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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Attachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts_of_rib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_rib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parts of rib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_rib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ribs_and_vertebrae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribs_and_vertebrae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Ribs and vertebrae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribs_and_vertebrae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sternum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sternum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Sternum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sternum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biblical story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rib cage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbekas" title="Ribbekas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ribbekas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B5_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="قفص صدري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قفص صدري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6%C5%9F_q%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="Döş qəfəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Döş qəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE" title="পাঁজর খাঁচা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঁজর খাঁচা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Күкрәк ситлеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күкрәк ситлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грудная клетка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грудная клетка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0bia_tor%C3%A0cica" title="Gàbia toràcica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gàbia toràcica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Кăкăр кăшкарĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăкăр кăшкарĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brystkasse" title="Brystkasse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brystkasse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brustkorb" title="Brustkorb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brustkorb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindkere" title="Rindkere – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rindkere" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Меште – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Меште" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_tor%C3%A1cica_humana" title="Caja torácica humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caja torácica humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutxa_toraziko" title="Kutxa toraziko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kutxa toraziko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="قفسه سینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قفسه سینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_thoracique" title="Cage thoracique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cage thoracique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rax" title="Tórax – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tórax" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%B4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="가슴우리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가슴우리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="पसली पिंजर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पसली पिंजर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prsni_ko%C5%A1" title="Prsni koš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prsni koš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada" title="Dada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brj%C3%B3stkassi" title="Brjóstkassi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brjóstkassi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabbia_toracica" title="Gabbia toracica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gabbia toracica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כלוב הצלעות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלוב הצלעות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%D9%90_%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B2%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="کانہِ پَنٛزُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کانہِ پَنٛزُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qefesa_s%C3%AEng%C3%AA" title="Qefesa sîngê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qefesa sîngê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Көкүрөк клеткасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көкүрөк клеткасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ka_kr%C5%AB%C5%A1kurvis" title="Cilvēka krūškurvis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēka krūškurvis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broschtkuerf" title="Broschtkuerf – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Broschtkuerf" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%ABtin%C4%97s_l%C4%85sta" title="Krūtinės ląsta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krūtinės ląsta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nt%C3%B3lo" title="Ntólo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ntólo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Граден кош – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граден кош" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%83%B8%E9%83%AD" title="骨性胸郭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨性胸郭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brystkasse" title="Brystkasse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brystkasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBkrak_qafasi" title="Koʻkrak qafasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻkrak qafasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatka_piersiowa" title="Klatka piersiowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klatka piersiowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_tor%C3%A1cica" title="Caixa torácica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caixa torácica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutie_toracic%C4%83" title="Cutie toracică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cutie toracică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rib cage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrudn%C3%ADk" title="Hrudník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrudník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedh" title="Feedh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Feedh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bone structure of the thorax</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ribs" redirects here. For the individual bones, see <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">rib</a>. For ribs of animals as food, see <a href="/wiki/Ribs_(food)" title="Ribs (food)">ribs (food)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rib_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rib (disambiguation)">Rib (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Rib cage</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rib_cage.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rib_cage.gif/250px-Rib_cage.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rib_cage.gif/375px-Rib_cage.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Rib_cage.gif 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human rib cage</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif/250px-Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif/375px-Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif/500px-Thoracic_Cage_with_Spine_-_Anatomy.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Animation of the rib cage</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cavea thoracis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000070602">D000070602</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.3.04.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.3.04.