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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins and precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modernist_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modernist_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early modernist writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modernist_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuation:_1920s_and_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuation:_1920s_and_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Continuation: 1920s and 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuation:_1920s_and_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernist_literature_after_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernist_literature_after_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modernist literature after 1939</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modernist_literature_after_1939-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modernist literature after 1939 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modernist_literature_after_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Late modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_of_the_Absurd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Theatre of the Absurd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_of_the_Absurd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literary modernism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حداثة أدبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حداثة أدبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_modernista" title="Lliteratura modernista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura modernista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাহিত্যিক আধুনিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্যিক আধুনিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_anglosax%C3%B3" title="Modernisme anglosaxó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modernisme anglosaxó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismus_(literatura)" title="Modernismus (literatura) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modernismus (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenyddiaeth_Fodernaidd" title="Llenyddiaeth Fodernaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenyddiaeth Fodernaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloamerikanischer_Modernismus" title="Angloamerikanischer Modernismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Angloamerikanischer Modernismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernistlik_kirjandus" title="Modernistlik kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Modernistlik kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_modernista" title="Literatura modernista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura modernista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisma_literaturo" title="Modernisma literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modernisma literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_modernista" title="Literatura modernista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literatura modernista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ادبیات نوگرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات نوگرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_moderniste" title="Littérature moderniste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature moderniste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%94%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="모더니즘 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모더니즘 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մոդեռն գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդեռն գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizam_(knji%C5%BEevnost)" title="Modernizam (književnost) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Modernizam (književnost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_sastra" title="Modernisme sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modernisme sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_(letteratura)" title="Modernismo (letteratura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modernismo (letteratura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרות מודרניסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות מודרניסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literati_mod%C3%A8nis" title="Literati modènis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Literati modènis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismus_litteratus" title="Modernismus litteratus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Modernismus litteratus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="モダニズム文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モダニズム文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter%C3%A6r_modernisme" title="Litterær modernisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litterær modernisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਾਹਿਤਕ ਆਧੁਨਿਕਤਾਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹਿਤਕ ਆਧੁਨਿਕਤਾਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizm_(literatura)" title="Modernizm (literatura) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modernizm (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_moderna" title="Literatura moderna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura moderna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Модернизм в литературе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модернизм в литературе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_literature" title="Modernist literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Modernist literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizmus_(literat%C3%BAra)" title="Modernizmus (literatúra) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modernizmus (literatúra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Модерна књижевност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модерна књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moderna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismi_(kirjallisuus)" title="Modernismi (kirjallisuus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Modernismi (kirjallisuus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismens_litteratur" title="Modernismens litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modernismens litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edeb%C3%AE_modernizm" title="Edebî modernizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edebî modernizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96" title="Модернізм у літературі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модернізм у літературі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="现代主义文学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="现代主义文学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q971480#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DEDEE2">Modernism</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data">19th-century Europe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DEDEE2">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdist_fiction" title="Absurdist fiction">Absurdism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literary impressionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(poetry)" title="Objectivism (poetry)">Objectivism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DEDEE2">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Modernist literature</b> originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is characterised by a self-conscious separation from traditional ways of writing in both poetry and prose fiction writing. <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> experimented with literary form and expression, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>'s maxim to "Make it new".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immense human costs of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> saw the prevailing assumptions about society reassessed,<sup id="cite_ref-MORLEY2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MORLEY2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much modernist writing engages with the technological advances and societal changes of modernity moving into the 20th century. In <i>Modernist Literature</i>, Mary Ann Gillies notes that these literary themes share the "centrality of a conscious break with the past", one that "emerges as a complex response across continents and disciplines to a changing world".