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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_with_Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wars with Byzantium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wars_with_Byzantium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wars with Byzantium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caliph's_Invasion_of_Byzantine_in_782" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliph's_Invasion_of_Byzantine_in_782"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Caliph's Invasion of Byzantine in 782</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliph's_Invasion_of_Byzantine_in_782-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_administrative_aspects_of_his_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_administrative_aspects_of_his_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultural and administrative aspects of his reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_administrative_aspects_of_his_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_anecdote_about_al-Mahdi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_anecdote_about_al-Mahdi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Famous anecdote about al-Mahdi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_anecdote_about_al-Mahdi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage_of_al-Mahdi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage_of_al-Mahdi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Coinage of al-Mahdi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage_of_al-Mahdi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">al-Mahdi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="أبو عبد الله المهدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو عبد الله المهدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_(x%C9%99lif%C9%99)" title="Mehdi (xəlifə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mehdi (xəlifə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87)" title="مهدی (خلیفه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مهدی (خلیفه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="আল-মাহদি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল-মাহদি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahd%C3%AD_(abb%C3%A0ssida)" title="Al-Mahdí (abbàssida) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Mahdí (abbàssida)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahd%C3%AD_(Abb%C3%A1sovec)" title="Al-Mahdí (Abbásovec) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Mahdí (Abbásovec)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_(Abbaside)" title="Al-Mahdi (Abbaside) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Mahdi (Abbaside)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF" title="Αλ-Μαχντί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Μαχντί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87)" title="مهدی (خلیفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهدی (خلیفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_(Abbasside)" title="Al-Mahdi (Abbasside) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Mahdi (Abbasside)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अल महदी अल विल्लाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल महदी अल विल्लाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Abbasi" title="Al-Mahdi Abbasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Mahdi Abbasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99_(%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99)" title="אל-מהדי (ח'ליפה עבאסי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-מהדי (ח'ליפה עבאסי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ალ-მაჰდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-მაჰდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Әл-Мәһди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әл-Мәһди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_abb%C3%A1szida_kalifa" title="Al-Mahdi abbászida kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Al-Mahdi abbászida kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ابو عبد الله محمد المهدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابو عبد الله محمد المهدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdullah_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Mahdi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95)" title="マフディー (アッバース朝カリフ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マフディー (アッバース朝カリフ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdiy" title="Al-Mahdiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Al-Mahdiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="المہدی باللہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="المہدی باللہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87)" title="مهدي (عباسي خلیفه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مهدي (عباسي خلیفه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almadi" title="Almadi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Almadi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi_ibn_al-Mansur" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi ibn al-Mansur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muhammad al-Mahdi ibn al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мухаммад ибн Мансур аль-Махди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммад ибн Мансур аль-Махди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxamad_al-mahdi" title="Maxamad al-mahdi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maxamad al-mahdi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Mahdi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehd%C3%AE_(Abb%C3%A2s%C3%AE_halifesi)" title="Mehdî (Abbâsî halifesi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mehdî (Abbâsî halifesi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">3rd Abbasid caliph (r. 775–785)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Islamic eschatological figure, see <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>. For the 10th-century Fatimid ruler, see <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah</a>. For the 11th-century Andalusian ruler, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Muhammad II of Córdoba">Muhammad II of Córdoba</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mahdi (disambiguation)">Mahdi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Mahdi <br /> ٱلْـمَـهْـدِي‎</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Caliphs">Khalifah</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_(783_AD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_%28783_AD%29.jpg/300px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_%28783_AD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_%28783_AD%29.jpg/450px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_%28783_AD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_%28783_AD%29.jpg/600px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mahdi_-_167_AH_%28783_AD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="404" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Dinar">Gold Dinar</a> of al-Mahdi</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 775 – 24 July 785</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">744 or 745<br /><a href="/wiki/Humeima" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeima">Humeima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 785 (aged 40–41)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Masabadhan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rayta_bint_al-Saffah" title="Rayta bint al-Saffah">Rayta bint al-Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khayzuran" title="Al-Khayzuran">al-Khayzuran bint Atta</a></li> <li>Asma bint Atta<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Umm Abdallah</li> <li>Ruqayya</li> <li>Muhayyat</li> <li>Rahim</li> <li>Bahtariyah</li> <li>Shaklah</li> <li>Maknunah</li> <li>Basbas</li> <li>Hulah</li> <li>Hasanah</li> <li>Malkah</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">Musa al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasa_bint_al-Mahdi" title="Abbasa bint al-Mahdi">Abbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaydallah_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi">Ubayd Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulayya_bint_al-Mahdi" title="Ulayya bint al-Mahdi">Ulayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Mansur ibn al-Mahdi">Mansur</a></li> <li>Banuqa</li> <li>Aliyah</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_al-Mahdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ibn al-Mahdi (page does not exist)">Ali</a></li> <li>Abd Allah</li> <li>Isa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">ʿAbd Allāh</a> al-Mahdī</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arwa_bint_Mansur_al-Himyari" title="Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari">Umm Musa Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">ʿAbd Allāh</a> al-Mahdī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور</span>; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">regnal name</a> <b>al-Mahdī</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المهدي</span></span>, "He who is guided by God"), was the third <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. He succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mahdi was born in 744 or 745 AD in the village of <a href="/wiki/Humeima" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeima">Humeima</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>). His mother was called <a href="/wiki/Arwa_bint_Mansur_al-Himyari" title="Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari">Arwa</a>, and his father was <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a>. When al-Mahdi was ten years old, his father became the second <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Caliph">Abbasid Caliph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Mahdi was young, his father needed to establish al-Mahdi as a powerful figure in his own right. So, on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, al-Mansur oversaw the construction of East Baghdad, with a mosque and royal palace at its heart. Construction in the area was also heavily financed by the <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a>, and the area became known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201521–2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201521–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to reports, he was tall, charming, and stylish; he had tan skin, a long forehead, and wavy hair. He loved women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was 15 years old, al-Mahdi was sent to defeat the uprising of Abdur Rahman bin Abdul Jabbar Azdi in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. He also defeated the <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan_uprising" title="Tabaristan uprising">uprisings of Ispahbud</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>, and Astazsis,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (March 2017)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> massacring more than 70,000 of his followers in Khorasan. These campaigns put Tabaristan, which was only nominally within the caliphate, firmly under Abbasid control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToyib201136_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToyib201136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 762 AD, al-Mahdi was the governor of the Abbasid Caliphate's eastern region, based in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Ray</a>. It was here that he fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Al-Khayzuran" title="Al-Khayzuran">al-Khayzuran</a> (translates as "bamboo"), a daughter of a warlord in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had several children, including the fourth and fifth future Caliphs, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 770 AD (153 AH), al-Mahdi was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-hajj" title="Amir al-hajj">Amir al-hajj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Khayzuran was gifted to Mahdi by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mahdi's father, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a>, died on the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in 775. The throne then passed to al-Mansur's chosen successor, his son al-Mahdi. According to <a href="/wiki/Justin_Marozzi" title="Justin Marozzi">Marozzi</a>, "[it] was, by the standards of the future, blood-soaked successions of the Abbasid caliphate, a model of order and decorum."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mahdi, whose nickname means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. His peaceful reign continued the policies of his predecessors. </p><p>Mahdi commenced his rule by releasing several political prisoners, expanding and decorating the holy places of Mecca and Medina, and building fountains and lofts for Hajj pilgrims. He expanded the mail service, increased his secret service, fortified cities, and increased judicial appointments. His charitable giving was also impressive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapprochement with the <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a> in the Caliphate occurred under al-Mahdi's reign. The <a href="/wiki/Barmakid" class="mw-redirect" title="Barmakid">Barmakid</a> family, which had advised the Caliphs since the days of <a href="/wiki/As-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Saffah">Abu al-‘Abbās</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">viziers</a>, gained even greater powers under al-Mahdi's rule, and worked closely with the caliph to ensure the prosperity of the Abbasid state. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg/220px-Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg/330px-Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg/440px-Abbasid_al-Mahdi_dirham_Kirman_166AH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a> of al-Mahdi, 166 AH, <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kirman</a>, silver 2.95 g.</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Mahdi reigned for ten years. He imprisoned his most trusted vizier <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Dawud" title="Ya'qub ibn Dawud">Ya'qub ibn Dawud</a>. In the year 167 AH/ 783 AD, al-Mahdi instituted an official inquisition which led to the execution of alleged <a href="/wiki/Zindiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindiq">Zindiq</a> (heretics). He was fond of music and poetry and during his caliphate many musicians and poets received his patronage and he supported musical expression and poetry across his dominion; accordingly, his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a> (779–839) and his daughter <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Ulayya_bint_al-Mahd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ulayya bint al-Mahdī">‘Ulayya bint al-Mahdī</a> (777-825) were both noted poets and musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 775, a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> envoy, Tarath, travelled to Baghdad to convey the congratulations of the Byzantine emperor to al-Mahdi on his accession to the throne. Tarath was so pleased with the hospitality he received that he offered to put his engineering knowledge to use and build a mill that would generate annual profits, of 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a>, equal to the cost of its construction. On completion, the envoy's forecast proved to be correct, and so, delighted, al-Mahdi ordered that all profits should be given to the envoy, even after he left Baghdad. It is believed this continued to his death, in 780.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 775, <a href="/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Salih" title="Al-Fadl ibn Salih">Al-Fadl ibn Salih</a> was appointed governor of the region of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">al-Jazira</a> north of Damascus by the caliph al-Mahdi. He moved to al-Jazira the same year. Al-Fadl returned to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> following his trip to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in 780 where he accompanied al-Mahdi as part of his entourage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb27_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the first Abbasid caliphs were distracted with cementing their authority, the Byzantines were occupied fighting Slavic clans in Macedonia and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and battling the Bulgars. Once Mahdi felt secure in his rule, he fought the Byzantines with more force than his predecessors. He increased his line of control from Syria to the Armenian frontier and claimed the strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, that linked <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, Syria, and northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 777 AD (160 AH) he put down the insurrection of Yusuf ibn Ibrahim in Khurasan. In the same year al-Mahdi deposed <a href="/wiki/Isa_ibn_Musa" title="Isa ibn Musa">Isa ibn Musa</a> as his successor and appointed his own son <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Hadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Hadi">Musa al-Hadi</a> in his place and took allegiance (<i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bayah</a></i>) for him from the nobles. </p><p>Al-Mahdi released many <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> and 'Alids from prison and returned their wealth and property.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid"> Harun</a> would also pursue similar policies, releasing many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">Al-Hadi</a> had imprisoned and declaring amnesty for all political groups of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahdi also embarked on two important military voyages, one in 779 and another in 781 with his son <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun</a>. In this Mahdi was teaching and training his son to be the future Caliph, just as his father had prepared him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201225_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201225-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mahdi was poisoned by one of his concubines in 785 AD (169 AH). The concubine's name was Hasanah and she was jealous of another female slave to who Mahdi was drawing closer. She prepared a dish of sweets and placed a poisonous pear at the top of the plate. The pit of the pear was removed and replaced with a lethal paste. She sent the dish to her adversary via a servant, however, Mahdi intercepted the plate and ate the pear without hesitation. Shortly afterward, he complained of stomach pain and died that night at 43 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate account said al-Mahdi fell off his horse while hunting and died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mahdi's first concubine when he was a prince was Muhayyat. In 759–60, she gave birth to a son who died in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another concubine was Rahim, who was the mother of his oldest surviving child, <a href="/wiki/Abbasa_bint_al-Mahdi" title="Abbasa bint al-Mahdi">Abbasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was <a href="/wiki/Al-Khayzuran" title="Al-Khayzuran">al-Khayzuran bint Atta</a>. She was the mother of caliphs <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194624_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194624-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had another son named Isa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a daughter named Banuqah or Banujah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194632_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194632-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was born in Mecca and brought up in Jurash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had two sisters, Salsal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Asma,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a brother Ghitrif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was al-Mahdi's favourite wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626,_20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626,_20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 761, al-Mahdi married <a href="/wiki/Raitah_bint_al-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="Raitah bint al-Saffah">Raytah</a> as his first wife after his return from Khurasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> and his wife Umm Salamah, a <a href="/wiki/Banu_Makhzum" title="Banu Makhzum">Makhzumite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194611_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194611-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She gave birth to two sons, <a href="/wiki/Ubaydallah_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi">Ubaydallah</a> and Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concubine was al-Bahtariyah, the noble-born daughter of the Persian rebel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughan of Damavand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-houtsma_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houtsma-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against whom Mahdi was first sent to Khurasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother was Bakand, the daughter of Isbahbadh, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhan_the_Little" title="Farrukhan the Little">Farrukhan the Little</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Tạbarī_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Tạbarī-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had a sister named Smyr.<sup id="cite_ref-houtsma_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houtsma-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She bore al-Mahdi a son named for his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Mansur ibn al-Mahdi">Mansur</a>, and two daughters, Sulaimah and Aliyah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was Shaklah, a Negress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was Khwanadan, steward of Masmughan.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Tạbarī_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Tạbarī-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had a brother named Humayd.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was acquired by al-Mahdi together with al-Bahtariyah, when she was a child. He presented her to his concubine Muhayyat, who, discovering musical talent in the child, sent her to the famous school of Taif in the Hijaz for a thorough musical education. Years later al-Mahdi, then caliph, took her as his concubine. She gave birth to al-Mahdi's powerful and dark-skinned son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633–34_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633–34-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concubine was Maknunah, a singer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was owned by al-Marwaniyyah.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mahdi, while yet a prince, bought her for 100,000 silver dirhams. She found such favor with the prince that al-Khayzuran used to say, "No other woman of his made my position so difficult." She gave birth to al-Mahdi's daughter <a href="/wiki/Ulayya_bint_al-Mahdi" title="Ulayya bint al-Mahdi">Ulayya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was Basbas, a singer trained at Medina. He had bought her about the same period for 17,000 gold dinars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was Hasanah, a Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a singer, and was al-Mahdi's favourite concubine. She gave al-Khayzuran some uneasy moments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some versions, she was unintentionally but tragically involved in al-Mahdi's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other concubines were Hullah, another singer, and Malkah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mahdi's second wife was Asma, al-Khayzuran's younger sister. She grew up at the court. In 775–776, al-Mahdi formed a sudden attachment for her. He then married her, settling on her a marriage portion of one million dirhams. Al-Khayzuran, who had been on the pilgrimage, learned of the marriage. After her return, al-Mahdi divorced Asma, and married al-Khayzuran as his third wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638–39_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638–39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he married his fourth wife Umm Abdallah, a noble Arab woman. The next year he married his fifth wife Ruqaiyah, an Uthmanid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194639_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194639-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After al-Mahdi's death, she married an <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194698_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194698-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_with_Byzantium">Wars with Byzantium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wars with Byzantium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 778, the Byzantines, under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lachanodrakon" title="Michael Lachanodrakon">Michael Lachanodrakon</a>, seized the town of <a href="/wiki/Germanikeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanikeia">Germanikeia</a> (Ma'rash), where they captured significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">booty</a> and took many <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christians</a> captive, and defeated an army sent against them by the Abbasid general <a href="/wiki/Thumama_ibn_al-Walid" title="Thumama ibn al-Walid">Thumama ibn al-Walid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198833–34_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198833–34-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next year, the Byzantines took and razed the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Hadath" title="Hadath">Hadath</a>, forcing Caliph al-Mahdi (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 775–785</span>) to replace the rather passive Thumama with the veteran <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Qahtaba" title="Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba">al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba</a>. Hasan led over 30,000 troops in an invasion of Byzantine territory, but the Byzantines offered no opposition and withdrew to well-fortified towns and refuges, until a lack of supplies forced Hasan to return home without achieving much.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these Byzantine successes, Caliph al-Mahdi now resolved to take the field in person. On 12 March 780, Mahdi departed <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and via <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> marched to Hadath, which he refortified. He then advanced to <a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a>, where he left the army and returned to Baghdad. His son and heir <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun</a>—better known by his <i><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a></i>, or regnal name, al-Rashid—was left in charge of one half of the army, which raided the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a> and took the small fort of Semaluos. Thumama, who had been entrusted with the other half, penetrated deeper into Asia Minor. He marched west as far as the <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a>, but was heavily defeated there by Lachanodrakon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996148_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996148-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 781, as the Arab invasion force assembled at Hadath under Abd al-Kabir, a great-great-nephew of the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644</span>), and again prepared to launch their annual raid, Empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a> called up the thematic armies of Asia Minor and placed them under the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">sakellarios</a></i> John. The Muslims crossed into Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(theme)" title="Cappadocia (theme)">Cappadocia</a> over the Pass of Hadath, and were met near Caesarea by the combined Byzantine forces under Lachanodrakon. The ensuing battle resulted in a costly Arab defeat, forcing Abd al-Kabir to abandon his campaign and retreat to <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996148_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996148-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198866–67_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198866–67-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This defeat infuriated the Caliph al-Mahdi, who prepared a new expedition. Intended as a show of force and a clear display of the Caliphate's superiority,<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the largest army sent against Byzantium in the