alleged Nazi associations in June 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14–17">: 14–17 </span></sup> One year later, the Works Council still had very limited <a href="/wiki/Codetermination_in_Germany" title="Codetermination in Germany">co-determination</a> rights, particularly when it came to reinstating dismissed Nazi sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> In 1947, the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Control_Council_Law_No_22" title="Control Council Law No 22">Control Council Act No 22</a> were applied to VW, which notably included co-determination rights over hiring, firing and transfer of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to the infighting between the Social Democrats (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) and the Communists (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">KPD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">far-right wing</a> union opposition candidates from the German Right Party (DRP<i>; <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rechtspartei" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Rechtspartei">Deutsche Rechtspartei</a></i>) ran for the first time in 1948. In the following 1949 Works Council elections, due to the political climate (DRP won 70% of the Wolfsburg city council election in 1948)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a workforce composed of <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht officers</a>, freed soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">German refugees from the East</a>; the two leading unions <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Salaried_Employees%27_Union" title="German Salaried Employees' Union">German Salaried Employees' Union</a> reserved 6 spots in their Works Council election lists for right-wing candidates as a strategy of neutralizing the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 52–55">: 52–55 </span></sup> </p><p>The transfer of Volkswagen by the British authorities to the governments of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German government</a> in 1949, completed its transfer of ownership to Germany. IG Metall became the dominant union force in VW one year later, coinciding with the German period of "<a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">"economic miracles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 55, 91">: 55, 91 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supervisory_board">Supervisory board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Supervisory board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the VW Group's <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">supervisory board</a>, IG Metall and the VW <a href="/wiki/Group_Works_Council" title="Group Works Council">Group Works Council</a> can appoint 10 employee representative seats, with the other ten seats filled by the employer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the 10 employee representative seats, seven are reserved for VW Group employees, including one <a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">managerial-employee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 108">: 108 </span></sup> and the remaining three are reserved for union representatives, i.e. IG Metall, including its president <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Hofmann_(trade_unionist)" title="Jörg Hofmann (trade unionist)">Jörg Hofmann</a>. Typically the chair of the supervisory board from the employer side has two votes, tipping the supervisory board towards the employer side. However in the case of VW on the employer side, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> state holds two seats, which are currently filled by politicians <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Weil" title="Stephan Weil">Stephan Weil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Althusmann" title="Bernd Althusmann">Bernd Althusmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrat</a> politicians fill the employer seats, it contributes to a labour friendly supervisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_agreements">Collective agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Collective agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A provision in the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Act" title="Volkswagen Act">Volkswagen Act</a> that privatized <i>Volkswagenwerk GmbH</i> into <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> (AG; <i><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">Aktiengesellschaft</a></i>), stipulates 80% of shareholders are needed to pass any major decisions. Lower Saxony state has a voting share of 20.2%, ensuring a veto power on any major decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this veto power, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_German_Employers%27_Associations" title="Confederation of German Employers' Associations">German Employers' Association</a> precludes VW Group from membership or concluding <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">sectoral agreements</a> within any regional branches of the Employers' Associations in the Metal and Electrical Engineering Industries (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesamtmetall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesamtmetall (page does not exist)">Gesamtmetall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtmetall" class="extiw" title="de:Gesamtmetall">de</a>]</span></i>). Unlike its automotive competitors <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> or <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler</a> who have regional agreements, this means lG Metall negotiates directly with Volkswagen Group, instead of an employer association.<sup id="cite_ref-silvia_2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silvia_2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_in-house_collective_agreements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkswagen in-house collective agreements (page does not exist)">Volkswagen in-house collective agreements</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Haustarifvertrag" class="extiw" title="de:Volkswagen Haustarifvertrag">de</a>]</span> are some of the strongest <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective agreements">collective agreements</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2021 collective agreement applies to 120,000 VW workers in the following six plants: <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Wolfsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagenwerk_Braunschweig" title="Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, Hanover, Salzgitter, Emden and Kassel as well as <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Financial_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Financial Services">Volkswagen Financial Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_Councils_and_IG_Metall">Works Councils and IG Metall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works Councils and IG Metall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg/220px-Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg/330px-Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg/440px-Verleihung_Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Preis_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_2023_an_Daniela_Cavallo-1089.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Works Council Chair <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Cavallo" title="Daniela Cavallo">Daniela Cavallo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The chair of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_Works_Council">Global</a>–, <a href="/wiki/European_Works_Council" title="European Works Council">European–</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_Works_Council" title="Group Works Council">Group</a>–, <a href="/wiki/Central_Works_Council" title="Central Works Council">General</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Wolfsburg</a> Works Council is <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Cavallo" title="Daniela Cavallo">Daniela Cavallo</a>. She was elected in the Wolfsburg Works Council election in March 2022, the headquarter plant. The IG Metall list won 66 out of 73 Works Council seats.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavallo first served as the chair in May 2021, when she was appointed to succeed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Osterloh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernd Osterloh (page does not exist)">Bernd Osterloh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Osterloh" class="extiw" title="de:Bernd Osterloh">de</a>]</span>. She is the first woman chair at VW Group and is arguably the most powerful employee representative in all of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2018 Wolfsburg Works Council election, 86% of employees voted for the <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> list or 66 out of 75 Works Council seats, with only two other lists competing.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A network of 2,500 rank-and-file IG Metall <a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">union representatives</a> organized internally by the "Union Representative Steering Committee of VW" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Vertrauenskörperleitung bei VW</i>) ensure the IG Metall backed Works Council has extensive influence and reach in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, VW Group pays for 70 administrative personnel to assist the Works Councils in performing their duties.