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1096">1096</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7480">7480</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2576226" class="extiw" title="d:Q2576226">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>rib cage</b> or <b>thoracic cage</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Endoskeletal" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoskeletal">endoskeletal</a> enclosure in the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> of most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> that comprises the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, which protect the <a href="/wiki/Vital_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital organ">vital organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> and support the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">shoulder girdle</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Core_(anatomy)" title="Core (anatomy)">core</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">axial skeleton</a>. </p><p>A typical <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">human thoracic cage</a> consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">costal cartilages</a>, the sternum (along with the <a href="/wiki/Manubrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Manubrium">manubrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">xiphoid process</a>), and the 12 <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra">thoracic vertebrae</a> articulating with the ribs. The thoracic cage also provides attachments for extrinsic <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_abdomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper abdomen">upper abdomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Back">back</a>, and together with the overlying <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, makes up the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">thoracic wall</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, the rib cage intrinsically holds the <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">muscles of respiration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscles" title="Intercostal muscles">intercostal muscles</a>, etc.) that are crucial for active <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a> and forced <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a>, and therefore has a major <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilatory</a> function in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column. The rib cage is associated with TH1−TH12. Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra">thoracic vertebrae</a> and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called <i>true ribs</i>, whereas those that do not articulate directly are termed <i>false ribs</i>. The <i>false ribs</i> include the <i>floating ribs</i> (eleven and twelve) that are not attached to the sternum at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachment">Attachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>true ribs</i> and <i>false ribs</i> describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> respectively. The first seven rib pairs known as the <i>fixed</i> or <i>vertebrosternal</i> ribs are the <i>true ribs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">costae verae</i>) as they connect directly to the sternum via their own individual <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">costal cartilages</a>. The next five pairs (eighth to twelfth) are the <i>false ribs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">costae spuriae</i>) or <i>vertebrochondral</i> ribs, which do not connect directly to the sternum. The first three pairs of vertebrochondral ribs (eighth to tenth) connect indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the overall elasticity of their articulations allows the <a href="/wiki/Bucket_handle_movement" title="Bucket handle movement">bucket handle movements</a> of the rib cage essential for respiratory activity. </p><p>The phrase <i>floating rib</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">costae fluctuantes</i>) or <i>vertebral</i> rib refers to the two lowermost (the eleventh and twelfth) rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> and not to the sternum or any of the costal cartilages. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip.<sup id="cite_ref-saladin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saladin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spaces between the ribs are known as <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_space" title="Intercostal space">intercostal spaces</a>; they contain the instrinsic <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neurovascular_bundle" title="Neurovascular bundle">neurovascular bundles</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal nerve">intercostal nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_arteries" title="Intercostal arteries">arteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_veins" title="Intercostal veins">veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superficial surface of the rib cage is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Thoracolumbar_fascia" title="Thoracolumbar fascia">thoracolumbar fascia</a>, which provides external attachments for the <a href="/wiki/Neck_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck muscles">neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Back muscles">back</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_muscles" title="Pectoral muscles">pectoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal muscle">abdominal muscles</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 408.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 406.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VrParaPersp.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Human rib cage - CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right))"><img alt="Human rib cage - CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/VrParaPersp.gif" decoding="async" width="407" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human rib cage - CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right))</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Costillas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="  true / fixed ribs   false ribs   false and floating ribs"><img alt="true / fixed ribs   false ribs  false and floating ribs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Costillas.png/172px-Costillas.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Costillas.png/259px-Costillas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Costillas.png/345px-Costillas.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> true / fixed ribs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> false ribs</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> false and floating ribs</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts_of_rib">Parts of rib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parts of rib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray122.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gray122.png/220px-Gray122.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gray122.png/330px-Gray122.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gray122.png/440px-Gray122.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The parts of the rib</figcaption></figure> <p>Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a>. They are numbered to match the vertebrae they attach to – one to twelve, from top (T1) to bottom. The <b>head</b> of the rib is the end part closest to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> with which it <a href="/wiki/Articulation_of_head_of_rib" title="Articulation of head of rib">articulates</a>. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two articulating regions. The upper region articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_costal_facet" title="Inferior costal facet">inferior costal facet</a> on the vertebra above, and the larger region articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Superior_costal_facet" title="Superior costal facet">superior costal facet</a> on the vertebra with the same number. The <a href="/wiki/Transverse_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse process">transverse process</a> of a thoracic vertebra also articulates at the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse costal facet</a> with the tubercle of the rib of the same number. The crest gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_ligament_of_head_of_rib" title="Intra-articular ligament of head of rib">intra-articular ligament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>neck</b> of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The neck is about 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck. Its upper border presents a rough crest (<i>crista colli costae</i>) for the attachment of the anterior <a href="/wiki/Costotransverse_ligament" title="Costotransverse ligament">costotransverse ligament</a>; its lower border is rounded. </p><p>On the posterior surface at the neck, is an eminence—the <b>tubercle</b> that consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion is the lower and more medial of the two and presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse costal facet</a> on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs. </p><p>The <b>angle</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">rib</a> (costal angle) may both refer to the bending part of it, and a prominent line in this area, a little in front of the tubercle. This line is directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Iliocostalis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliocostalis muscle">iliocostalis muscle</a>. At this point, the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis. </p><p>The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the second to the tenth ribs. The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Longissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Longissimus dorsi">longissimus dorsi muscle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bones">Bones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ribs_and_vertebrae">Ribs and vertebrae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ribs and vertebrae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>first rib</b> (the topmost one) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1909_24.png" class="mw-file-description" title="First rib seen from above"><img alt="First rib seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sobo_1909_24.png/209px-Sobo_1909_24.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sobo_1909_24.png/314px-Sobo_1909_24.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sobo_1909_24.png/418px-Sobo_1909_24.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First rib seen from above</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray123.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Costal groove position on a central rib"><img alt="Costal groove position on a central rib" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray123.png/223px-Gray123.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray123.png/335px-Gray123.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray123.png/446px-Gray123.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Costal groove position on a central rib</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <i>head</i> is small and rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebra</a>. The <i>neck</i> is narrow and rounded. The <i>tubercle</i>, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for articulation with the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse costal facet</a> on the transverse process of T1. There is no <i>angle</i>, but at the tubercle, the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the <a href="/wiki/Scalene_tubercle" title="Scalene tubercle">scalene tubercle</a>, for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Scalene_muscles" title="Scalene muscles">anterior scalene</a>; the <i>anterior groove</i> transmits the <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_vein" title="Subclavian vein">subclavian vein</a>, the <i>posterior </i>the <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">subclavian artery</a> and the lowest trunk of the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a>. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Scalene_muscles" title="Scalene muscles">medial scalene</a>. The <i>under surface</i> is smooth and without a costal groove. The <i>outer border</i> is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the <a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratus anterior">serratus anterior</a>. The <i>inner border</i> is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The <i>anterior extremity</i> is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. </p><p>The <b>second rib</b> is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs. In humans, the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">costal cartilage</a> anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae#Second_thoracic_vertebra" title="Thoracic vertebrae">second thoracic vertebra</a>. The second rib is much longer than the <a href="/wiki/First_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="First rib">first rib</a>, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the <a href="/wiki/Scalene_muscles" title="Scalene muscles">posterior scalene</a>. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It protects the intercostal space containing the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_veins" title="Intercostal veins">intercostal veins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_arteries" title="Intercostal arteries">intercostal arteries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">intercostal nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>ninth rib</b> has a frontal part at the same level as the <a href="/wiki/First_lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="First lumbar vertebra">first lumbar vertebra</a>. This level is called the <a href="/wiki/Transpyloric_plane" title="Transpyloric plane">transpyloric plane</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pylorus</a> is also at this level.<sup id="cite_ref-goodfried_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodfried-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>tenth rib</b> attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. Due to this direct attachment, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body.<sup id="cite_ref-saladin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saladin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton_woman_back.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skeleton_woman_back.png/130px-Skeleton_woman_back.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skeleton_woman_back.png/195px-Skeleton_woman_back.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skeleton_woman_back.png/260px-Skeleton_woman_back.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The four floating ribs indicated</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>eleventh and twelfth ribs</b>, the <b>floating ribs</b>, have a single <a href="/wiki/Articular_facet" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular facet">articular facet</a> on the head, which is of rather large size. They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove, whereas the twelfth does not. The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and only has a one articular facet.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sternum">Sternum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sternum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sternum is a long, <a href="/wiki/Flat_bone" title="Flat bone">flat bone</a> that forms the front of the rib cage. The cartilages of the top seven ribs (the <i>true ribs</i>) join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints. The costal cartilage of the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making it easy to locate.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manubrium is the wider, superior portion of the sternum. The top of the manubrium has a shallow, U-shaped border called the jugular (suprasternal) notch. The clavicular notch is the shallow depression located on either side at the superior-lateral margins of the manubrium. This is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Sternoclavicular_joint" title="Sternoclavicular joint">sternoclavicular joint</a>, between the sternum and clavicle. The first ribs also attach to the manubrium.