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernism,_Romanticism,_Philosophy_and_Symbol"><span id="Modernism.2C_Romanticism.2C_Philosophy_and_Symbol"></span>Modernism, Romanticism, Philosophy and Symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modernism, Romanticism, Philosophy and Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary modernism is often summed up in a line from <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>: "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold" (in '<a href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_(poem)" title="The Second Coming (poem)">The Second Coming</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernists often search for a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> 'centre' but experience its collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>, by way of contrast, celebrates that collapse, exposing the failure of metaphysics, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a> of metaphysical claims.)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophically, the collapse of metaphysics can be traced back to the Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776), who argued that we never actually perceive one event causing another. We only experience the '<a href="/wiki/Constant_conjunction" title="Constant conjunction">constant conjunction</a>' of events, and do not perceive a metaphysical 'cause'. Similarly, Hume argued that we never know the self as object, only the self as subject, and we are thus blind to our true natures.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, if we only 'know' through sensory experience—such as sight, touch and feeling—then we cannot 'know' and neither can we make metaphysical claims. </p><p>Thus, modernism can be driven emotionally by the desire for metaphysical truths, while understanding their impossibility. Some modernist novels, for instance, feature characters like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marlow" title="Charles Marlow">Marlow</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Nick_Carraway" title="Nick Carraway">Nick Carraway</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a></i> who believe that they have encountered some great truth about nature or character, truths that the novels themselves treat ironically while offering more mundane explanations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, many poems of <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a> convey a struggle with the sense of nature's significance, falling under two headings: poems in which the speaker denies that nature has meaning, only for nature to loom up by the end of the poem; and poems in which the speaker claims nature has meaning, only for that meaning to collapse by the end of the poem. </p><p> Modernism often rejects nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, <i>if</i> the latter is understood as focusing on the embodiment of meaning within a naturalistic representation. At the same time, some modernists aim at a more 'real' realism, one that is uncentered. Picasso's proto-cubist painting, 'The Poet' of 1911 is decentred, presenting the body from multiple points of view. As the <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection" title="Peggy Guggenheim Collection">Peggy Guggenheim Collection</a> website puts it, 'Picasso presents multiple views of each object, as if he had moved around it, and synthesizes them into a single compound image'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This avoids the limitations of a single, privileged viewer, and points towards a more objective realism. Similarly, it has been argued that Wallace Stevens's realism </p><blockquote><p>"serves a truth that is revealing—not the truth that prevails. It also is a “realism” that recognizes multiple perspectives, multiple truths. Perhaps the snow is not just white; it is also turning black, attuned to the menacing storm in the sky—or it is perhaps purple, surrounding a man with a monarch’s boundless ego."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Modernism, with its sense that 'things fall apart,' can be seen as the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, if romanticism is the (often frustrated) quest for metaphysical truths about character, nature, a <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">higher power</a> and meaning in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernism often yearns for a romantic or metaphysical centre, but later finds its collapse. </p><p>This distinction between modernism and romanticism extends to their respective treatments of 'symbol'. The romantics at times see an essential relation (the 'ground') between the symbol (or the 'vehicle', in <a href="/wiki/I.A._Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Richards">I.A. Richards</a>'s terms)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its 'tenor' (its meaning)—for example in Coleridge's description of nature as 'that eternal language which thy God / Utters'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But while some romantics may have perceived nature and its symbols as God's language, for other romantic theorists it remains inscrutable. As <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> (not himself a romantic) said, ‘the idea [or meaning] remains eternally and infinitely active and inaccessible in the image’.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was extended in modernist theory which, drawing on its <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolist</a> precursors, often emphasizes the inscrutability and failure of symbol and metaphor. For example, Wallace Stevens seeks and fails to find meaning in nature, even if he at times seems to sense such a meaning. As such, symbolists and modernists at times adopt a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> approach to suggest a non-rational sense of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For these reasons, modernist metaphors may be unnatural, as for instance in T.S. Eliot's description of an evening 'spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_precursors">Origins and precursors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1880s, increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques. The theories of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> (1856–1939) and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a> (1838–1916) influenced early Modernist literature. Ernst Mach argued that the mind had a fundamental structure, and that subjective experience was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Science_of_Mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Science of Mechanics (page does not exist)">The Science of Mechanics</a></i> (1883). Freud's first major work was <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_on_Hysteria" title="Studies on Hysteria">Studies on Hysteria</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a>; 1895). According to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, and through his criticism of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, a forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>. </p><p>Many prior theories about <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> argued that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it were, on an individual—for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s (1632–1704) <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, which saw the mind beginning as a <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a></i>, a blank slate (<i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, 1690). Freud's description of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions, was combined by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> (1875–1961) with the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a>, which the conscious mind either fought or embraced. While <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s work remade the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> concept of "man, the animal" in the public mind, Jung suggested that human impulses toward breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but rather derived from the essential nature of the human animal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another major precursor of modernism was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the "<a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a>", were more important than facts, or things. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasised the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on time and consciousness "had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists," especially those modernists who used the <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream of consciousness</a> technique, such as <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Richardson" title="Dorothy Richardson">Dorothy Richardson</a> for the book <i><a href="/wiki/Pointed_Roofs" title="Pointed Roofs">Pointed Roofs</a></i> (1915), <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (1922) and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> (1882–1941) for <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> (1925) and <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse" title="To the Lighthouse">To the Lighthouse</a></i> (1927).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also important in Bergson's philosophy was the idea of <i>élan vital</i>, the life force, which "brings about the creative evolution of everything".<sup id="cite_ref-Collinson,_132_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinson,_132-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinson,_132_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinson,_132-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various thinkers were united by a distrust of Victorian positivism and certainty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Modernism as a literary movement can also be seen as a reaction to industrialisation, urbanisation and new technologies. </p><p>Important literary precursors of modernism were <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> (1821–1881) (<i><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a></i> (1866), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i> (1880)); <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> (1819–1892) (<i><a href="/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass" title="Leaves of Grass">Leaves of Grass</a></i>) (1855–1891); <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> (1821–1880) (<i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1856–1857), <i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i> (1869), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)">The Temptation of Saint Anthony</a></i> (1874), <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(Flaubert)" title="Three Tales (Flaubert)">Three Tales</a></i> (1877), <i><a href="/wiki/Bouvard_et_P%C3%A9cuchet" title="Bouvard et Pécuchet">Bouvard et Pécuchet</a></i> (1881)); <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> (1821–1867) (<i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal" title="Les Fleurs du mal">Les Fleurs du mal</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Rimbaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a> (1854–1891) (<i>Illuminations</i>, 1874); <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> (1859–1952) (<i>Hunger</i>, 1890); <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> (1849–1912), especially his later plays, including the trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/To_Damascus" title="To Damascus">To Damascus</a></i> 1898–1901, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_Play" title="A Dream Play">A Dream Play</a></i> (1902), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Sonata" title="The Ghost Sonata">The Ghost Sonata</a></i> (1907). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet,_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Claude_Monet%2C_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG/300px-Claude_Monet%2C_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Claude_Monet%2C_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG/450px-Claude_Monet%2C_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Claude_Monet%2C_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG/600px-Claude_Monet%2C_Water-Lily_Pond_and_Weeping_Willow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>Modernist literature scholar <a href="/wiki/David_Thorburn_(scholar)" title="David Thorburn (scholar)">David Thorburn</a> saw connections between literary style and impressionist painters such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>. Modernist writers, like Monet's <a href="/wiki/Water_Lilies_(Monet_series)" title="Water Lilies (Monet series)">paintings of water lilies</a>, suggested an awareness of art as art, rejected realistic interpretations of the world and dramatized "a drive towards the abstract".<sup id="cite_ref-TeachingCompany_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeachingCompany-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, some modernists fostered a utopian spirit, stimulated by <a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">innovations in anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>. The poets of the <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagist movement</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> in 1912 as a new poetic style, gave modernism its early start in the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt,_William_1963_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt,_William_1963-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were characterized by a poetry that favoured a precision of <a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">imagery</a>, brevity and <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt,_William_1963_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt,_William_1963-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idealism, however, ended with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and writers created more cynical works that reflected a prevailing sense of disillusionment. Many modernist writers also shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion of absolute truths. </p><p>Modernist works such as <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> (1922) were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored the darker aspects of human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernism_1995_1236_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernism_1995_1236-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term modernism covers a number of related, and overlapping, artistic and literary movements, including <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modernist_writers">Early modernist writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modernist writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early modernist writers, especially those writing after World War I and the disillusionment that followed, broke the implicit contract with the general public that artists were the reliable interpreters and representatives of mainstream ("bourgeois") culture and ideas, and, instead, developed <a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">unreliable narrators</a>, exposing the irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also attempted to address the changing ideas about reality developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergson">Bergson</a> and others. From this developed innovative literary techniques such as stream-of-consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Interior_monologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior monologue">interior monologue</a>, as well as the use of multiple points-of-view. This can reflect doubts about the philosophical basis of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (philosophy)">realism</a>, or alternatively an expansion of our understanding of what is meant by realism. For example, the use of <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream-of-consciousness</a> or interior monologue reflects the need for greater psychological realism. </p><p>It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen 1910 as roughly marking the beginning and quote novelist <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, who declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But modernism was already stirring by 1902, with works such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s (1857–1924) <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i>, while <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a>'s (1873–1907) <a href="/wiki/Absurdist_fiction" title="Absurdist fiction">absurdist</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> appeared even earlier, in 1896. </p><p>Among early modernist non-literary landmarks is the <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal</a> ending of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Second String Quartet</a> in 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> paintings of <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a> starting in 1903 and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">Expressionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Blue Rider</a> group in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in 1911, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">fauvism</a>, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a> from the studios of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> and others between 1900 and 1910. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson" title="Sherwood Anderson">Sherwood Anderson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Winesburg,_Ohio_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winesburg, Ohio (novel)">Winesburg, Ohio</a></i> (1919) is known as an early work of modernism for its plain-spoken prose style and emphasis on psychological insight into characters. </p><p>James Joyce was a major modernist writer whose strategies employed in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (1922) for depicting the events during a twenty-four-hour period in the life of his protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bloom" title="Leopold Bloom">Leopold Bloom</a>, have come to epitomize modernism's approach to fiction. The poet T. S. Eliot described these qualities in 1923, noting that Joyce's technique is "a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history.... Instead of narrative method, we may now use the mythical method. It is, I seriously believe, a step toward making the modern world possible for art."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliot's own modernist poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> (1922) mirrors "the futility and anarchy" in its own way, in its fragmented structure, and the absence of an obvious central, unifying narrative. This is in fact a rhetorical technique to convey the poem's theme: "The decay and fragmentation of Western Culture".<sup id="cite_ref-bloom311_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom311-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem, despite the absence of a linear narrative, does have a structure: this is provided by both fertility symbolism derived from anthropology, and other elements such as the use of quotations and juxtaposition.<sup id="cite_ref-bloom311_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom311-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a>, the generation of poets represented by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> (with his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossi_di_seppia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossi di seppia (page does not exist)">Ossi di seppia</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Giuseppe Ungaretti</a> (with his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegria_di_naufragi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allegria di naufragi (page does not exist)">Allegria di naufragi</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Saba" title="Umberto Saba">Umberto Saba</a> (with his <i><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Saba#Works" title="Umberto Saba">Canzoniere</a></i>) embodies modernism. This new generation broke with the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> in terms of style, language and tone. They were aware of the crisis deriving from the decline of the traditional role of the poet as foreseer, teacher, prophet. In a world that has absorbed <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s lesson, these poets want to renew literature according to the new cultural world of the 20th century. For example, Montale uses <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(literature)" title="Epiphany (literature)">epiphany</a> to reconstruct meaning, while Saba incorporates Freudian concepts of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modernist literature addressed similar aesthetic problems as contemporary modernist art. <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>'s abstract writings, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tender_Buttons_(book)" title="Tender Buttons (book)">Tender Buttons</a></i> (1914), for example, have been compared to the fragmentary and multi-perspective <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">Cubist</a> paintings of her friend <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The questioning spirit of modernism, as part of a necessary search for ways to make sense of a broken world, can also be seen in a different form in the Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid" title="Hugh MacDiarmid">Hugh MacDiarmid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Drunk_Man_Looks_at_the_Thistle" title="A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle">A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle</a></i> (1928). In this poem, MacDiarmid applies Eliot's techniques to respond to the question of nationalism, using comedic parody, in an optimistic (though no less hopeless) form of modernism in which the artist as "hero" seeks to embrace complexity and locate new meanings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Regarding technique, modernist works sought to obfuscate the boundaries between genres. Thus, prose works tended to be poetical and poetry prose-like. T. S. Eliot's poetry sacrified lyrical grace for the sake of fragmented narrative while Virginia Woolf's novels (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waves" title="The Waves">The Waves</a></i>) have been described as poetical. </p><p>Other early modernist writers and selected works include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> (1859–1952): <i><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(Hamsun_novel)" title="Hunger (Hamsun novel)">Hunger</a></i> (1890), <i><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Soil" title="Growth of the Soil">Growth of the Soil</a></i> (1917);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Italo Svevo</a> (1861–1928): <i><a href="/wiki/Senilit%C3%A0" title="Senilità">Senilità</a></i> (1898), <i><a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_Conscience" title="Zeno's Conscience">Zeno's Conscience</a></i> (1923);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> (1867–1936): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Late Mattia Pascal">The Late Mattia Pascal</a></i> (1904), <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> (1921);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> (1875–1926): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Notebooks_of_Malte_Laurids_Brigge" title="The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge">The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge</a></i> (1910), <i><a href="/wiki/Sonnets_to_Orpheus" title="Sonnets to Orpheus">Sonnets to Orpheus</a></i> (1922), <i><a href="/wiki/Duino_Elegies" title="Duino Elegies">Duino Elegies</a></i> (1922);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a> (1880–1918): <i><a href="/wiki/Alcools" title="Alcools">Alcools</a></i> (1913);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a> (1880–1934): <i><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)" title="Petersburg (novel)">Petersburg</a></i> (1913);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a> (1888–1923); <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(short_story)" title="Prelude (short