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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Traditional views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_favor_of_full_Chinese_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_favor_of_full_Chinese_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In favor of full Chinese composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_favor_of_full_Chinese_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_favor_of_the_sutra_being_based_on_Indian_originals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_favor_of_the_sutra_being_based_on_Indian_originals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In favor of the sutra being based on Indian originals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_favor_of_the_sutra_being_based_on_Indian_originals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Chinese_Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Chinese_Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-Chinese Translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Chinese_Translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-Chinese Translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Chinese_Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Doctrinal orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Main themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_types_of_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_types_of_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Two types of mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_types_of_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha-nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha-nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Buddha-nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha-nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Meditation practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_and_traditional_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_and_traditional_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ethics and traditional practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_and_traditional_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet,_lifestyle_and_ascetic_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet,_lifestyle_and_ascetic_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Diet, lifestyle and ascetic practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet,_lifestyle_and_ascetic_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_White_Parasol_Crown_Dhāraṇī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_White_Parasol_Crown_Dhāraṇī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>The White Parasol Crown Dhāraṇī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_White_Parasol_Crown_Dhāraṇī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realms_of_rebirth,_bodhisattva_stages_and_Demons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realms_of_rebirth,_bodhisattva_stages_and_Demons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Realms of rebirth, bodhisattva stages and Demons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realms_of_rebirth,_bodhisattva_stages_and_Demons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mainland East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="শূরঙ্গম সূত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূরঙ্গম সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama_s%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṃgama sūtra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Śūraṃgama sūtra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurangama_Sutra" title="Shurangama Sutra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shurangama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B2%BD" title="능엄경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="능엄경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शूरांगम् सूत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शूरांगम् सूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABtra_%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama" title="Sūtra Śūraṅgama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sūtra Śūraṅgama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama_s%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṃgama sūtra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Śūraṃgama sūtra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BArangama-sz%C3%BAtra" title="Súrangama-szútra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Súrangama-szútra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surangama_soetra" title="Surangama soetra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surangama soetra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%8E%B3%E7%B5%8C" title="首楞厳経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="首楞厳経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surangamasutraen" title="Surangamasutraen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surangamasutraen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra_%C5%9Aurangama" title="Sutra Śurangama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sutra Śurangama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шурангама сутра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шурангама сутра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83ng-nghi%C3%AAm_kinh" title="Lăng-nghiêm kinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lăng-nghiêm kinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="楞嚴經" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mahayana" title="Category:Mahayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#A0522D">Mahāyāna Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna"><img alt="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Transcendent Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara#The_doctrine_of_Vijñapti-mātra" title="Yogachara">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Three vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita_nirvāna" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Non-abiding Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">Three Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">Wrathful deities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sūtras</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra"><i>Lotus Sūtra</i></a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti-nirdesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimalakirti-nirdesa">Vimalakirtinirdeśa</a></i></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Key_Mahayana_sources" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra"><i>Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</i></a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></i></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanavy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ghanavyūha Sūtra">Ghanavyūha sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra">Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism#Mahāyāna_schools" title="Schools of Buddhism">Major schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Fa Gu Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Ashvaghosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Shāntarakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wohnyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABpa" title="Virūpa">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Regional traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257638694">.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism{color:black}.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3D3;border:2px solid #D3D3D3}.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism .sidebar-list-content{background-color:#D3D3D3;border:2px solid #D3D3D3}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks zen-buddhism plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="禪 Zen"><img alt="禪 Zen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/40px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/60px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/80px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Part of</span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><i>a series</i></span></a> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Zen Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><img alt="Ensō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/100px-Enso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/150px-Enso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/200px-Enso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese <i>Chan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese <i>Zen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean <i>Seon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese <i>Thiền</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>The "essence"</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">Original enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">Turning the light around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden awakening</a></li></ul> <p><b>The way</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five ranks of Tozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li></ul> <p><b>The "goal"</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul> <p><b>Background</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Representation-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">Walking meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a> Chan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">Samu (Zen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">Ōryōki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_combat" title="Dharma combat">Dharma combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgai" title="Kyōgai">Kyōgai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Zen poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsuzend%C5%8D" title="Hitsuzendō">Zen calligraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Indian Mahayana texts</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Texts" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Chinese texts</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">The Awakening of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heze school">Heze school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism#Tibetan_Chan" title="Chan Buddhism">Tibetan Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Chán in China</b><br /> <p><i><b>Classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng (Enō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi (Baso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Post-classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Yun">Xu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Zen