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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Russian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_diplomatic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_diplomatic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Soviet diplomatic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_diplomatic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_retreat_and_attitude_toward_Stalinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_retreat_and_attitude_toward_Stalinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Political retreat and attitude toward Stalinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_retreat_and_attitude_toward_Stalinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_Marxist_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_Marxist_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contributions to Marxist feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_Marxist_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontai" title="Aleksandra Kollontai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ألكسندرا كولونتاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندرا كولونتاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontay" title="Aleksandra Kollontay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="আলেকজান্দ্রা কল্লোনতাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেকজান্দ্রা কল্লোনতাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Michajlovna_Kollontaj" title="Alexandra Michajlovna Kollontaj – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexandra Michajlovna Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коллонтай Александра Михайловна – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Коллонтай Александра Михайловна" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Аляксандра Міхайлаўна Калантай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандра Міхайлаўна Калантай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Аляксандра Калантай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандра Калантай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontai" title="Aleksandra Kollontai – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Александра Колонтай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александра Колонтай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kol%C2%B7lontai" title="Aleksandra Kol·lontai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandra Kol·lontai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontajov%C3%A1" title="Alexandra Kollontajová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandra Kollontajová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Kollontaj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Michailowna_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Michailowna Kollontai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexandra Michailowna Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontai" title="Aleksandra Kollontai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Αλεξάνδρα Κολλοντάι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάνδρα Κολλοντάι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kolont%C3%A1i" title="Aleksandra Kolontái – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandra Kolontái" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Mi%C4%A5ajlovna_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Miĥajlovna Kollontaj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandra Miĥajlovna Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontai" title="Aleksandra Kollontai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="الکساندرا کولونتای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندرا کولونتای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollonta%C3%AF" title="Alexandra Kollontaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandra Kollontaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%80%AB%E6%B3%B0" title="亞歷山德拉·柯倫泰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="亞歷山德拉·柯倫泰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%A0%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4" title="알렉산드라 콜론타이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드라 콜론타이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Ալեքսանդրա Կոլոնտայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդրա Կոլոնտայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Kollontaj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Michajlovna_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Michajlovna Kollontaj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandra Michajlovna Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99" title="אלכסנדרה קולונטאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדרה קולונטאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრა კოლონტაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრა კოლონტაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontay" title="Aleksandra Kollontay – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontay" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Alexandra Kołłątaj – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexandra Kołłątaj" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaja" title="Aleksandra Kollontaja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kolontaj" title="Aleksandra Kolontaj – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandra Kolontaj" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekszandra_Mihajlovna_Kollontaj" title="Alekszandra Mihajlovna Kollontaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alekszandra Mihajlovna Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87" title="आलेक्सान्द्रा कोलोन्ताइ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आलेक्सान्द्रा कोलोन्ताइ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="अलेक्झांड्रा कोल्लोन्ताई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांड्रा कोल्लोन्ताई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%89" title="الكسندرا كولونتاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندرا كولونتاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Kollontaj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87" title="आलेक्सान्द्रा कोलोन्ताइ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आलेक्सान्द्रा कोलोन्ताइ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4" title="アレクサンドラ・コロンタイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドラ・コロンタイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коллонтай, Александра Михайловна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коллонтай, Александра Михайловна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Kollontaj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Kollontaj – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ਾਂਦਰਾ ਕੋਲੋਨਤਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ਾਂਦਰਾ ਕੋਲੋਨਤਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Ko%C5%82%C5%82ontaj" title="Aleksandra Kołłontaj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandra Kołłontaj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollont%C3%A1i" title="Aleksandra Kollontái – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontái" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Коллонтай, Александра Михайловна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коллонтай, Александра Михайловна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ئەلێکساندرا کۆلۆنتای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندرا کۆلۆنتای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Александра Колонтај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александра Колонтај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontai" title="Aleksandra Kollontai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontaj" title="Aleksandra Kollontaj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontaj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="அலெக்சாண்டிரா கொலோண்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டிரா கொலோண்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Александра Коллонтай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александра Коллонтай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D" title="అలెక్సాండ్రా కొల్లొంటాయ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెక్సాండ్రా కొల్లొంటాయ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="อะเลคซันดรา คอลลอนไต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะเลคซันดรา คอลลอนไต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kollontay" title="Aleksandra Kollontay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandra Kollontay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet politician and diplomat (1872–1952)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kollontai" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kollontai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollontai (disambiguation)">Kollontai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Mikhailovna</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Kollontai</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alexandra Kollontai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Александра Коллонтай</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg/220px-Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg/330px-Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg/440px-Aleksandra_Kollontai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kollontai, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">People's Commissar of State Protection of the RSFSR</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich</div><br />31 March 1872<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-03-09)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Russian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">VKP(b)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Social Democratic Labor Party">RSDLP</a> (1899–1906) <br />RSDLP (<a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>)<br />(1906–1915) <br />RSDLP (<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>)<br />(1915–1918)<br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RKP(b)</a> (1918–1925)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai<br /><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Efimovich Dybenko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Vladimirovich Kollontai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">professional revolutionary, writer, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollontai_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexandra Kollontai's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kollontai_Signature.svg/128px-Kollontai_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kollontai_Signature.svg/192px-Kollontai_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kollontai_Signature.svg/256px-Kollontai_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Александра Михайловна Коллонтай</span>; <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Domontovich</b></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Домонтович</span></span>; 31 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 19 March] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Theoretician_(Marxism)" title="Theoretician (Marxism)">Marxist theoretician</a>. Serving as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat" title="People's Commissariat">People's Commissar</a> for Welfare in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s government in 1917–1918, she was a highly prominent woman within the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik party</a>. She was the first woman to be a cabinet minister, and the first woman ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The daughter of an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> general, Kollontai embraced radical politics in the 1890s and joined the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (RSDLP) in 1899. During the RSDLP ideological split, she sided with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> against Lenin's Bolsheviks. Exiled from Russia in 1908, Kollontai toured Western Europe and the United States and campaigned against participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In 1915, she broke with the Mensheviks and became a member of the Bolsheviks. </p><p>Following the 1917 <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> which ousted <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">the tsar</a>, Kollontai returned to Russia. She supported Lenin's radical proposals and, as a member of the party's Central Committee, voted for the policy of armed uprising which led to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>. She was appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the first Soviet government, but soon resigned due to her opposition to the peace <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> in the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Bolsheviks">Left Communists</a>. </p><p>In 1919, Kollontai was a leading figure in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Zhenotdel</a>, the then-new women's department of the Central Committee that was aimed at improving the status of women in the Soviet Union. She was a champion of women's liberation, and later came to be recognized as a key figure in <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a>. </p><p>Kollontai was outspoken against bureaucratic influences over the Communist Party and its undemocratic internal practices. To that end, she sided with the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> in 1920, but was eventually defeated and sidelined, narrowly avoiding her own expulsion from the party altogether. From 1922 on, she was appointed to various diplomatic posts abroad, serving in Norway, Mexico and Sweden. In 1943, she was promoted to the title of ambassador to Sweden. Kollontai retired from diplomatic service in 1945 and died in Moscow in 1952. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kollontai's father, General Mikhail Alekseyevich Domontovich<sup id="cite_ref-Domontovits_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domontovits-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1830–1902), descended from a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> family that traced its ancestry back to the 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Daumantas_of_Pskov" title="Daumantas of Pskov">Daumantas of Pskov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father served as a cavalry officer in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>. After his participation in the war, he was appointed Provisional Governor of the Bulgarian city of <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, and later Military Consul<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (September 2018)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. In May 1879, he was called back to St. Petersburg. He entertained <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> political views, favouring a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> like that of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. In the 1880s he wrote a study of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study was confiscated by the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> censors, presumably for showing insufficient Russian nationalist zeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandra's mother, Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina (Massalina)<sup id="cite_ref-Mravinskii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mravinskii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1848–1899), was the daughter of Alexander Feodorovich Masalin (Massalin) (1809–1859), a <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a> peasant who had made a fortune selling wood. Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina became known as Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina-Mravinskaya after her marriage to her first husband, Konstantin Iosipovich Mravinsky (originally spelled Mrovinsky)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1829–1921). Her marriage to Mravinsky was an arranged marriage which turned out to be unhappy, and eventually she divorced Mravinsky in order to marry Mikhail Domontovich, with whom she had fallen in love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian opera singer <a href="/wiki/Yevgeniya_Mravina" title="Yevgeniya Mravina">Yevgeniya Mravina</a> (stage name) was Kollontai's half-sister via her mother. The celebrated Soviet-Russian conductor <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a>, music director of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra</a> for fifty years (1938–1988), was the only son of Mravina's brother Alexander Kostantinovich and thus Kollontai's half nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The saga of her parents' long and difficult struggle to be together in spite of the norms of society would color and inform Alexandra Kollontai's own views of relationships, sex, and marriage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexandraKollontai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AlexandraKollontai.jpg/220px-AlexandraKollontai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AlexandraKollontai.jpg/330px-AlexandraKollontai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/AlexandraKollontai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> 1888 portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich was born on 31 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 19 March] 1872 in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. "Shura", as she was called growing up, was close to her father, with whom she shared an analytical bent and an interest in history and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her relationship with her mother, for whom she was named, was more complex. She later recalled: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My mother and the English nanny who reared me were demanding. There was order in everything: to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a little chair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with respect. Mama demanded this.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Alexandra was a good student growing up, sharing her father's interest in history, and mastering a range of languages. She spoke French with her mother and sisters, English with her nanny, Finnish with the peasants at a family estate inherited from her maternal grandfather in Kuusa (in <a href="/wiki/Muolaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muolaa">Muolaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>), and was a student of German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandra sought to continue her schooling at a university, but her mother refused her permission, arguing that women had no real need for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, and that impressionable youngsters encountered too many dangerous radical ideas at universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Alexandra was to be allowed to take an exam to gain certification as a school teacher before making her way into society to find a husband, as was the custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890 or 1891, Alexandra, aged around 19, met her cousin and future husband, Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai (9 July 1867 – July/August 1917), an engineering student of modest means enrolled at a military institute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandra's mother objected bitterly to the potential union since the young man was so poor, to which her daughter replied that she would work as a teacher to help make ends meet. Her mother bitterly scoffed at the notion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You work! You, who can't even make up your own bed to look neat and tidy! You, who never picked up a needle! You, who go marching through the house like a princess and never help the servants with their work! You, who are just like your father, going around dreaming and leaving your books on every chair and table in the house!<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Horvat" title="Srećko Horvat">Horvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon_Hamza" title="Agon Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital & Class">Capital & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_Nature_Socialism" title="Capitalism Nature Socialism">Capitalism Nature Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" title="Constellations (journal)">Constellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory" title="Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory">Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism_(journal)" title="Historical Materialism (journal)">Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediations_(journal)" title="Mediations (journal)">Mediations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="/wiki/File:Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg/260px-Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg/390px-Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg/520px-Congresso_Socialdem_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Congress,_Copenhagen_1910" title="International Socialist Congress, Copenhagen 1910">International Socialist Congress, Copenhagen 1910</a>. Alexandra Kollontai holds a delegate's hand. </figcaption></figure> <p>Her parents forbade the relationship and sent Alexandra on a tour of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in the hope that she would forget Vladimir, but the pair remained committed to one another despite it all and married in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandra became pregnant soon after her marriage and bore a son, Mikhail, in 1894. She devoted her time to reading radical <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> political literature and writing fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_activism">Early political activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Kollontai was initially drawn to the populist ideas of restructuring society based upon the <a href="/wiki/Mir_(commune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (commune)">Mir commune</a>, she soon abandoned this for other revolutionary projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxism, with its emphasis on the class consciousness of factory workers, the revolutionary seizure of power, and the construction of modern industrial society, attracted Kollontai and many of her peers in Russia's radical intelligentsia. Kollontai's first activities were timid and modest, helping out a few hours a week with her sister Zhenia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="In this period her sister Yevgeniya (of which name Zhenya is a diminutive) was already a famous soprano: she had debuted at the Mariinsky Theatre in 1886. According to Tassie she was usually called Jenny, and the nickname Zhenya was later used for her nephew Yevgeny. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at a library that supported Sunday classes in basic literacy for urban workers, sneaking a few socialist ideas into the lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-librarian_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarian-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this library Kollontai met <a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a>, an activist in the budding Marxist movement in St. Petersburg. Stasova began to use Kollontai as a courier, transporting parcels of illegal writings to unknown individuals, which were delivered upon utterance of a password.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements18–19_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements18–19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Years later, she wrote about her marriage, "We separated although we were in love because I felt trapped. I was detached, [from Vladimir], because of the revolutionary upsettings rooted in Russia." In 1898 she left little Mikhail with her parents to study economics in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland, with Professor <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Herkner" title="Heinrich Herkner">Heinrich Herkner</a>. She then paid a visit to England, where she met members of the British socialist movement, including <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>. She returned to Russia in 1899, at which time she met Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov, better known today as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. </p><p>Kollontai became interested in Marxist ideas while studying the history of working movements in Zürich, under Herkner, later described by her as a <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Marxist Revisionist</a>. </p><p>She became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> in 1899 at the age of 27. In 1905, Kollontai was a witness to the series of events in Saint Petersburg, known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a>, where tsarist soldiers opened fire on unarmed demonstrators in front of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> causing hundreds of deaths and injuries. At the time of the split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in 1903, Kollontai did not side with either faction at first, and "offered her services to both factions".<sup id="cite_ref-Spartacus_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, however, disapproving of "the hostile position taken by the Bolsheviks towards the <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a>" and despite her being generally a left-winger, she decided to join the Mensheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She went into exile, to Germany, in 1908<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Amnesia_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Amnesia-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after publishing "Finland and Socialism", which called on the Finnish people to rise up against oppression within the Russian Empire. She traveled across western Europe and became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kautsky_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kautsky-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg/220px-Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg/330px-Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg/440px-Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov">Alexander Shliapnikov</a>, Kollontai's fighting comrade and, for some time, her lover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_2.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Alexandra and her second husband, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Dybenko</a></figcaption></figure><p>In 1911, while abruptly breaking off her long-term relationship with her faction comrade <a href="/wiki/Petr_Maslov_(economist)" title="Petr Maslov (economist)">Peter Maslov</a> (1867–1946), an agrarian scientist, she started a love affair with another fellow exile, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov">Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov</a>. The couple appeared quite oddly assorted: she was a Menshevik intellectual, of noble origins, thirteen years older than him; he was a self-taught metalworker from provincial Russia and a Bolshevik leading exponent of some prominence. Their romantic relationship came to an end in July 1916, but evolved thereafter into a long-lasting friendship as they wound up sharing many of the same general political views. They were still in contact in the early 1930s when Kollontai lived abroad in a sort of diplomatic exile, and Shliapnikov was going to be executed during <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">the Soviet purges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_200821–54_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_200821–54-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russian entry into World War I</a> in 1914, Kollontai left Germany due to the German social democrats' support of the war. Kollontai was strongly opposed to the war and very outspoken against it, and in June 1915 she broke with the Mensheviks and officially joined the Bolsheviks, "those who most consistently fought <a href="/wiki/Social-patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-patriotism">social-patriotism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving Germany, Kollontai traveled to Denmark, only to discover that the Danish social democrats also supported the war. The next place where Kollontai tried to speak and write against the war was Sweden, but the Swedish government imprisoned her for her activities. After her release, Kollontai traveled to Norway, where she at last found a socialist community that was receptive to her ideas. Kollontai stayed primarily in Norway until 1917. She travelled twice to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to speak about war and politics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt78–79_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt78–79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to renew her relationship with her son Mikhail; in 1916, she had arranged for him to avoid conscription by going to the United States to work on Russian orders from U.S. factories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008177_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008177-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, upon hearing of the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, Kollontai returned from Norway to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Revolution">Russian Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> too got back to Russia in April 1917, Kollontai was the only major leader of the Petrograd Bolsheviks who immediately voiced her full support for his radical and nonconformist new proposals (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/April_theses" class="mw-redirect" title="April theses">April theses</a>"). She was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet</a>, and "for the rest of 1917, [she] was a constant agitator for revolution in Russia as a speaker, leaflet writer and worker on the Bolshevik women's paper <i>Rabotnitsa</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ringer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>, she was arrested along with many other Bolshevik leaders, but was given again her full freedom of movement in September: she was then a member of the party's Central Committee and as such she voted for the policy of armed uprising that led to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 26 October, she was elected <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar">People's Commissar</a> for