second half of the 8th century: it allegedly comprised 95,793 men, about twice the total Byzantine military establishment present in Asia Minor, and cost the Abbasid state some 1.6 million <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">nomismata</a></i>, almost as much as the Byzantine Empire's entire annual income. His son, Harun was the nominal leader, but the Caliph took care to send experienced officers to accompany him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996150_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996150-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliph's_Invasion_of_Byzantine_in_782"><span id="Caliph.27s_Invasion_of_Byzantine_in_782"></span>Caliph's Invasion of Byzantine in 782</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Caliph's Invasion of Byzantine in 782"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)</a></div> <p>On 9 February 782, His son, Harun departed Baghdad; the Arabs crossed the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> by the Cilician Gates, and swiftly took the border fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Magida</a>. They then advanced along the military roads across the plateau into <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. There, Harun left his lieutenant, the <i>hadjib</i> <a href="/wiki/Al-Rabi%27_ibn_Yunus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus">al-Rabi' ibn Yunus</a>, to besiege <a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a> and guard his rear, while another force, reportedly 30,000 men, under al-Barmaki (an unspecified member of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Barmakid" class="mw-redirect" title="Barmakid">Barmakid</a> family, probably <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Khalid" title="Yahya ibn Khalid">Yahya ibn Khalid</a>), was sent to raid the rich western coastlands of Asia Minor. Harun himself, with the main army, advanced to the <a href="/wiki/Opsician_Theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsician Theme">Opsician Theme</a>. The accounts of subsequent events in the primary sources (<a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>) differ on the details, but the general course of the campaign can be reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867–68_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867–68-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Warren Treadgold</a>, the Byzantine effort seems to have been led by Irene's chief minister, the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(eunuch)" title="Staurakios (eunuch)">Staurakios</a>, whose strategy was to avoid an immediate confrontation with Harun's huge army, but wait until it had split up and advanced to meet its various detachments independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thracesians under Lachanodrakon confronted al-Barmaki at a place called Darenos, but were defeated and suffered heavy losses (15,000 men according to Theophanes, 10,000 according to Michael the Syrian). The outcome of al-Rabi's siege of Nakoleia is unclear, but he was probably defeated; Theophanes's phrasing may imply that the town was taken, but Michael the Syrian reports that the Arabs suffered great losses and failed to capture it, a version of events confirmed by hagiographic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Tabari reports that part of the main army under <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Mazyad_al-Shaybani" title="Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani">Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani</a> met a Byzantine force led by a certain Niketas who was "count of counts" (perhaps the Count of the Opsician Theme), probably somewhere near <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>. In the ensuing battle, Niketas was wounded and unhorsed in single combat with the Arab general and forced to retire, probably to <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, where the imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">tagmata</a></i> (professional guard regiments) under the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a> Anthony were assembled. Harun did not bother with them, and advanced to the town of Chrysopolis, across the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Strait">Bosporus Strait</a> from Constantinople itself. Lacking ships to cross the Bosporus, and with no intention of assaulting Constantinople in the first place, Harun probably intended this advance only as a show of force.<sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996151_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996151-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868–69_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868–69-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabari_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabari-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, despite his success so far, Harun's position was precarious, as the defeat of al-Rabi threatened his lines of communication with the Caliphate. Consequently, after plundering the Byzantine capital's Asian suburbs, Harun turned his army back, but during his march along the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Sangarius_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangarius River">Sangarius River</a>, east of Nicaea, he was surrounded by the forces of the <i>tagmata</i> under Anthony in his rear and of the <a href="/wiki/Bucellarian_Theme" title="Bucellarian Theme">Bucellarians</a> under their general <a href="/wiki/Tatzates" title="Tatzates">Tatzates</a> to his front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996151_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996151-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortunately for him, at this point Tatzates, an Armenian prince who had defected from his <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Armenia">Arab-ruled homeland</a> to the Byzantines in 760 and was closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> regime of Constantine V, secretly made contact with him. Tatzates offered to aid Harun in exchange for a pardon and a safe return for himself and his family to his native Armenia. Theophanes explains Tatzates's actions with his hostility towards Irene's favourite, Staurakios, but this evidently masks a broader dissatisfaction with Irene's regime. As the German Byzantinist Ralph-Johannes Lilie writes, "Tatzates did not see any big opportunities for himself under the new regime and indeed used the good chance that the situation offered him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996152_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996152-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, when Harun asked for negotiations, Irene dispatched a delegation of three of her most senior officials: the Domestic Anthony, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magistros" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistros">magistros</a></i> Peter, and Staurakios himself. Confident of their military position, they neglected to secure promises for their safety or hostages of their own, so that when they arrived in the Arab camp, they were made prisoners. Coupled with the treachery of Tatzates and the unreliability of the troops under his command, Irene was now forced to negotiate for their release, especially of her trusted aide Staurakios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.2_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996152_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996152-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two states concluded a three-year truce in exchange for a heavy annual tribute—the Arab sources mention various amounts between 70,000 and 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> <i>nomismata</i>, while one also adds 10,000 pieces of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996152_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996152-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabari's account records that the tribute amounted to "ninety or seventy thousand <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">dinars</a></i>", to be paid "at the beginning of April and in June every year".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Byzantines were obliged to provide provisions and guides for Harun's army on its march home, and to hand over Tatzates's wife and property. Harun released all his captives (5,643 according to Tabari), but kept the rich plunder he had gathered, and returned to the Caliphate in September 782.