in Japan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassui_Tokush%C5%8D" title="Bassui Tokushō">Bassui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankei">Bankei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Seon in Korea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Thiền in Vietnam</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a></li></ul> <p><b>Western Zen</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Category: Zen Buddhists</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">首楞嚴經</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shǒuléngyán jīng</i></span>, <i>Sūtra of the Heroic</i> <i>March</i>) (Taisho no. 945) is a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> that has been especially influential on <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a> (where it remains a major subject of study in <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Sŏn</a> monasteries) and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> (where it was a regular part of daily liturgy during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was particularly important for <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen/Chan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrinal outlook of the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is that of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a> thought, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">esoteric Buddhism</a>. </p><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> was widely accepted as a sutra in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, where it has traditionally been included as part of Chinese-language <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Tripitakas</a>. In the modern <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taisho Tripitaka</a>, it is placed in the Esoteric Sutra category (密教部).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sutra's <i><a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Śūraṅgama Mantra</a></i> is widely recited in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam as part of temple liturgies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern academic scholars (including Mochizuki Shinko, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Demi%C3%A9ville" title="Paul Demiéville">Paul Demieville</a>, Kim Chin-yol, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BC_Cheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lü Cheng (page does not exist)">Lü Cheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%BE%82" class="extiw" title="zh:呂澂">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/A._Charles_Muller" title="A. Charles Muller">Charles Muller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kogen_Mizuno" title="Kogen Mizuno">Kogen Mizuno</a>), argue that the sutra is a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras#Mahāyāna_Sūtras_of_East_Asian_provenance" title="Mahayana sutras">Chinese apocryphal text</a> that was composed in literary Chinese and reveals uniquely Chinese philosophical concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ron_Epstein" title="Ron Epstein">Ron Epstein</a> argue that the text is a compilation of Indic materials with extensive editing in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sutra was translated into <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> during the late eighth to early ninth century and other complete translations exist in Tibetan, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> languages (see <a href="#Non-Chinese_Translations">Translations</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Śūraṅgama</i> means "heroic valour",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "heroic progress", or "heroic march" in Sanskrit. The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is not to be confused with the similarly titled <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra"><i>Śūraṅgama</i> <i>Samadhi</i> <i>Sutra</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">T.</a> 642 首楞嚴三昧經; <i>Shǒuléngyán Sānmèi Jīng</i>) which was translated by <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> (344–413). </p><p>The complete title preserved in Chinese 大佛頂如來密因修證了義諸菩薩萬行首楞嚴經 means: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Sūtra on the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama</i></span> Mantra that is spoken from above the Crown of the Great Buddha's Head and on the Hidden Basis of the Tathagata's Myriad Bodhisattva Practices that lead to their Verifications of Ultimate Truth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An alternate translation of the title reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Sutra of the Foremost Shurangama at the Great Buddha's Summit Concerning the Tathagata's Secret Cause of Cultivation His Certification to the Complete Meaning and Bodhisattvas' Myriad Practices<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_title_in_different_languages">The title in different languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The title in different languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common translation of the sutra's name in English is the "Heroic March sutra" (as used e.g. by Matthew Kapstein, Norman Waddell, and Andy Ferguson), or the "scripture of the Heroic Progress" (as used e.g. by Thomas Cleary). The Sanskrit title preserved in the Chinese Tripitaka is <i>Mahābuddhoṣṇīṣa-tathāgataguhyahetu-sākṣātkṛta-prasannārtha-sarvabodhisattvacaryā-śūraṅgama-sūtra</i>, rendered by <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a> as "Sutra of the Foremost Shurangama at the Great Buddha's Summit Concerning the Tathagata's Secret Cause of Cultivation, His Certification to Complete Meaning and All Bodhisattva's Myriad Practices". </p><p>The full title of the sutra also appears as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大佛頂如來密因修證了義諸菩薩萬行首楞嚴經</span></span>; ; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dà Fódǐng Rúlái Mìyīn Xiūzhèng Liǎoyì Zhū Púsà Wànxíng Shǒuléngyán jīng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">대불정여래밀인수증료의제보살만행수릉엄경</span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Đại Phật đỉnh Như Lai mật nhân tu chứng liễu nghĩa chư Bồ Tát vạn hạnh thủ-lăng-nghiêm kinh</i>. </p><p>It is also known by abbreviated versions of the title such as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大佛頂首楞嚴經</span></span>; ; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dà Fódǐng Shǒuléngyán jīng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">대불정수릉엄경</span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Đại Phật Đảnh Thủ-Lăng-Nghiêm Kinh</i> or simply and more commonly <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楞嚴經</span></span>; ; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Léngyán jīng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">능엄경</span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Lăng-Nghiêm Kinh</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An original Sanskrit version of <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is not known to be extant and the Indic provenance of the text is in question - it is arguably <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a>. A Sanskrit language palm leaf manuscript consisting of 226 leaves with 6 leaves missing which according to the introduction "contains the Śūraṅgama Sūtra" was discovered in a temple in China and now resides at Peng Xuefeng Memorial Museum. But scholars have not yet verified if this is the same text or some other sutra (like the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samadhi Sūtra</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-李学竹_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李学竹-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first catalogue that recorded the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> was Zhisheng (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">智昇</span>), a monk in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>. Zhisheng said this book was brought back from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Xuanzong</a>. He gave two different accounts in two different books, both of which were published in 730 CE. </p> <ol><li>According to the first account found in <i>The Kaiyuan Era Catalog of the Buddhist Tripitaka</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">開元釋教錄</span>) the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></span> was translated in 713 CE by a Ven. Master Huai Di (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">懷迪</span>) and an unnamed Indian monk.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the second account, in his later book <i>Continuation to the History of the Translation of Buddhist Sutras Mural Record</i> (續古今譯經圖記), the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></span></i> was translated in May 705 CE by <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Śramaṇa</a> Pāramiti from central <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, who came to China and brought the text to the province of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. The text was then polished and edited by Empress <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>'s former minister, court regulator, and state censor Fang Yong (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">房融</span>) of Qingho.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation was reviewed by Śramaṇa Meghaśikha from <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oḍḍiyāna</a>, and certified by Śramaṇa Huai-di (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">懷迪</span>) of Nanlou Monastery (南樓寺) on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Luofu" title="Mount Luofu">Mount Luofu</a> (羅浮山).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views">Traditional views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally there have been questions regarding the translation of this sutra as it was not sponsored by the Imperial Chinese Court and as such the records regarding its translation in the early <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">eighth century</a> were not carefully preserved. However, it has never been classified as <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocrypha</a> in any Chinese-language <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Tripitakas</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taisho Tripitaka</a> where it is placed in the Esoteric Sutra category (密教部).