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transversus_thoracis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversus thoracis">transversus thoracis</a> muscle is innervated by one of the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">intercostal nerves</a> and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expansion of the rib cage in males is caused by the effects of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> during puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, males generally have broad shoulders and expanded chests, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen. </p><p>The development of the rib cage is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, as well as specific stages of embryonic growth. <b>Genetic factors</b> play a critical role, with specific genes regulating the formation of bones and cartilage to ensure the proper development and alignment of the ribs and sternum. During the <b>embryonic stage</b>, the rib cage begins to form from the mesoderm, one of the three primary germ layers. Ribs develop from structures called somites, which later segment into vertebrae and ribs. Initially, the ribs are composed of <b>cartilage</b>, which gradually ossifies into bone through a process known as endochondral ossification. </p><p> As the embryo grows, the ribs elongate and differentiate into three types: <b>true ribs</b>, which attach directly to the sternum; <b>false ribs</b>, which connect to the sternum via cartilage; and <b>floating ribs</b>, which do not attach to the sternum. Additionally, <b>environmental factors</b> such as maternal health, nutrition, and exposure to certain substances can impact rib cage development. For instance, deficiencies in essential nutrients like calcium and vitamin D may hinder proper bone growth and development. Together, these genetic, developmental, and environmental influences ensure the formation of a functional rib cage.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C7ribMark.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/C7ribMark.png/150px-C7ribMark.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/C7ribMark.png/225px-C7ribMark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/C7ribMark.png/300px-C7ribMark.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>A C7 rib on the right</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variations in the number of ribs occur. About 1 in 200–500 people have an additional <a href="/wiki/Cervical_rib" title="Cervical rib">cervical rib</a>, and there is a female predominance.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rib remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra_prominens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra prominens">7th cervical vertebra</a> on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a <a href="/wiki/Cervical_rib" title="Cervical rib">cervical rib</a>, which can mechanically interfere with the nerves (<a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a>) going to the arm. </p><p>In several ethnic groups, most significantly the Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Floating_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating rib">floating rib</a>, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib.<sup id="cite_ref-saladin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saladin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg/250px-Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg/375px-Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg/500px-Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>The effect of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation, pulling the front of the rib cage upwards, a movement known as the '<a href="/wiki/Pump_handle_movement" title="Pump handle movement">pump handle movement</a>'. This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest. A similar effect, known as the '<a href="/wiki/Bucket_handle_movement" title="Bucket handle movement">bucket handle movement</a>' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase, because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front, but, in the case of the lower ribs, also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest.</figcaption></figure> <p>The human rib cage is a component of the human <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscles" title="Intercostal muscles">intercostal muscles</a> lift the rib cage up and out. </p><p>Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the transverse. The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera by the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the '<a href="/wiki/Pump_handle_movement" title="Pump handle movement">pump handle</a>'. The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular), with the diaphragm's central tendon acting as a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert (meaning turn outwards or inside out) and produce what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bucket_handle_movement" title="Bucket handle movement">bucket handle movement</a>, facilitated by gliding at the <a href="/wiki/Costovertebral_joints" title="Costovertebral joints">costovertebral joints</a>. In this way, the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill. </p><p>The circumference of the normal adult human rib cage expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rib_fracture" title="Rib fracture">Rib fractures</a> are the most common injury to the rib cage. These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each, this can result in a <a href="/wiki/Flail_chest" title="Flail chest">flail chest</a> which is a life-threatening condition. </p><p>A dislocated rib can be painful and can be caused simply by coughing, or for example by trauma or lifting heavy weights.<sup id="cite_ref-Ribs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One or more costal cartilages can become inflamed – a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Costochondritis" title="Costochondritis">costochondritis</a>; the resulting pain is similar to that of a heart attack. </p><p>Abnormalities of the rib cage include <a href="/wiki/Pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">pectus excavatum</a> ("sunken chest") and <a href="/wiki/Pectus_carinatum" title="Pectus carinatum">pectus carinatum</a> ("pigeon chest"). A <a href="/wiki/Bifid_rib" title="Bifid rib">bifid rib</a> is a bifurcated rib, split towards the sternal end, and usually just affecting one of the ribs of a pair. It is a <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect#Primarily_structural" title="Birth defect">congenital defect</a> affecting about 1.2% of the population. It is often without symptoms though respiratory difficulties and other problems can arise. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rib_removal" title="Rib removal">Rib removal</a> is the surgical removal of one or more ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. </p><p>Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability of the human rib to regenerate itself has been appreciated for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the repair has only been described in a few case reports. The phenomenon has been appreciated particularly by craniofacial surgeons, who use both cartilage and bone material from the rib for ear, jaw, face, and skull reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perichondrium and periosteum are fibrous sheaths of vascular connective tissue surrounding the rib cartilage and bone respectively. These tissues containing a source of progenitor stem cells that drive regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of ribs can be permanently altered by a form of <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tightlacing" title="Tightlacing">tightlacing</a>, which uses a <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corset</a> to compress and move the ribs. </p><p>The ribs, particularly their sternal ends, are used as a way of estimating age in <a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">forensic pathology</a> due to their progressive ossification.