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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water-sealed_gas_holders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-sealed_gas_holders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Water-sealed gas holders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sealed_gas_holders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dry-seal-type_gas_holder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry-seal-type_gas_holder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dry-seal-type gas holder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry-seal-type_gas_holder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>By location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_storage_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_storage_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other storage systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_storage_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazqolder" title="Qazqolder – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazqolder" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plynojem" title="Plynojem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plynojem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasbeh%C3%A4lter" title="Gasbehälter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gasbehälter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasujo" title="Gasujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gasujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometro" title="Gasometro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gasometro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazom%C3%A8tre" title="Gazomètre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gazomètre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गैसधानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैसधानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometro" title="Gasometro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gasometro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometro" title="Gasometro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gasometro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Газгольдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Газгольдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Газгольдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Газгольдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometer" title="Gasometer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gasometer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleszk%C3%B3pos_g%C3%A1zt%C3%A1roz%C3%B3" title="Teleszkópos gáztározó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teleszkópos gáztározó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashouder" title="Gashouder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gashouder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="ガスタンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガスタンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%C3%B4metro" title="Gasômetro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gasômetro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Газгольдер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газгольдер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasukello" title="Kaasukello – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaasukello" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasklocka" title="Gasklocka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gasklocka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Газанбор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Газанбор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazometre" title="Gazometre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazometre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Газгольдер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газгольдер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large container for storing gaseous fuel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gasometer" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gas_meter" title="Gas meter">Gas meter</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gasometer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gasometer (disambiguation)">Gasometer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg/300px-Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg/450px-Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg/600px-Lazarus_Thick_Shell_Gasholder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>30,000 m<sup>3</sup> (1,100,000 cu ft) <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> gas holder at Rautaruukki Steel in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gas holder</b> or <b>gasholder</b>, also known as a <b>gasometer</b>, is a large container in which <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or town gas (<a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> or formerly also <a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">stored</a> near <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">ambient temperatures</a>. The volume of the container follows the quantity of stored gas, with pressure coming from the weight of a movable cap. Typical volumes for large gas holders are about 50,000 cubic metres (1,800,000 cu ft), with 60-metre-diameter (200 ft) structures. </p><p>Gas holders now tend to be used for balancing purposes to ensure that gas pipes can be operated within a safe range of pressures, rather than for actually storing gas for later use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> devised the first gas holder, which he called a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry#Gasometer" title="Pneumatic chemistry"><i>gazomètre</i></a>, to assist his work in <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">pneumatic chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_5-7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_5-7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enabled him to weigh the gas in a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_trough" title="Pneumatic trough">pneumatic trough</a> with the precision he required. He published his <i>Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</i> in 1789. <a href="/wiki/James_Watt_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watt Junior">James Watt Junior</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beddoes" title="Thomas Beddoes">Thomas Beddoes</a> in constructing the <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic medicine">pneumatic apparatus</a>, a short-lived piece of medical equipment that incorporated a <i>gazomètre</i>. Watt then adapted the <i>gazomètre</i> for coal gas storage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anglicisation "gasometer" was adopted by <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a>, the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>, in 1782, as the name for his gas holders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murdoch's associates objected that his "gasometer" was not a <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">meter</a> but a container, but the name was retained and came into general use. Gas holders were marked as gasometers on the large-scale maps issued by the British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> and the term came to be used to label gas works, even though there may be several gas holders at any one gas works. However, the term "gasometer" is still discouraged for use in technical circles, where "gas holder" is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spelling "gas holder" is used by the BBC, among other institutions, but the variant "gasholder" is more commonly used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg/220px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg/330px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg/440px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A two-lift braced column-supported gas holder in <a href="/wiki/West_Ham" title="West Ham">West Ham</a>, East London</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the mid-20th century <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> was produced in <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retorts</a> by heating <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> in the absence of air, the process being known as <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a>. Coal gas was first used for municipal lighting, the gas being passed through wooden or metal pipes from the retort to the lantern. The first public piped gas supply was to thirteen <a href="/wiki/Gas_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas lamps">gas lamps</a> installed along the length of <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall, London</a>, in 1807. The credit for this installation goes to the German inventor and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Albert_Winsor" title="Frederick Albert Winsor">Frederick Albert Winsor</a>. Digging up streets to lay pipes required <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easements</a>, and this delayed both further installation of street lighting and the installation of gas for domestic illumination, heating and cooking. </p><p>Many people experimented with coal distillation to produce a flammable gas, including Jean Tardin (1618), Clayton (1684), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Minckelers" title="Jean-Pierre Minckelers">Jean-Pierre Minckelers</a>, Leuven (1785) and Pickel (D)(1786). <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a> was successful. He joined <a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton and Watt</a> at the Soho manufactory in Birmingham in 1777, and in 1792 he built a retort to heat coal to produce the gas that illuminated his home and office in <a href="/wiki/Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a>. His system lacked a storage method until <a href="/wiki/James_Watt_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watt Junior">James Watt Junior</a> adapted a Lavoisier <i>gazomètre</i> for this purpose. A gasometer was incorporated into the first small gasworks built for the Soho manufactory in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_8,_10-11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_8,_10-11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Murdoch and his pupil <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clegg" title="Samuel Clegg">Samuel Clegg</a> went on to install retorts in individual factories and other workplaces. The earliest was in 1805, at Lee & Phillips, <a href="/wiki/Salford_Twist_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford Twist Mill">Salford Twist Mill</a>, where eight gas holders were installed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was shortly followed by one in Sowerby Bridge, constructed by Clegg for Henry Lodge. </p><p>The first independent commercial gas works were built by the <a href="/wiki/Gas_Light_and_Coke_Company" title="Gas Light and Coke Company">Gas Light and Coke Company</a> in Great Peter Street, Westminster, in 1812, with wooden pipes laid to <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lights</a> on <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a> on New Year's Eve in 1813. Public gas lights were seen as a means to reduce crime and until the 1840s they were regulated by police authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of safety concerns expressed by the Royal Society, the size of gas holders was limited to 6,000 cubic feet (170 m<sup>3</sup>) and they were enclosed in gasometer houses. In fact any small leak from an enclosed gas holder created a potentially explosive build-up of air and gas within the enclosing house, presenting a far greater danger than the original leak did; putting houses around gas holders was discontinued in the UK. In the United States, however, where gas needed to be protected from much more extreme weather, gasometer houses continued to be built and were architecturally decorative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_17_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The telescopic gas holder was first invented in 1824. The cup and dip (grip) seal was patented by Hutchinson in 1833, and the first working example was built in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. Gas holders were then built all around the UK in great numbers starting in the 1850s. The first were the two-lift column-supported type; later ones had four lifts and were frame-guided, and they could be retrofitted with an additional flying lift. The large gas holders at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Cross,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Cross, London">Kings Cross, London</a>, were built in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Gadd of Gadd & Mason in Manchester invented the spirally guided gas holder in 1890. Instead of external columns or guide frames, his design operated with spiral rails. The first commercial design was built in <a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a>, Cheshire, in the same year. By the end of the 19th century most towns in Britain had their own gas works and gas holders.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The years between the two world wars were marked by improvements in storage, especially the waterless gas holder, and in distribution, with the advent of 2-to-4-inch (50 to 100 mm) steel pipes to convey gas at up to 50 psi (340 kPa) as feeder mains to the traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast-iron_pipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cast-iron pipe (page does not exist)">cast-iron pipes</a>. Municipal gas works became superfluous in the later 20th century, but gas holders and production plants were still in use in steel works in 2016.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gas_holder" title="Special:EditPage/Gas holder">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A gas holder provided storage for purified, metered gas. It acted as a buffer, removing the need for continuous gas production. The weight of the gas holder lift (cap) controlled the pressure of the gas in the mains and provided back pressure for the gas-making plant. </p><p>They are the only storage method that keeps gas at district pressure (the pressure required in local gas mains). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two basic types of gas holder: the water-sealed and the rigid waterless. </p><p>The water-sealed gas holder consists of a tank of water that rises and falls to take the gas. A watered gas holder consisted of two parts: a deep tank of water used to provide a seal, and a closed vessel (the lift) that rises above the water as the gas volume increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rigid waterless gas holders were a very early design that neither expanded or contracted. There are modern versions of the waterless gas holder, e.g. oil-sealed, grease-sealed and "dry seal" (membrane) types. They consist of a fixed cylinder capped by a moving piston.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water-sealed_gas_holders">Water-sealed gas holders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water-sealed gas holders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gasometer.svg/220px-Gasometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gasometer.svg/330px-Gasometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gasometer.svg/440px-Gasometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Gas holder schematic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg/220px-Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg/330px-Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg/440px-Gasometer_with_dumpling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The tank with an internal cone, or <i>dumpling</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Boulton and Watt gas holders had a single lift. The tank was above ground and was lined with wood; the lift was guided by tripods and cables. Pulleys and weights were supplied to regulate the gas pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20101_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20101-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brick tanks were introduced in 1818, when a gas holder could have a capacity of 20,000 cubic feet (570 m<sup>3</sup>). The engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Malam" title="John Malam">John Malam</a> devised a tank with a central rod-and-tube guide system. </p><p>Telescoping holders fall into two subcategories. The earlier of the telescoping variety were column-guided variations and were built starting in 1824. To guide the telescoping walls, or "lifts", they have an external frame, visible at a fixed height at all times. A refinement was the guide frame gas holder, where the heavy columns were replaced by a lighter and more extensive framework. Vertical girders (standards) were intersected by horizontal girders and cross-braced. This could be bolted onto an underground or above-ground tank. The Cutler patented guide frame dispensed with the horizontal girders, using diagonal triangulated framing instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20108_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20108-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cable-guided gas holders, invented by Pease in 1880, had a limited use, but were useful on unstable ground where the rigid systems could buckle and jam the lift.