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dispute about this text arose in 8th century in Japan, so <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dnin" title="Emperor Kōnin">Emperor Kōnin</a> sent Master Tokusei (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Deqing</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">徳清</span>) and a group of monks to China, asking whether this book was a forgery or not. A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Upasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasaka">upasaka</a> or layperson told the head monk of the Japanese monastic delegation, Master Tokusei that this was forged by Fang Yong.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>, a 12th-century Neo-confucian who was opposed to Buddhism, believed that it was created during the Tang Dynasty in China, and did not come from India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a> Emperor and the Third <a href="/wiki/Changkya_Khutukhtu" title="Changkya Khutukhtu">Changkya Khutukhtu</a>, the traditional head tulku of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> lineage of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> in Inner Mongolia, believed in the authenticity of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later translated the Śūraṅgama Sūtra into the Manchu language, Mongolian and Tibetan. (see translations) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_favor_of_full_Chinese_composition">In favor of full Chinese composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In favor of full Chinese composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hurvitz claims that the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is "a Chinese forgery".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurvitz1967482_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurvitz1967482-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faure similarly claims that it is "apocryphal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199142,_122_n9,_231,_240_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199142,_122_n9,_231,_240-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China during the early modern era, the reformist <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> claimed that the sutra is apocryphal, writing, "The real Buddhist scriptures would not say things like Surangama Sutra, so we know the Surangama Sutra is apocryphal.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same era, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BC_Cheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lü Cheng (page does not exist)">Lü Cheng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">呂澂</span>) wrote an essay to claim that the book is apocryphal, named "One hundred reasons about why Shurangama Sutra is apocryphal" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">楞嚴百偽</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to James Benn, the Japanese scholar Mochizuki Shinko's (1869–1948) <i>Bukkyo kyoten seiritsu shiron</i> "showed how many of the text's doctrinal elements may be traced to sources that already existed in China at the beginning of the eighth century, and he also described he early controversy surrounding the text in Japan."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Charles Muller and Kogen Mizuno also hold that this sutra is apocryphal (and is similar to other apocryphal Chinese sutras). According to Muller, "even a brief glance" through these apocryphal works "by someone familiar with both indigenous sinitic philosophy and the Indian Mahāyāna textual corpus yields the recognition of themes, terms and concepts from indigenous traditions playing a dominant role in the text, to an extent which makes it obvious that they must have been written in East Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also notes that apocryphal works like the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> contain terms that were only used in East Asia:</p><blockquote><p>...such as innate enlightenment (本覺 pen-chüeh) and actualized enlightenment (始覺 chih-chüeh) and other terms connected with the discourse of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">tathāgatagarbha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">ālayavijñāna</a> problematik (the debate as to whether the human mind is, at its most fundamental level, pure or impure) appear in such number that the difference from the bona fide translations from Indic languages is obvious. Furthermore, the entire discourse of innate/actualized enlightenment and tathāgatagarbha-ālayavijñāna opposition can be seen as strongly reflecting a Chinese philosophical obsession dating back to at least the time of Mencius, when Mencius entered into debate with Kao-tzu on the original purity of the mind. The indigenous provenance of such texts is also indicated by their clear influence and borrowing from other current popular East Asian works, whether or not these other works were Indian or East Asian composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Muller also writes that the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> shows evidence of being influenced by the metaphysical framework of the <i>Ch'i-hsin lun</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a></i>), another apocryphal treatise composed in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James A. Benn notes that the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> also "shares some notable similarities with another scripture composed in China and dating to the same period", that is, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Benn states that "One might regard the <i>Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</i>, which has only one fascicle, as opposed to the <i>Śūraṅgama</i>'s ten, as a precis of the essential points of the <i>Śūraṅgama</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benn points out several passages which present uniquely Chinese understandings of animal life and natural phenomena that are without Indic precedent (such as the "Jelly fish with shrimp for eyes" and the "wasps, which take the larvae of other insects as their own") but that are found in earlier <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James A. Benn also notes how the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> even borrows ideas that are mostly found in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> sources (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Baopuzi</a>)</i>, such as the idea that there are ten types of "<a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">immortals</a>" (仙 <i>xiān</i>) in a realm located between the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a> realm and the human realm. The qualities of these immortals include common ideas found in Taoism, such as their "ingestion of metals and minerals" and the practice of "movement and stillness"(<i>dongzhi</i>, which is related to <i><a href="/wiki/Daoyin" title="Daoyin">daoyin</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benn argues that the <i>Śūraṅgama's</i> "taxonomy" of immortals was "clearly derived" from <a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Taoist literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, the <i>Śūraṅgama's</i> "ten types of demons" (鬼 gui), are also influenced by Taoist and Confucian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the critiques of the Śūraṅgama from Lyu Cheng and Liang Qichao, Shi Minsheng (釋愍生) established a rigorous response to them, criticizing the misinterpretations that both Lyu and Liang made for understanding the Śūraṅgama. In Shi Minsheng's Arguments Against Lyu Cheng'critiques (辯破楞嚴百偽)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,Shi Minsheng listed 100 arguments that corresponded to Lyu Cheng's 100 critiques, showing accurate evidence that is traceable in Buddhist scriptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_favor_of_the_sutra_being_based_on_Indian_originals">In favor of the sutra being based on Indian originals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In favor of the sutra being based on Indian originals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ron Epstein gives an overview of the arguments for Indian or Chinese origin, and concludes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Preliminary analysis of the internal evidence then indicates that the Sutra is probably a compilation of Indic materials that may have had a long literary history. It should be noted though, that for a compilation, which is also how the Sutra is treated by some traditional commentators, the Sutra has an intricate beauty of structure that is not particularly Chinese and which shines through and can clearly be distinguished from the Classical Chinese syntax, on which attention has usually been centered. Thus one of the difficulties with the theory that the Sutra is apocryphal is that it would be difficult to find an author who could plausibly be held accountable for both structure and language and who would also be familiar with the doctrinal intricacies that the Sutra presents. Therefore, it seems likely that the origin of the great bulk of material in the Sutra is Indic, though it is obvious that the text was edited in China. However, a great deal of further, systematic research will be necessary to bring to light all the details of the text's rather complicated construction.</p></blockquote> <p>A number of scholars have associated the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> with the Buddhist tradition at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nālandā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1995111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1995111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1962264_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1962264-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Epstein thinks that certain passages in the sutra do show Chinese influence, such as the section on the Taoist immortals, but he thinks that this "could easily represent an adaptive Chinese translation of Buddhist tantric ideas. The whole area of the doctrinal relationship between the Taoist <i>nei-tan</i>, or so-called "inner alchemy", and early Buddhist tantra is a murky one, and until we know more about both, the issue probably cannot be resolved adequately."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epstein further writes regarding uniquely Chinese influences found in the text: "As to things Chinese, there are various short references to them scattered throughout the text, but, just as well as indicating the work's Chinese origin, they also could be an indication of a translation style of substitution of parallel items, which would fit right in with the highly literary Chinese phraseology."