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil">Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a> (VW Brasil) was established on 23 March 1953 to re-assemble <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Beetle cars</a> in a growing market. It was Brazil's first German automobile plant, and VW's first foreign factory. In the 1960s, VW Brasil was VW Group's largest foreign member and Brazil's 5th largest industrial firm. From 1960 to the 1970s, its workforce increased from 7,000 employees to over 40,000. Union activity in VW Brasil was heavily repressed until the 1980s. In a 2014 <a href="/wiki/National_Truth_Commission" title="National Truth Commission">National Truth Commission</a>, the extent to which VW Brasil management collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Brazilian military dictatorship</a> was revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VW Group commissioned a year long study in 2016 by historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Kopper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Kopper (page does not exist)">Christopher Kopper</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Kopper" class="extiw" title="de:Christopher Kopper">de</a>]</span>, to uncover the extent to which VW Group participated and collaborated in repression of its employees.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, VW Group agreed to pay 5.5 million euros, part of which will go the Heinrich Plagge victims' association, and the rest going towards various research and human rights projects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_coup">1964 coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1964 coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While VW Brasil was not directly involved with the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 military overthrow of the Brazilian government</a>, as a significant financial contributor to the Industrial Association of São Paulo (<a href="/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Ind%C3%BAstrias_do_Estado_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo">FIESP</a>) which wielded political influence and was in favour of regime change, VW Brasil CEO Friedrich Schultz-Wenk was most likely in favour as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wenk not only justified the violence and repression against communists (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">PCB</a>) and union leaders, but in a letter to VW Group CEO <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a>, Wenk stated "What is currently taking place is a hunt such as we did not even see back in 1933 in Germany",<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 328">: 328 </span></sup> a nod to the <a href="/wiki/1933_in_Germany" title="1933 in Germany">Nazi rise to power in Germany</a>, which was stated in awe and respect rather than horror. Nordhoff did not share the same enthusiasm, not because of concern for human rights, but because of the negative impact the political instability might have on VW Brasil. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> state had 50% ownership of VW Group but did not interfere with VW Brasil throughout. Management at VW Group and VW Brasil both benefited from and saw the military dictatorship in a positive light.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 328">: 328 </span></sup> </p><p>Labour laws established during the <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas dictatorship</a> (1937–1945) were already weak and they remained in place during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">democratic phase</a> (1946–1964); for example, collective agreements could only be approved by the Ministry of Labour and the establishment of a federal metal workers' union was forbidden, in favour of regional federations. Labour laws were further weakened in June 1964, with the "Strike Act" (<i>Lei de Greve)</i> which criminalized <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">striking</a> with prison sentences of 6–12 months for strike leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 329">: 329 </span></sup> </p><p>Since 1969 there was collaboration between VW Brasil's internal Works Security department (<i>Portuguese:</i> <i>Departamento de Segurança Industria</i>) and the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">political police</a> (DEOPS; <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Portuguese language">Brazilian Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt-BR">Departamento Estadual de Ordem Política e Social</i>). It was headed by <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> officer major Ademar Rudge. Their collaboration lead to the arrests and torture of at least 12 employees of VW Brasil including <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">Communist Party of Brazil</a> member <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAcio_Bellentani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúcio Bellentani (page does not exist)">Lúcio Bellentani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Bellentani" class="extiw" title="de:Lúcio Bellentani">de</a>]</span> who described his arrest to the Brazil <a href="/wiki/National_Truth_Commission" title="National Truth Commission">National Truth Commission</a>, with numerous more being blacklisted.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1973, for every 79 VW Brasil employees, there was one member of the Works Security department, enabling a deeply <a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">surveilled workplace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png/220px-Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png/330px-Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png/440px-Pr%C3%A9dio_do_Sindicato_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos_de_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Office of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo" title="São Bernardo do Campo">São Bernardo do Campo</a> metalworkers union building</figcaption></figure> <p>It was only in 1975, that the General Works Council of Volkswagen Group began to investigate the working conditions in Brazil. A 1976 delegation including the Works Council chair Siegfried Ehlers, met with the local affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo" title="São Bernardo do Campo">São Bernardo do Campo</a> metalworkers union, facilitated by the International Metalworkers Federation. After hearing serious allegation of <a href="/wiki/Wage_dispersion" title="Wage dispersion">wage dispersion</a>, surveillance of workers and ban on union assemblies, the delegation asked to meet with the VW Brasil union representatives directly. To the delegation's surprise, the representatives denied the allegations made by the local metalworkers union. There were no legitimate employee representatives from and up to 1977; the few existing union representatives were <i><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/pelego" class="extiw" title="pt:pelego">pelegos</a></i> more closely associated <a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">with the company</a> than the workers. Before 1980, the only legitimate contacts available to the German Works Council was the local São Bernardo do Campo union committee. Additionally they had communication channels through the International Metalworkers Federation and the International Relations department of the IG Metall.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1979, due to pressure from the German media and the employee representatives on <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Supervisory_board">Volkswagen Group's supervisory board</a>, VW Group was forced to change from being a passive beneficiary of the military dictatorship to an agent of change. In October 1980, VW Brasil became the first major company in Brazil to have employee representation (a Works Council) even though it was not required by law.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czechia">Czechia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Czechia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda Auto a.s.</a> employs 37,000 employees in Czechia across 3 plants in <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_Boleslav" title="Mladá Boleslav">Mladá Boleslav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvasiny" title="Kvasiny">Kvasiny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrchlab%C3%AD" title="Vrchlabí">Vrchlabí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employees of Škoda are unionized in the Metal Workers union (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Odborový svaz KOVO; OS KOVO</i>) affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Czech-Moravian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions">CMKOS</a>. The regional affiliate of the union <i>(KOVO <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_Boleslav" title="Mladá Boleslav">MB</a>)</i> is chaired by Jaroslav Povšík.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Povšík is also on the <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory Board</a> of Škoda.