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20108_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20108-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spiral-guided gas holders were built in the UK from 1890 until 1983. These have no frame, and each lift is guided by the one below, rotating as it goes up as dictated by helical runners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20109_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20109-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both telescoping types use the <a href="/wiki/Manometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Manometric">manometric</a> property of water to provide a seal. The whole tank floats in a circular or annular water reservoir, held up by the roughly constant pressure of a varying volume of gas, the pressure determined by the weight of the structure, and the water providing the seal for the gas within the moving walls. Besides storing the gas, the tank's design serves to establish the pressure of the gas system. With telescoping (multiple-lift) tanks, the innermost tank has an approximately 1 ft × 2 ft (30 cm × 61 cm) lip around the outside of the bottom edge, called a cup, which picks up water as it rises above the reservoir water level. This immediately engages a downward lip on the inner rim of the next outer lift, called a dip or grip, and as this grip sinks into the cup, it preserves the water seal as the inner tank continues to rise until the grip grounds on the cup, whereupon further injection of gas will start to raise that lift as well. Holders were built with as many as four lifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extra flying lift could be retrofitted into column or frame gas holders. This was an additional inner tank that extended above the standards, when the infrastructure would support the extra shear forces and weight. Though not exclusively, spiral guides were used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20109_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20109-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A two-lift telescopic gas holder, half raised"><img alt="A two-lift telescopic gas holder, half raised" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg/187px-Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg/280px-Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg/374px-Telescopic_Gasometer_raised.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A two-lift telescopic gas holder, half raised</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dip_and_cup.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="When the lift is engaged, it carries up with it a gas-tight seal of water."><img alt="When the lift is engaged, it carries up with it a gas-tight seal of water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dip_and_cup.svg/165px-Dip_and_cup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dip_and_cup.svg/247px-Dip_and_cup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dip_and_cup.svg/330px-Dip_and_cup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">When the lift is engaged, it carries up with it a gas-tight seal of water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two column-guided gas holders at BASF, Germany"><img alt="Two column-guided gas holders at BASF, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg/246px-Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg/368px-Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg/491px-Gasometer_Gasflaschen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two column-guided gas holders at <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gas holder at Cross Gates, Leeds, first of a former twin holder station built around 1900"><img alt="Gas holder at Cross Gates, Leeds, first of a former twin holder station built around 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg/240px-Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg/360px-Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg/480px-Cross_Gates_Leeds_gas_holder_at_empty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gas holder at <a href="/wiki/Cross_Gates" title="Cross Gates">Cross Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, first of a former twin holder station built around 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MeadowLaneGas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiral-guided gas holders at the former Meadow Lane Gas Works in Hunslet, Leeds. These were constructed around 1965."><img alt="Spiral-guided gas holders at the former Meadow Lane Gas Works in Hunslet, Leeds. These were constructed around 1965." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MeadowLaneGas.jpg/240px-MeadowLaneGas.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MeadowLaneGas.jpg/360px-MeadowLaneGas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MeadowLaneGas.jpg/480px-MeadowLaneGas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spiral-guided gas holders at the former Meadow Lane Gas Works in <a href="/wiki/Hunslet" title="Hunslet">Hunslet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. These were constructed around 1965.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry-seal-type_gas_holder">Dry-seal-type gas holder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dry-seal-type gas holder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg/300px-Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg/450px-Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg/600px-Membrangasbeh%C3%A4lter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>A dry-seal Wiggins-type gas holder</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry-seal gas holders have a static cylindrical shell, within which a piston rises and falls. As it moves, a grease seal, tar/oil seal or a sealing membrane which is rolled out and in from the piston keeps the gas from escaping. The MAN type (by <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG</a>) was introduced in 1915: it was polygonal and used a tar/oil seal. The Klonne dry seal gas holder was circular and used a grease seal. The <a href="/wiki/Dry-seal_Wiggins_gasholder" title="Dry-seal Wiggins gasholder">dry-seal Wiggins gasholder</a> was patented in 1952: it used a flexible curtain that was suspended from the piston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201427_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201427-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest low-pressure gas holder built was the Klonne gas holder built in 1938 in <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>. It was 147 metres (482 ft) high and 80 metres (260 ft) in diameter, which gave it a capacity of 594,000 cubic metres (21,000,000 cu ft). There was a MAN type, built in 1934 in Chicago with a capacity of 566,000 cubic metres (20,000,000 cu ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201410_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201410-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_location">By location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg/220px-Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg/330px-Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg/440px-Turun_kaasukello_ja_kaasupallo_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>A gas holder from 1912, located in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, holder stations would have an operator living on site controlling their movement. However, with the <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a> systems now used on these sites, such an operator is obsolete. The tallest gasometer in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is 117 metres (384 ft) tall and is located in <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pollution associated with <a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gasworks</a> and gas storage makes the land difficult to <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclaim</a> for other purposes, but some gas holders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Gasometers" title="Vienna Gasometers">Vienna Gasometers</a>, have been converted into other uses such as living space and a <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a> and historical archives for the city. Many sites, however, were never used for the production of 'town gas', so the land contamination is relatively low. </p><p>A gasworks in <a href="/wiki/South_Lotts" title="South Lotts">South Lotts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, was converted into apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gas holder in <a href="/wiki/Westergasfabriek" title="Westergasfabriek">Amsterdam</a> has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Awakenings_(festival)" title="Awakenings (festival)">Awakenings techno parties</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gas holders have been a major part of the skylines of low-rise British cities for up to 200 years, due to their large distinctive shape and central location. They were originally used for balancing daily demand and generation of <a href="/wiki/Town_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Town gas">town gas</a>. With the move to <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">national grid pipework</a>, their use steadily diminished as the pipe network could both store gas under pressure, and eventually satisfy peak demand directly.<sup id="cite_ref-a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> (which has the <a href="/wiki/Provan_Gas_Works" title="Provan Gas Works">largest gasometers</a> in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are noted for having many gas holders. </p><p>Some of these gas holders have become <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed buildings">listed buildings</a>. The gas holders behind <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a> in London were specially dismantled when the new <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Tunnel Rail Link">Channel Tunnel Rail Link</a> was being created,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Gas holder No 8 being re-erected on a nearby site behind <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St Pancras station">St Pancras station</a> as part of a housing development. It has been fashioned into a park.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most gas holders are no longer used, and a program of dismantling is underway to release the land for reuse.<sup id="cite_ref-a_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the largest remaining groups of gas holders is at <a href="/wiki/Bromley-by-Bow_gasholders" title="Bromley-by-Bow gasholders">Bromley-by-Bow</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">East London</a>, believed to be the largest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK as well as other European countries, a movement to preserve classic gasometers has emerged in recent years, especially after Britain's National Grid announced in 2013 their plans to remove 76 gas holders, and soon afterwards, Southern and Scottish Gas networks announced that they would demolish 111 others. Christopher Costelloe, director of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Society">Victorian Society</a>, a leader in the campaign to preserve gasometers, has said that "Gasometers, by their very size and structure, cannot help but become landmarks. [They] are singularly dramatic structures for all their emptiness."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasometer1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The gas holders of Provan Gas Works, on the skyline in Glasgow; pipework and the booster house can also be seen."><img alt="The gas holders of Provan Gas Works, on the skyline in Glasgow; pipework and the booster house can also be seen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gasometer1.jpg/235px-Gasometer1.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gasometer1.jpg/352px-Gasometer1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gasometer1.jpg/469px-Gasometer1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The gas holders of Provan Gas Works, on the skyline in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>; pipework and the booster house can also be seen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gasometer of the MAN type in Stuttgart, Germany"><img alt="Gasometer of the MAN type in Stuttgart, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg/259px-Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg/389px-Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg/519px-Stuttgart_Gasometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="2309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gasometer of the MAN type in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Oval Gasholders just outside The Oval cricket ground in London"><img alt="The Oval Gasholders just outside The Oval cricket ground in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG/243px-Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG/364px-Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG/485px-Gasholders_at_the_Oval.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Oval_Gasholders" title="The Oval Gasholders">The Oval Gasholders</a> just outside <a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> cricket ground in London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simmering_(Wien)_-_Gasometer_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vienna Gasometers, converted for residential and commercial use"><img alt="Vienna Gasometers, converted for residential and commercial use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Simmering_%28Wien%29_-_Gasometer_%281%29.JPG/255px-Simmering_%28Wien%29_-_Gasometer_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Simmering_%28Wien%29_-_Gasometer_%281%29.JPG/382px-Simmering_%28Wien%29_-_Gasometer_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Simmering_%28Wien%29_-_Gasometer_%281%29.JPG/509px-Simmering_%28Wien%29_-_Gasometer_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Gasometers" title="Vienna Gasometers">Vienna Gasometers</a>, converted for residential and commercial use</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gas holder in Saint Petersburg, Russia, converted to a planetarium[27]"><img alt="Gas holder in Saint Petersburg, Russia, converted to a planetarium[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg/272px-Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg/408px-Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg/544px-Gasholder_at_Obvodny_Canal_in_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gas holder in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia, converted to a <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decommissioned gas holder next to a spherical gas tank in Pforzheim, Germany"><img alt="Decommissioned gas holder next to a spherical gas tank in Pforzheim, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg/223px-Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg/334px-Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg/446px-Pforzheim_Gaskessel_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decommissioned gas holder next to a spherical gas tank in <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>, Germany</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company,_Gasholder_No._2,_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili,_Saratoga_Springs_(Saratoga_County,_New_York).