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In arguing for an Indic origin, Epstein gives three main reasons: </p> <ol><li>He argues many Sanskrit terms which appear in the text, "including some not often found in other Chinese translations. Moreover, the transliteration system does not seem to follow that of other works."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Epstein also notes that the general doctrinal position of the sūtra (tantric <i><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">tathagatagarbha</a></i> teachings) does indeed correspond to what is known about the Buddhist teachings at Nālandā during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Large sections "definitely seem to contain Indic materials. Some passages could conceivably have been constructed from texts already translated into Chinese, although given the bulk and complexity of the material, to account for much of the text in that way would mean that the task of authorship would have had to have been an enormous one. About other portions of the work, such as the <i>bodhimanda</i> and mantra, there can be no doubt about their direct Indic origin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Similarly, Rounds argues for an Indic source by pointing out "two indisputably Indian elements" in the sutra: the text's reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist science of reasoning</a> (hetuvidya) and the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> mantra.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Chinese_Translations">Non-Chinese Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-Chinese Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra was translated into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> probably during the late eighth to early ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However possibly because of the persecution of Buddhism during King <a href="/wiki/Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a>'s reign (ca. 840-841), only a portion of Scroll 9 and Scroll 10 of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra are preserved in the surviving two ancient texts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buton_Rinchen_Drub" title="Buton Rinchen Drub">Buton Rinchen Drub</a> <a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a> mentioned that one of the two texts was probably translated from Chinese; thereby suggesting the second text may have possibly been translated from another language.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire Śūraṅgama Sūtra was translated in 1763 from Han Chinese into the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu language</a>, Mongolian and Tibetan languages and compiled into a four language set at the command of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third <a href="/wiki/Changkya_Khutukhtu" title="Changkya Khutukhtu">Changkya Khutukhtu</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6lp%C3%A9_Dorj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Rölpé Dorjé">Rölpé Dorjé</a> or 若必多吉 or Lalitavajra (1716–1786) convinced the Qianlong Emperor to engage in the translation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third Changkya Khutukhtu supervised (and verified) with the help of Fu Nai the translation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete translation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra into Tibetan is found in a supplement to the Narthang Kangyur.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few English translations: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Surangama Sutra,</i> published in <i>A Buddhist Bible,</i> translated by Dwight Goddard and Bhikshu Wai-tao.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luk" title="Charles Luk">Charles Luk</a>, 1967, <i>Shurangama Sutra</i></li> <li><i>The Shurangama Sutra with commentary by Master Hsuan Hua</i>. Volumes 1 to 8. Buddhist Translation Society, 2nd edition (October 2003).</li> <li>Buddhist Text Translation Society (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra, With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsüan Hua</a></i>, <i>A New Translation,</i> p. 267. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>, 4951 Bodhi Way, Ukiah, California 95482 (707) 462–0939, bttsonline.org.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%9D%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E7%A2%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a> with words from Shurangama Mantra, Beijing Rock Carving Art Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrinal_orientation">Doctrinal orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Doctrinal orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> contains teachings from <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxx-xxxii_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxx-xxxii-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It makes use of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist logic">Buddhist logic</a> with its methods of <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">catuṣkoṭi</a> "fourfold negation" first popularized by <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxii-xxxiv_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxii-xxxiv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_themes">Main themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Main themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the main themes of the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is how knowledge of the Buddha's teaching (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>) is worthless unless it is coupled with the power of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a> (meditative absorption), as well as the importance of moral <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">precepts</a> as a foundation for the Buddhist practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also stressed is the theme of how one effectively combats delusions and demonic influences that may arise during meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ron_Epstein" title="Ron Epstein">Ron Epstein</a>, a key theme of the sutra is the "two types of mind", furthermore, "also contained in the work are a discussion of meditational methodology in terms of the importance of picking the proper faculty (<i><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">indriya</a></i>) as a vehicle for meditation, instructions for the construction of a tantric <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Bodhimaṇḍa">bodhimanda</a></i>, a long mantra, a description of fifty-seven <a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a>, a description of the karmic relationship among the destinies (<i>gati</i>), or paths of rebirth, and an enumeration of fifty demonic states encountered on the path."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ron Epstein and David Rounds have suggested that the major themes of the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> reflect the strains upon <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a> during the time of its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They cite the resurgence of non-Buddhist religions, and the crumbling social supports for monastic Buddhist institutions. This era also saw the emergence of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantrism</a> and the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Esoteric Buddhism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddha</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They propose that moral challenges and general confusion about Buddhism are said to have then given rise to the themes of the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i>, such as clear understanding of principles, moral discipline, essential Buddhist cosmology, development of samādhi, and how to avoid falling into various delusions in meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_types_of_mind">Two types of mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Two types of mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key theme found in the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is the distinction between the true mind and the discriminating mind.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discriminating worldly mind is the ordinary quotidian mind that becomes entangled in rebirth, thinking, change and illusion. But, according to the <i>Śūraṅgama,</i> there is also "an everlasting true mind, which is our real nature, and which is the state of the Buddha."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Śūraṅgama,</i> the worldly mind "is the mind that is the basis of death and rebirth and that has continued for the entirety of time...dependent upon perceived objects."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This worldly mind is mistaken by sentient beings as being their true nature. Meanwhile, the "pure enlightened mind" is the underlying nature of all dharmas (phenomena). It is the ultimate reality which is also <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>, which has no beginning. It is the original and pure essence of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true awakened mind is an unchanging awareness that remains still and independent of all sense objects, even while the discriminating mind changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pure mind then is the essential nature of awareness, not the ordinary awareness which is distorted and diseased.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theme of the everlasting true mind which is contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsaric</a> mind is also a common theme of the <i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Mahayana Awakening of Faith</a></i> treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddha-nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "everlasting true mind" is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> teaching of <i>tathāgatagarbha</i> or <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a>. Rounds and Epstein explain the <i>Śūraṅgama's</i> conception of the <i>tathāgatagarbha</i>, the "Matrix of the Thus Come One", as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fundamentally, everything that comes and goes, that comes into being and ceases to be, is within the true nature of the Matrix of the Thus-Come One, which is the wondrous, everlasting understanding — the unmoving, all-pervading, wondrous suchness of reality.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Buddha] shows one by one that each of the elements of the physical world and each of the elements of our sensory apparatus is, fundamentally, an illusion. But at the same time, these illusory entities and experiences arise out of what is real. That matrix from which all is produced is the Matrix of the Thus-Come One. It is identical to our own true mind and identical as well to the fundamental nature of the universe and to the mind of all Buddhas.