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010_Chinese_labour_unrest" title="2010 Chinese labour unrest">2010 Chinese labour unrest</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_China" title="Volkswagen Group China">Volkswagen Group China</a> has operated since 1984 in China, with the establishment of joint venture <a href="/wiki/SAIC_Volkswagen" title="SAIC Volkswagen">SAIC Volkswagen</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/FAW-Volkswagen" title="FAW-Volkswagen">FAW-Volkswagen</a> in 1991 and <a href="/wiki/JAC_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="JAC Motors">JAC</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent unions in China are banned, with the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a> (ACFTU) being the only permitted one.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> 80% of VW China's 23,000 employees are unionized, and include a Works Council structure.<sup id="cite_ref-industriall-union.org_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industriall-union.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1999, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#International_Solidarity_working_group">InterSoli</a> launched the China working group, in part to address the numerous <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights issues in China</a> and limited <a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">union democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> In 2010 for the first time, China was present in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_Works_Council">Global Works Council</a> meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-industriall-union.org_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industriall-union.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FAW-VW_labour_dispute">FAW-VW labour dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: FAW-VW labour dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, Chinese legislation regarding <a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">temporary work</a> expired. Temporary workers of the <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a> FAW-Volkswagen (FAW-VW) plant sought collective bargaining with ACFTU, FAW-VW and temporary agencies to represent 3,000 agency workers. Workers argued their working conditions not only breached <a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Chinese labour law</a>, but also Volkswagen's <a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a> "Charter on Temporary Work".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temporary worker demands included equal pay between them and regular employees of FAW-VW, a conversion of temporary contracts into permanent ones, and limiting the reliance on temporary workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several unsuccessful rounds of bargaining and an unsuccessful court petition, hundreds of workers organized a protest in the front of the factory gate in February 2017 under the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay for equal work</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following another demo organized on 21 May, three worker representatives, Fu Tianbo, Wang Shuai, and Ai Zhenyu were detained by police on 26 May. Shuai and Zhenyu were released, while Tianbo remained in custody on the accusation of "<a href="/wiki/Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_troubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Picking quarrels and provoking troubles">disturbing public order</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Volkswagen spokesperson told <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau" title="Frankfurter Rundschau">Frankfurter Rundschau</a>, due to the criminal charges, there was nothing further they could do for Tianbo. In contrast, Han Dongfang, a labour activist and founder of <a href="/wiki/China_Labour_Bulletin" title="China Labour Bulletin">China Labour Bulletin</a> told Frankfurter Rundschau newspaper, that VW Group, <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> and VW Works Councils could do more to support Tianbo, like visiting Tianbo in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2018, Tianbo was found guilty but exempted from further punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico">Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Volkswagen de México">Volkswagen Mexico</a> employs 13,000 workers in its main plant in <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>. Since 1972, VW workers are represented by the Independent Union of Volkswagen (SITIAVW; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Sindicato Independiente de Trabajadores Volkswagen</i><i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73">: 73 </span></sup></i> </p><p>From 1966 to 1972 the Volkswagen union was affiliated with the undemocratic and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a> affiliated <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Mexican_Workers" title="Confederation of Mexican Workers">Confederation of Mexican Workers</a> (CTM). Initially, the VW union was affiliated with <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Workers_(Mexico)" title="General Confederation of Workers (Mexico)">CGT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73">: 73 </span></sup> When VW union disaffiliated from CTM in 1972, it affiliated with the Independent Workers' Union (UOI; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Unidad Obrera Independiente</i><i>)</i>, however by late 1970s UOI stopped being independent and followed PRI guidelines. SITIAVW disaffiliated and remained an independent single factory union,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1997 when it co-founded <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Trabajadores_de_M%C3%A9xico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unión Nacional de Trabajadores de México (page does not exist)">UNT</a>, a progressive union federation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, SITIAVW formed a new industrial union federation for all automotive, rubber and aerospace unions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Slovakia" title="Volkswagen Slovakia">Volkswagen Slovakia</a> employs 9,000 employees at its <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin,_Slovakia" title="Martin, Slovakia">Martin</a> plants. Since 2016, 75% of its workers are unionized members of Modern Volkswagen Union (MOV; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Moderné odbory Volkswagen</i>), which formed after a contentious split from the Volkswagen branch of Metal Workers Union (<a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">OZ Kovo</i><i>)</i>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Trade_Unions_of_the_Slovak_Republic" title="Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic"><i>KOZ SR</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 June 2017, an estimated 70% of the workforce across three facilities participated in the first strike ever at Volkswagen Slovakia, demanding a 16% pay raise instead of the initially proposed 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 6 days, the workers successfully achieved a 14% pay raise and ended the strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_of_South_Africa" title="Volkswagen of South Africa">Volkswagen of South Africa</a> (VWSA) employs 6,000 workers and is a highly unionized workforce, with 80% of its workforce belonging to <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Metalworkers_of_South_Africa" title="National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa">NUMSA</a>, which is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South African Motor Assemblers and Distributors Limited (SAMAD) agreed to manufacture Beetle cars in <a href="/wiki/Uitenhage" title="Uitenhage">Uitenhage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> for Volkswagen. By 1956, VW acquired a controlling stake in SAMAD. In 1966, SAMAD was renamed to its present name Volkswagen of South Africa. That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> government enacted legislation for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">white-only</a> unions. VWSA began negotiating with the white-only <a href="/wiki/South_African_Iron_and_Steel_Trades_Association" title="South African Iron and Steel Trades Association">South African Iron, Steel and Allied Industries Union</a>. The International Metalworkers Federation pressured the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Council_of_South_Africa" title="Trade Union Council of South Africa">Trade Union Council of South Africa</a> to form parallel unions for Black, <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a> and Indian workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1969, half of VWSA's Coloured workers organized with the National Union of Motor Assembly and Rubber Workers of South Africa (NUMARWOSA) which was formally recognized by VWSA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 110–111">: 110–111 </span></sup> </p><p>While legal <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">bargaining</a> rights existed for white, Coloured and Indian workers, none existed for Black workers. The 1973 <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantu</a> Labour Relations Act for Black workers stipulated the creation of "liaison committees" on the plant level which were limited in power. Nonetheless, the VW liaison committee was dominated by future <a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">union representatives</a> of