story)">Prelude</a> (1918);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a> (1887–1914): <i>Poems</i> (1913);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> (1883–1924): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> (1915), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a></i> (1925), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a></i> (1926);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Edwards_(Welsh_novelist)" title="Dorothy Edwards (Welsh novelist)">Dorothy Edwards</a> (1902–34): Rhapsody (1927), Winter Sonata (1928);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantine_Gamsakhurdia" title="Konstantine Gamsakhurdia">Konstantine Gamsakhurdia</a> (1893–1975):<i>The Smile of Dionysus</i> (1925), <i>Kidnapping the Moon</i> (1935–1936), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Hand_of_the_Grand_Master" title="The Right Hand of the Grand Master">The Right Hand of the Grand Master</a></i> (1939);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Robakidze" title="Grigol Robakidze">Grigol Robakidze</a> (1880–1962): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snake%27s_Skin" title="The Snake's Skin">The Snake's Skin</a></i> (1926);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a> (1893–1981), <i>Kristofor Kolumbo</i> (1918), <i>Michelangelo Buonarroti</i> (1919), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Philip_Latinowicz" title="The Return of Philip Latinowicz">Povratak Filipa Latinovicza</a></i> (1932);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a> (1882–1957): <i><a href="/wiki/Tarr" title="Tarr">Tarr</a></i> (1918);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Mirrlees" title="Hope Mirrlees">Hope Mirrlees</a> (1887–1978): <i><a href="/wiki/Paris:_A_Poem" title="Paris: A Poem">Paris: A Poem</a></i> (1919);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a> (1890–1938): <i><a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a></i> (1920);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Akutagawa" title="Ryūnosuke Akutagawa">Ryūnosuke Akutagawa</a> (1861–1928): "<a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(Akutagawa_short_story)" title="The Nose (Akutagawa short story)">Hana</a>" (1916); "<a href="/wiki/Rash%C5%8Dmon_(short_story)" title="Rashōmon (short story)">Rashōmon</a>" (1915); "<a href="/wiki/In_a_Grove" title="In a Grove">In a Grove</a>" (1922);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> (1869–1951): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Counterfeiters_(novel)" title="The Counterfeiters (novel)">The Counterfeiters</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a> (1878–1957): <i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Alexanderplatz" title="Berlin Alexanderplatz">Berlin Alexanderplatz</a></i> (1929)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuation:_1920s_and_1930s">Continuation: 1920s and 1930s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continuation: 1920s and 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significant modernist works continued to be created in the 1920s and 1930s, including further novels by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Without_Qualities" title="The Man Without Qualities">The Man Without Qualities</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Richardson" title="Dorothy Richardson">Dorothy Richardson</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernist</a> dramatist <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s career began in 1914, but his major works appeared in the 1920s and 1930s and early 1940s. Two other significant modernist dramatists writing in the 1920s and 1930s were <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>. <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a></i> was published in 1928, while another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> in 1929. The 1920s would prove to be watershed years in modernist poetry. In this period, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> published some of his most notable poetic works, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Men" title="The Hollow Men">The Hollow Men</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_(poem)" title="Ash Wednesday (poem)">Ash Wednesday</a></i>. </p><p>In the 1930s, in addition to further major works by William Faulkner (<i><a href="/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying" title="As I Lay Dying">As I Lay Dying</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Light_in_August" title="Light in August">Light in August</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> published his first major work, the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Murphy_(novel)" title="Murphy (novel)">Murphy</a></i> (1938), while in 1932 <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/A_Glastonbury_Romance" title="A Glastonbury Romance">A Glastonbury Romance</a></i>, the same year as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleepwalkers_(Broch)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sleepwalkers (Broch)">The Sleepwalkers</a></i>. In 1935 <a href="/wiki/E._du_Perron" title="E. du Perron">E. du Perron</a> published his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_of_Origin_(1935)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Country of Origin (1935) (page does not exist)">Country of Origin</a></i>, the seminal work of <a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch</a> modernist prose. <a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Djuna Barnes</a> published her novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nightwood" title="Nightwood">Nightwood</a></i> in 1936, the same year as <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ballads_of_Petrica_Kerempuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh">Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh</a></i>. Then in 1939 <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i> appeared. It was in this year that another Irish modernist, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, died. In poetry, <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a> continued writing into the 1950s. It was in this period when <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> began writing what would become his final major poetic work, <a href="/wiki/Four_Quartets" title="Four Quartets">Four Quartets</a>. Eliot shifted focus in this period, writing several plays, including <i><a href="/wiki/Murder_in_the_Cathedral" title="Murder in the Cathedral">Murder in the Cathedral</a></i>. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry_in_English" title="Modernist poetry in English">modernist poetry in English</a> is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky" title="Louis Zukofsky">Louis Zukofsky</a>, there were important British modernist poets, including T. S. Eliot, <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jones (poet)">David Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid" title="Hugh MacDiarmid">Hugh MacDiarmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>. European modernist poets include <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Cavafy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Cavafy">Constantine Cavafy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernist_literature_after_1939">Modernist literature after 1939</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modernist literature after 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature</i> sees Modernism ending by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1939</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-British_Literature'_2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Literature'_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement Greenberg sees Modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally speaking they were no longer producing major works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modernism">Late modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">late modernism</a> is sometimes applied to modernist works published after 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Literature'_2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Literature'_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Richardson" title="Dorothy Richardson">Dorothy Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a>, born in 1901, published his most important modernist poem <i><a href="/wiki/Briggflatts" title="Briggflatts">Briggflatts</a></i> in 1965. In addition <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Virgil" title="The Death of Virgil">The Death of Virgil</a></i> was published in 1945 and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(novel)" title="Doctor Faustus (novel)">Doctor Faustus</a></i> in 1947 (early works by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> (1924), and <i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a></i> (1912) are sometimes considered modernist). <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, who died in 1989, has been described as a "later modernist".