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869–70_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869–70-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabari, in his account of the expedition, says that Harun's forces captured 194,450 <i>dinars</i> in gold and 21,414,800 <i><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, killed 54,000 Byzantines in battle and 2,090 in captivity and took over 20,000 riding animals captive while slaughtering 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>. Tabari also reports that the amount of plunder was such that "a work horse was sold for a <i>dirham</i> and a mule for less than ten <i>dirhams</i>, a coat of mail for less than a <i>dirham</i>, and twenty swords for a <i>dirham</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—at a time when one to two <i>dirhams</i> was the usual daily salary of a labourer or soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200178–79_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200178–79-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_and_administrative_aspects_of_his_reign">Cultural and administrative aspects of his reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural and administrative aspects of his reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cosmopolitan city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> blossomed during al-Mahdi's reign. The city attracted immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, and lands as far away as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Baghdad was home to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>, in addition to the growing Muslim population. It became the world's largest city. </p><p>Al-Mahdi continued to expand the Abbasid administration, creating new <i>diwans</i>, or departments: for the army, the chancery, and taxation. <i>Qadis</i> or judges were appointed, and laws against non-Arabs were dropped. </p><p>The Barmakid family staffed these new departments. The <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a>, who were of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> extraction, had originally been <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>. Their short-lived Islamic legacy would count against them during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>. </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> from China (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a>) in 751 had a profound effect. Paper had not yet been used in the West with the Arabs and Persians using papyrus and the Europeans using vellum. The paper-related industry boomed in Baghdad where an entire street in the city center became devoted to the sale of paper and books. The cheapness and durability of paper was a vital element in the efficient growth of the expanding Abbasid bureaucracy. </p><p>Al-Mahdi had two important religious policies: the persecution of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zanadiqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanadiqa">zanadiqa</a></i>, or dualists, and the declaration of orthodoxy. Al-Mahdi focused on the persecution of the <i>zanadiqa</i> in order to improve his standing among the purist Shi'i, who wanted a harder line on heresies, and found the spread of syncretic Muslim-polytheist sects to be particularly virulent. Al-Mahdi declared that the caliph had the ability, and indeed the responsibility, to define the orthodox theology of Muslims to protect the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">umma</a></i> against heresy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Al-Mahdi made great use of this broad, new power, and it would become important during the '<a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a>' crisis of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a>'s reign. </p><p>Though Mahdi fulfilled most of his national and external goals during his reign, he was not as thrifty as his predecessor and father, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> had been. Al-Mahdi was very interested in consulting with his wife, al-Khaizuran in the all important daily affairs of the government. Her commands and prohibitions in the palace were equal to her husband's and many times she applied them outside the palace as well. Al-Mahdi did not oppose her, and he gave her a relatively free hand from the <a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a> (treasury). Finally, al-Khayzuran held her own court in the harem and in her quarters where she met petitioners, both men and women, who asked her for favors or to intercede on their behalf with her husband, the caliph. These petitioners included court officials, military officers, nobles, and merchants: </p> <dl><dd>"She was dominant during Mahdi's time, people used to come and go through her door.. . She gave ordaining and forbidding, interceded and hindered, rejections and confirmations at her own will."</dd></dl> <p>Al-Mahdi vacationed for long periods of time at al-Rusafa, officially, allowed his wife, <a href="/wiki/Khaizuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaizuran">Khaizuran</a> to run certain matters pertaining to the state, and in general, liked to have a good time. Usually he went on such trips a lot or was away from the capital during the campaign, so he allowed her to act on his behalf and officials and officers took their orders from her. Former caliphs who embarked on the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca had made the long voyage with canteens full of muddy water and satchels of dates. Mahdi saw no reason for such extreme self-restraints, instead, he traveled like royalty, and even brought ice lugged all the way from the mountains of northern Persia so that his drinks could be cold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201220_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201220-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_anecdote_about_al-Mahdi">Famous anecdote about al-Mahdi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Famous anecdote about al-Mahdi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One day, al-Mahdi was out hunting deer. Shortly after embarking, Mahdi and his aide became separated from the rest of his entourage. Soon the two became exhausted and hungry and luckily found a tent belonging to a poor Bedouin and asked him if he had anything to eat. The man said yes and provided the two with bread, butter, and oil. Mahdi asked for wine, and the Bedouin gave him some. Mahdi asked the Bedouin if he knew who he was and the Bedouin, uninterested, said no he did not. Few people who did not live on the royal grounds would have known the caliph by sight. Mahdi told the Bedouin that he was a servant of the caliph. The Bedouin, impressed, said that is a good job. After another cup of wine, Mahdi asked again if the Bedouin knew who he was. The man replied that Mahdi already told him. Mahdi said no, I was lying, I am one of the top generals in the caliph's army. After another cup of wine, the caliph pronounced that in reality, he was in fact the caliph himself! The Bedouin refused to serve Mahdi any more wine and exclaimed if he did so, next Mahdi would proclaim himself the messenger of God!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201226_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201226-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage_of_al-Mahdi">Coinage of al-Mahdi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coinage of al-Mahdi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mahdi used several styles of coinage but the traditional Islamic style of <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">silver dirham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fals" title="Fals">Copper fals</a> were common. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi,_AH_158-169.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dirham of al-Mahdi, Medinat al-Salam (Baghdad) mint. Dated AH 162 (AD 778/9)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi%2C_AH_158-169.jpg/249px-Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi%2C_AH_158-169.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi%2C_AH_158-169.jpg/373px-Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi%2C_AH_158-169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi%2C_AH_158-169.jpg/497px-Dirhem_of_al-Mahdi%2C_AH_158-169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dirham of al-Mahdi, Medinat al-Salam (<a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>) mint. Dated AH 162 (AD 778/9)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_(8011745146).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dirham of al-Mahdi minted in Bukhara"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg/232px-M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg/347px-M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg/463px-M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dirham of al-Mahdi minted in Bukhara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dirham of al-Mahdi minted in Tabaristan, (the Abbasid newly conquered territory)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg/249px-Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg/373px-Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg/497px-Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dirham of al-Mahdi minted in <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>, (the Abbasid newly conquered territory).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_(8012037450).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bukharan coinage, under Al-Mahdi."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_%288012037450%29.jpg/235px-M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_%288012037450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_%288012037450%29.jpg/353px-M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_%288012037450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_%288012037450%29.jpg/470px-M28_Abassides_Sogdiane_1_%288012037450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3140" data-file-height="1604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukharan</a> coinage, under Al-Mahdi.