</p></blockquote><p>Thus, according to the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> the "buddha-womb" or "buddha-essence" is source of mind and world.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This buddha nature is originally pure enlightenment, however, due to the deluded development of a subject-object separation, the whole world of birth and death arises.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation_practices">Meditation practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meditation practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> teaches about the Śūraṅgama Samādhi (the "meditative absorption of the heroic march"), which is associated with <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">complete enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>. This samādhi is also featured extensively in the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></i>. It is equally praised in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i>, where it is explained by the Buddha that this samādhi is the essence of the nature of the Buddha and is indeed the "mother of all Buddhas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte199836_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte199836-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha also comments that the Śūraṅgama Samādhi additionally goes under several other names, specifically <i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a></i> ("Perfection of Wisdom"), the <i><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a> Samādhi</i>, the <i>Siṃhanāda Samādhi</i> ("Lion's Roar Samādhi"), and the <i>Buddha-<a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">svabhāva</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte199836_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte199836-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> contains various explanations of specific meditation practices which help one cultivate <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>, including a famous passage in which twenty five sages discuss twenty five methods of practice. The main intent of these various methods is to detach one's awareness of all sense objects and to direct awareness inward, to the fundamental true nature. This leads to the experience of the disappearance of everything and finally to illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The most well known part of this passage is the meditation taught by <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>, the last of these sages to teach. Avalokiteshvara describes their method as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>I began with a practice based on the enlightened nature of hearing. First I redirected my hearing inward in order to enter the current of the sages. Then external sounds disappeared. With the direction of my hearing reversed and with sounds stilled, both sounds and silence ceased to arise. So it was that, as I gradually progressed, what I heard and my awareness of what I heard came to an end. Even when that state of mind in which everything had come to an end disappeared, I did not rest. My awareness and the objects of my awareness were emptied, and when that process of emptying my awareness was wholly complete, then even that emptying and what had been emptied vanished. Coming into being and ceasing to be themselves ceased to be. Then the ultimate stillness was revealed. All of a sudden I transcended the worlds of ordinary beings, and I also transcended the worlds of beings who have transcended the ordinary worlds. Everything in the ten directions was fully illuminated, and I gained two remarkable powers. First, my mind ascended to unite with the fundamental, wondrous, enlightened mind of all Buddhas in all ten directions, and my power of compassion became the same as theirs. Second, my mind descended to unite with all beings of the six destinies in all ten directions such that I felt their sorrows and their prayerful yearnings as my own. World-Honored One, because I had made offerings to the Thus-Come One Who Hears the Cries of the World, I received from that Thus-Come One a hidden transmission of a vajra-like <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a> such that my power of compassion became the same as the Buddhas'. I was then able to go to all lands and appear in thirty-two forms that respond to what beings require</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics_and_traditional_practices">Ethics and traditional practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethics and traditional practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> also focuses on the necessity of keeping traditional ethical precepts, especially the <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">five precepts</a> and the monastic <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These precepts are said to be the basis to <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> which in turn leads to wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha describes the precepts as clear and unalterable instruction on purity which transverse time and place. If one breaks them (by killing, stealing, lying etc.) one will never reach enlightenment, no matter how much one meditates.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Indeed, according to the <i>Śūraṅgama:</i></p><blockquote><p>No matter how much you may practice samādhi in order to transcend the stress of entanglement with perceived objects, you will never transcend that stress until you have freed yourself from thoughts of killing. Even very intelligent people who can enter samādhi while practicing meditation in stillness are certain to fall into the realm of ghosts and spirits upon their rebirth if they have not renounced all killing.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Similarly, the sutra also claims that unless one frees oneself from sensual desire, sexual activity, meat eating (which it associated with killing), stealing or lying, one will not reach enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Śūraṅgama,</i> even though one may have some wisdom and meditative absorption, one is certain to enter bad rebirths, even <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">the hells</a>, if one does not cease lust, killing, stealing and making false claims.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama</i> also warns against heterodox teachers who practice meditation without being properly prepared and then fall under the influence of demons. These teachers then begin to spout <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodoxies</a>, such as the idea that practitioners should stop revering <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> and temples, wishing to destroy <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha statues</a> and engaging in sex while saying that "the male and female organs are the true abodes of bodhi and nirvana".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James A. Benn notes that the first teaching may be a reference to certain radical <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> masters of the time, while the second one may refer to certain <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">esoteric Buddhist</a> practices which made use of ritual sex.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet,_lifestyle_and_ascetic_practice"><span id="Diet.2C_lifestyle_and_ascetic_practice"></span>Diet, lifestyle and ascetic practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diet, lifestyle and ascetic practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <i>Śūraṅgama</i> <i>Sūtra</i> argues for strict dietary rules, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and the avoidance of the five pungent roots (radish, leek, onion, garlic, asafoetida).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sutra argues that these dietary choices "drive away bodhisattvas, gods, and xian [immortals], who protect the practitioner in this life, and attracts instead hungry ghosts."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sutra also states that eating meat can have dire consequences:</p><blockquote><p>You should know that those who eat meat, although their minds maybe opened and realize a semblance of samadhi, will become great <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">raksasas</a> (demons). When that retribution is over, they will sink back into the bitter ocean of samsara and will not be able to be disciples of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama</i> goes even further with its ascetic injunctions, recommending the avoidance of animal products such as silk, leather, furs, milk, cream, and butter and arguing that this abstention can be a cause of enlightenment:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Bodhisattvas and pure monks walking on country paths will not even tread on living grasses, much less uproot them. How then can it be compassionate to gorge on other beings' blood and flesh? Monks who will not wear silks from the East, whether coarse or fine; who will not wear shoes or boots of leather, nor furs, nor birds' down from our own country; and who will not consume milk, curds, or ghee, have truly freed themselves from the world. When they have paid their debts from previous lives, they will roam no longer through the three realms. "Why? To wear parts of a being's body is to involve one's karma with that being, just as people have become bound to this earth by eating vegetables and grains. I can affirm that a person who neither eats the flesh of other beings nor wears any part of the bodies of other beings, nor even thinks of eating or wearing these things, is a person who will gain liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The sutra also teaches the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">burning of the body</a> as an offering to the Buddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_White_Parasol_Crown_Dhāraṇī"><span id="The_White_Parasol_Crown_Dh.C4.81ra.E1.B9.87.C4.AB"></span>The White Parasol Crown Dhāraṇī</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The White Parasol Crown Dhāraṇī"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usnisasitatapatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Usnisasitatapatra.jpg/220px-Usnisasitatapatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Usnisasitatapatra.jpg/330px-Usnisasitatapatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Usnisasitatapatra.jpg/440px-Usnisasitatapatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Usnisasitatapatra</a>, the protective deity of the Śūraṅgama Mantra, Inner Mongolia. 