the newly created United Automobile, Rubber, and Allied Workers Union of South Africa (UAW), the parallel union for Black workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 110–111">: 110–111 </span></sup> </p><p>NUMARWOSA and UAW eventually merged into a non-racial <a href="/wiki/National_Automobile_and_Allied_Workers%27_Union" title="National Automobile and Allied Workers' Union">National Automobile and Allied Workers' Union</a> which later merged into the modern day <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Metalworkers_of_South_Africa" title="National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa">NUMSA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_Strike">1980 Strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1980 Strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1973_Durban_strikes" title="1973 Durban strikes">1973 Durban strikes</a></div> <p>Four years after the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprisings</a> in 1980, Black workers of UAW at VWSA engaged in their first <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a>. IG Metall and the International International Metalworker's Federation raised £38,000 for a <a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">strike fund</a> and exerted pressure through VW Group on its subsidiary. The strike lasted three weeks, with no layoffs, a higher hourly wage of <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">R</a>1.45 and a strengthened union, despite the fact that Black unions were not legally recognized. In September 1980, VWSA became the first company in South Africa to pay for full time union representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> Shortly afterwards, the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#International_Solidarity_working_group">InterSoli working groups</a> were established. The South African working group was the most active.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_union_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Volkswagen_union_election.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_union_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Volkswagen_union_election.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_union_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Volkswagen_union_election.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_union_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>VW workers in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, TN</a> celebrating after a successful <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a> union vote on 19 April 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volkswagen Group of America (VWoA) employs 6,000 employees as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is one of the national affiliates of VW Group seats on the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_Works_Council">VW Global Works Council</a>. In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly" title="Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly">Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly</a> plant, before its closure in 1988. The present day <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant</a> raised international headlines over high profile union drives that were unsuccessful in 2014 and 2019. In 2024, VW Chattanooga workers voted overwhelmingly to unionize with the United Auto Workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westmoreland,_Pennsylvania"><span id="Westmoreland.2C_Pennsylvania"></span>Westmoreland, Pennsylvania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Westmoreland, Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volkswagen of America (VWoA) opened its first production plant in <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania</a> in 1976 and renamed the plant to <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly" title="Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly">Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly</a> after acquiring it from <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-namewestmoreland_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namewestmoreland-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VWoA immediately recognized the United Auto Workers via a <a href="/wiki/Card_check" title="Card check">card check</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silvia_2017_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silvia_2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a>, Volkswagen did not develop its own skill base for Westmoreland, instead bringing in workers from Detroit, Michigan. 100 workers were also brought in from Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-skill_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skill-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pool of 40,000 people applied for jobs at Westmoreland.<sup id="cite_ref-dedicated_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dedicated-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No more than 20% of the workers had ever worked for an automobile manufacturer before.<sup id="cite_ref-20percent_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20percent-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age of workers was 24–26; at the time this was considered a demographic that was "independent and militant".<sup id="cite_ref-20percent_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20percent-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VWoA chose employees not by skills, but by how long they had been unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-crucial_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crucial-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the outset, minorities <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picketed</a> the site, seeking fair treatment in the hiring process<sup id="cite_ref-thanksgiving_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thanksgiving-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by its first 20 months of operation, workers had staged six <a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">walkouts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sixtimes_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixtimes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1992 <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article, the plant was described as the only "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership" title="Foreign ownership">transplant</a>" factory that UAW had succeeded in representing, and that the plant "began with a strike and lurched from problem to problem before closing" in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-transplant_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transplant-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 October 13 1978, six months after the plant opened, UAW workers staged a <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">wildcat strike</a> at Westmoreland for salaries equal to those received by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> employees.<sup id="cite_ref-wildcat_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildcat-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Picketing workers chanted "No Money, No Bunny", in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf vehicle</a> internally nicknamed the Rabbit.<sup id="cite_ref-nomoney_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomoney-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 93">: 93 </span></sup> In 1981, Westmoreland Assembly avoided a strike when it reached agreement with UAW over essentially the same issue: the disparity between wages earned at Westmoreland, where assemblers made an average of $10.76 per hour, and those at auto plants in Detroit, where General Motors and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> assemblers made an average of $11.42 per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-uawstrike_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uawstrike-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volkswagen settled a 1983 <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States" title="Employment discrimination law in the United States">discrimination suit</a> with UAW to settle claims that they discriminated against Black employees at Westmoreland Assembly. Plaintiffs had sought $70 million when filing the lawsuit, charging that management had initiated or tolerated "a pattern and practice" of limited hiring and promotions of Black people, that Black workers were also subject to arbitrary firings and demotions and that the company openly allowed racial insults and threats in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-discrim_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discrim-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days after the lawsuit was filed, a prominent Black executive at the Westmoreland Assembly and spokesman for the "VW Black Caucus" committed suicide, bringing further notoriety to the lawsuit. The presiding <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal district judge</a> said the case has turned into "a media event".<sup id="cite_ref-brock_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brock-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VWoA denied the charges and later <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settled</a> the case without admission of guilt in 1989, paying 800 plaintiffs $670,000 and the United Auto Workers $48,000.