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_story">Biblical story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biblical story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of ribs as 24 (12 pairs) was noted by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesalius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesalius">Vesalius</a> in his key work of anatomy <i><a href="/wiki/De_humani_corporis_fabrica" class="mw-redirect" title="De humani corporis fabrica">De humani corporis fabrica</a></i> in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as it was traditionally assumed from the Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, thirteenth or "cervical ribs" occur in 1% of humans<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this is more common in females than in males.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG/220px-Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG/330px-Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG/440px-Wankel_Tyrannosaurus_cast_rib_cage_UCMP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Tyrannosaurus rib cage, University of California Museum of Paleontology</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>, costal grooves refer to lateral indents along the integument of <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>. The grooves run between the <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a>. Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> have bony <a href="/wiki/Uncinate_processes_of_ribs" title="Uncinate processes of ribs">uncinate processes</a> on their ribs that project caudally from the vertical section of each rib.<sup id="cite_ref-kardong_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kardong-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These serve to attach <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacral</a> muscles and also aid in allowing greater inspiration. <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodiles</a> have cartilaginous uncinate processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray115.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages"><img alt="Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/97px-Gray115.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/146px-Gray115.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/194px-Gray115.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribs_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description" title="X-ray image of a human chest, with ribs labelled"><img alt="X-ray image of a human chest, with ribs labelled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ribs_labeled.png/120px-Ribs_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ribs_labeled.png/180px-Ribs_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ribs_labeled.png/240px-Ribs_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X-ray image of a human chest, with ribs labelled</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl" class="mw-file-description" title="3D model of rib cage"><img alt="3D model of rib cage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl/120px-BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl/180px-BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl/240px-BodyParts3D_Rib_cage.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D model of rib cage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface projections of the trunk, including each rib, and the costal margin"><img alt="Surface projections of the trunk, including each rib, and the costal margin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/75px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/112px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/150px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="2533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface projections of the trunk, including each rib, and the costal margin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/27px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/36px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_of_head_of_rib" title="Articulation of head of rib">Articulation of head of rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachitic_rosary" title="Rachitic rosary">Rachitic rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_anatomical_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms for anatomical location">Terms for anatomical location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone#Terminology" title="Bone">Terms for bones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46350.html">"The Thoracic Cage · Anatomy and Physiology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226870137" title="Special:BookSources/9780226870137"><bdi>9780226870137</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyman%27s+Comparative+Vertebrate+Anatomy&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780226870137&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Libbie+Henrietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKlWjdOkiMwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARib+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saladin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saladin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saladin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saladin_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2010" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth (2010). <i>Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function</i>. 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II (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grantsatlasanato00agur_396"><i>Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition</i></a></span>. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grantsatlasanato00agur_396/page/n44">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7055-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-7055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%27s+Atlas+of+Anatomy%2C+Twelfth+Edition&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+and+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7055-2&rft.au=Agur%2C+Anne+M.R.&rft.au=Dalley%2C+Arthur+F.+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrantsatlasanato00agur_396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARib+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/7-4-the-thoracic-cage">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsDesaixJohnsonJohnson2023" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (May 14, 2023). <i>Anatomy & Physiology</i>. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 7.4 The Thoracic Cage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947172-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-947172-04-3"><bdi>978-1-947172-04-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=Houston&rft.pages=7.4+The+Thoracic+Cage&rft.pub=OpenStax+CNX&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-947172-04-3&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=J+Gordon&rft.au=Desaix%2C+Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Eddie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jody+E&rft.au=Korol%2C+Oksana&rft.au=Kruse%2C+Dean&rft.au=Poe%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Wise%2C+James&rft.au=Womble%2C+Mark+D&rft.au=Young%2C+Kelly+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARib+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SB_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgur,_Anne_M.R.Dalley,_Arthur_F._II2009" class="citation book cs1">Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. 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Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grantsatlasanato00agur_396/page/n65">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7055-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-7055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%27s+Atlas+of+Anatomy%2C+Twelfth+Edition&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+and+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7055-2&rft.au=Agur%2C+Anne+M.R.&rft.au=Dalley%2C+Arthur+F.