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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بيت المال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيت المال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="বাইতুল-মাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইতুল-মাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%82_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бәйт әл-мал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәйт әл-мал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bayt al-mal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بیت‌المال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیت‌المال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A9_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A8_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բեյթ ալ-մալի համակարգը Հայաստանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեյթ ալ-մալի համակարգը Հայաստանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बैत अल-माल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैत अल-माल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitulmal" title="Baitulmal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baitulmal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-Mal" title="Bayt al-Mal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bayt al-Mal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_mal" title="Baitul mal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baitul mal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytulmol" title="Baytulmol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baytulmol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬੈਤ ਅਲ-ਮਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਤ ਅਲ-ਮਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بیت المال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بیت المال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Байт аль-мал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Байт аль-мал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బైతుల్ మాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బైతుల్ మాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Байтулмол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Байтулмол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyt%C3%BC%27l-mal" title="Beytü'l-mal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beytü'l-mal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بیت المال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیت المال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytulmal" title="Beytulmal – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beytulmal" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE_(%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E)" title="貝特馬爾 (阿拉伯語) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貝特馬爾 (阿拉伯語)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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#d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; padding-top:0.2em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/130px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/195px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/260px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Bayt al-mal</b></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت المال</span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> term that is translated as "House of money" or "House of wealth". Historically, it was a <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> responsible for the administration of <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a>, particularly in the early Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It served as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal treasury">royal treasury</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a>, managing personal finances and government expenditures. Further, it administered distributions of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> revenues for public works. Modern Islamic <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> deem the institutional framework appropriate for contemporary Islamic societies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_al-mal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayt-Al-Mal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bayt-Al-Mal.png/222px-Bayt-Al-Mal.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bayt-Al-Mal.png/333px-Bayt-Al-Mal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bayt-Al-Mal.png/444px-Bayt-Al-Mal.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>An early physical copy that mentions Bayt Al-Maal, highlighted in red. From the hadith manuscript MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Bayt al-mal</i> was the department that dealt with the revenues and all other economical matters of the state. In the time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, there was no permanent Bait-ul-Mal or public treasury. Whatever revenues or other amounts were received were distributed immediately. During Prophethood, the last receipt was tribute from Bahrain amounting 800000 dirham which was distributed in just one sitting. There were no salaries to be paid, and there was no state expenditure. Hence the need for the treasury at public level was not felt. In the time of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> as well there was no treasury. Abu Bakr earmarked a house where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of the death of Abu Bakr, there was only one <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a> in the public treasury. </p><p>According to Rahman, the word <i>'bayt mal al-muslimin'</i> (or <i>'bayt mal-Allah'</i>) referred originally to the building in early Muslim history where war spoils and other public properties of the caliphate were stored and re-distributed to the community, but over time the term evolved to refer to the societal institution owning such public properties of the Muslims, and hence encompasses the authority in control of the state's public revenue and expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_Bait-ul-Maal">Establishment of Bait-ul-Maal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_al-mal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment of Bait-ul-Maal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the time of <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, things changed. With the extension in conquests money came in larger quantities, Umar also allowed salaries to men fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Huraira" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Huraira">Abu Huraira</a>, who was the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, sent a revenue of five hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a>. Umar summoned a meeting of his Consultative Assembly and sought the opinion of the Companions about the disposal of the money. <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> advised that the amount should be kept for future needs. Walid bin Hisham suggested that like the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a>, separate departments of <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">Treasury</a> and Accounts should be set up. </p><p>After consulting the Companions, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> decided to establish the Central <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">Treasury</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah">Madinah</a>. Abdullah bin Arqam was appointed as the Treasury Officer. He was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_bin_Awf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdur Rahman bin Awf">Abdur Rahman bin Awf</a> and Muiqib. A separate Accounts Department was also set up and it was required to maintain record of all that was spent. Later, provincial treasuries were set up in the provinces. After meeting the local expenditure, the provincial treasuries were required to remit the surplus amount to the central treasury at <a href="/wiki/Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah">Madinah</a>. According to Yaqubi, the salaries and stipends charged to the central treasury amounted to over 30 million <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg/220px-First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg/330px-First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>The coins were of Persian origin, and had an image of the last Persian emperor, Muslim added the sentence <i>Bismillah</i> to it.</figcaption></figure> <p>A separate building was constructed for the royal treasury by the name <i>bait ul maal</i>, which in large cities was guarded by as many as 400 guards. In most of the historical accounts, it states that among the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> was first to struck the coins, some accounts however states that <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> was first to do so. When <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> was conquered, three types of <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> were current in the conquered territories, namely Baghli of 8 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dang_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dang (currency) (page does not exist)">dang</a>; Tabari of 4 dang; and Maghribi of 3 dang. <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> ( according to some accounts <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> ) made an innovation and struck an Islamic dirham of 6 dang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity">Charity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_al-mal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Charity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concepts of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_(financial_aid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare (financial aid)">welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> were introduced in early <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> as forms of <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i> (charity), one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in the 7th century. This practice continued well into the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> era of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> (including <i>Zakat</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i>) collected in the <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a> of an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> were used to provide <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">needy</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">elderly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a>. According to the Islamic jurist <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> (Algazel, 1058–1111), the government was also expected to stockpile food supplies in every region in case a <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> occurred. Thus, according to Shadi Hamid, the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> can be considered the world's first major "<a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_2005_308–9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone_2005_308–9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Dome of the treasury at The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, various welfare programs were introduced by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Umar himself lived "a simple life and detached himself from any of the worldly luxuries," like how he often wore "worn-out shoes and was usually clad in patched-up garments," or how he would sleep "on the bare floor of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>." Limitations on wealth were also set for governors and officials, who would often be "dismissed if they showed any outward signs of pride or wealth which might distinguish them from the people."