<sup id="cite_ref-discrim_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discrim-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 July 14 1988, VWoA closed the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiley_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiley-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chattanooga,_Tennessee"><span id="Chattanooga.2C_Tennessee"></span>Chattanooga, Tennessee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chattanooga, Tennessee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant</a> attracted international attention in 2014 after it was proposed that employees elect a union in order to implement a <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">Works Council</a> that has co-determination, consultation and participation rights with management.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW) attempted unsuccessfully to unionize the Chattanooga plant in 2014. This was defeated in a 712–626 vote. The unionization effort was backed by Volkswagen management and the <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> union in Germany. There was, however, considerable opposition from US business groups and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a failed unionization vote at the plant, Volkswagen recognized members who have joined UAW <a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">Local</a> 42. After the close vote against UAW, Volkswagen announced a new policy allowing groups representing at least 15% of the workforce to participate in meetings, with higher access tiers for groups representing 30% and 45% of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted anti-UAW workers who opposed the first vote to form a rival union, the American Council of Employees.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, 2014, UAW was certified as representing more than 45% of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UAW again attempted to unionize the plant in June 2019. This failed by a 52 to 48 percent margin.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in 2014, Volkswagen management was not supportive of the union vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, UAW won <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">30 to 160% salary increases</a> at the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:17_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, UAW launched organizing drives at 13 non-union auto manufacturers in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>, including Volkswagen.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February 2024, UAW announced that over 50% of the 4,100 hourly workers at the plant have <a href="/wiki/Card_check" title="Card check">signed union membership cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 April 2024, the plant's workers voted to unionize, 73 to 27 percent margin, or 2,628 to 985.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> meeting was scheduled for 19 September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">IBM and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Apple and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_worker_organization" title="Google worker organization">Google worker organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Metalworkers%27_Federation" title="International Metalworkers' Federation">International Metalworkers' Federation</a> later merged into the <a href="/wiki/IndustriALL_Global_Union" title="IndustriALL Global Union">IndustriALL Global Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burgmann_2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgmann_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Gewerkschaftsbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund">Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund</a> of which <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> is part of, was not founded until 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A report in 2017 lists China as an example of a country without any seats in the <a href="#Global_Works_Council">Global Works Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-transnational_agreements-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transnational_agreements_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhittallLucioMustchinTelljohann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Whittall, Michael; Lucio, Miguel Martínez; Mustchin, Stephen; Telljohann, Volker; Sánchez, Fernando Rocha (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1721727X17699444">"Workplace trade union engagement with European Works Councils and transnational agreements: the case of Volkswagen Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Industrial_Relations" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handelsblatt&rft.atitle=Handelsblatt+explains%3A+Why+German+corporate+governance+is+so+different&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Kreijger&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fenglish%2Fcompanies%2Fhandelsblatt-explains-why-german-corporate-governance-is-so-different%2F23581290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolsmann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bolsmann, Chris (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/5772/1/Trade.pdf">"Trade-Union Internationalism and Solidarity in the Struggle against Apartheid: A Case Study of Volkswagen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Studies in Industrial Relations</i> (23–24): 103–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fhsir.2007.23-24.5">10.3828/hsir.2007.23-24.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+Industrial+Relations&rft.atitle=Trade-Union+Internationalism+and+Solidarity+in+the+Struggle+against+Apartheid%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Volkswagen&rft.issue=23%E2%80%9324&rft.pages=103-124&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fhsir.2007.23-24.5&rft.aulast=Bolsmann&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.aston.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F5772%2F1%2FTrade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-lower-saxony-idUSKBN1DM1Y9">"Lower Saxony's new government says will keep Volkswagen stake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 22 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Lower+Saxony%27s+new+government+says+will+keep+Volkswagen+stake&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-volkswagen-lower-saxony-idUSKBN1DM1Y9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://annualreport2020.volkswagenag.com/corporate-governance/members-of-the-supervisory-board-and-committees.html">"Members of the Supervisory Board and Committees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a></i>. 31 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49466-3"><bdi>978-1-139-49466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NAFTA+and+the+Politics+of+Labor+Transnationalism&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49466-3&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ai2Pz2zUw0C%26q%3DSITIAVW%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermanson2018" class="citation web cs1">Hermanson, Jeffery (4 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labornotes.org/2018/10/election-landslide-raises-hopes-mexican-labor">"Election Landslide Raises Hopes for Mexican Labor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Labor_Notes" title="Labor Notes">Labor Notes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Boyer, Robert; Charron, Elsie; Jürgens, Ulrich; Tolliday, Steven (eds.). <i>Between Imitation and Innovation, the Transfer and Hybridization of Productive Models in the International Automobile Industry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191583940" title="Special:BookSources/9780191583940"><bdi>9780191583940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Implanting+Change%3A+The+role+of+%27Indigenous+Transplants%27+in+Transforming+the+German+Productive+Model&rft.btitle=Between+Imitation+and+Innovation%2C+the+Transfer+and+Hybridization+of+Productive+Models+in+the+International+Automobile+Industry&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998-11-19&rft.isbn=9780191583940&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCrgens&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDblemSNDqEC%26q%3Dvolkswagen%2Bwestmoreland%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dedicated-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dedicated_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1978" class="citation web cs1">Wylie, William H. (10 April 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fikcAAAAIBAJ&pg=3515,4968051&dq=volkswagen+westmoreland&hl=en">"Westmoreland Rabbits On Parade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">The Pittsburgh Press</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Westmoreland+Rabbits+On+Parade&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1978-04-10&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DfikcAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3515%2C4968051%26dq%3Dvolkswagen%2Bwestmoreland%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20percent-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20percent_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20percent_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody1978" class="citation web cs1">Moody, John P. (13 October 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DQMOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2930,1823982&dq=volkswagen+westmoreland&hl=en">"Radicals dim start up hopes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Post Gazette">Pittsburgh Post Gazette</a></i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post+Gazette&rft.atitle=Radicals+dim+start+up+hopes&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1978-10-13&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DDQMOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2930%2C1823982%26dq%3Dvolkswagen%2Bwestmoreland%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crucial-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crucial_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPare2011" class="citation web cs1">Pare, Mike (29 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2011/may/29/vw-tries-it-again-us/">"VW Tries it Again in U.S."