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You may know exactly when and why your poor sleep started, perhaps during a particular time of high stress. However, that stress may be over now, and you find that you are still not sleeping well on a regular basis. Often the reasons why the poor sleep continues has nothing to do with the factors that triggered the poor sleep in the first place. </p><p>Here we discuss how chronic <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/insomnia-2">insomnia </a>can develop from a combination of factors (presented in the 3Ps Model) and what you can do to prevent acute <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/insomnia-2">insomnia </a>from becoming chronic.</p><h4>Almost everyone sleeps poorly sometimes</h4><p>It’s not unusual to have the occasional night of poor sleep. You may have trouble falling asleep on some nights, when usually you drop off straight away. You may wake up repeatedly during the night when this normally doesn’t happen. Sometimes people will wake up too early in the morning and can’t go back to sleep, even though they typically need an alarm to wake up. Other symptoms of poor sleep may include:</p><ul role="list"><li>Not feeling well-rested in the morning</li><li>Daytime tiredness or sleepiness</li><li>Irritability, depression or anxiety</li><li>Difficulty paying attention, focusing on tasks or having some troubles with your memory</li></ul><h4>Acute insomnia versus chronic insomnia</h4><p>We sometimes call short-term poor sleep ‘acute insomnia’. Acute insomnia can last from one night to a few weeks. If short-term insomnia is in response to a particular situation (such as a bushfire emergency or death of a loved one) it is called ‘situational insomnia’. You may worry that these nights of poor sleep are developing into chronic insomnia. The formal definition of chronic insomnia is when a person has insomnia at least three nights a week for three months or longer. </p><h4>The 3Ps Model</h4><p>The 3Ps Model explains how chronic insomnia can develop and become ongoing. Importantly this model can also inform us on how to prevent acute insomnia becoming chronic. The model outlines that <em>predisposing </em>factors (like your genetic make-up) are responsible for the occasional night of poor sleep. Acute (and/or situational) insomnia symptoms can occur when precipitating factors (like stress) also contribute. Chronic insomnia develops when <em>perpetuating</em> factors (like bad sleep habits) are also added in. It is the combination of all three factors which leads to chronic insomnia.</p><p>The figure below sets out the 3Ps Model.</p><figure class="w-richtext-align-normal w-richtext-figure-type-image"><div><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/64b4b7e38dda973fdbb7faf2/64e57ad96b33e443f2605e0f_Preventing%20Chronic%20Insomnia-3Ps%20Model.pdf.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""/></div></figure><p>‍</p><p><strong>1. Factors that put a person at risk of insomnia</strong></p><p>In the 3Ps Model, <strong>Predisposing</strong> factors are characteristics that make you more likely to develop poor sleep. It may be your genetic make-up. We know insomnia can run in families. An individual’s personality may make them more prone to anxiety or depression. Or they may have a strong perfectionist streak that leads to undue worry, unrealistic standards and a tendency to criticise themselves and/or others. Individuals with these types of personalities may find getting a good night of sleep more difficult.</p><p>We also know that being female may put you more at risk of poor sleep, although we don’t fully understand why this is the case. <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/ageing-sleep">As people get older</a> their sleep often becomes lighter and more fragmented (especially in the over 60s group) and this is also a predisposing factor to insomnia.</p><p><strong>2. Factors that can trigger acute insomnia</strong></p><p>We call these <strong>Precipitating</strong> factors and they include:</p><ul role="list"><li>Working long or irregular hours which disrupt your body clock (see <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/shift-work">Shift work</a> or <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/body-clock">Body Clock</a>)</li><li>A crisis, such as a period of emergency threat, such as bushfire</li><li>Fragmented sleep due to caring needs, such as with a newborn baby or sick relative (see <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/sleep-tips-for-new-mothers">Sleep Tips for New Mothers</a> and <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/fatigue-as-an-occupational-hazard">Fatigue as an Occupational Hazard</a>)</li><li>Depression and Anxiety (see <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/anxiety-and-sleep">Anxiety and Sleep</a> and <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/depression-and-sleep">Depression and Sleep</a>)</li><li>Relationship difficulties, financial worries and/or work stress</li><li>Physical illness, hospitalisation and/or pain</li><li>Grief and/or trauma (see <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-and-sleep">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</a>)</li><li>Menopause or Menstruation (see <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/menopause-and-sleep">Menopause and Sleep</a> and <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/menstrual-cycle-and-sleep">Menstrual Cycle and Sleep</a>) </li></ul><p><strong>3. Factors that maintain the poor sleep symptoms and can lead to chronic insomnia</strong></p><p>There are some behaviours and beliefs, called <strong>Perpetuating </strong>factors, that make it more likely that a sleep problem will develop into chronic insomnia. Some of these are listed below. For more detail on each point see our fact sheet Common Mistakes with Sleep.