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His elder son was Al-Hadi, the older brother of Harun al-Rashid. Al-Hadi was very dear to his father, al-Mahdi and was appointed as the first <a href="/wiki/Wali_al-Ahd" title="Wali al-Ahd">heir</a> by his father at the age of 16 and was chosen as the leader of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His second, Harun's raids against the Byzantines elevated his political image and once he returned, he was given the <i><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a></i> "al-Rashid", meaning "the Rightly-Guided One". He was promoted to Caliph's heir and given the responsibility of governing the empire's western territories, from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hadi was nominated his first heir and Harun al-Rashid was named second. After al-Mahdi's death he was succeeded by Al-Hadi. He ruled for a year and two months. Al-Hadi was succeeded by his brother Harun as per the succession plan of al-Mahdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asma was divorced within a month or few days by al-Mahdi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In contrast with their <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> predecessors, the Abbasid caliphs pursued a conservative foreign policy. In general terms, they were content with the territorial limits achieved, and whatever external campaigns they waged were retaliatory or pre-emptive, meant to preserve their frontier and impress Abbasid might upon their neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010302_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010302-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the campaigns against Byzantium in particular were important for domestic consumption. The annual raids were a symbol of the continuing <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> of the early Muslim state and were the only external expeditions where the Caliph or his sons participated in person. They were closely paralleled in official propaganda by the leadership by Abbasid family members of the annual pilgrimage (<i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i>) to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, highlighting the dynasty's leading role in the religious life of the Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010278–279_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010278–279-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001105–106_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001105–106-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harun al-Rashid in particular actively strove to embody this duty: he was said to have alternated between leading the <i>hajj</i> one year and attacking Byzantium the next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200489–90_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200489–90-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hitherto unseen extent of his personal involvement in the <i>jihad</i> converted it into a central tenet of his conception of the caliphate, leading modern historians to consider Harun as the creator of a new type of model ruler, the "<i>ghazi</i>-caliph".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1989xvii_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1989xvii-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner199699–106_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner199699–106-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2011637–638_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2011637–638-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090051/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1260">"The Abbasid Caliphs During the Lifetime of Imam Reza (A.S.)"</a>. <i>Imam Reza Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1260">the original</a> on 2016-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imam+Reza+Network&rft.atitle=The+Abbasid+Caliphs+During+the+Lifetime+of+Imam+Reza+%28A.S.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imamreza.net%2Feng%2Fimamreza.php%3Fid%3D1260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201521–2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201521–2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarozzi2015">Marozzi 2015</a>, pp. 21–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201219_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToyib201136-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToyib201136_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToyib2011">Toyib 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/hugh-kennedy/true-caliph-arabian-nights">"The True Caliph of the Arabian Nights"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>54</b> (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+True+Caliph+of+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fhugh-kennedy%2Ftrue-caliph-arabian-nights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarozzi2015">Marozzi 2015</a>, pp. 25–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201224_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilary Kilpatrick, ‘<i>Mawālī</i> and Music’, in <i>Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classical Islam</i>, ed. by Monique Bernards and John Nawas (Leiden: Brill, 2005) pp. 326-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarozzi2015">Marozzi 2015</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cobb27-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cobb27_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobb, 2001, pp.27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2019" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Beth K. (15 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-mUDwAAQBAJ&dq=al-mahdi+released+umayyads&pg=PA488"><i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538120057" title="Special:BookSources/9781538120057"><bdi>9781538120057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft.isbn=9781538120057&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Beth+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-mUDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dal-mahdi%2Breleased%2Bumayyads%26pg%3DPA488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (18 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIB5qT9sGnwC&dq=harun+al-rashid+released+umayyads&pg=PA191"><i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865686" title="Special:BookSources/9780810865686"><bdi>9780810865686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.isbn=9780810865686&rft.aulast=Ghareeb&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRIB5qT9sGnwC%26dq%3Dharun%2Bal-rashid%2Breleased%2Bumayyads%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201225-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201225_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201227_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194621_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194624-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194624_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194631_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194632-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194632_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194629_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626,_20-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194626,_20_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, pp. 26, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194625_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194611-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194611_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-houtsma-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-houtsma_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-houtsma_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1993). <i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936</i>. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. E.J. Brill. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09791-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09791-9"><bdi>978-90-04-09791-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913-1936&rft.series=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913-1936&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09791-9&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=Martijn+Theodoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Tạbarī-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Tạbarī_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Tạbarī_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-TabariJohn_Alden_Williams1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>; John Alden Williams (1988). <i>Al-̣Tabarī: Volume 1, The Reign of Abū Ja'Far Al-Maṇsūr A. D. 754-775: The Early 'Abbāsī Empire</i>. Al-Tabari. the Early Abbasi Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32662-9"><bdi>978-0-521-32662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-%CC%A3Tabar%C4%AB%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Reign+of+Ab%C5%AB+Ja%27Far+Al-Ma%E1%B9%87s%C5%ABr+A.+D.+754-775%3A+The+Early+%27Abb%C4%81s%C4%AB+Empire&rft.series=Al-Tabari.+the+Early+Abbasi+Empire&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32662-9&rft.au=Al-Tabari&rft.au=John+Alden+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishbein2015" class="citation book cs1">Fishbein, Michael (2015). <i>The History of al-Tabari Vol. 31: The War between Brothers: The Caliphate of Muhammad al-Amin A.D. 809-813/A.H. 193-198</i>. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0289-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-0289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+31%3A+The+War+between+Brothers%3A+The+Caliphate+of+Muhammad+al-Amin+A.D.+809-813%2FA.H.+193-198&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0289-5&rft.aulast=Fishbein&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633–34-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194633–34_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194636_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Heitty2005" class="citation book cs1">Al-Heitty, A.K. (2005). <i>‏دور المرأة الشاعرة في القصر العباسي، ١٣٢-٢٤٧، ٧٥٠-٨٦١</i>. Al Rayan. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26rlm%3B%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A2-%D9%A2%D9%A4%D9%A7%D8%8C+%D9%A7%D9%A5%D9%A0-%D9%A8%D9%A6%D9%A1&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Al+Rayan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Al-Heitty&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlonsky1974" class="citation book cs1">Klonsky, Milton (1974). <i>The Fabulous Ego: Absolute Power in History</i>. Quadrangle. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0490-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-0490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fabulous+Ego%3A+Absolute+Power+in+History&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Quadrangle&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-0490-1&rft.aulast=Klonsky&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194637_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638–39-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194638–39_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194639-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194639_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott194698-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott194698_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1946">Abbott 1946</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198833–34-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198833–34_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923123_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1923">Brooks 1923</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHW1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakripoulias2002">Makripoulias 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_1">Chapter 1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=">"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Asia Minor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109192317/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Online+Encyclopaedia+of+Asia+Minor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaminor.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3Flemmaid%3D7895%26boithimata_State%3D%26kefalaia_State%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198834_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1923124_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1923">Brooks 1923</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996148-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996148_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996148_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1996">Lilie 1996</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198866–67-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198866–67_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010302-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010302_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010278–279-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2010278–279_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001105–106-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001105–106_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200489–90-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200489–90_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004">El-Cheikh 2004</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1989xvii-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1989xvii_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1989">Bosworth 1989</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner199699–106-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner199699–106_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner1996">Bonner 1996</a>, pp. 99–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2011637–638-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2011637–638_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaug2011">Haug 2011</a>, pp. 637–638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996150-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996150_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1996">Lilie 1996</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996150–151_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1996">Lilie 1996</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867–68-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198867–68_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW2.1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakripoulias2002">Makripoulias 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_3">Chapter 2.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=">"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Asia Minor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109192317/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Online+Encyclopaedia+of+Asia+Minor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaminor.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3Flemmaid%3D7895%26boithimata_State%3D%26kefalaia_State%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997629–630_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, pp. 629–630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996151-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996151_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996151_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1996">Lilie 1996</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868–69-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198868–69_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabari-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tabari_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1990">Kennedy 1990</a>, pp. 220–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW2.2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.2_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakripoulias2002">Makripoulias 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_4">Chapter 2.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=">"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Asia Minor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109192317/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7895&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Online+Encyclopaedia+of+Asia+Minor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaminor.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3Flemmaid%3D7895%26boithimata_State%3D%26kefalaia_State%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1996152-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996152_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996152_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1996152_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1996">Lilie 1996</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1990221_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1990">Kennedy 1990</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 69 interprets this to mean two annual installments, of 90,000 and of 70,000 coins on April and June respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869–70-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold198869–70_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200178–79-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200178–79_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201220-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201220_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201226-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201226_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khiḍrī, Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān, p. 51</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a>. <i>The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids</i>. transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Kegan Paul</a>, London and New York, 1989.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nabia_Abbott" title="Nabia Abbott">Abbott, Nabia</a> (1946). <i>Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-031-6"><bdi>978-0-86356-031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Queens+of+Baghdad%3A+Mother+and+Wife+of+H%C4%81r%C5%ABn+Al+Rash%C4%ABd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-031-6&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Nabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Bobrick, Benson (2012). <i>The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416567622" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416567622"><bdi>978-1416567622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph%27s+Splendor%3A+Islam+and+the+West+in+the+Golden+Age+of+Baghdad&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1416567622&rft.aulast=Bobrick&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner1996" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Michael (1996). <i>Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab–Byzantine Frontier</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: American Oriental Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-940490-11-0"><bdi>0-940490-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristocratic+Violence+and+Holy+War%3A+Studies+in+the+Jihad+and+the+Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine+Frontier&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-940490-11-0&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>, ed. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXX: The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Mūsā al-Hādī and Hārūn al-Rashīd, A.D. 785–809/A.H. 169–192</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-564-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XXX%3A+The+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Caliphate+in+Equilibrium%3A+The+Caliphates+of+M%C5%ABs%C4%81+al-H%C4%81d%C4%AB+and+H%C4%81r%C5%ABn+al-Rash%C4%ABd%2C+A.D.+785%E2%80%93809%2FA.H.+169%E2%80%93192&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-564-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwqf1gwM9O58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walter_Brooks" title="Ernest Walter Brooks">Brooks, E. W.