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft.atitle=VW+Tries+it+Again+in+U.S.&rft.date=2011-05-29&rft.aulast=Pare&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fmay%2F29%2Fvw-tries-it-again-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thanksgiving-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thanksgiving_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFActon2008" class="citation web cs1">Acton, Robin (August 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131113533/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_584609.html">"Local workers recall East Huntingdon plant closing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_584609.html">the original</a> on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2011</span>. <q>In November 1987, Volkswagen of America officials chose Thanksgiving week to tell employees that the East Huntingdon plant would end its 10-year run and close six months later. ~ Minorities picketed the site, seeking fair treatment in the hiring process. ~ By 1981, car buyers were tired of the Rabbit that hit the American market in 1974. Sales dipped as gas prices fell and consumer preference shifted to larger models. John Wolkonowicz, senior automotive analyst for Global Insight in Lexington, Mass., watched the demise of the unreliable compact that cost more than its competition and lacked quality."It was probably the most troublesome Volkswagen ever built," Wolkonowicz said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Tribune-Review&rft.atitle=Local+workers+recall+East+Huntingdon+plant+closing&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghlive.com%2Fx%2Fpittsburghtrib%2Fnews%2Fwestmoreland%2Fs_584609.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixtimes-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sixtimes_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1980" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Linda S. (4 January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vOsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6330,603066&dq=volkswagen+westmoreland&hl=en">"VW laying off 4,000 Due to W.Va. Strike"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=VW+laying+off+4%2C000+Due+to+W.Va.+Strike&rft.date=1980-01-04&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DvOsNAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6330%2C603066%26dq%3Dvolkswagen%2Bwestmoreland%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transplant-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transplant_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1992" class="citation news cs1">Levin, Doran P. (23 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/23/business/transplant-car-makers-redefine-the-industry.html?scp=9&sq=volkswagen%20new%20stanton&st=cse">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Transplant' Car Makers Redefine the Industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Transplant%27+Car+Makers+Redefine+the+Industry&rft.date=1992-06-23&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Doran+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Ftransplant-car-makers-redefine-the-industry.html%3Fscp%3D9%26sq%3Dvolkswagen%2520new%2520stanton%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildcat-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wildcat_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkleyScott1978" class="citation web cs1">Brinkley, David; Scott, Jim (13 October 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=496201">"Headline: Auto Workers Strike / Pennsylvania VW Plant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_Evening_News" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Evening News">NBC Evening News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Television_News_Archive" title="Vanderbilt Television News Archive">Vanderbilt Television News Archive</a>. <q>Wildcat strike by auto workers at New Stanton, Pennsylvania, Volkswagen plant, for salaries equal to those received by General Motors Corporation employees, reported Situation this creates for UAW in trying to get other foreign auto makers to build US plants noted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Headline%3A+Auto+Workers+Strike+%2F+Pennsylvania+VW+Plant&rft.date=1978-10-13&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Scott%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnews.vanderbilt.edu%2Fprogram.pl%3FID%3D496201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomoney-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nomoney_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-YDAAAAMBAJ&q=volkswagen+%22new+stanton%22&pg=PA11">"No Money, No Bunny, Honey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>. January 1979. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=No+Money%2C+No+Bunny%2C+Honey&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1979-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-YDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dvolkswagen%2B%2522new%2Bstanton%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia2023" class="citation book cs1">Silvia, Stephen J. (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501769726/html"><i>The UAW's Southern Gamble: Organizing Workers at Foreign-Owned Vehicle Plants</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 89–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501769726">10.1515/9781501769726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6972-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-6972-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UAW%27s+Southern+Gamble%3A+Organizing+Workers+at+Foreign-Owned+Vehicle+Plants&rft.pages=89-174&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501769726&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6972-6&rft.aulast=Silvia&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501769726%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uawstrike-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uawstrike_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/01/us/tentative-contract-reached-by-volkswagen-and-uaw.html?scp=11&sq=volkswagen%20westmoreland&st=cse">"Tentative Contract Reached By Volkswagen and U.A.W."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1 November 1981. p. 36. <q>A tentative contract has been reached between Volkswagen and Local 2055 of the United Automobile Workers, the company said today. A spokesman, Chet Bahn, said the accord was reached late last night. No details were released pending ratification by the union's membership. The proposal will be presented to the union's rank-and file tomorrow. A strike deadline of 12:01 A.M. Monday had been set at the Westmoreland County factory, which employs 4,600 workers. A major issue reportedly was a gap between the wages earned by assemblers here and their counterparts at domestic auto plants in Detroit. Assemblers make an average of $10.76 an hour at Volkswagen but $11.42 at General Motors and Ford.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tentative+Contract+Reached+By+Volkswagen+and+U.A.W.&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1981-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F11%2F01%2Fus%2Ftentative-contract-reached-by-volkswagen-and-uaw.html%3Fscp%3D11%26sq%3Dvolkswagen%2520westmoreland%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discrim-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discrim_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-discrim_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/19/us/discrimination-suit-is-settled.html?scp=9&sq=volkswagen%20westmoreland&st=cse">"Discrimination Suit Is Settled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 19 April 1989. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discrimination+Suit+Is+Settled&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1989-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F04%2F19%2Fus%2Fdiscrimination-suit-is-settled.html%3Fscp%3D9%26sq%3Dvolkswagen%2520westmoreland%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brock-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brock_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1983" class="citation news cs1">Franklin, Ben A. (29 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/29/us/bias-suit-made-grimmer-by-a-suicide.html?scp=15&sq=volkswagen%20westmoreland&st=cse">"Bias Suit Made Grimmer by a Suicide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bias+Suit+Made+Grimmer+by+a+Suicide&rft.date=1983-01-29&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Ben+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F01%2F29%2Fus%2Fbias-suit-made-grimmer-by-a-suicide.html%3Fscp%3D15%26sq%3Dvolkswagen%2520westmoreland%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiley-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiley_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiley2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiley, David (22 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3NLdO5HccwC&q=volkswagen+westmoreland&pg=PA132"><i>Getting the bugs out: the rise, fall, and comeback of Volkswagen in America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> pp. 131, 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471225980" title="Special:BookSources/9780471225980"><bdi>9780471225980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+the+bugs+out%3A+the+rise%2C+fall%2C+and+comeback+of+Volkswagen+in+America&rft.pages=131%2C+134&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002-04-22&rft.isbn=9780471225980&rft.aulast=Kiley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3NLdO5HccwC%26q%3Dvolkswagen%2Bwestmoreland%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheiber2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" title="Noam Scheiber">Scheiber, Noam</a> (15 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/14/business/economy/volkswagen-chattanooga-uaw-union.html">"Volkswagen Factory Workers in Tennessee Reject Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Workers+want+unions%2C+but+the+latest+data+point+to+obstacles+in+their+path%3A+Private-sector+unionization+rose+by+more+than+a+quarter+million+in+2023%2C+while+unionization+in+state+and+local+governments+fell&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Shierholz&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.au=McNicholas%2C+Celine&rft.au=Poydock%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Sherer%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epi.org%2Fpublication%2Funion-membership-data%2F%23full-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:122_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHullEidelson2024" class="citation news cs1">Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (11 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize">"Tesla boosts pay for Fremont factory workers whom the UAW wants to unionize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725034045/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla+boosts+pay+for+Fremont+factory+workers+whom+the+UAW+wants+to+unionize&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Eidelson%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2F2024-01-11%2Ftesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2024" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Kalea (6 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/2024/02/06/uaw-has-signed-majority-of-vw-workers-at-tennessee-plant-to-join-union/72492741007/">"UAW has signed majority of VW workers at Tennessee plant to join union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=UAW+has+signed+majority+of+VW+workers+at+Tennessee+plant+to+join+union&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kalea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fbusiness%2Fautos%2F2024%2F02%2F06%2Fuaw-has-signed-majority-of-vw-workers-at-tennessee-plant-to-join-union%2F72492741007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainato2024" class="citation news cs1">Sainato, Michael (11 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/11/volkswagen-automakers-union-uaw">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We don't have a say': workers join push to unionize flagship Volkswagen plant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+don%27t+have+a+say%27%3A+workers+join+push+to+unionize+flagship+Volkswagen+plant&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sainato&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2024%2Fjan%2F11%2Fvolkswagen-automakers-union-uaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalenGurley2024" class="citation web cs1">Whalen, Jeanne; Gurley, Lauren (19 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/04/19/vw-uaw-tennessee-vote/">"Volkswagen workers in Tennessee pass historic vote to unionize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Volkswagen+workers+in+Tennessee+pass+historic+vote+to+unionize&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft.au=Gurley%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2024%2F04%2F19%2Fvw-uaw-tennessee-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchoa2024" class="citation web cs1">Ochoa, James (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestreet.com/automotive/uaw-wants-detroit-big-three-triumphs-for-vw-workers">"Volkswagen gears up for UAW labor contract battle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheStreet" title="TheStreet">TheStreet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheStreet&rft.atitle=Volkswagen+gears+up+for+UAW+labor+contract+battle&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft.aulast=Ochoa&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Fautomotive%2Fuaw-wants-detroit-big-three-triumphs-for-vw-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiel_H.2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montiel H., Yolanda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/mexiko/05370.pdf"><i>Breve historia del Sindicato Independiente de Volkswagen de México</i></a> [<i>A Brief History of the Volkswagen Mexico Independent Union</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish) (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung">Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+historia+del+Sindicato+Independiente+de+Volkswagen+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Montiel+H.&rft.aufirst=Yolanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fbueros%2Fmexiko%2F05370.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+and+unions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igm-bei-vw.de/">IG Metall bei VW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/group/executive-bodies.html">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewcdb.eu/company/1027">EWC Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_unions" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_and_unions" title="SAP and unions">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotify and unions">Spotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU_(union)" title="TU (union)">Telekom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starbucks_unions" title="Starbucks unions">Starbucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_and_unions" title="McDonald's and unions">McDonald's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aviation and transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a 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Group Companies">Capital Group Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passenger cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Sport_GmbH" title="Audi Sport GmbH">Audi Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._J._Mulliner_%26_Co." title="H. J. Mulliner & Co.">Mulliner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout (automobile)">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupra_(marque)" title="Cupra (marque)">Cupra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_R" title="Volkswagen R">VW R</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehol_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sehol (marque)">Sehol</a> (<abbr title="Joint venture">JV</abbr> with <a href="/wiki/JAC_Group" title="JAC Group">JAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetta_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetta (marque)">Jetta</a> (JV with <a href="/wiki/FAW_Group" title="FAW Group">FAW</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traton" title="Traton">Traton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck & Bus">MAN Truck & Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Motors" title="International Motors">International Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Truck_%26_Bus" title="Volkswagen Truck & Bus">Volkswagen Truck & Bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorcycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducati Motor Holding">Ducati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAN_Energy_Solutions" title="MAN Energy Solutions">MAN Energy Solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrify_America" title="Electrify America">Electrify America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrify_Canada" title="Electrify Canada">Electrify Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italdesign_Giugiaro" title="Italdesign Giugiaro">Italdesign Giugiaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto_Volkswagen_India" title="Škoda Auto Volkswagen India">Škoda Auto Volkswagen India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen Group of America</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/VW_Electronics_Research_Laboratory" title="VW Electronics Research Laboratory">Electronics Research Laboratory</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Argentina" title="Volkswagen Argentina">Volkswagen Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoLatina" title="AutoLatina">AutoLatina</a> (defunct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_China" title="Volkswagen Group China">Volkswagen Group China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Volkswagen de México">Volkswagen de México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_Rus" title="Volkswagen Group Rus">Volkswagen Group Rus</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_of_South_Africa" title="Volkswagen of South Africa">Volkswagen of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shareholdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAIC_Volkswagen" title="SAIC Volkswagen">SAIC Volkswagen</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAW-Volkswagen" title="FAW-Volkswagen">FAW-Volkswagen</a> (40%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Anhui" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Anhui">Volkswagen Anhui</a> (75%)</li> <li>Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Holdings (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAV" class="mw-redirect" title="IAV">IAV</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_Technologies" title="Here Technologies">Here</a> (33.