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company%2C_Gasholder_No._2%2C_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili%2C_Saratoga_Springs_%28Saratoga_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg/220px-Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company%2C_Gasholder_No._2%2C_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili%2C_Saratoga_Springs_%28Saratoga_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company%2C_Gasholder_No._2%2C_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili%2C_Saratoga_Springs_%28Saratoga_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg/330px-Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company%2C_Gasholder_No._2%2C_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili%2C_Saratoga_Springs_%28Saratoga_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company%2C_Gasholder_No._2%2C_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili%2C_Saratoga_Springs_%28Saratoga_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg/440px-Saratoga_Gas_Light_Company%2C_Gasholder_No._2%2C_Niagara_Mohawk_Power_Corporation_Substation_Facili%2C_Saratoga_Springs_%28Saratoga_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4748" data-file-height="3693" /></a><figcaption>Rare extant 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gasholder_house" title="Gasholder house">gasholder house</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Gas,_Electric_Light_and_Power_Company_Complex" title="Saratoga Gas, Electric Light and Power Company Complex">Saratoga Gas, Electric Light and Power Company Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gasometers are now comparatively rare in the US (where they were usually called gas holders); although hundreds were built between the 1870s and 1940s, many of those have since been demolished. The largest US-based builder of gas holders, the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Bartlett-Hayward_Company" title="Bartlett-Hayward Company">Bartlett-Hayward Company</a> (since 1927 a division of <a href="/wiki/Koppers" title="Koppers">Koppers</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941xi-xiii_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941xi-xiii-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), built 600 of them from the 1870s up through 1941, when a monograph on the history of the company was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941140_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were built in nearly every US state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as elsewhere in North America, South America, and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those 600, of both water tank type (541 units)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and waterless type (59 units),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941140_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held a combined capacity of 1.1 billion cubic feet (10⁹).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188–89,_140–141_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe194188–89,_140–141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latrobe's chapters that deal with B.H.'s gas holder <a href="/wiki/Business_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Business line">business line</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe194157–141_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe194157–141-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide additional details that are useful to readers interested in the US gas industry's history. </p><p>A general pattern of development in the US gas industry was that from the 1870s through the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured gas">gas manufacturing</a> plants were common in many locales, producing both <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe194157–141_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe194157–141-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the second half of the 20th century, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> distribution via <a href="/wiki/Gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pipeline">gas pipelines</a> supplanted that system and the existing gas holders were used (in a less crucial capacity) for managing the pressure of the natural gas pipelines, until the holders reached the end of their useful lifespan. </p><p>Several gas holders were erected in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> by the Laclede Gas Light Company in the early 20th century. These gasometers remained in use until the early first decade of the 21st century, when the last one was decommissioned and abandoned in place. The most recently used gasometer in the United States was on the southeast side of <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, but it has been demolished along with the adjoining Citizens Energy Group <a href="/wiki/Coker_unit" title="Coker unit">coke plant</a>. Another pair of holders at the Newtown Holder Station, in Elmhurst, Queens, in New York City, was a popular landmark for traffic reporters until they were demolished in 1996 and became <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_Park" title="Elmhurst Park">Elmhurst Park</a>. The demolition of two larger "<a href="/wiki/Maspeth_Gas_Holders" title="Maspeth Gas Holders">Maspeth Tanks</a>" in nearby <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint, Brooklyn</a>, was described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> at length.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the waterless type (<a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> type), the first extremely large one by B.H. was the one at the <a href="/wiki/River_Rouge_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rouge Plant">River Rouge Plant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, built in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941140_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatrobe1941140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another large MAN-type gas holder was erected just east of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, by B.H. in 1949 and operated by <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_and_Electric" title="Baltimore Gas and Electric">Baltimore Gas and Electric</a> for 32 years. The 307-foot-tall (94 m), 170-foot-diameter (52 m) structure, which could hold 7 million cubic feet (200,000 m<sup>3</sup>), was a landmark due to its unusual marking scheme, which had a red-and-white checkerboard pattern from 200 feet (61 m) up. The structure was demolished in July 1984.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Approximately a dozen brick or concrete structures built in the latter half of the 19th-century to house gas holders, known as <a href="/wiki/Gasholder_house" title="Gasholder house">gasholder houses</a>, still exist in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Troy_Gas_Light_Company" title="Troy Gas Light Company">Troy Gas Light Company</a> structure in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a>, is one of the largest remaining examples. As of early 2021, efforts were under way to save the <a href="/wiki/Concord_Gas_Light_Company_Gasholder_House" title="Concord Gas Light Company Gasholder House">Concord Gas Light Company Gasholder House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord, New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unusual because the inner workings of the structure, including the cap, are still in place.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg/220px-LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg/330px-LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg/440px-LongBeachAirportGasholder1920%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Gas holder near Long Beach Airport, California, 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/PG%26E" class="mw-redirect" title="PG&E">PG&E</a> operated gas holders at its gasification plants in California before natural gas pipelines were built. The San Francisco Beach Street Plant was built in 1899. The gas plant operated until 1931, but its associated gas holder was used with natural gas into the 1950s, when the property was redeveloped.