</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva04buryuoft/page/118">"Chapter V. (A) The Struggle with the Saracens (717–867)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J.B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Bury">Bury, J.B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/241580719">241580719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V.+%28A%29+The+Struggle+with+the+Saracens+%28717%E2%80%93867%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Vol.+IV%3A+The+Eastern+Roman+Empire+%28717%E2%80%931453%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F241580719&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgemedieva04buryuoft%2Fpage%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004" class="citation book cs1">El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QC03pKNpfaoC"><i>Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Center of Middle Eastern Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2"><bdi>978-0-932885-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+Viewed+by+the+Arabs&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+Center+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-932885-30-2&rft.aulast=El-Cheikh&rft.aufirst=Nadia+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQC03pKNpfaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hibri2010" class="citation book cs1">El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). "The empire in Iraq, 763–861". In <a href="/wiki/Chase_F._Robinson" title="Chase F. Robinson">Robinson, Chase F.</a> (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83823-8"><bdi>978-0-521-83823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+empire+in+Iraq%2C+763%E2%80%93861&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Formation+of+the+Islamic+World%2C+Sixth+to+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83823-8&rft.aulast=El-Hibri&rft.aufirst=Tayeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaug2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haug, Robert (2011). "Frontiers and the State in Early Islamic History: Jihād Between Caliphs and Volunteers". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>9</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">634–</span>643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00791.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00791.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Frontiers+and+the+State+in+Early+Islamic+History%3A+Jih%C4%81d+Between+Caliphs+and+Volunteers&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E634-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00791.x&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Haug&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. 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Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0142-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0142-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-0142-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XXIX%3A+Al-Mans%C5%ABr+and+al-Mahd%C4%AB%2C+A.D.+763%E2%80%93786%2FA.H.+146%E2%80%93169&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0142-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxWtKTONN7BoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarozzi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Marozzi" title="Justin Marozzi">Marozzi, Justin</a> (2015). <i>Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baghdad%3A+City+of+Peace%2C+City+of+Blood&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Marozzi&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyib2011" class="citation web cs1">Toyib, Biodun (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055522/http://www.nou.edu.ng/uploads/NOUN_OCL/pdf/SASS/ISL272%20The%20Abbasid%20Caliphate.pdf">"Abbasid Caliphate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. School of Art and Social Sciences, <a href="/wiki/National_Open_University_of_Nigeria" title="National Open University of Nigeria">National Open University of Nigeria</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou.edu.ng/uploads/NOUN_OCL/pdf/SASS/ISL272%20The%20Abbasid%20Caliphate.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbasid+Caliphate&rft.pub=School+of+Art+and+Social+Sciences%2C+National+Open+University+of+Nigeria&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Toyib&rft.aufirst=Biodun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nou.edu.ng%2Fuploads%2FNOUN_OCL%2Fpdf%2FSASS%2FISL272%2520The%2520Abbasid%2520Caliphate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2001" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Paul M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C6KIBw4F9YC&q=Fadl+Salih+Ali"><i>White banners: contention in ʻAbbāsid Syria, 750-880</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4880-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4880-0"><bdi>0-7914-4880-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+banners%3A+contention+in+%CA%BBAbb%C4%81sid+Syria%2C+750-880&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7914-4880-0&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C6KIBw4F9YC%26q%3DFadl%2BSalih%2BAli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armiesofcaliphsm0000kenn"><i>The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45853-2"><bdi>978-0-203-45853-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+the+Caliphs%3A+Military+and+Society+in+the+Early+Islamic+State&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-203-45853-2&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmiesofcaliphsm0000kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilie1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVhoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byzanz unter Eirene und Konstantin VI. (780–802)</i></a> [<i>Byzantium under Irene and Constantine VI (780–802)</i>] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-30582-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-631-30582-6"><bdi>3-631-30582-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzanz+unter+Eirene+und+Konstantin+VI.+%28780%E2%80%93802%29&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-631-30582-6&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVhoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakripoulias2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Makripoulias, Christos (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109231007/http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7895">"Campaign of the Arabs in Asia Minor, 781-82"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor</i>. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7895">the original</a> on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campaign+of+the+Arabs+in+Asia+Minor%2C+781-82&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Makripoulias&rft.aufirst=Christos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehw.gr%2Fl.aspx%3Fid%3D7895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangoScott1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril</a>; Scott, Roger (1997). <i>The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822568-7"><bdi>0-19-822568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Theophanes+Confessor.+Byzantine+and+Near+Eastern+History%2C+AD+284%E2%80%93813&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-822568-7&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Scott%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Revival, 780–842</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-1462-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Revival%2C+780%E2%80%93842&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1462-4&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TysAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </b><br />775 – 785 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti%27" title="Al-Muti'">al-Muti'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i%27" title="Al-Ta'i'">al-Ta'i'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I" title="Al-Mustansir I">al-Mustansir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Mongol conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a><br />(1261–1517)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_II" title="Al-Mustansir II">al-Mustansir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_I" title="Al-Hakim I">al-Hakim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">al-Mustakfi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_I" title="Al-Wathiq I">al-Wathiq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_II" title="Al-Hakim II">al-Hakim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_I" title="Al-Mu'tadid I">al-Mu'tadid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_II" title="Al-Wathiq II">al-Wathiq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Musta'in (Cairo)">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_II" title="Al-Mu'tadid II">al-Mu'tadid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_II" title="Al-Mustakfi II">al-Mustakfi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Cairo)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Cairo)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustanjid (Cairo)">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_II" title="Al-Mutawakkil II">al-Mutawakkil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[B]</sup> indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4031200">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1832272/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1153795191">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88194431">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5381880">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p144549409">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span 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