Social Welfare in the first <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Soviet government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ringer_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she soon resigned in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk Peace">Brest-Litovsk Peace</a>. During the revolutionary period, at the age of 45, she married 28-year-old revolutionary sailor <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Dybenko</a>, while keeping her surname from her first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-second_marriage_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second_marriage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg/220px-Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg/330px-Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg/440px-Zetkin_Kollontaj_Comintern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/3rd_World_Congress_of_the_Communist_International" title="3rd World Congress of the Communist International">Third Congress of the Communist International</a> (1921). Alexandra Kollontai alongside <a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a><br />(front row, on her right)</figcaption></figure> <p>She was the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration and was best known for founding the <a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Zhenotdel</a> or "Women's Department" in 1919 . This organization worked to improve the conditions of women's lives in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, fighting illiteracy and educating women about the new marriage, education, and work laws put in place by the Revolution. It was eventually closed in 1930. </p><p>In political life, Kollontai increasingly became an internal critic of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Spartacus_1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with an article published in <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> on 28 January 1921, she publicly sided with the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a>, a left-wing faction of the party that had its roots in the trade union milieu and was led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov">Shliapnikov</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Medvedev_(revolutionary)" title="Sergei Medvedev (revolutionary)">Sergei Medvedev</a>, both of working class extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements189_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days earlier, on 25 January, after about a month delay, <i>Pravda</i> finally published the faction's platform for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Tenth Party Congress</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it mainly advocated unionized <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> over factories and generally over "the management of the national economy", on the grounds that the construction of a communist society could only be carried out by the industrial proletariat through its class work in history and through the intelligence it would acquire in concrete economic experience.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simkin_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simkin-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the run-up to the congress, scheduled for 8–16 March, at Shliapnikov's urgent request, Kollontai had a pamphlet printed with the title of <i>The Workers' Opposition</i>: it expounded her personal views on the subjects under discussion, was intended to be distributed only to the delegates and has since remained probably her most famous work.<sup id="cite_ref-pamphlet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamphlet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Kollontai's propositions for reform mostly repeated those enumerated by the Workers' Opposition, but she placed a greater emphasis on reducing 'bureaucratisation',"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and denouncing petty-bourgeois or non-proletarian influences on Soviet institutions and on the party. Her language "conveyed much harsher criticism of the party and <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CC</a> than did Shlyapnikov's language" in the official faction platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin was very upset about Kollontai joining the Workers' Opposition and, when he was given a copy of her pamphlet, he just 'leafed through' it and immediately castigated Kollontai. He stated she had written 'the platform of a new party', threatened to submit her pamphlet to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, and said clearly to her face: "For this you should not only be excluded, but shot as well."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182–184_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182–184-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balabanoff_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balabanoff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The followers of the faction among the delegates, however, remained quite few and proved to be declining during the proceedings, when Lenin did not even hesitate to draw snickers from delegates by hinting at the amatory past of the Kollontai-Shliapnikov couple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008163_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008163-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kollontai and her comrades had promptly and unconditionally sided against the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kronstadt_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronstadt-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the last day the congress passed, among others, two secret resolutions: one, specially aimed at the Workers' Opposition, condemned 'Anarcho-syndicalist deviation' within the party; the other ('On party unity') simply banned all factions. Thus, the Workers' Opposition was forcibly dissolved, and Kollontai was practically sidelined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015186–187_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015186–187-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, despite subsequent misunderstandings with the former leaders of the Workers' Opposition and Kollontai's own resentment at their having renounced the pamphlet she had written to support the faction, on 5 July 1921 she tried again "to help [them] by speaking on their behalf to the <a href="/wiki/3rd_World_Congress_of_the_Communist_International" title="3rd World Congress of the Communist International">Third Congress of the Comintern</a>". In her speech, she bitterly attacked the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> proposed by Lenin, warning that it 'threatened to disillusion workers, to strengthen the peasantry and petty bourgeoisie, and to facilitate the rebirth of capitalism'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008183–184_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008183–184-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> retorted by even likening her to "an Amazon", and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Karl Radek</a> loudly corrected: "Like a <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kollontai's final political action as an oppositionist within the Communist Party was her co-signing of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Twenty_Two" title="Letter of the Twenty Two">letter of the Twenty Two</a>", whereby several former members of the Workers' Opposition and other party members of working class origin appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> against the undemocratic internal practices in use within the Russian party.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When 'Kollontai attempted to speak before the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Communist_International" title="Executive Committee of the Communist International">Comintern Executive</a> on 26 February 1922 on behalf of the views expressed in the appeal,' Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a> had her name removed from the list of orators and insisted that she should not take the floor. When she 'proved recalcitrant, Trotsky forbade her to speak and issued a decree, in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CC</a>, ordering all members of the Russian delegation to "obey the directives of the party".' Predictably, the appeal of the 22 was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_200731_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_200731-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Eleventh Party Congress</a> (March–April 1922), Kollontai, Shlyapnikov and Medvedev were charged with having insisted on factional work and a three-man commission, <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, Zinoviev and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Dzerzhinsky</a>, recommended the "unrepentant" three be purged from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her defensive speech before the Congress, Kollontai emphasized her loyalty to the party and her devotion to giving the leading role in the party and outside it to the working class, she proclaimed her full observance of the previous year's decree on party unity, and concluded: "If there is no place for this in our party, then exclude me. But even outside the ranks of our party, I will live, work and fight for the Communist party."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_200748_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_200748-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, a resolution was passed allowing the three to remain in the party unless they committed further violations of its discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_diplomatic_career">Soviet diplomatic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet diplomatic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg/220px-Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg/330px-Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg/440px-Alexandra_Kollontai_1946cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Kollontai after being awarded the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a> at the Norwegian embassy in 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Eleventh Congress, Kollontai became a political outcast. She was badly shaken by having teetered dangerously close to expulsion, and regarded the idea of being excluded from the 'revolutionary community of the elect' as a dreadful "nightmare".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She even speculated she might be arrested. Italian writer and former communist leader <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Silone" title="Ignazio Silone">Ignazio Silone</a> later recounted that, on his departure from Moscow in 1922, Kollontai jokingly warned him not to believe any news of her being arrested for stealing Kremlin silverware, for such news could only mean that she was "not entirely in agreement with [Lenin] about some little problem of agricultural or industrial policy."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Kollontai was also in the process of a painful divorce from her second husband, Pavel Dybenko, which made her want a change of scenery. In the latter half of 1922 she wrote a "personal letter" to the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Central Committee</a> and her recent inquisitor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, asking to be sent on a mission abroad. Stalin granted her request and, starting from October 1922, she began to be entrusted with diplomatic appointments abroad and was thus prevented from playing any further political role at home. At first she hoped it was just a passing phase in her life and that she would soon return to her political work in the Zhenotdel, but eventually she had to realize that the diplomatic assignment had become a sort of exile.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, she was sent as an <a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">attaché</a> to the Soviet commercial mission in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, becoming one of the first women serving in diplomacy in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_diplomats_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_diplomats-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1924, Kollontai was first promoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i> and from August to <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Minister Plenipotentiary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, she later served in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (1926–27), again in Norway (1927–30) and eventually in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (1930–45), where she was finally promoted to <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also a member of the Soviet delegation to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-League_of_Nations_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-League_of_Nations-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Kollontai was in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> between Russia and Finland broke out; it has been said that it was largely due to her influence that Sweden remained neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-Erofeev_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erofeev-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, she received <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>'s praises. During late April 1943, Kollontai may have been involved in abortive peace negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thomsen" title="Hans Thomsen">Hans Thomsen</a>, her German counterpart in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollontai was cared for by her friend, Swedish doctor <a href="/wiki/Ada_Nilsson" title="Ada Nilsson">Ada Nilsson</a> as her health began to fail<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retired in 1945. </p><p>In 1946 and 1947 she was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> by Scandinavian political circles, including the Finnish president and erstwhile Envoy to Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">Juho Kusti Paasikivi</a>, on the grounds of "her diplomatic efforts to end war and hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland during the negotiations in 1940-44."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_retreat_and_attitude_toward_Stalinism">Political retreat and attitude toward Stalinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political retreat and attitude toward Stalinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being sent abroad in a sort of <i>de facto</i> exile for over twenty years, Kollontai gave up "her fight for reform and for women, retreating into relative obscurity"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bowing to the new political climate. She discarded her feminist concerns and "offered no objection to the patriarchal legislation of 1926 and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Constitution_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Constitution of 1936">constitution of 1936</a>, which deprived Soviet women of many of the gains they had achieved after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolutions</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Karlinsky_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlinsky-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following words she allegedly pronounced in a private conversation with her friend <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Body&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Body (page does not exist)">Marcel Body</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Body" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Body">fr</a>]</span> in 1929 give a suggestion of her attitude towards advancing <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>: "Everything's changed so much. What can I do about this? One cannot go against the 'apparatus'. For my part, I have put my principles aside in a corner of my conscience and I pursue as best I can the policies they dictate to me".