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was an early attempt at erasing "class distinctions which might inevitably lead to conflict." Umar also made sure that the public treasury was not wasted on "unnecessary luxuries" as he believed that "the money would be better spent if it went towards the welfare of the people rather than towards lifeless bricks."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Umar's innovative welfare reforms during the Rashidun Caliphate included the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>. In the Rashidun Caliphate, whenever citizens were injured or lost their ability to work, it became the state's responsibility to make sure that their minimum needs were met, with the unemployed and their families receiving an allowance from the public treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> pensions were provided to elderly people,<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_2005_308–9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone_2005_308–9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had retired and could "count on receiving a <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipend</a> from the public treasury." Babies who were abandoned were also taken care of, with one hundred <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a> spent annually on each orphan’s development. Umar also introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Public_trustee" title="Public trustee">public trusteeship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> when he implemented the <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">charitable trust</a>, system, which transferred "wealth from the individual or the few to a social collective ownership," in order to provide "services to the community at large." For example, Umar brought land from the Banu Harithah and converted it into a charitable trust, which meant that "profit and produce from the land went towards benefiting the poor, slaves, and travelers."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Umar#The_great_famine" title="Umar">the great famine</a> of 18 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (638 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), Umar introduced further reforms, such as the introduction of food <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> using <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupons</a>, which were given to those in need and could be exchanged for wheat and flour. Another innovative concept that was introduced was that of a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a>, with efforts made to ensure a minimum <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, making sure that no citizen across the empire would suffer from hunger. In order to determine the poverty line, Umar ordered an <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a> to test how many <a href="/wiki/Seer_(unit)" title="Seer (unit)">seers</a> of flour would be required to feed a person for a month. He found that 25 seers of flour could feed 30 people, and so he concluded that 50 seers of flour would be sufficient to feed a person for a month. As a result, he ordered that the poor each receive a food ration of fifty seers of flour per month. In addition, the poor and disabled were guaranteed cash stipends. However, in order to avoid some citizens taking advantage of government services, "begging and laziness were not tolerated" and "those who received government benefits were expected to be contributing members in the community."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further reforms later took place under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. Registered soldiers who were disabled in service received an <a href="/wiki/Disability_pension" title="Disability pension">invalidity pension</a>, while similar provisions were made for the disabled and poor in general. Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a> assigned payments and services to the needy, which included money for the poor, guides for the blind, and servants for the crippled, and pensions for all disabled people so that they would never need to beg. The caliphs <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_II" title="Al-Walid II">Al-Walid II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_AbdulAziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn AbdulAziz">Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz</a> supplied money and clothes to the blind and crippled, as well as servants for the latter. This continued with the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">Al-Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn" title="Tahir ibn Husayn">Tahir ibn Husayn</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a> province of the Abbasid Caliphate, states in a letter to his son that pensions from the treasury should be provided to the blind, to look after the poor and destitute in general, to make sure not to overlook victims of oppression who are unable to complain and are ignorant of how to claim their <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>, and that pensions should be assigned to victims of calamities and the widows and orphans they leave behind. The "ideal city" described by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, also assigns funds to the disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When communities were stricken by famine, rulers would often support them though measures such as the remission of taxes, importation of food, and charitable payments, ensuring that everyone had enough to eat. However, private charity through the <i>Waqf</i> <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> institution often played a greater role in the alleviation of famines than government measures did.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 9th century, funds from the treasury were also used towards the <i>Waqf</i> (charitable trusts) for the purpose of building and supporting public institutions, often <a href="/wiki/Madrassah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassah">Madrassah</a> educational institutions and <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_al-mal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRahman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Md. Habibur (7 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/beuntujise/article/view/5000132988">"BAYT AL-MAL AND ITS ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CONTEMPORARY STUDY"</a>. <i>Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15238%2Ftujise.2015.2.2.21-44">10.15238/tujise.2015.2.2.21-44</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2148-3809">2148-3809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Journal+of+Islamic+Economics&rft.atitle=BAYT+AL-MAL+AND+ITS+ROLE+IN+ECONOMIC+DEVELOPMENT%3A+A+CONTEMPORARY+STUDY&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15238%2Ftujise.2015.2.2.21-44&rft.issn=2148-3809&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Md.+Habibur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr%2Fbeuntujise%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5000132988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone_2005_308–9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crone_2005_308–9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crone_2005_308–9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation cs2">Crone, Patricia (2005), <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">308–</span>9, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6"><bdi>0-7486-2194-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7486-2194-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamid-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadi_Hamid2003" class="citation cs2">Shadi Hamid (August 2003), "An Islamic Alternative? Equality, Redistributive Justice, and the Welfare State in the Caliphate of Umar", <i>Renaissance: Monthly Islamic Journal</i>, <b>13</b> (8)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance%3A+Monthly+Islamic+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Islamic+Alternative%3F+Equality%2C+Redistributive+Justice%2C+and+the+Welfare+State+in+the+Caliphate+of+Umar&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2003-08&rft.au=Shadi+Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Augvipo2y3.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030901100155/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Augvipo2y3.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation cs2">Crone, Patricia (2005), <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, p. 307, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6"><bdi>0-7486-2194-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7486-2194-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation cs2">Crone, Patricia (2005), <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, p. 308, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6"><bdi>0-7486-2194-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7486-2194-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation cs2">Crone, Patricia (2005), <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, p. 309, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6"><bdi>0-7486-2194-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7486-2194-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation cs2">Crone, Patricia (2005), <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, pp. 309–10 & 312, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6"><bdi>0-7486-2194-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=309-10+%26+312&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7486-2194-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayt+al-mal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_al-mal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Islamic economics in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social changes under Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Reforms of Umar's era">Reforms of Umar's era</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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