18th century </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg/220px-Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg/330px-Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg/440px-Shurangama_Heart_Mantra_v1_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Śūraṅgama Mantra</a>'s "Heart Mantra" (<i>hṛdaya</i>): Oṃ anale anale viśade viśade vīra vajradhare bandha bandhani vajrapāṇi phaṭ hūṃ phaṭ svāhā.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the sūtra's doctrinal content, it also contains a long <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhāraṇī">dhāraṇī</a> (chant, incantation) which is known in Chinese as the <i>Léngyán Zhòu</i> (楞嚴咒), or <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra"><i>Śūraṅgama Mantra</i></a>. It is well-known and popularly chanted in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the dhāraṇī is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatra</a> Uṣṇīṣa Dhāraṇī</i> (Ch. 大白傘蓋陀羅尼). This is sometimes simplified in English to <i>White Canopy Dhāraṇī</i> or <i>White Parasol Dhāraṇī.</i> In Tibetan traditions, the English is instead sometimes rendered as the "White Umbrella Mantra." The dhāraṇī is extant in three other translations found in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and is also preserved in Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>. </p><p>This dhāraṇī is often seen as having magical <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> powers, as it is associated with the deity <a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatra</a>, a protector against supernatural dangers and evil beings.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> also states that the dhāraṇī can be used as an expedient means to enter into the <i>Śūraṅgama samadhi.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> According to Rounds, the sutra also "gives precise instructions on the construction and consecration of a sacred space in which a practitioner can properly focus on recitation of the mantra."<i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Śūraṅgama Mantra</a></i> is widely recited in China, Korea and Vietnam by Mahayana monastics on a daily basis and by some laypersons as part of the Morning Recitation Liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mantra is also recited by some <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhist</a> sects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realms_of_rebirth,_bodhisattva_stages_and_Demons"><span id="Realms_of_rebirth.2C_bodhisattva_stages_and_Demons"></span>Realms of rebirth, bodhisattva stages and Demons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Realms of rebirth, bodhisattva stages and Demons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg/220px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg/330px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg/440px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Mara_Demons.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption>The influence of <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a> is a major theme of the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> also contains various explanations of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>. The sutra outlines various levels of enlightenment, the fifty five bodhisattva stages. It also contains explanations of the horrible sufferings that are experienced in the hells (<a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">narakas</a>) as well as explanations of the other realms of rebirth.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Another theme found in the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is that of various <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māras</a> (demonic beings) which are manifestations of the five <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">skandhas</a> (aggregates).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its section on the fifty skandha-māras, each of the five skandhas has ten skandha-māras associated with it, and each skandha-māra is described in detail as a deviation from correct samādhi. These skandha-māras are also known as the "fifty skandha demons" in some English-language publications. Epstein introduces the fifty skandha-māras section as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-epstein50_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein50-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For each state a description is given of the mental phenomena experienced by the practitioner, the causes of the phenomena and the difficulties which arise from attachment to the phenomena and misinterpretation of them. In essence what is presented is both a unique method of cataloguing and classifying <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual experience">spiritual experience</a> and indication of causal factors involved in the experience of the phenomena. Although the fifty states presented are by no means exhaustive, the approach taken has the potential of offering a framework for the classification of all spiritual experience, both Buddhist and non-Buddhist.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg/220px-The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg/330px-The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg/440px-The_Surangama_tower_of_Jinding_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Surangama pagoda of J<a href="/wiki/Tongwadian_(Dali)" title="Tongwadian (Dali)">inding Temple</a> (金顶寺; 金頂寺; 'Gold Summit Temple')</figcaption></figure> <p>James A. Benn, while arguing that the text is a Chinese composition, also writes that, "no crude fake, the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> is elegantly constructed and beautifully written, a text that we might easily rank among the masterpieces of medieval <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>. It today remains a widely read text, much appreciated,and seriously studied by Chinese Buddhists. Its insights continue to inform the lives and practices of both monastics and laypeople. That it is not a translation of an Indian original by no means discredits its spiritual value. Buddhism from its origins was adaptable to local circumstances, and the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> is but another example of that missionary spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_East_Asia">Mainland East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mainland East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> has been widely studied and commented on in China. <a href="/wiki/Ron_Epstein" title="Ron Epstein">Ron Epstein</a> has "found reference to 127 Chinese commentaries on the Sutra, quite a few for such a lengthy work, including 59 in the Ming dynasty alone, when it was especially popular".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is one of the seminal texts of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chán Buddhism</a>. It is held to have been first transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Yuquan Shenxiu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure1991231,_note_3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1991231,_note_3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the original sixth patriarch and the seminal figure of the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">Northern school</a>. The <i>Śūraṅgama</i> was particularly influential during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Dynasty</a>, where it was used in a ritual called the <i>Śūraṅgama assembly</i> which "was held semi-annually during monastic retreats, and there the participants chanted the long magical spell (<a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharani</a>) contained in the sutra. The dharani was also recited at memorial services for Chan abbots and patriarchs."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sūtra is cited in various Chan Buddhist texts, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a></i> (case 94).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996387_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996387-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> also influenced the work of several Song intellectuals, like <a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101) and <a href="/wiki/Su_Zhe" title="Su Zhe">Su Zhe</a> (1039–1112).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> was also a required text for Korea's monastic examination system during the Joseon period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Śūraṅgama</i> remains one of the most influential sources in the advanced curriculum of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Sŏn</a> monasteries, along with the <i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vajrasamadhi-sutra" title="Vajrasamadhi-sutra">Vajrasamadhi sutra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Śūraṅgama</i> was also said to have been "connected with the enlightenment" of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Changshui_Zixuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changshui Zixuan (page does not exist)">Changshui Zixuan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a> (憨山德清) from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary Chán-master Venerable <a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a> wrote a commentary on the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i>. Venerable <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a> was a major modern proponent of and commentator on the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra.</i> According to Hsuan Hua: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Buddhism all the sutras are very important, but the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is most important. Wherever the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is, the Proper Dharma abides in the world. When the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is gone, the Dharma Ending Age is before one's eyes. (In the <i>Extinction of the Dharma Sutra</i> it says that in the Dharma Ending Age, the <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> will become extinct first. Then gradually the other sutras will also become extinct.)