<sup id="cite_ref-Body_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Body-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years earlier, in 1926, when she was requested to write her own autobiography for a series on famous women by <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> publisher Helga Kern, she deemed it necessary to completely revise the first draft of her work she had handed over to the publisher, by deleting practically all references to 'dangerous' topics, as well as the parts mentioning or just hinting at her former critical positions and those having a personal nature that might be regarded as forms of self-celebration. On asking the publisher to make the changes requested, Kollontai apologized with obvious embarrassment, inviting repeatedly to debit her all expenses and writing twice that, under current circumstances, it was not absolutely possible "to do otherwise".<sup id="cite_ref-Kern_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kern-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was contemptuously critical of Kollontai's political attitude, writing that 'In Russia, Kolontay took from the very first an ultra-left stand, not only toward me but toward Lenin as well. She waged many a battle against the "Lenin-Trotsky" regime, only to bow most movingly later on to the Stalin regime.'<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, it could also be argued that she had just internalized for good the lesson Trotsky had taught her at the aforementioned 1922 meeting of the Comintern, when he had tamed her last remnants of recalcitrance, forcing her into bowing to party discipline. Kollontai had, as it were, countered in advance, in her 1927 article through which she finally aligned herself, once and for all, with the Stalinists: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The masses do not believe in the opposition. They greet every statement of the opposition with smiles. Is it possible that the opposition thinks the masses' memory is so short? If they come across defects in the party, in the political line, who, if not the famous members of the opposition, established them and built them? It seems that the policy of the party and the structure of the apparatus become unfit only from the day that a group of oppositionists breaks with the party.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Oppozitsiia i partiinaia massa</i> [The Opposition and the Party Rank and File], "<i>Pravda</i>", 30 October 1927, p. 3<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements248_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements248-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The degree of her adherence to the prevailing ideas of the Stalinist regime, whether it was spontaneous or not, may be gauged from the opening of an article she wrote in 1946 for a Russian magazine. It bore the title <i>The Soviet Woman — a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country</i>, and praised the Soviet Union's advances of women's rights, while simultaneously emphasizing a view of the role of women in society at odds with her previous writings on women's liberation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Alexandra Kollontai's tomb at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is a well-known fact that the Soviet Union has achieved exceptional successes in drawing women into the active construction of the state. This generally accepted truth is not disputed even by our enemies. The Soviet woman is a full and equal citizen of her country. In opening up to women access to every sphere of creative activity, our state has simultaneously ensured all the conditions necessary for her to fulfil her natural obligation – that of being a mother bringing up her children and mistress of her home.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Sovetskaya zhenshchina</i> [Soviet Woman], 5, September–October 1946, pp. 3–4<sup id="cite_ref-Sovetskaya_zhenshchina_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovetskaya_zhenshchina-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexandra Kollontai died in Moscow on 9 March 1952, less than a month from her 80th birthday, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>. </p><p>She was the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_elected_by_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee elected by the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Bolsheviks' Central Committee that had led the October Revolution</a> who managed to live into the 1950s, other than Stalin and his devoted supporter <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Muranov" title="Matvei Muranov">Matvei Muranov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stalinist_purges_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stalinist_purges-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has sometimes been criticized and even held up to contempt for not raising her voice during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalinist purges</a>, when, among countless others, her <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">former husband</a>, her <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov">former lover and fighting comrade</a>, and so many friends of hers were executed. And, it has been noted, at the time she "was safe in her sumptuous <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> residence".<sup id="cite_ref-Karlinsky_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlinsky-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding, it should also be pointed out that, even so, Kollontai did not enjoy a full liberty of action and had to worry about the possible fates of her family. It might not have been pure chance if both her only son<sup id="cite_ref-Misha_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misha-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">musician half-nephew</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mikhail_Domontovich_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Domontovich-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (whom she had much supported at the beginning of his career) also came unscathed through the persecution of the Stalinist regime, to the establishment of which she had, however, significantly contributed.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison/Allen_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison/Allen-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resurgence of radicalism in the 1960s and the growth of the feminist movement in the 1970s spurred a new interest in the life and writings of Alexandra Kollontai all around the world. A spate of books and pamphlets by and about Kollontai were subsequently published, including full-length biographies by historians Cathy Porter, Beatrice Farnsworth, and Barbara Evans Clements. In 1982 <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a> made the film <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Love_(1982_film)" title="Red Love (1982 film)">Red Love</a></i> based on <a href="/wiki/Red_Love_(1923_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Love (1923 novel)">the novella with the same title</a> by Kollontai. For example, the film was shown in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RedLove_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedLove-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollontai was the subject of the 1994 TV film, <i>A Wave of Passion: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai,</i> with <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Glenda Jackson</a> as the voice of Kollontai. A female <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> diplomat in the 1930s with unconventional views on sexuality, probably inspired by Kollontai, had been played by <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka" title="Ninotchka">Ninotchka</a></i> (1939). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_Marxist_feminism">Contributions to Marxist feminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contributions to Marxist feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandra_Kollontay_-_To_dear_comrade_Louise_Bryant_from_her_friend,_September_1918.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alexandra_Kollontay_-_To_dear_comrade_Louise_Bryant_from_her_friend%2C_September_1918.gif/220px-Alexandra_Kollontay_-_To_dear_comrade_Louise_Bryant_from_her_friend%2C_September_1918.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Alexandra_Kollontay_-_To_dear_comrade_Louise_Bryant_from_her_friend%2C_September_1918.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>To dear comrade <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bryant" title="Louise Bryant">Louise Bryant</a> from her friend Alexandra Kollontay, <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, 1 September 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kollontai is regarded as a key figure in <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a> for her commitment both to women's liberation and Marxist ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She opposed the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal feminism</a>, which she saw as bourgeois. At the same time, Kollontai was a champion of women's liberation, believing that it "could take place only as the result of the victory of a new social order and a different economic system".<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She criticized bourgeois feminists for prioritizing political goals, such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, that would provide political equality for <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> women but would do little to address the immediate conditions of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> women, and was further distrustful that bourgeois champions of feminism would continue to support their working class counterparts after succeeding in their struggle for "general women's" rights: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Class instinct – whatever the feminists say – always shows itself to be more powerful than the noble enthusiasms of "above-class" politics. So long as the bourgeois women and their [proletarian] "younger sisters" are equal in their inequality, the former can, with complete sincerity, make great efforts to defend the general interests of women. But once the barrier is down and the bourgeois women have received access to political activity, the recent defenders of the "rights of all women" become enthusiastic defenders of the privileges of their class, content to leave the younger sisters with no rights at all. Thus, when the feminists talk to working women about the need for a common struggle to realise some "general women's" principle, women of the working class are naturally distrustful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alexandra Kollontai (1909), <i>The Social Basis of the Woman Question</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Kollontai is known for her advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, this does not mean that she advocated casual sexual encounters; indeed, she believed that due to the inequality between men and women that persisted under socialism, such encounters would lead to women being exploited, and being left to raise children alone. Instead she believed that true socialism could not be achieved without a radical change in attitudes to sexuality<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, so that it might be freed from the oppressive norms that she saw as a continuation of bourgeois ideas about property. A common myth describes her as a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Glass_of_water_theory" title="Glass of water theory">"glass of water" theory</a> of sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert,_1999_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert,_1999-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quote "...the satisfaction of one's sexual desires should be as simple as getting a glass of water"<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often mistakenly attributed to her.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is likely a distortion of the moment in her short story "Three Generations" when a young female <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> member argues that sex "is as meaningless as drinking a glass of vodka [or water, depending on the translation] to quench one's thirst."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In number 18 of her <i>Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations,</i> Kollontai argued that "...sexuality is a human instinct as natural as hunger or thirst." </p><p> Though Kollontai believed in the eventual obsolescence of the traditional family<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, she held that institution marriage could survive if it underwent a radical transformation. She advocated for a transformed marriage that would be compatible with many other social relations, such as friendship. Kollontai felt that by liberating women and men from their traditionally hierarchical roles, communism would free marriage from the "conjugal slavery of the past", allowing spouses to thrive in egalitarian marriages grounded in mutual love and trust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Kollontai wrote in 1920:</p><blockquote><p>The workers' state needs new relations between the sexes, just as the narrow and exclusive affection of the mother for her own children must expand until it extends to all the children of the great, proletarian family, the indissoluble marriage based on the servitude of women is replaced by a free union of two equal members of the workers' state who are united by love and mutual respect. In place of the individual and egoistic family, a great universal family of workers will develop, in which all the workers, men and women, will above all be comrades. – Alexandra Kollontai (1920), <i>Communism and the Family</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Kollontai's saw domestic labour as an impediment to her ideal of the "universal family".