+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrantsatlasanato00agur_396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARib+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911093949/http://www.humanhormones.com/category/steroids/androgens/">"Archived copy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+19+On+the+Bones+of+the+Thorax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvesalius.northwestern.edu%2Fixmlquery%2Fhilight%3Fparm1%3Dchapters%2FFA.1.19%26keyword%3Drib%26scrollpoint%3DFA.1.19.07%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARib+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresden2020" class="citation web cs1">Dresden, Danielle (2020-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-many-ribs-do-humans-have#men-vs-women">"How many ribs do humans have? Men, women, and anatomy"</a>. <i>Medical News Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>. <q>Although many people might think that males have fewer ribs than females—most likely sparked by the biblical story of Adam and Eve—there is no factual evidence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+News+Today&rft.atitle=How+many+ribs+do+humans+have%3F+Men%2C+women%2C+and+anatomy&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Dresden&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-many-ribs-do-humans-have%23men-vs-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARib+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1986). Biology of Amphibians. 670 Pp. McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4780-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4780-X">0-8018-4780-X</a>, 9780801847806</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Petranka. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. 587 Pp. 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Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64</li> <li><i>Principles of Anatomy Physiology</i>, Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-68934-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-68934-3">0-471-68934-3</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/6321/20160901181029/http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/index.html">De Humani Corporis Fabrica</a></i>: online English translation of Vesalius' books on human anatomy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rib_cage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_torso" title="Template:Bones of torso"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_torso" title="Template talk:Bones of torso"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bones_of_torso" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bones of torso"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_torso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">Vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of vertebra">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral arch">Arch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicle of vertebral arch">pedicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamina of the vertebral arch">lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral notch">notch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_foramen" title="Vertebral foramen">Vertebral foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_foramen" title="Intervertebral foramen">Intervertebral foramen</a></li> <li><i>Processes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse processes">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular processes">articular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">Spinal canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_foramen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse foramen">Transverse foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Anterior tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid tubercle">Carotid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Posterior tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_mass_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral mass of atlas">lateral mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior arch of atlas">anterior arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior arch of atlas">posterior arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">Axis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dens (anatomy)">dens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebra_prominens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra prominens">Vertebra prominens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">Thoracic vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costal_facet" title="Costal facet">Costal facets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_costal_facet" title="Superior costal facet">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_costal_facet" title="Inferior costal facet">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">Lumbar vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Processes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory process">accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammillary_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammillary process">mammillary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the sacrum">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_promontory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral promontory">sacral promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala of sacrum">Ala of sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral surface of sacrum">Lateral surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral tuberosity">sacral tuberosity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic surface of sacrum">Pelvic surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior sacral foramina">anterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal surface of sacrum">Dorsal surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior sacral foramina">posterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Median sacral crest">Median sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sacral crest">Medial sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral sacral crest">Lateral sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral canal">Sacral canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_hiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral hiatus">sacral hiatus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>none</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rib cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Ribs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="True ribs">true ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="False ribs">false ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating ribs">floating ribs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Parts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (rib)">angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (rib)">tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal groove">costal groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of rib">neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of rib">head</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">Sternum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suprasternal_notch" title="Suprasternal notch">Suprasternal notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Manubrium">Manubrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternal_angle" title="Sternal angle">Sternal angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of sternum">Body of sternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphisternal_joint" title="Xiphisternal joint">Xiphisternal joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">Xiphoid process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic cage">Thoracic cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_thoracic_aperture" title="Superior thoracic aperture">Superior thoracic aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_space" title="Intercostal space">Intercostal space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_margin" title="Costal margin">Costal margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasternal_angle" title="Infrasternal angle">Infrasternal angle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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