</p><ul role="list"><li>Not going to bed and getting up at consistent times each day</li><li>Poor sleep environment</li><li>Not unwinding and preparing for sleep</li><li>Spending too much time napping during the day</li><li>Frequent use of sedative drugs</li><li>Using alcohol to help sleep</li><li>Television in the bedroom</li><li>Staying in bed when unable to sleep</li><li>Thinking the problem with your sleep is worse than it really is</li><li>Ignoring the possibility of having a specific <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/common-sleep-disorders">sleep disorder</a> that needs attention</li></ul><h4>Preventing chronic insomnia</h4><p>Think about your individual <strong><em>predisposing</em></strong>, <strong><em>precipitating</em> </strong>and <strong><em>perpetuating </em></strong>factors. What do you need to change to prevent chronic insomnia? Adopt Good Sleep Habits and learn more about the various issues that can affect how well we sleep (see <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/understanding-and-helping-poor-sleep">Understanding and Helping Poor Sleep</a>).</p><p>If you believe you already have chronic insomnia you may need to talk to your GP about treatment options. In addition to talking with you GP, there are also online, low cost, sleep improvement programs that are available, such as:</p><p><a href="https://thiswayup.org.au/programs/insomnia-program/">THIS WAY UP</a>: This free online program provides practical strategies to help deal with ongoing sleep disturbances. These strategies are based on <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i">Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia</a> and delivered via a 4-lesson program. </p><p><a href="http://www.amindfulway.com.au/">A Mindful Way</a>: This is an Australian 6-week digital online self-help program, that teaches <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/mindfulness-and-sleep">mindfulness </a>and cognitive-behavioural skills for sleep improvement at a cost. A Monash University randomised control pilot study showed completion of the program led to significant improvement in measures of insomnia.</p><p>Please see our <a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i">Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia</a> fact sheet for information on other online programs for chronic sleep problems. </p><p><strong>Note</strong>: The Sleep Health Foundation does not endorse programs, products or services and the above list is provided for information only.</p><h4><a href="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/64b4b7e38dda973fdbb7faf2/65a08ce79c7f68d58ad34170_Preventing%20Chronic%20Insomnia.pdf">Download a PDF of this Fact Sheet</a></h4><h3>Other useful links:</h3><ul role="list"><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/insomnia-2">Insomnia</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i">Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/mindfulness-and-sleep">Mindfulness and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/ageing-sleep">Ageing and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/drowsy-driving">Drowsy Driving</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/excessive-daytime-sleepiness">Excessive Daytime Sleepiness</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/shift-work">Shift Work</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/common-sleep-disorders">Common Sleep Disorders</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene-good-sleep-habits">Sleep Hygiene: Good Sleep Habits</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/anxiety-and-sleep">Anxiety and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/depression-and-sleep">Depression and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/mental-health-sleep">Mental Health and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/understanding-and-helping-poor-sleep">Understanding and Helping Poor Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/menopause-and-sleep">Menopause and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/menstrual-cycle-and-sleep">Menstrual Cycle and Sleep</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/body-clock">Body Clock</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/sleep-tips-for-new-mothers">Sleep Tips for New Mothers</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/fatigue-as-an-occupational-hazard">Fatigue as an Occupational Hazard</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-and-sleep">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Sleep</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="w-node-c23d9b4b-f590-d80b-523b-c9770efc7859-bde1a078" class="related-pages-wrap"><h3>Related</h3><div class="cms-related-pages w-dyn-list"><div role="list" class="w-dyn-items"><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><div class="related-article-wrapper"><a href="/sleep-disorders/insomnia-2" class="w-inline-block"><h4>Insomnia</h4></a></div></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><div class="related-article-wrapper"><a href="/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i" class="w-inline-block"><h4>Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)</h4></a></div></div></div></div><div class="cms-related-pages w-dyn-list"><div 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