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than viewing the tasks that were traditionally reserved for women as productive labour, Kollontai believed that housework stood in the way of industrialization and modernization and that under a fully realized communist society, industrial mechanization would ultimately replace so-called women's work:</p><blockquote><p>All that was formerly produced in the bosom of the family is now being manufactured on a mass scale in workshops and factories. The machine has superseded the wife. What house- keeper would now bother to make candles, spin wool or weave cloth? All these products can be bought in the shop next door. Formerly every girl would learn to knit stockings. Nowa- days, what working woman would think of making her own? In the first place she doesn't have the time. Time is money, and no one wants to waste time in an unproductive and useless manner. Few working women would start to pickle cucumbers or make other preserves when all these things can be bought in the shop. – Alexandra Kollontai (1920), <i>Communism and the Family</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>In this regard, Kollontai's critique of women's societal position under capitalism is both reminiscent of and distinct from the Marxist feminist <a href="/wiki/Wages_for_housework" title="Wages for housework">Wages for Housework</a> movement. While proponents of Wages for Housework argue that the domestic labour is productive labour worthy of monetary compensation, Kollontai devalued "women's work", believing it to be an antiquated vestige of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike supporters of Wages for Housework who advocated for the integration of women into the public sphere, Kollontai questioned the status of working women:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What kind of "family life" can there be if the wife and mother is out at work for at least eight hours and, counting the travelling, is away from home for ten hours a day? Her home is neglected; the children grow up without any maternal care, spending most of the time out on the streets, exposed to all the dangers of this environment. The woman who is wife, mother and worker has to expend every ounce of energy to fulfil these roles. She has to work the same hours as her husband in some factory, printing-house or commercial establishment and then on top of that she has to find the time to attend to her household and look after her children. Capitalism has placed a crushing burden on woman's shoulders: it has made her a wage-worker without having reduced her cares as housekeeper or mother.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alexandra Kollontai, <i>Communism and the Family</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Kollontai's views on the role of marriage and the family under Communism were arguably more influential than her advocacy of "free love".<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert,_1999_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert,_1999-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollontai believed that, like the state, the family unit would wither away once the second stage of communism became a reality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She viewed marriage and traditional families as legacies of an oppressive, property-rights-based, and individualistic past in which women were simultaneously subjected to both wage labour outside the home and unpaid maternal and domestic labour within it. Kollontai admonished men and women to discard their nostalgia for traditional family life. "The worker-mother must learn not to differentiate between yours and mine; she must remember that there are only our children, the children of Russia's communist workers." Under Communism, both men and women would work for, and be supported by, society, not their families. Similarly, their children would be wards of society, raised in common. However, she also praised parental attachment: "Communist society will take upon itself all the duties involved in the education of the child, but the joys of parenthood will not be taken away from those who are capable of appreciating them."<sup id="cite_ref-Kollontai,_Kommunistka_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollontai,_Kommunistka-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_(Alexandra_Kollontai_(1872-1952),_Diplomat_(Birth_Centenary)).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_%28Alexandra_Kollontai_%281872-1952%29%2C_Diplomat_%28Birth_Centenary%29%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_%28Alexandra_Kollontai_%281872-1952%29%2C_Diplomat_%28Birth_Centenary%29%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_%28Alexandra_Kollontai_%281872-1952%29%2C_Diplomat_%28Birth_Centenary%29%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_%28Alexandra_Kollontai_%281872-1952%29%2C_Diplomat_%28Birth_Centenary%29%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_%28Alexandra_Kollontai_%281872-1952%29%2C_Diplomat_%28Birth_Centenary%29%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1972_CPA_4088_stamp_%28Alexandra_Kollontai_%281872-1952%29%2C_Diplomat_%28Birth_Centenary%29%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">Commemorative stamp</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1972</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (1933)<sup id="cite_ref-RU_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RU-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (1942)<sup id="cite_ref-RU_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RU-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-RU_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RU-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a> with Sash (1944)<sup id="cite_ref-RU_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RU-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vor_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vor-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aztec_Eagle_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aztec_Eagle-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The Social Basis of the Woman Question" ("Социальные основы женского вопроса"), a pamphlet, 1909</li> <li>"New Woman" ("Новая женщина"), <i>Modern World</i> (<i>Современный мир</i>), 9, 151–185, 1913 (republished in <i>New morality and working class</i> (<i>Новая мораль и рабочий класс</i>), Moscow, 1919, pp. 3–35).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Attitude of the Russian Socialists," <i>The New Review,</i> March 1916, pp. 60–61.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Love_(1923_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Love (1923 novel)">Vasilisa Malygina</a></i> (Василиса Малыгина). novel, 1923</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Love_(1923_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Love (1923 novel)">Red Love</a></i> [English translation of <i>Vasilisa Malygina</i>, 1923]. New York: Seven Arts, 1927.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Free Love.</i> London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1932.</li> <li><i>Communism and the Family.</i> Sydney: D. B. Young, n.d. [1970].</li> <li><i>The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman.</i> n.c. [New York]: Herder and Herder, n.d. [1971].</li> <li><i>Sexual Relations and the Class Struggle: Love and the New Morality.</i> Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1972.</li> <li><i>Women Workers Struggle for their Rights.</i> Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1973.</li> <li><i>The Workers' Opposition.</i> San Pedro, CA: League for Economic Democracy, 1973.</li> <li><i>International Women's Day.</i> Highland Park, MI: International Socialist Publishing Co., 1974.</li> <li><i>Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai.</i> Alix Holt, trans. London: Allison & Busby, 1977. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.</li> <li><i>Love of Worker Bees</i> [novel]. Cathy Porter, trans. London: Virago, 1977 [new translation of <i>Vasilisa Malygina</i> plus two short stories]</li> <li><i>A Great Love</i> [novel]. Cathy Porter, trans. London: Virago, 1981. Also: New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Kollontai">Selected Articles and Speeches</a>.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a>, 1984.</li> <li><i>The Essential Alexandra Kollontai.</i> Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008.</li> <li><i>The Workers Opposition in the Russian Communist Party: The Fight for Workers Democracy in the Soviet Union.</i> St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Publishers, 2009.</li></ul> <dl><dd>A comprehensive bibliography of Russian-language material by Kollontai appears in <a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, pp. 317–331.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Marxist_Feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist Feminism">Marxist Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Domontovits-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domontovits_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Alexandra Kollontai's original family name has been variously <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a>: Domontovits is probably the common alternative spelling (see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Mihail-Domontovits/6000000037094039997">Genealogy of Mihail Domontovits</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mravinskii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mravinskii_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Adding to the <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedor Dostoevsky">Dostoevskian</a> melodrama, the first husband of Alexandra Kollontai's mother, an engineer named Mravinskii, was enlisted by the Tsar's secret police in 1881 to help ferret out a plot to kill the Tsar with dynamite placed under the street in a tunnel. Mravinskii helped police agents check for secret tunnels made by <a href="/wiki/Narodnaia_Volia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnaia Volia">Narodnaia Volia</a> terrorists – who managed to plant dynamite in this manner anyway. <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a> was assassinated two weeks later by less sophisticated means when he changed his ordinary route through the streets, but Mravinskii was arrested when the dynamite tunnel was discovered, charged with misleading the police. Alexandra's mother persuaded her second husband to use his influence to aid her first, and as a result Mravinskii was saved from harsh Siberian exile, stripped of his rights and exiled to European Russia instead. <a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-librarian-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-librarian_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The library loaned maps, globes, textbooks, and other materials to groups meeting in various parts of the city and sent out illegal populist and Marxist tracts under the cover of the legal activity." <a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kautsky-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kautsky_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> These "personal friends" were specially mentioned by Kollontai in the first draft of her <i>Autobiography</i>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Proletarian_Revolution_and_the_Renegade_Kautsky" title="The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky"><i>renegade</i> Kautsky</a> being however crossed out in the second expurgated version (quotation drawn from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm">Marxists.org</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-second_marriage-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-second_marriage_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Bolshevik leaders reacted to the difference in their ages like cackling village gossips," adds Simon Karlinsky ("<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/04/books/the-menshivik-bolshevik-stalinist-feminist.html">The Menshivic, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 4 January 1981). Both Dybenko and Shliapnikov were People's Commissars alongside Kollontai in the first Soviet government.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkin-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> According to John Simkin, on 27 February trade unionists supporting the Workers' Opposition published a proclamation calling for 'freedom of speech, press and assembly for all who labour', and for the 'liberation of all arrested Socialists and non-partisan workers.' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSshlyapnikov.htm"><i>Alexander Shlyapnikov</i></a> at Spartacus Educational). However, these positions appear much more in line with those of the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt insurgents</a> than with the mainstream of the Workers' Opposition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pamphlet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pamphlet_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> An English edition of the pamphlet (Solidarity (London) Pamphlet no.7, 1961) is accessible on line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1921/workers-opposition/solidarity-pamphlet.pdf">marxist.org</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balabanoff-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balabanoff_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lenin's wrathful resentment against Kollontai is also shown by another episode reported by <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Balabanoff" title="Angelica Balabanoff">Angelica Balabanoff</a>. At the opening session of the congress, on entering the foyer, Lenin saw Kollontai conversing with a French delegate, and immediately rushed over to the latter, blatantly marvelling that he still spoke "to this individual" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalabanoff1964" class="citation book cs1">Balabanoff, Angelica (1964). <i>Impressions of Lenin</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 97–98</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impressions+of+Lenin&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Balabanoff&rft.aufirst=Angelica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kronstadt-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kronstadt_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> On 13 March Kollontai boasted before the congress "that it was members of the Workers' Opposition faction who had been 'the first' to volunteer 'for Konstadt' and thus 'to fulfil our duty in the name of Communism and the international workers' revolution'." (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetzler2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Getzler" title="Israel Getzler">Getzler, Israel</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qK3m05CQhT4C"><i>Kronstadt 1917-1921. The fate of a Soviet democracy</i></a>. Cambridge <i>et al.</i>: Cambridge University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89442-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89442-5"><bdi>0-521-89442-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronstadt+1917-1921.+The+fate+of+a+Soviet+democracy&rft.place=Cambridge+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-89442-5&rft.aulast=Getzler&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqK3m05CQhT4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> However, Flor Anisimovich Mitin (1882–1937) and Nikolai Vladimirovich Kuznetsov (1884–1937), two others of the signatories of the appeal to the Comintern, who were not "old Bolsheviks", were expelled from the party [Allen (<i>Early dissent</i>), p. 52].