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas holders also previously existed at Chico (demolished 1951),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daly City,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eureka,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresno,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long Beach (1927-1997),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Angeles, including two within sight of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Hall" title="Los Angeles City Hall">City Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merced,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monterey,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oakland,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redding (gas holder demolished early 1960s),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redwood City (gas holder built early 1900s, demolished 1959),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salinas,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Francisco Potrero Plant,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Rosa,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Helena,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockton,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vallejo,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willows;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likely existed at their other gasification plants in Colusa, Hollister, Lodi, Madera, Marysville, Modesto, Napa, Oakdale, Oroville, Red Bluff, Sacramento, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, Selma, Tracy, Turlock, Watsonville and Woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg/220px-Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg/330px-Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg/440px-Gasometer_North_Melbourne_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Gasometer and Arden St Oval, North Melbourne, in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>Gas holders, though once common, have become rare in Australia. Most gasworks within the country were demolished or repurposed, and few gasometers remain because of this. A good example of a largely intact gasometer is located at the <a href="/wiki/Launceston_Gasworks" title="Launceston Gasworks">Launceston Gasworks</a> site in Tasmania. Though the gas bell has been removed, all other components are intact. The remains of two older 1860s gasometers are also visible on site but only the foundations remain. In <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> a beautiful ornate gasometer frame can be seen from the platform of the Macdonaldtown railway station which was built above the access tunnels of the adjoining gasworks site. </p><p>In Queensland, the <a href="/wiki/Gasworks_Newstead" title="Gasworks Newstead">Gasworks Newstead</a> is a commercial, residential, and retail development adjoining the river at <a href="/wiki/Newstead,_Queensland" title="Newstead, Queensland">Newstead</a>, Brisbane, opening in 2013, built around a now heritage-listed 1887 gas holder. Only the frame remains, inside of which is a plaza used as a public recreation zone and for occasional special events such as markets or concerts. At dusk each day a dynamic lighting display illuminates the frame. The former industrial site on the inner-city fringe became an urban renewal zone for upmarket housing centred on the Gasworks zone. </p><p>For many years, a huge gas holder towered over the <a href="/wiki/Arden_Street_Oval" title="Arden Street Oval">Arden Street Oval</a>, the home ground of the <a href="/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club" title="North Melbourne Football Club">North Melbourne Football Club</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Football_League" title="Victorian Football League">Victorian Football League</a>. Television coverage of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rules">Australian Rules</a> football matches played at the famous ground showed the gas holder dominating the landscape. It was demolished in late 1977 to early 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg/220px-El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg/330px-El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg/440px-El-gasometro-pabellones-grafa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Gas holder, Buenos Aires, Argentina</figcaption></figure> <p>This gas holder once operated by Gas del Estado is located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Maip%C3%BA,_Partido_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Maipú, Partido de San Martín (page does not exist)">Villa Maipú, Partido de San Martín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. It was built in 1948 by MAN, and it was used to store coke gas produced by a near factory named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usina_Corrales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usina Corrales (page does not exist)">Usina Corrales</a>. With a total height of 85 metres (279 ft) and a diameter of 54 metres (177 ft), it was operational for short period of time until in 1954 it was decommissioned. The structure remains in place and it is property of Gas Natural Fenosa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_storage_systems">Other storage systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other storage systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">gas is stored in large underground reservoirs</a> such as salt caverns. For short-term local storage, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage#Pipeline_capacity" title="Natural gas storage">line-packing</a> is the preferred method. </p><p>Throughout the 1960s and 1970s it was thought that gas holders could be replaced with high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(pressure_vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet (pressure vessel)">bullets</a> (a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends). However, regulations brought in meant that all new bullets must be built several miles out of towns and cities, and the security of storing large amounts of high-pressure natural gas above ground made them unpopular with local people and <a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">councils</a>. Bullets are gradually being decommissioned. It is also possible to store natural gas <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">in liquid form</a>, and this is widely practised throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasometer_Oberhausen" title="Gasometer Oberhausen">Gasometer Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gashouse_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashouse District">Gashouse District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">Natural gas storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">Water tower</a>, similar utility storage structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasv%C3%A6rket" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasværket">Gasværket</a> – a theatre in Copenhagen which was formerly a huge gas holder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_5-7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_5-7_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slides 5-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_10_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slide 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_8_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slide 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLuigi_FiorinoaRaffaele_LandolfobFederico_Massimo_Mazzolani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Luigi Fiorinoa; Raffaele Landolfob; Federico Massimo Mazzolani (2014). "The Refurbishment of Gasometers as a Relevant Witness of Industrial Archaeology". <i>Engineering Structures</i>. <b>84</b>: 252–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engstruct.2014.11.035">10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Structures&rft.atitle=The+Refurbishment+of+Gasometers+as+a+Relevant+Witness+of+Industrial+Archaeology&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=252-265&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.engstruct.2014.11.035&rft.au=Luigi+Fiorinoa&rft.au=Raffaele+Landolfob&rft.au=Federico+Massimo+Mazzolani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam2015" class="citation news cs1">Ram, Ed (9 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30405066">"Will the UK's Gas Holders Be Missed? BBC News"</a>. <i>Magazine</i>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magazine&rft.atitle=Will+the+UK%27s+Gas+Holders+Be+Missed%3F+BBC+News&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30405066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_8,_10-11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_8,_10-11_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slides 8, 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_11_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slide 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211203737/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm">"Greater Manchester Gazetteer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Record_Office" title="Greater Manchester County Record Office">Greater Manchester County Record Office</a>. Places names – M to N. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Manchester+Gazetteer&rft.pages=Places+names+-+M+to+N&rft.pub=Greater+Manchester+County+Record+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcro.co.uk%2FGuides%2FGazeteer%2Fgazzm2n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_17-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slides_17_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slides 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/10473071/Gasometers-a-brief-history.html">"Gasometers: A Brief History"</a>. 26 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gasometers%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fenergy%2Foilandgas%2F10473071%2FGasometers-a-brief-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014slide_12_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, slide 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204112714/http://www.motherwellbridge.com/index/gasholder-types">"Gasholder types"</a>. <i>motherwellbridge.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherwellbridge.com/index/gasholder-types">the original</a> on 4 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motherwellbridge.com&rft.atitle=Gasholder+types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherwellbridge.com%2Findex%2Fgasholder-types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20101-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20101_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2010">Thomas 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20108-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20108_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20108_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2010">Thomas 2010</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20109-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20109_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20109_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2010">Thomas 2010</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2010">Thomas 2010</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201427-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201427_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201410-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201410_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gasometer.de">"Gasometer Oberhausen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gasometer+Oberhausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gasometer.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723060048/http://www.archiseek.com/content/showthread.php?t=6304">"National Grid Gasholder Demolition Case Study"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiseek.com/content/showthread.php?t=6304">the original</a> on 2012-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Grid+Gasholder+Demolition+Case+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiseek.com%2Fcontent%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D6304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30405066">"Will the UK's gas holders be missed?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Will+the+UK%27s+gas+holders+be+missed%3F&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30405066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgridproperty.com/pdfs/Gasholder.pdf">"archiseek: The Gasworks, Dublin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=archiseek%3A+The+Gasworks%2C+Dublin.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgridproperty.com%2Fpdfs%2FGasholder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/97855511/St-Pancras-Gasometers">"St Pancras Gasometers"</a>. <i>scribd.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scribd.com&rft.atitle=St+Pancras+Gasometers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F97855511%2FSt-Pancras-Gasometers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingscross.co.uk/heritage-gasholder-no-8">"Historic Gasholder No8 at King's Cross"</a>. <i>King's Cross</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/09/nyregion/last-days-for-brooklyn-s-giants-twin-tanks-carry-love-hate-reputation-end.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all&pagewanted=print">the original</a> on 2014-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Last+Days+for+Brooklyn%27s+Giants%3B+Twin+Tanks+Carry+a+Love-Hate+Reputation+to+the+End&rft.date=2001-07-09&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F07%2F09%2Fnyregion%2Flast-days-for-brooklyn-s-giants-twin-tanks-carry-love-hate-reputation-end.html%3Fsrc%3Dpm%26pagewanted%3D2%26pagewanted%3Dall%26pagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhpr.org/post/donor-gives-500k-save-concords-historic-gasholder-demolition">"Donor Gives $500K To Save Concord's Historic Gasholder From Demolition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Public_Radio" title="New Hampshire Public Radio">New Hampshire Public Radio</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hampshire+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Donor+Gives+%24500K+To+Save+Concord%27s+Historic+Gasholder+From+Demolition&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhpr.org%2Fpost%2Fdonor-gives-500k-save-concords-historic-gasholder-demolition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordmonitor.com/Articles/2016/03/From-Archives-1/gasholderfollow-cm-031716">Concord Monitor: "Collapse of entrance roof at historic gasholder building reflects its problems" (March 29, 2016)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concordmonitor.com/Concord-NH-gas-holder-house-building-future-22545298">Concord Monitor: "Gasholder future still uncertain" (Jan. 6, 2019)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/beach-street.page">"Former Beach Street Manufactured Gas Plant–San Francisco"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Beach+Street+Manufactured+Gas+Plant%E2%80%93San+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fbeach-street.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/chico.page">"Former Colusa manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Colusa+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fchico.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/daly-city.page">"Former Daly City manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Daly+City+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fdaly-city.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/eureka.page">"Former Eureka manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Eureka+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Feureka.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/fresno1.page">"Former Fresno - 1 Manufactured Gas Plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Fresno+-+1+Manufactured+Gas+Plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Ffresno1.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/fresno-2.page">"Former Fresno-2 Manufactured Gas Plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Fresno-2+Manufactured+Gas+Plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Ffresno-2.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailynews.com/2010/01/03/former-natural-gas-reservoir/">"Former natural gas reservoir"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterandpower.org/Museum2/Gasometers_of_Early_LA.html">"Gasometers of Early Los Angeles"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gasometers+of+Early+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterandpower.org%2FMuseum2%2FGasometers_of_Early_LA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/merced.page">"Former Merced manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Merced+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fmerced.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/monterey.page">"Former Monterey manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Monterey+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fmonterey.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/oakland.page">"Former Oakland manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Oakland+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Foakland.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/redding.page">"Former Redding manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Redding+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fredding.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/redwood-city.page">"Former Redwood City gas holder"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Redwood+City+gas+holder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fredwood-city.