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> is the true body of the Buddha; the <a href="/wiki/Sarira" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarira">śarīra</a> (relics) of the Buddha; the stūpa of the Buddha. All Buddhists must support with their utmost strength The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a> Buddhist <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> held that the sutra was not an authentic Indian text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he also drew on the text, commenting on the <i>Śūraṅgama</i> verse "when someone gives rise to Truth by returning to the Source, the whole of space in all ten quarters falls away and vanishes" as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This verse has been cited by various Buddhas and Ancestors alike. Up to this very day, this verse is truly the Bones and Marrow of the Buddhas and Ancestors. It is the very Eye of the Buddhas and Ancestors. As to my intention in saying so, there are those who say that the ten-fascicle Shurangama Scripture is a spurious scripture, whereas others say that it is a genuine Scripture: both views have persisted from long in the past down to our very day [...] Even were the Scripture a spurious one, if [Ancestors] continue to offer its turning, then it is a genuine Scripture of the Buddhas and Ancestors, as well as the Dharma Wheel intimately associated with Them.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: Several notes are Chinese, due to the international character of Wikipedia. Help in translation is welcome. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Kaiyuan Era Catalog of the Buddhist Tripitaka</i> said, "Venerable Huai Di (Chinese: 懷迪), a native of Xún zhōu (循州) [located in parts of today's <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> Province], lived in Nanlou Monastery (南樓寺) on Mount Luofu (羅浮山). <a href="/wiki/Mount_Luofu" title="Mount Luofu">Mount Luofu</a> is where many ṛsi lived and visited. Ven. Huai Di studied Buddhist sutras and sastras for a long time, and achieved profound erudition. He was also proficient in a wide range of knowledge. Here close to the coast, there are many Indian monks who come here. Ven. Huai Di learned how to say and read their language with them. When <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a> was translated to Chinese, Bodhiruci invited Huai Di to verify the translation. After the translation was finished, he returned to his hometown. Once he came to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, he met a monk, whose name was unrecorded, from India with a Sanskrit book. He asked Huai Di to translate this book, a total of ten volumes, which was <i>Shurangama Sutra</i>. Ven. Huai Di wrote this book and modified the wording. After the book was translated, the monk left, and no one knows where he went. An official went to southern China, bringing this book back, so it became known here."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 706 CE, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a> began translation. HuaiDi was invited to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. The translation was finished in 713 CE. HuaiDi then went back to his hometown. The Shurangama Sutra was translated after 713 CE. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The mention of Fang Yong poses a chronological problem. According to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> Fang Yong was put in prison in January 705 CE because he was involved in a court struggle. He was then exiled from <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> <a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a> in February, where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>II<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the book was translated at 705 CE, the cooperation of Fang Yong might be doubtful. If the text was translated in 713 CE, Fang Yong had no chance to aid in the translation of the text, since he died in 705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <i>Continuation to the History of the Translation of Buddhist Sutras Mural Record</i> said, "<a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Śramaṇa</a> Pāramiti, which is means Quantum, came from Central India. He travel, missionary, arrived china. He stayed at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangxiao_Temple_(Guangxi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangxiao Temple (Guangxi) (page does not exist)">Guangxiao Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>. Because he was very knowledgeable, so many people came to visit him. To help people, so he determined not to keep secret. in May 23 705 CE, He recited a Tantras, which is <i>The Sūtra on the Śūraṅgama Mantra Spoken from Above the Crown of the Great Buddha's Head, and on the Hidden Basis of the Tathagata's Myriad Bodhisattva Practices Leading to Their Verification of the Ultimate Truth</i>. Śramaṇa Meghaśikha from <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oḍḍiyāna</a> translated it to Chinese. Fang Yong(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">房融</span>) of Qingho, the former minister, court regulator, and state censor, wrote it down. Śramaṇa Huai-di (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">懷迪</span>) of Nanlou Monastery (南樓寺) on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Luofu" title="Mount Luofu">Mount Luofu</a> (羅浮山) verify it. After teach it all, he came back to his country. An official went to southern China, bringing this book back, so we see it here. "<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>III<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>in-depth meaning of Three Treatise school</i> said, "(<a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dnin" title="Emperor Kōnin">Emperor Kōnin</a>) sent Master Tokusei (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Deqing</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">徳清</span>) and other monks to Tang China to find the answer. Upasaka Fa-Xiang (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">法詳</span>) told Master Tokusei (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Deqing</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">徳清</span>) : This Shurangama Sutra is forged by Fang Yong, not a real <a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a>. But Zhi-sheng know nothing about it, so he make a mistake to list this book at <i>The Kaiyuan Era Catalog of the Buddhist Tripitaka</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>IV<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liang Qichao, <i>the authenticity of Ancient books and their year</i>, "The real Buddhist scriptures would not say things like Śūraṅgama Sūtra, so we know the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is a Apocrypha."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>V<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.T. Suzuki gives a detailed overview of the contents of the sutra in <i>Manual of Zen Buddhism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Taisho_Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Tripitaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> 944, 976, and 977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Blue Cliff Record: "In the Surangama Sutra the Buddha says, 'When unseeing, why do you not see the unseeing? If you see the unseeing, it is no longer unseeing. If you do not see the unseeing, it is not an object. Why isn't it yourself?'" This reminds of Nagarjuna's <i>Sunyatasaptati</i>:<br /> [51] The sense of sight is not inside the eye, not inside form, and not in between. [Therefore] an image depending upon form and eye is false.<br /> [52] If the eye does not see itself, how can it see form? Therefore eye and form are without self. The same [is true for the] remaining sense-fields.<br /> [53] Eye is empty of its own self [and] of another's self. Form is also empty. Likewise [for the] remaining sense-fields.<sup id="cite_ref-fodian_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fodian-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><i>Chinese texts</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-roman reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《開元釋教錄》：「沙門釋懷迪，循州人也，住本州羅浮山南樓寺。其山乃仙聖遊居之處。迪久習經論，多所該博，九流七略，粗亦討尋，但以居近海隅，數有梵僧遊止；迪就學書語，復皆通悉。往者三藏菩提流志譯寶積經，遠召迪來，以充證義。所為事畢，還歸故鄉。後因遊廣府遇一梵僧 (未得其名) ，齎梵經一夾，請共譯之，勒成十卷，即《大佛頂萬行首楞嚴經》是也。迪筆受經旨，緝綴文理。其梵僧傳經事畢，莫知所之。有因南使，流經至此。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《舊唐書》卷七中宗紀云：「神龍元年正月…鳳閣侍郎韋承慶，正諫大夫房融，司禮卿韋慶等下獄……二月甲寅…韋承慶貶高要尉，房融配欽州。」《新唐書》〈中宗紀〉：「神龍元年二月甲寅......貶韋承慶為高要尉，流房融於高州。」新唐書卷139房琯傳：「父融，武后時以正諫大夫同鳳閣台平章事。神龍元年貶死高州。」《通鑑》卷208神龍元年：「二月乙卯正諫大夫同平章事房融除名流高州。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《續古今譯經圖記》：「沙門般刺蜜帝，唐云極量，中印度人也。懷道觀方，隨缘濟度，展轉游化，達我支那。(印度國俗呼廣府為支那名帝京為摩訶支那) 乃於廣州制旨道場居止。眾知博達，祈请亦多。利物為心，敷斯秘賾。以神龍元年龍集乙巳五月己卯朔二十三日辛丑，遂於灌頂部中誦出一品名《大佛頂如来密因修證了義、諸菩薩萬行首楞嚴經》一部（十卷）。烏萇國沙門彌迦釋迦（釋迦稍訛，正云鑠佉，此曰雲峰）譯語，菩薩戒弟子、前正諫大夫、同中書門下平章事、清河房融筆受，循州羅浮山南樓寺沙門懷迪證譯。其僧傳經事畢，汎舶西歸。有因南使，流通於此。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">玄睿《大乘三論大義鈔》：「遣德清法師等於唐檢之。德清法師承大唐法詳居士：《大佛頂經》是房融偽造，非真佛經也。智昇未詳，謬編正錄。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">梁啟超《古書真偽及其年代》：「真正的佛經並没有《楞嚴經》一類的話，可知《楞嚴經》一書是假書。」</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, James A. <i>Another Look at the Pseudo-Śūraṃgama sūtra.</i> Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jun., 2008), pp. 57-89, Harvard-Yenching Institute, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40213652">40213652</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/surangama.pdf"><i>Surgangama Sutra</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Upasaka LuK'uan Yu (Charles Luk).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgangama+Sutra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fpdf_file%2Fsurangama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1998" class="citation cs2">Muller, Charles (1998-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/articles/1998-03-apocrypha.html"><i>East Asian Apocryphal Scriptures: Their Origin and Role in the Development of Sinitic Buddhism, Bulletin of Toyo Gakuen University, vol. 6 (1998)</i></a>, BRILL, pp. 245–255, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004379060_018">10.1163/9789004379060_018</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asian+Apocryphal+Scriptures%3A+Their+Origin+and+Role+in+the+Development+of+Sinitic+Buddhism%2C+Bulletin+of+Toyo+Gakuen+University%2C+vol.+6+%281998%29&rft.pages=245-255&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004379060_018&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmuller.net%2Farticles%2F1998-03-apocrypha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taisho 945 is found in Volume 19 of the Taisho Tripitaka.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/mobile/index.php?index=T">"Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō" <bdi lang="zh">大正新脩大藏經</bdi></a> [Taishō Shinshū Tripitaka]. <i>CBETA 漢文大藏經</i> (in Chinese). <q>This is an index to the Taisho Tripitaka - nb Volume 19 is listed as 密教部 or Esoteric Sutra Section is where Taisho 945 (Surangama Sutra) is located.