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_diplomats-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Women_diplomats_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> She was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a> representative to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosika_Schwimmer" title="Rosika Schwimmer">Rosika Schwimmer</a> (1918), the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Consul">Honorary Consul</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Diana_Abgar" title="Diana Abgar">Diana Apcar</a> (1920), and the 'first secretary' of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> legation to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_Stanchova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda Stanchova (page does not exist)">Nadezhda Stanchova</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="bg:Надежда Станчова">bg</a>]</span> (1921).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-League_of_Nations-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-League_of_Nations_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kollontai was one of the seventeen women delegates to the League's General Assembly throughout two decades of activity; <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Sluga" title="Glenda Sluga">Glenda Sluga</a> also adds she "was uniquely privy to one meeting of the inner sanctum of the League Council" (Sluga, Glenda (2015): "Women, Feminism and Twentieth-Century Internationalism", in id. and Clavin, Patricia (eds): <i>Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 69, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-64508-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-64508-0">978-1-107-64508-0</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Body-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Body_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> These words were reported by Kollontai's erstwhile diplomatic colleague and fighting comrade Marcel Body (1894–1984) in the obituary he published in 1952 in a political review ("Mémoires: Alexandra Kollontaï"; <i>Preuves</i>, No. 14, April 1952, pp. 12–24). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/1952-alexandra-kollontai-body/">article</a> has been reproduced online, albeit with many a copy error, at <i>La Battaille socialiste</i> Website. As they were pronounced during a tête-à-tête at <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen" title="Holmenkollen">Holmenkollen</a> in Norway, the words cannot be confirmed by any third source but appear completely verisimilar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kern-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kern_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Letter to Helga Kern, 26 July 1926, reproduced in <a href="/wiki/Iring_Fetscher" title="Iring Fetscher">Iring Fetscher</a>'s afterword to Kollontai's <i>Autobiographie einer sexuell emanzipierten Kommunistin</i>, Munich, Rogner & Bernhard, 1970 (quoted from the Italian edition, <i>Autobiografia</i>, Milan, Feltrinelli, 1975, p. 67). Fetscher's book presents a collation of both the versions written by Kollontai, the initial draft and the second expurgated one. The two versions are also collated in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm">English online edition</a> accessible at Marxists Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovetskaya_zhenshchina-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sovetskaya_zhenshchina_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> An <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1946/full.htm">abridged version</a> edited by Sally Ryan (2000) and Chris Clayton (2006) and drawn from <i>Alexandra Kollontai: Selected Articles and Speeches</i> (Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1984) is accessible online at Marxists Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalinist_purges-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stalinist_purges_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Moscato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Moscato (page does not exist)">Antonio Moscato</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Moscato" class="extiw" title="it:Antonio Moscato">it</a>]</span>, apart from Stalin and Kollontai, there were 19 full members in the Central Committee at the time of the Bolshevik Revolution: two of them were killed by counter-revolutionaries; five, including Lenin, died for other causes before Stalin's accession to power; the 12 members left fell all victims of Stalinist repression, including Trotsky who was assassinated in Mexico [<i>La distruzione del partito bolscevico</i> (a chapter of the essay: <i>Lenin e Trotsky, le ragioni di una collaborazione</i>), in Lenin/Trotsky (2017). <i>Su Marx. L'approccio dei due capi della Rivoluzione russa</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>. Goware ebook. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6797-883-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6797-883-0">978-88-6797-883-0</a>]. However, Matvei Muranov too came unharmed through purges, outliving all his former colleagues until 1959: the exact number of those who fell victims of Stalin must thus be calculated as 11. For the list and dates of death of the full members of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Bolshevik Central Committee elected at the 6th Congress</a>, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschkowitz,_Naftali2005–2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hirschkowitz, Naftali, ed. (2005–2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07179.asp">"Comitato Centrale, eletto dal VI Congresso del POSDR(b) 3(16).8.1917, membri"</a>. <i>Guida alla storia del Partito Comunista e dell'Unione Sovietica 1898 - 1991</i> (in Russian and Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guida+alla+storia+del+Partito+Comunista+e+dell%27Unione+Sovietica+1898+-+1991&rft.atitle=Comitato+Centrale%2C+eletto+dal+VI+Congresso+del+POSDR%28b%29+3%2816%29.8.1917%2C+membri&rft.date=2005%2F2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowbysight.info%2F2_KPSS%2F07179.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misha-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misha_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 'Misha' Kollontai managed to live most of his time in the United States where he worked as an engineer; meanwhile his mother raised her grandson Vladimir Mikhailovich in Sweden (Clements, p. 251). Misha, however, died during the Second World War, probably in Stockholm, where he had sought his mother's nursing because he had fallen ill with heart disease (Clements, pp. 265 e 270).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikhail_Domontovich-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Domontovich_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Another of Kollontai's half-nephews (the son of her eldest half-sister Adèle and also her own cousin), who was an out-and-out Bolshevik from 1917, committed suicide in 1931. "They overdid vigilance," bitterly wrote Kollontai in her diary, as she prepared, "trembling", to tell her half-sister the terrible news (Farnsworth [2010], p. 960). Farnsworth does not mention the suicide's name, but, according to the Russian Wikipedia, the name of the only male child of Adèle (Аглаиде) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Alekseevich_Domontovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Alekseevich Domontovich (page does not exist)">Konstantin Alekseevich Domontovich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Домонтович, Константин Иванович">ru</a>]</span> was Mikhail, the same as Kollontai's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison/Allen-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison/Allen_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> On the other hand, Kollontai is rather unlikely to have ever been so quiet and safe during the Terror. Jenny Morrison writes that "she lived the last 20 years of her life in constant fear of assassination or imprisonment". Barbara Allen learnt from Kollontai's grandson of a family tradition (based on secondhand information) to the effect that Kollontai had once been on the very verge of arrest. During a visit of hers in Moscow, an order had already been issued for her arrest, but, "before [it] could be implemented, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> official responsible was arrested. Kollontai left Moscow for Scandinavia before a new official could be assigned to the case" and it was later closed somehow or other. According to Allen, moreover, neither Kollontai nor Shliapnikov (nor even other major exponents of the Workers' Opposition) would ever betray close friends during the Terror. On the contrary, "Kollontai tried as well as she could to help her friends, appealing to <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> and others, but with fewer and fewer results". Which eventually drove her to seek comfort even in "nostalgia for quieter and more hopeful prerevolutionary times" (<i>A Proletarian From a Novel</i>, p. 190).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aztec_Eagle-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aztec_Eagle_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kollontai was awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle on the basis of her friendship with Mexican Presidents <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> del Río (21 May 1895 – 19 October 1970), who served between 1934 and 1940, and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a> (24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955), who served between 1940 and 1946.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZukas2009" class="citation cs2">Zukas, Alex (20 April 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0858">"Kollontai, Alexandra (1872-1952)"</a>, in Ness, Immanuel (ed.), <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i>, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0858">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0858</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-9807-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>, <q>Alexandra Kollontai, nee Domontovich, who held the distinctions of being the first woman cabinet minister and the first woman ambassador</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kollontai%2C+Alexandra+%281872-1952%29&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0858&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3&rft.aulast=Zukas&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyntonMalin2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlmmBOGvo6EC&pg=PA326">"Aleksandra Kollontai"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography</i>. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32739-1"><bdi>978-0-313-32739-1</bdi></a>. <q>In the first Soviet government, formed in the fall of 1917, Kollontai was appointed people's commissar (minister) for social welfare. She was the only woman in the cabinet but also the first woman in history who became a member of the government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aleksandra+Kollontai&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women%27s+Autobiography&rft.pages=326&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32739-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlmmBOGvo6EC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/22672">"Дипломат Александра Коллонтай глазами внука"</a> [Diplomat Alexandra Kollontai through the eyes of her grandson]. <i>interaffairs.ru</i> (in Russian). 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interaffairs.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteraffairs.ru%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F22672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Обзор Русско-Турецкой войны 1877-1878 гг. на Балканском полуостровѣ / Obzor Russko-Turet︠s︡koĭ voĭny 1877-1878 gg. na Balkanskom poluostrovi︠e︡ (St. Petersburg: V. Gosudarstvennoi tipografii, 1900) (<i>Review of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 on the Balkan Peninsula</i>) (St. Petersburg: State Printing House, 1900) – Also see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Overview-Russian-Turkish-war-1877-1878-Russian/dp/5519418152/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1535924903&sr=1-1&keywords=Domontovich"><i>Overview of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878</i> (Book on Demand Ltd., 2015) (in Russian language, not English)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tassie, Gregor (2005). <i>Yevgeny Mravinsky: The Noble Conductor</i>. Lanham/Toronto/Oxford: Scarecrow, p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5427-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5427-7">978-0-8108-5427-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tassie, <i>op.cit.</i>, Chapters One (<i>The Mrovinskys: "To Serve the Emperor"</i>) and Two (<i>Zhenya</i>), pp. 1–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai1945" class="citation journal cs1">Kollontai, Aleksandra (1945). "Iz vozpominanii". <i><a href="/wiki/Oktyabr_(magazine)" title="Oktyabr (magazine)">Oktyabr</a></i> (9): 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oktyabr&rft.atitle=Iz+vozpominanii&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements12_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements12_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Autobiography-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kollontai, Aleksandra (1926), <i>Autobiography...