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beckett is a writer with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionist</a> tradition of modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including <i><a href="/wiki/Molloy_(novel)" title="Molloy (novel)">Molloy</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/En_attendant_Godot" class="mw-redirect" title="En attendant Godot">En attendant Godot</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_(play)" title="Happy Days (play)">Happy Days</a></i> (1961) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rockaby" title="Rockaby">Rockaby</a></i> (1981). The terms <a href="/wiki/Minimalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist">minimalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernist">post-modernist</a> have also been applied to his later works.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poets <a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a> (1910–1970) and <a href="/wiki/J._H._Prynne" title="J. H. Prynne">J. H. Prynne</a> (b. 1936) have been described as late modernists.<sup id="cite_ref-mellor_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mellor-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently the term late modernism has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written after 1945, rather than 1930. With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and the dropping of the atom bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-mellor_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mellor-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking this further, instead of attempting to impose some arbitrary 'end-date' on modernism, one may acknowledge the many writers after 1945 who resist easy inclusion into the category 'postmodern' and yet, heavily influenced by (say) American and/or European modernism, continued to manifest significant neo-modernist works, for instance <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fisher" title="Roy Fisher">Roy Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Petrucci" title="Mario Petrucci">Mario Petrucci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>. Another example of post-1945 modernism, then, would be the first modernist work of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9unionnais_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunionnais literature">Reunionnais literature</a> entitled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortil%C3%A8ges_cr%C3%A9oles:_Eudora_ou_l%27%C3%AEle_enchant%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sortilèges créoles: Eudora ou l'île enchantée (page does not exist)">Sortilèges créoles: Eudora ou l'île enchantée</a></i> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortil%C3%A8ges_cr%C3%A9oles_:_Eudora_ou_l%27%C3%AEle_enchant%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Sortilèges créoles : Eudora ou l'île enchantée">fr</a>), published 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Mah%C3%A9" title="Marguerite-Hélène Mahé">Marguerite-Hélène Mahé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_of_the_Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theatre of the Absurd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a> is applied to plays written by primarily European playwrights, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are significant precursors, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a> (1873–1907), the Theatre of the Absurd is generally seen as beginning in the 1950s with the plays of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>. </p><p>Critic <a href="/wiki/Martin_Esslin" title="Martin Esslin">Martin Esslin</a> coined the term in his 1960 essay, "Theatre of the Absurd." He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> uses the term in his 1942 essay, "<a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Sisyphus" title="The Myth of Sisyphus">The Myth of Sisyphus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man's reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a>, mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Well-made_play" title="Well-made play">well-made play</a>". </p><p>Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> (1906–1989), <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a> (1909–1994), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a> (1910–1986), <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> (1930–2008), <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a> (b. 1937), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vvedensky_(poet)" title="Alexander Vvedensky (poet)">Alexander Vvedensky</a> (1904–1941), <a href="/wiki/Daniil_Kharms" title="Daniil Kharms">Daniil Kharms</a> (1905–1942), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> (1921–1990), <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky" title="Alejandro Jodorowsky">Alejandro Jodorowsky</a> (b. 1929), <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Arrabal" title="Fernando Arrabal">Fernando Arrabal</a> (b. 1932), <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1936–2011) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1928–2016). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">Modernismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_French_literature" title="Contemporary French literature">Contemporary French literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism_(theatre)" title="Expressionism (theatre)">Expressionism (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th century in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_English_literature" title="Twentieth-century English literature">Twentieth-century English literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_writers" title="List of modernist writers">List of modernist writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_women_writers" title="List of modernist women writers">List of modernist women writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pound, Ezra, <i>Make it New</i>, Essays, London, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChilds2008" class="citation book cs1">Childs, Peter (2008). <i>Modernism</i>. Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415415460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415415460"><bdi>978-0415415460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415415460&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MORLEY2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MORLEY2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2012" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Catherine (March 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20jEJ14-ILIC"><i>Modern American Literature</i></a>. EDINBURGH University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2506-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-2506-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+American+Literature&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=EDINBURGH+University+Press&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2506-2&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20jEJ14-ILIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillies2007" class="citation book cs1">Gillies, Mary Ann (2007). <i>Modernist Literature</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 2,3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748627646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748627646"><bdi>978-0748627646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernist+Literature&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=2%2C3&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0748627646&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Longenbach, for