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_AI" title="Argo AI">Argo AI</a> (42%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinotruk_(Hong_Kong)" title="Sinotruk (Hong Kong)">Sinotruk (Hong Kong)</a> (25%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors#History" title="Hino Motors">Hino and Traton Global Procurement</a> (51%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_platforms" title="List of Volkswagen Group platforms">Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_vehicles" title="Category:Volkswagen vehicles">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group engines">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Diesel:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines">current</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines">discontinued</a></li> <li><i>Petrol:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines">current</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines">discontinued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_Volkswagen_engines" title="List of North American Volkswagen engines">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueMotion" title="BlueMotion">BlueMotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digifant_engine_management_system" title="Digifant engine management system">Digifant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox" title="Direct-shift gearbox">DSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETKA" title="ETKA">ETKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">FSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_injector" title="Unit injector">Pumpe Düse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_(four-wheel-drive_system)" title="Quattro (four-wheel-drive system)">Quattro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDI_(engine)" title="SDI (engine)">SDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDI_(engine)" title="TDI (engine)">TDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAG-COM" class="mw-redirect" title="VAG-COM">VAG-COM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horch" title="Horch">Horch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(company)" title="Wanderer (company)">Wanderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autostadt" title="Autostadt">Autostadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehra-Lessien" title="Ehra-Lessien">Ehra-Lessien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_factories" title="List of Volkswagen Group factories">Factories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Group_people" title="Category:Volkswagen Group people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hahn" title="Carl Hahn">Carl Hahn</a> (Chairman Emeritus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hirst" title="Ivan Hirst">Ivan Hirst</a> (Former Managing Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Leiding" title="Rudolf Leiding">Rudolf Leiding</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lotz" title="Kurt Lotz">Kurt Lotz</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a> (Former Managing Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Ferdinand Piëch">Ferdinand Piëch</a> (Former Chairman of the Supervisory Board, former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Pischetsrieder" title="Bernd Pischetsrieder">Bernd Pischetsrieder</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dieter_P%C3%B6tsch" title="Hans Dieter Pötsch">Hans Dieter Pötsch</a> (Chairman of the Supervisory Board)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Toni Schmücker">Toni Schmücker</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Winterkorn" title="Martin Winterkorn">Martin Winterkorn</a> (Former Chairman of the Board of Management)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche-Pi%C3%ABch_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche-Piëch family">Porsche Family</a> (owner)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorsport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Teams: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Motorsport" title="Volkswagen Motorsport">Rally Teams</a></li> <li>Series: <a href="/wiki/Formula_Vee" title="Formula Vee">Formula Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Super_Vee" title="Formula Super Vee">Formula Super Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Volkswagen_Germany" title="Formula Volkswagen Germany">Formula Volkswagen Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_TDI_Cup" title="Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup">Jetta TDI Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco_R-Cup" title="Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup">Scirocco R Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">Volkswagen Emissions Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_currywurst" title="Volkswagen currywurst">Volkswagen Currywurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_worker_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen worker organizations">Volkswagen worker organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Group" title="Category:Volkswagen Group">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Auto_Workers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Auto_Workers" title="Template:United Auto Workers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Auto_Workers" title="Template talk:United Auto Workers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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America Radio Network">I.E. America Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union,_Allied_Industrial_Workers_of_America" title="International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America">International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAW-Ford_University" title="UAW-Ford University">UAW-Ford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDET-FM" title="WDET-FM">WDET-FM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UAW-Ford_National_Programs_Center" title="UAW-Ford National Programs Center">UAW-Ford National Programs Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strikes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike" title="Flint sit-down strike">1936–1937 Flint sit-down strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_strike_of_1939" title="Tool and die strike of 1939">1939 tools and die strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Auto_Strike" title="Chrysler Auto Strike">1939 Chrysler Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Strike_of_1945" title="Ford Strike of 1945">1945 Ford Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945%E2%80%931946_General_Motors_strike" title="1945–1946 General Motors strike">1945–1946 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_International_Harvester_strike" title="1979–1980 International Harvester strike">1979–1980 International Harvester strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%931987_John_Deere_strike" title="1986–1987 John Deere strike">1986–1987 John Deere strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_General_Motors_strike" title="2007 General Motors strike">2007 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_General_Motors_strike" title="2019 General Motors strike">2019 General Motors strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_John_Deere_strike" title="2021 John Deere strike">2021 John Deere strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_Volvo_Trucks_strike" title="2021 Virginia Volvo Trucks strike">2021 Volvo strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_HarperCollins_strike" title="2022–2023 HarperCollins strike">2022–2023 HarperCollins strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">2023 Ford-GM-Stellantis strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla and unions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volkswagen and unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&oldid=1254727545">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_and_unions&oldid=1254727545</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_relations_by_company" title="Category:Labor relations by company">Labor relations by company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Group" title="Category:Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_Metalworkers%27_Federation" 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