</i>, op. cit. (drawn from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm">Marxists.org</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai1945" class="citation book cs1">Kollontai, Aleksandra (1945). <i>Den första etappen</i>. Stockholm: Bonniers. pp. 218–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+f%C3%B6rsta+etappen&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Bonniers&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements15-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements15_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements16-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements16_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements18-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements18_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements18–19-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements18–19_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spartacus_1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spartacus_1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spartacus_1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simkin, John, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkollontai.htm">Alexandra Kollontai</a></i>, at Spartacus Educational</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Amnesia-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Amnesia_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Clive James, <i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Amnesia_(book)" title="Cultural Amnesia (book)">Cultural Amnesia</a></i>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_200821–54-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_200821–54_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2008">Allen 2008</a>, pp. 21–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt78–79-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt78–79_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt">Holt</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008177-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008177_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2008">Allen 2008</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt105-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt105_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt">Holt</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ringer-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ringer_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringer_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringer, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements189-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements189_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015178–179_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/shliapnikov/1921/workers-opposition.htm">Theses of the Workers Opposition</a></i> translated by Barbara Allen for marxists.org from: <i>Tasks of Trade Unions</i>, <i>Pravda</i>, 25 January 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182–184-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015182–184_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 182–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008163-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008163_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2008">Allen 2008</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015186–187-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2015186–187_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008183–184-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_2008183–184_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2008">Allen 2008</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1921/trotsky06.htm">"Speech in Discussion of the Policies of the Russian Communist Party July 5, 1921"</a>. <i>Marxist Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxist+Archive&rft.atitle=Speech+in+Discussion+of+the+Policies+of+the+Russian+Communist+Party+July+5%2C+1921&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1921%2Ftrotsky06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/shliapnikov/1922/appeal.htm">Shliapnikov: Appeal of the 22</a> at Marxists Internet Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_200731-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_200731_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2007">Allen 2007</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farnsworth (2010), p. 949, note 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen_200748-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen_200748_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen_2007">Allen 2007</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farnsworth (2010), p. 949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGideWrightSiloneSpender1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide, André</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Silone" title="Ignazio Silone">Silone, Ignazio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Spender, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler, Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Fischer, Louis</a> (1949). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman, Richard Howard Stafford</a> (ed.). <i>The God That Failed</i>. Bantam Books. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+That+Failed&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Gide&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Wright%2C+Richard&rft.au=Silone%2C+Ignazio&rft.au=Spender%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Koestler%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span> The whole contribution by Silone in Italian is accessible for free online under the title <i>Uscita di sicurezza</i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://24ilmagazine.ilsole24ore.com/2017/10/uscita-di-sicurezza/">Il Sole-24 ORE Website</a> (2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farnsworth (2010), p. 949 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Iring_Fetscher" title="Iring Fetscher">Iring Fetscher</a>, 'Afterword', in A. Kollontaj, <i>Autobiography of a sexually emancipated woman</i>, London, Orbach and Chambers, 1972, p. 105 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erofeev-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erofeev_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Erofeev, V. (2011), Diplomat, Moskva.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastny1972" class="citation journal cs1">Mastny, Vojtech (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MastnystalinAndProspectsOfSeparatePeaceInWorld">"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>77</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>: 1365–1388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1861311">10.2307/1861311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861311">1861311</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+the+Prospects+of+a+Separate+Peace+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1365-1388&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1861311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1861311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mastny&rft.aufirst=Vojtech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMastnystalinAndProspectsOfSeparatePeaceInWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skbl.se/en/article/AleksandraKollontaj">"Aleksandra Mikhajlova Kollontaj"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenskt_kvinnobiografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon">Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenskt+kvinnobiografiskt+lexikon&rft.atitle=Aleksandra+Mikhajlova+Kollontaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskbl.se%2Fen%2Farticle%2FAleksandraKollontaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skbl.se/en/article/AdaNilsson">"skbl.se - Ada Konstantia Nilsson"</a>. <i>skbl.se</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skbl.se&rft.atitle=skbl.se+-+Ada+Konstantia+Nilsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskbl.se%2Fen%2Farticle%2FAdaNilsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4972">"Nomination archive: Alexandra Mikhaylovna Kollontay"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i>. April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Nomination+archive%3A+Alexandra+Mikhaylovna+Kollontay&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D4972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karlinsky-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karlinsky_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karlinsky_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlinsky1981" class="citation news cs1">Karlinsky, Simon (4 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/04/books/the-menshivik-bolshevik-stalinist-feminist.html">"The Menshivik, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Menshivik%2C+Bolshevik%2C+Stalinist+feminist&rft.date=1981-01-04&rft.aulast=Karlinsky&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F04%2Fbooks%2Fthe-menshivik-bolshevik-stalinist-feminist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1975" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1975). <i>My Life</i>. Harmondswoth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=Harmondswoth%2C+Middlesex&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements248-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements248_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements">Clements</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedLove-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RedLove_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/6053/releases/MOMA_1983_0058_60.pdf">"Recent films from West-Germany"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Museum of Modern Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=Recent+films+from+West-Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fmomaorg%2Fshared%2Fpdfs%2Fdocs%2Fpress_archives%2F6053%2Freleases%2FMOMA_1983_0058_60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lokaneeta, Jinee (2001), "Alexandra Kollontai and Marxist Feminism". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. Vol. 36, No. 17 (28 April – 4 May 2001), pp. 1405–1412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nye, Andrea (1988). <i>Feminist Theory and the Philosophies of Man</i>. New York/London: Routledge. Chapter 3 ("A Community of Men: Marxism and Women"), Section: "Marxist feminists: Zetkin, Kollontai, Goldman", pp. 40–54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90204-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90204-5">0-415-90204-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint Petersburg: Znamie. Chapter 3: "The Struggle for Political Rights" (quotation from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1909/social-basis.htm">Marxists.org</a>, translation by Alix Holt (1977): <i>Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai</i>. London: Allison & Busby).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert,_1999-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert,_1999_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert,_1999_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert, Teresa (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solidarity-us.org/node/1724">"Alexandra Kollontai and Red Love"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828125019/https://www.solidarity-us.org/node/1724">Archived</a> 28 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Retrieved 24 February 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lunacharsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunacharsky">Lunacharsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allk.ru/book/229/2262.html">"О БЫТЕ:МОЛОДЕЖЬ И ТЕОРИЯ „СТАКАНА ВОДЫ""</a> ("On Everyday Life: Young People and the "Glass of Water" Theory).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Frances Lee (2007). <i>The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses</i>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-371-5"><bdi>978-0-87580-371-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictatorship+of+Sex%3A+Lifestyle+Advice+for+the+Soviet+Masses&rft.place=DeKalb&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87580-371-5&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Frances+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai1999" class="citation book cs1">Kollontai, Alexandra (1999). <i>Love of Worker Bees and A Great Love</i>. Translated by Cathy Porter. Virago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86049-562-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86049-562-1"><bdi>1-86049-562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+of+Worker+Bees+and+A+Great+Love&rft.pub=Virago&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86049-562-1&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/701265">"Crashing the Party: The radical legacy of a Soviet-era feminist"</a>. <i>World Policy Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 70–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07402775-7085877">10.1215/07402775-7085877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-0924">1936-0924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159006262">159006262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Crashing+the+Party%3A+The+radical+legacy+of+a+Soviet-era+feminist&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70-74&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159006262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1936-0924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F07402775-7085877&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F701265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs2018" class="citation journal cs1">Roelofs, Joan (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436">"Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist Feminism in Theory and Practice"</a>. <i>International Critical Thought</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 166–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2017.1419436">10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8282">2159-8282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158374267">158374267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Critical+Thought&rft.atitle=Alexandra+Kollontai%3A+Socialist+Feminism+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=166-175&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158374267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2159-8282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21598282.2017.1419436&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F21598282.2017.1419436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1920/communism-family.htm">"Communism and the Family by Alexandra Kollontai"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Communism+and+the+Family+by+Alexandra+Kollontai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkollonta%2F1920%2Fcommunism-family.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonHennessyNagel2021" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Ann; Hennessy, Rosemary; Nagel, Mechthild (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/feminism-class/">"Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminist+Perspectives+on+Class+and+Work&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Hennessy%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Nagel%2C+Mechthild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2021%2Fentries%2Ffeminism-class%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollontai,_Kommunistka-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollontai,_Kommunistka_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kollontai, A. (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1920/communism-family.htm">"Communism and the Family,"</a> text <i>Kommunistka</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RU-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RU_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RU_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RU_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RU_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a-z.ru/women_cd2/15/i8_1465.htm">Alexandra Kollontai – the Soviet Ambassador</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/njolstad/index.html">The Nobel Peace Prize: Revelations from the Soviet Past</a>. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 16 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vor-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vor_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503062817/http://www.vor.ru/Spanish/26/26_03.html">The Voice Of Russia</a>. vor.ru (Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230073639/https://ria.ru/20170707/1491779535.html"><bdi lang="ru">Биография Александры Коллонтай</bdi></a>. <i>ria.ru</i> (in Russian). 26 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20170707/1491779535.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ria.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20170707%2F1491779535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reproduced at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1918/new-morality.htm">marxists.org</a>, translated by Salvator Attansio, proofed and corrected by Chris Clayton.