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/salinas.page">"Former Salinas manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Salinas+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fsalinas.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/potrero.page">"Former Potrero Power Plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Potrero+Power+Plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fpotrero.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/santa-rosa.page">"Former Santa Rosa manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Santa+Rosa+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fsanta-rosa.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/st-helena.page">"Former St. Helena manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+St.+Helena+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fst-helena.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/stockton.page">"Former Stockton manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Stockton+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fstockton.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/vallejo.page">"Former Vallejo manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Vallejo+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fvallejo.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/willows.page">"Former Willows manufactured gas plant"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=Former+Willows+manufactured+gas+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fwillows.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/taking-responsibility/manufactured-gas-plants/mgp.page">"PG&E's manufactured gas plant program"</a>. <i>www.pge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pge.com&rft.atitle=PG%26E%27s+manufactured+gas+plant+program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fen_US%2Fabout-pge%2Fenvironment%2Ftaking-responsibility%2Fmanufactured-gas-plants%2Fmgp.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatrobe1941" class="citation book cs1">Latrobe, Ferdinand Claiborne (1941). <i>Iron Men and Their Dogs</i>. Baltimore: Ivan R. Drechsler. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/42003970">42003970</a>Also republished in 2012 as ISBN 978-1258493202</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Men+and+Their+Dogs&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Drechsler&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F42003970&rft.aulast=Latrobe&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+Claiborne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Russell (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eugris.info/newsdownloads/Gasholders%20and%20their%20tanks.pdf">"Gasholders and their tanks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gasholders+and+their+tanks&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eugris.info%2Fnewsdownloads%2FGasholders%2520and%2520their%2520tanks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Russell (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8489343">"History of the Gasholder-a Powerpoint Presentation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Gasholder-a+Powerpoint+Presentation&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8489343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/steel-making-provides-energy-solution/?print=1">"Steel making provides energy solution"</a>. <i>newsteelconstruction.com</i>. January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsteelconstruction.com&rft.atitle=Steel+making+provides+energy+solution&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsteelconstruction.com%2Fwp%2Fsteel-making-provides-energy-solution%2F%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas+holder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_holder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gasometers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gasometers">Gasometers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gasometer" class="extiw" title="commons:Gasometer"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gasometer</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128002452/http://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/5130-storage-tanks-vessels-gas-liquids?start=8">Use of gasometers in Oil & Gas industry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/264609.stm">Condemned: The great gasometer</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, January 28, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaswerk-augsburg.de/europa.htm">Gasometer Augsburg in Germany and a list of many Gasometers in Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511095543/http://www.gaswerk-augsburg.de/europa.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118122721/http://www.gasometer.ch/">Gasometer Schlieren, Switzerland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extrageographic.org/magazine/features/2008/080810_they_hold_gas.html">"The rise and fall of gasometers"</a> <i>Extrageographic</i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eugris.info/newsdownloads/Gasholders%20and%20their%20tanks.pdf">Gasholders and their tanks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fuel_gas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fuel_gas" title="Template:Fuel gas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fuel_gas" title="Template talk:Fuel gas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fuel_gas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fuel gas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fuel_gas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufactured fuel gas<br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufactured gas">History</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">Coal gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">Coal gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification" title="Underground coal gasification">Underground coal gasification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace_gas" title="Blast furnace gas">Blast furnace gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_gas" title="Blau gas">Blau gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond_gas" title="Mond gas">Mond gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintsch_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintsch gas">Pintsch gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Producer_gas" title="Producer gas">Producer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regasification" title="Regasification">Regasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">Syngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">Water gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas" title="Associated petroleum gas">APG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">CBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCNG" title="HCNG">HCNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate" title="Natural-gas condensate">NGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitute_natural_gas" title="Substitute natural gas">SNG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas" title="Renewable natural gas">Bio-SNG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_flame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gas flame"><img alt="Gas flame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/90px-Gas_flame.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/135px-Gas_flame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/180px-Gas_flame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_station" title="Compressor station">Compressor station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gas holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_meter" title="Gas meter">Gas meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">Gasworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">Natural-gas processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">Natural gas storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">Odorizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_burner" title="Gas burner">Gas burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">Gas engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">Gas mantle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_stove" title="Gas stove">Gas stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_light" title="Pilot light">Pilot light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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