instance, quotes these words and says, 'What line could feel more central to our received notions of modernism?' in his chapter, 'Modern Poetry' in David Holdeman and Ben Levitas, <i>W.B. Yeats in Context</i>, (Cambridge: CUP, 2010), p.327. Longenbach quotes Cynthia Ozik, who said, 'That [i.e. this line], we used to think, was the whole of Modernism.... Now we know better, and also in a way worse. Yeats hardly foresaw how our dissolutions would surpass his own'. See Cynthia Ozick, 'The Muse, Postmodernism and Homeless', <i>New York Times Book Review</i>, 18 January 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAylesworth2015" class="citation cs2">Aylesworth, Gary (2015), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/#5">"Postmodernism"</a>, <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2015 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Postmodernism&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Aylesworth&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpostmodernism%2F%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume says, 'For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception'. See <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>, Book I.iv, section 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daphne Erdinast- Vulcan explores Conrad's relation to Modernism, Romanticism and metaphysics in <i>Joseph Conrad and the Modern Temper</i>, Oxford: OUP, 1991. David Lynn describes Nick Carraway as "A synthesis of disparate impulses whose roots lie in nineteenth-century Romanticism and Realism[.] Nick's heroism is borne out in his assuming responsibility for Gatsby and in the act of narration." See 'Within and Without: Nick Carraway', in: <i>The Hero's Tale</i>, chapter 4, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/works/the-poet/">"The Poet | Work of art | Peggy Guggenheim Collection"</a>. <i>www.guggenheim-venice.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.guggenheim-venice.it&rft.atitle=The+Poet+%7C+Work+of+art+%7C+Peggy+Guggenheim+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guggenheim-venice.it%2Fen%2Fart%2Fworks%2Fthe-poet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinberg-Levin2024" class="citation cs2">Kleinberg-Levin, David Michael (2024), Hagberg, Garry L. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-58433-6_15">"Wallace Stevens' Poetic Realism: The Only Possible Redemption"</a>, <i>Narrative and Ethical Understanding</i>, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. <span class="nowrap">295–</span>323, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-58433-6_15">10.1007/978-3-031-58433-6_15</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-58433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-58433-6"><bdi>978-3-031-58433-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narrative+and+Ethical+Understanding&rft.atitle=Wallace+Stevens%E2%80%99+Poetic+Realism%3A+The+Only+Possible+Redemption&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-58433-6_15&rft.isbn=978-3-031-58433-6&rft.aulast=Kleinberg-Levin&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-58433-6_15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorodeisky2016" class="citation cs2">Gorodeisky, Keren (2016), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetics-19th-romantic/">"19th Century Romantic Aesthetics"</a>, <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=19th+Century+Romantic+Aesthetics&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gorodeisky&rft.aufirst=Keren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faesthetics-19th-romantic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I.A. Richards, <i>The Philosophy of Rhetoric</i>, (Oxford University Press: New York and London, 1936). Technically, Richards applies the terms 'vehicle' and 'tenor' to metaphor rather than symbol.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43986/frost-at-midnight">"Frost at Midnight"</a>. <i>The Poetry Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=Frost+at+Midnight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems%2F43986%2Ffrost-at-midnight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Nicholas Halmi in <i>The Genealogy of the Romantic Symbol</i> (Oxford: OUP, 2007), p.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymons" class="citation book cs1">Symons, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolistmovemen00symouoft"><i>The symbolist movement in literature</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. New York Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+symbolist+movement+in+literature&rft.pub=New+York+Dutton&rft.aulast=Symons&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolistmovemen00symouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>, 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock', <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/44212/the-love-song-of-j-alfred-prufrock">https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/44212/the-love-song-of-j-alfred-prufrock</a>. Seamus Perry notes 'The play between the belated romanticism of an evening 'spread out against the sky' and the incongruous modernity of 'a patient etherised upon a table' in 'A close reading of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock', on the British Library's website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/a-close-reading-of-the-love-song-of-j-alfred-prufrock">https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/a-close-reading-of-the-love-song-of-j-alfred-prufrock</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807052739/https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/a-close-reading-of-the-love-song-of-j-alfred-prufrock">Archived</a> 7 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Gooding-Williams, "Nietzsche's Pursuit of Modernism" <i>New German Critique</i>, No. 41, Special Issue on the Critiques of the Enlightenment. (Spring – Summer, 1987), pp. 95–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diané Collinson, <i>Fifty Major Philosophers: A Reference Guide</i>, p.131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century</i>, ed. Linda R. Williams. London: Bloomsbury, 1992, pp. 108–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collinson,_132-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson,_132_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson,_132_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Collinson, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeachingCompany-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeachingCompany_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Thorburn, MIT, The Great Courses, The Teaching Company, 2007, <i>Masterworks of Early 20th-Century Literature</i>, see p. 12 of guidebook Part I, Accessed August 24, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt,_William_1963-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt,_William_1963_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt,_William_1963_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pratt, William. <i>The Imagist Poem, Modern Poetry in Miniature</i> (Story Line Press, 1963, expanded 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58654-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58654-009-2">1-58654-009-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modernism_1995_1236-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modernism_1995_1236_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModernism1995" class="citation book cs1">Modernism (1995). <i>Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</i>. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. p. 1236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.pages=1236&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Modernism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBossy2001">Bossy 2001</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia Woolf. "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown." Collected Essays. Ed. Leonard Woolf. Vol. 1. London: Hogarth, 1966. pages 319–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1923" class="citation journal cs1">Eliot, T. S. (November 1923). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ulysses,' Order and Myth. Rev. of <i>Ulysses</i> by James Joyce". <i>The Dial</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dial&rft.atitle=%27Ulysses%2C%27+Order+and+Myth.