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Barbara C. (2015). <i>Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885-1937: Life of an Old Bolshevik</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24853-3"><bdi>978-90-04-24853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Shlyapnikov%2C+1885-1937%3A+Life+of+an+Old+Bolshevik&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24853-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_2007" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Barbara C. (2007). "Early dissent within the party: Alexander Shliapnikov and the letter of the twenty-two". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105080741/http://d-commons.d.umn.edu/bitstream/10792/698/1/NEP%20Vol.%201%20Barbara%20C.%20Allen.pdf"><i>The NEP Era: Soviet Russia 1921-1928</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-commons.d.umn.edu/bitstream/10792/698/1/NEP%20Vol.%201%20Barbara%20C.%20Allen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+dissent+within+the+party%3A+Alexander+Shliapnikov+and+the+letter+of+the+twenty-two&rft.btitle=The+NEP+Era%3A+Soviet+Russia+1921-1928&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-commons.d.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10792%2F698%2F1%2FNEP%2520Vol.%25201%2520Barbara%2520C.%2520Allen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_2008" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Barbara C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1000&context=histfaculty">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Proletarian From a Novel': Politics, Identity, and Emotion in the Relationship between Alexander Shliapnikov and Alexandra Kollontai, 1911-1935"</a>. <i>The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 21–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Review&rft.atitle=%27A+Proletarian+From+a+Novel%27%3A+Politics%2C+Identity%2C+and+Emotion+in+the+Relationship+between+Alexander+Shliapnikov+and+Alexandra+Kollontai%2C+1911-1935&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21-54&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lasalle.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1000%26context%3Dhistfaculty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Barbara Evans (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bolshevikfeminis0000clem"><i>Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai</i></a></span>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31209-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-31209-4"><bdi>0-253-31209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolshevik+Feminist%3A+The+Life+of+Aleksandra+Kollontai&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-253-31209-4&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbolshevikfeminis0000clem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas_Howard_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="George Douglas Howard Cole">Cole, G.D.H.</a> (1958). <i>A History of Socialist Thought</i>, volume IV: <i>Communism and Social Democracy 1914-1931</i>. London-New York: Macmillan-St. Martin's Press, parts I and II</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Haan_et_al." class="citation book cs1">de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsgQjbgBOAkC"><i>A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-39-4"><bdi>978-963-7326-39-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Women%27s+Movements+and+Feminisms%3A+Central%2C+Eastern+and+South+Eastern+Europe%2C+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-963-7326-39-4&rft.aulast=de+Haan&rft.aufirst=Francisca&rft.au=Daskalova%2C+Krasimira&rft.au=Loutfi%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsgQjbgBOAkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnsworth2010" class="citation journal cs1">Farnsworth, Beatrice (2010). "Conversing with Stalin, Surviving the Terror: The Diaries of Aleksandra Kollontai and the Internal Life of Politics". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>69</b> (4): 944–970. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003767790000992X">10.1017/S003767790000992X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158044855">158044855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Conversing+with+Stalin%2C+Surviving+the+Terror%3A+The+Diaries+of+Aleksandra+Kollontai+and+the+Internal+Life+of+Politics&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=944-970&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003767790000992X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158044855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Alix (trans.), ed. (1980) [1977]. <i>Alexandra Kollontai Selected Writings</i>. USA: Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00974-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00974-2"><bdi>0-393-00974-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandra+Kollontai+Selected+Writings&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-393-00974-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morrison, Jenny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterfire.org/women-on-the-left/15518-women-on-the-left-alexandra-kollontai">"Women on the left: Alexandra Kollontai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427090658/https://www.counterfire.org/women-on-the-left/15518-women-on-the-left-alexandra-kollontai">Archived</a> 27 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <i>Counterfire</i>, 11 February 2012</li> <li>Ringer, Ronald E. (2006). <i>Excel HSC Modern History</i>. Glebe NSW: Pascal Press (article: "Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952)", pp. 187–190). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74125-246-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74125-246-0">978-1-74125-246-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobroff1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bobroff, Anne (1979). "Alexandra Kollontai: Feminism, Workers' Democracy, and Internationalism". <i>Radical America</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 50–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+America&rft.atitle=Alexandra+Kollontai%3A+Feminism%2C+Workers%27+Democracy%2C+and+Internationalism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=50-75&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bobroff&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBody1952" class="citation journal cs1">Body, Marcel (1952). "Mémoires: Alexandra Kollontai". <i>Preuves</i>. <b>14</b>: 12–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preuves&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moires%3A+Alexandra+Kollontai&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=12-24&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Body&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Haan2023" class="citation book cs1">de Haan, Francisca (2023). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Communist+Women+Activists+around+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=de+Haan&rft.aufirst=Francisca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Miguel2001" class="citation book cs1">de Miguel, Ana (2001). <i>Alejandra Kollontai (1872-1952)</i>. Madrid: Ediciones del Orto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alejandra+Kollontai+%281872-1952%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Ediciones+del+Orto&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=de+Miguel&rft.aufirst=Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Palnecia1947" class="citation book cs1">de Palnecia, Isabel (1947). <i>Alexandra Kollontay: Ambassadress from Russia</i>. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandra+Kollontay%3A+Ambassadress+from+Russia&rft.place=New+York+and+Toronto&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=de+Palnecia&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Palnecia1940" class="citation book cs1">de Palnecia, Isabel (1940). <i>I Must Have Liberty</i>. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Must+Have+Liberty&rft.place=New+York+and+Toronto&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=de+Palnecia&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnsworth1980" class="citation book cs1">Farnsworth, Beatrice (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aleksandrakollon0000farn"><i>Alexandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism, and the Bolshevik Revolution</i></a></span>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804710732" title="Special:BookSources/9780804710732"><bdi>9780804710732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandra+Kollontai%3A+Socialism%2C+Feminism%2C+and+the+Bolshevik+Revolution&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780804710732&rft.aulast=Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faleksandrakollon0000farn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2022" class="citation book cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2022). <i>Red Valkyries: Feminist Lessons from Five Revolutionary Women</i>. New York and London: Verso Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Valkyries%3A+Feminist+Lessons+from+Five+Revolutionary+Women&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilieRiser2009" class="citation book cs1">Lilie, Stuart A.; Riser, John (2009). <i>Four Socialist Reformers of Socialism: Alexandra Kollontai, Andrei Platonov, Robert Havemenn, and Stefan Heym</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-4773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-4773-8"><bdi>978-0-7734-4773-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Socialist+Reformers+of+Socialism%3A+Alexandra+Kollontai%2C+Andrei+Platonov%2C+Robert+Havemenn%2C+and+Stefan+Heym&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-4773-8&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rft.au=Riser%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasucci2020" class="citation book cs1">Masucci, Michelle (2020). <i>Red Love: A Reader on Alexandra Kollontai</i>. London: Sternberg Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Love%3A+A+Reader+on+Alexandra+Kollontai&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sternberg+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Masucci&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Novikova, N., Ghodsee, K. (2023). Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952): Communism as the Only Way Toward Women's Liberation. In: de Haan, F. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13127-1_3">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13127-1_3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1980" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Cathy (1980). <i>Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography</i>. London: Virago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86068-013-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86068-013-4"><bdi>0-86068-013-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandra+Kollontai%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virago&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-86068-013-4&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+Kollontai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leppänen, Katarina <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skbl.se/en/article/AleksandraKollontaj">Alexandra Kollontai</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Svenskt_kvinnobiografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon">Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Kollontai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexandra_Kollontai" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexandra_Kollontai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/index.htm">Alexandra Kollontai Internet Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Christine Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/Documents/Kollantai.htm">"For socialism and women's liberation,"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025215121/http://geocities.com/socialistparty/Documents/Kollantai.htm">Archived</a> 25 October 2009) <i>Socialism Today,</i> March 2003.</li> <li>Helen Ward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.permanentrevolution.net//?view=entry&entry=1094">"Alexandra Kollontai,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505113217/http://www.permanentrevolution.net//?view=entry&entry=1094">Archived</a> 5 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PermanentRevolution.net</li> <li>Gabrille Tousignant, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kollontai.net/en/about-us.html">"St-Petersbourg workers of the textile industry,"</a> Kollontai.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/010126">Newspaper clippings about Alexandra Kollontai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179558#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179558#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179558#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121171448">ISNI</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Domontovitch, Aleksandra Mikhaïlovna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368636307">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13029">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41050/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118564935">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091833">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2021060262">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909948h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909948h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446064">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kollontaj, Aleksandra Mihajlovna <1872-1952>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV031294">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35693620">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000700&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX847427">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/52220">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068980590">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90087355">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072396&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000095578&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000146547">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=126386">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634822">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz135c528vr4jv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542267705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263821605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000048109">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611657106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02005796?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4c55fced-da66-4e83-9b87-3fa443527ad2">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1045511">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118564935.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118564935">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026952122">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66q5b56">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=4120">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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