+Rev.+of+Ulysses+by+James+Joyce&rft.date=1923-11&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom311-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloom311_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom311_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century</i>, ed. Linda R. Williams. London: Bloomsbury, 1992, p.311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leparoleelecose.it/?p=7629#_ftn1">"Modernismo e poesia italiana del primo novecento"</a>. <i>Le parole e le cose</i>. November 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+parole+e+le+cose&rft.atitle=Modernismo+e+poesia+italiana+del+primo+novecento&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparoleelecose.it%2F%3Fp%3D7629%23_ftn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubnick1984" class="citation book cs1">Dubnick, Randa K. (1984). <i>The Structure of Obscurity: Gertrude Stein, Language, and Cubism</i>. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00909-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00909-6"><bdi>0-252-00909-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Obscurity%3A+Gertrude+Stein%2C+Language%2C+and+Cubism&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-252-00909-6&rft.aulast=Dubnick&rft.aufirst=Randa+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Literature'_2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Literature'_2006_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Literature'_2006_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature</i> ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"modernism", <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>. Edited by Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html">Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901163630/http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html">Archived</a> September 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, October 31, 1979, <i>Arts</i> 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism. Retrieved October 26, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_Hindrichs2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cheryl Hindrichs (November 2011). "Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory". <i>Literature Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">840–</span>855. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-4113.2011.00841.x">10.1111/j.1741-4113.2011.00841.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+Compass&rft.atitle=Late+Modernism%2C+1928%E2%80%931945%3A+Criticism+and+Theory&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E840-%3C%2Fspan%3E855&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-4113.2011.00841.x&rft.au=Cheryl+Hindrichs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris_Dickstein1997" class="citation news cs1">Morris Dickstein (August 3, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/03/books/an-outsider-in-his-own-life.html">"An Outsider to His Own Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (Book review).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Outsider+to+His+Own+Life&rft.date=1997-08-03&rft.au=Morris+Dickstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F03%2Fbooks%2Fan-outsider-in-his-own-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Irish Literature</i>, ed. John Wilson Foster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mellor-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mellor_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mellor_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Late modernist poetics: From Pound to Prynne</i> by Anthony Mellors; see also Prynne's publisher, Bloodaxe Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauville1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rauville, Camille de (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvUdAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Marguerite-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Mah%C3%A9%22"><i>Littératures francophones de l'océan Indien</i></a> (in French). Editions du Tramail. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-908344-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-908344-05-9"><bdi>978-2-908344-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Litt%C3%A9ratures+francophones+de+l%27oc%C3%A9an+Indien&rft.pub=Editions+du+Tramail&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-2-908344-05-9&rft.aulast=Rauville&rft.aufirst=Camille+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvUdAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Marguerite-H%25C3%25A9l%25C3%25A8ne%2BMah%25C3%25A9%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christophe, SOLIOZ (December 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr30bOUQWG4C&dq=%22Marguerite-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Mah%C3%A9%22&pg=PA341"><i>Les esclaves de Bourbon -la mer et la montagne</i></a> (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-3781-6"><bdi>978-2-8111-3781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+esclaves+de+Bourbon+-la+mer+et+la+montagne&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.isbn=978-2-8111-3781-6&rft.aulast=Christophe&rft.aufirst=SOLIOZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHr30bOUQWG4C%26dq%3D%2522Marguerite-H%25C3%25A9l%25C3%25A8ne%2BMah%25C3%25A9%2522%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, Millennium Edition, Helicon 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823075755/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Absurd.htm">"The Theatre Of The Absurd"</a>. Arts.gla.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Absurd.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+Of+The+Absurd&rft.pub=Arts.gla.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSlavonic%2FAbsurd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baym, Nina. <i>The Norton Anthology of American Literature</i>. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossy2001" class="citation book cs1">Bossy, Michel-André (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artistswritersmu0000unse"><i>Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World</i></a></span>. Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-154-9"><bdi>978-1-57356-154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists%2C+Writers%2C+and+Musicians%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+People+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-154-9&rft.aulast=Bossy&rft.aufirst=Michel-Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartistswritersmu0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bryne, CJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writing.com/main/view_item/item_id/943010-Understanding-Modernism--Postmodernism">"Understanding Modernism and PostModernism"</a> Writing.com</li> <li>Goldman, Jonathan. Modernism Is the Literature of Celebrity. Austin: U of Texas P, 2011. Print.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414103501/http://www.brighthub.com/education/k-12/articles/29453.aspx">"Modernism in Literature: What Is Modernism?"</a> Bright Hub March 23, 2011..</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118181352/http://www.sprog.asb.dk/tt/Giddens/Lectures/some_characteristics_of_modernism.htm">"Some Characteristics of Modernism in Literature"</a> Fakultet for Sprog Og Erhvervskommunikation – Handelshøjskolen I Århus. March 23, 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amr.obook.org/">Absurdist Monthly Review – The Writers Magazine of The New Absurdist Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328113345/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/modernism.html">Picturing Literary Modernism</a> Photographs of artistic and literary Americans at home and abroad throughout the Modernist period from the collection of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706032827/http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_modernism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547fv">"Literary Modernism"</a> BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Carey, Laura Marcus and Valentine Cunningham (<i>In Our Time</i>, April 26, 2001)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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