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBETA+%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft.atitle=Taish%C5%8D+Shinsh%C5%AB+Daiz%C5%8Dky%C5%8D+%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripitaka.cbeta.org%2Fmobile%2Findex.php%3Findex%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThích2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thích, Thiện Thanh (2013). <i>Nghi Thức Tụng Niệm Hằng Ngày</i> [<i>Buddhist Liturgy</i>] (in Vietnamese). Long Beach, California: Chùa Phật Tổ (Buddhist Congregation of the United States). pp. 19–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nghi+Th%E1%BB%A9c+T%E1%BB%A5ng+Ni%E1%BB%87m+H%E1%BA%B1ng+Ng%C3%A0y&rft.place=Long+Beach%2C+California&rft.pages=19-37&rft.pub=Ch%C3%B9a+Ph%E1%BA%ADt+T%E1%BB%95+%28Buddhist+Congregation+of+the+United+States%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Th%C3%ADch&rft.aufirst=Thi%E1%BB%87n+Thanh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddhist_Association_of_CanadaCham_Shan_Temple_of_CanadaYoung_Men's_Buddhist_Association_of_AmericaSutra_Translation_Committee_of_the_United_States_and_Canada2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buddhist Association of Canada; Cham Shan Temple of Canada; Young Men's Buddhist Association of America; Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada (2004). <bdi lang="zh">佛會課誦</bdi> [<i>The Buddhist Liturgy</i>] (in Chinese and English). Taipei. pp. 4–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%B2%E8%AA%A6&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=4-33&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Buddhist+Association+of+Canada&rft.au=Cham+Shan+Temple+of+Canada&rft.au=Young+Men%27s+Buddhist+Association+of+America&rft.au=Sutra+Translation+Committee+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1976_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1976">Epstein 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Muller2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Muller">Charles Muller</a> (February 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4">"首楞嚴"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Dictionary_of_Buddhism" title="Digital Dictionary of Buddhism">Digital Dictionary of Buddhism</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.au=Charles+Muller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhism-dict.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fxpr-ddb.pl%3Fq%3D%25E9%25A6%2596%25E6%25A5%259E%25E5%259A%25B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Śūraṅgama Sūtra Translation Committee of the Buddhist Text Translation Society, 2009, p. xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Shurangama Sutra with commentary by the Venerable Master Hsuan Hua - New Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88139-949-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88139-949-3">0-88139-949-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cttbusa.org/shurangama1/shurangama1.asp">http://cttbusa.org/shurangama1/shurangama1.asp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-李学竹-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-李学竹_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Xuezhu_(李学竹)2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li Xuezhu (李学竹) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenku.baidu.com/view/510144bef111f18582d05a44.html">"Zhōng guó zàng xué - Zhōng guó fàn wén bèi yè gài kuàng" <bdi lang="zh">中国藏学-中国梵文贝叶概况</bdi></a> [China Tibetan Studies - The State of Sanskrit Language Palm Leaf Manuscripts in China]. <i>Baidu 文库</i>. Vol. 1 No. 90 (in Chinese). pp. 55–56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'河南南阳菩提寺原藏有1函梵文贝叶经，共226叶，其中残缺6叶，函上写有"印度古梵文"字样，据介绍，内容为《楞严经》，很可能是唐代梵文经的孤本，字体为圆形，系印度南方文字一种，被国家定为一级文物，现存彭雪枫纪念馆。'(tr to English: Henan Nanyang Bodhi Temple originally had one Sanskrit language manuscript sutra, consisting in total 226 leaves, of which 6 were missing... according to introduction, it contains the Śūraṅgama Sūtra and most probably the only extant Sanskrit manuscript dating from the Tang Dynasty. The letters are roundish and belongs to a type used in South India and has been recognized by the country as a Category 1 cultural artifact. It is now located in the Peng Xuefeng Memorial Museum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baidu+%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93&rft.atitle=Zh%C5%8Dng+gu%C3%B3+z%C3%A0ng+xu%C3%A9+-+Zh%C5%8Dng+gu%C3%B3+f%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C3%A8i+y%C3%A8+g%C3%A0i+ku%C3%A0ng+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%A6-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft.pages=55-56&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Li+Xuezhu+%28%E6%9D%8E%E5%AD%A6%E7%AB%B9%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenku.baidu.com%2Fview%2F510144bef111f18582d05a44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 92<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>然而在乾隆皇帝另一御制序文里也提及了《首楞严经》...于乾隆三十五年（1770）7月25日的藏文《甘珠尔》的文序。...因为汉文本《首楞严经》中包含的经咒，与同一经咒的印度文献完全相同。有印度梵本渊源，因而整部《首楞严经》是真的。...至少可以看出乾隆及三世章嘉的态度即判定《首楞严经》并非伪经。(trans. to English: however in another foreword written by the Qianlong Emperor the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is mentioned...In the foreword to the Tibetan Kangyur from July 25, 1770...because the mantra contained in the Chinese text of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is identical to the mantra in an Indian text. (Since) there is an Indian Sanskrit source text (for the mantra), the entire Śūraṅgama Sūtra must be authentic...at the very least, we can see the attitude of the Qianlong Emperor and the Third Changkya Khutukhtu that judge the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is definitely not an apocryphal sutra.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurvitz1967482-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurvitz1967482_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurvitz1967">Hurvitz 1967</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199142,_122_n9,_231,_240-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199142,_122_n9,_231,_240_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1991">Faure 1991</a>, p. 42, 122 n9, 231, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pss.org.tw/%25E5%2585%25AB%25E8%2590%25AC%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%258D%2583%25E6%25B3%2595/%25E6%2584%258D%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%25B8%25AB-%25E8%25BE%25A8%25E7%25A0%25B4%25E6%25A5%259E%25E5%259A%25B4%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%2581%25BD/">"愍生法師：辨破楞嚴百偽 | 八萬四千法"</a>. <i>不動如來妙喜願海</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E5%A6%99%E5%96%9C%E9%A1%98%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=%E6%84%8D%E7%94%9F%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB%EF%BC%9A%E8%BE%A8%E7%A0%B4%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%99%BE%E5%81%BD+%26%23124%3B+%E5%85%AB%E8%90%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%83%E6%B3%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pss.org.tw%2F%2525E5%252585%2525AB%2525E8%252590%2525AC%2525E5%25259B%25259B%2525E5%25258D%252583%2525E6%2525B3%252595%2F%2525E6%252584%25258D%2525E7%252594%25259F%2525E6%2525B3%252595%2525E5%2525B8%2525AB-%2525E8%2525BE%2525A8%2525E7%2525A0%2525B4%2525E6%2525A5%25259E%2525E5%25259A%2525B4%2525E7%252599%2525BE%2525E5%252581%2525BD%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1995111-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1995111_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1995">Humphreys1995</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1962264-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1962264_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1962">Dutt 1962</a>, p. 264.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDutt1962 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rounds, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/drbu/docs/issue7_art7">Rescuing Ananda - An overview of the Surangama Sutra</a></i>. Religion East & West, Issue 7, October, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>查考藏文资料，可以发现，如今的德格版、北京版、那塘版（藏文大藏经）里都收录有两个古藏文译版在吐蕃世纪三大古目里有记载，布顿大师明著《布頓教法源流》里也有着录…</q> [(If ) we examine the Tibetan language materials, we will discover that within the current Derge Kangyur, Peking (Beijing) Kangyur, Narthang Kangyur (all of the preceding being Tibetan language Buddhist Tripitakas) there are recorded two ancient Tibetan texts (of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra);during the Tubo period, the three great ancient catalogue of sutras (which were compiled prior to King Langdarma's persecution of Buddhism ca. 840-841 CE; therefore the Tibetan Śūraṅgama Sūtra was probably translated ca. late eighth – early ninth century CE) have records of these translations;within Buton Rinchen Drub Rinpoche's Famous History of Buddhism (in India and Tibet) (written ca. 1322) it is also recorded (in the list of sutras)…]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=95&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishioka_Soshū_(西岡祖秀)1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nishioka Soshū (西岡祖秀) (1980). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Putōn bukkyōshi" mokurokubu sakuin I" <bdi lang="ja">「プトゥン仏教史」目録部索引I</bdi> [Index to Buton (Rinchen Drub)'s History of Buddhism (Tripitaka) Catalog Part I]. <i>東京大学文学部·文化交流研究施設研究紀要 (trans. to English: Tokyo University Department of Literature – Annual Report of the Institute for the Study of Cultural Exchange)</i> (in Japanese) (4): 61. <q>プトゥン・リンチェン・ドゥプ Bu ston Rin chen bgrub (1290–1364) によって1322年に著わされた「プトゥン仏教史」．．．(trans. to English : Buton's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India_and_Tibet" title="History of Buddhism in India and Tibet">History of Buddhism in India and Tibet</a> written in 1322 by Buton Rinchen Drub Rinpoche (1290–1364)…)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%BD%E8%A8%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81+%28trans.+to+English%3A+Tokyo+University+Department+of+Literature+%E2%80%93+Annual+Report+of+the+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Cultural+Exchange%29&rft.atitle=%22Put%C5%8Dn+bukky%C5%8Dshi%22+mokurokubu+sakuin+I+%E3%80%8C%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%B3%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8D%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%B2%E9%83%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95I&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Nishioka+Sosh%C5%AB+%28%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%A1%E7%A5%96%E7%A7%80%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishioka_Soshū_(西岡祖秀)1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nishioka Soshū (西岡祖秀) (1980). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Putōn bukkyōshi" mokurokubu sakuin I" <bdi lang="ja">「プトゥン仏教史」目録部索引I</bdi> [Index to Buton (Rinchen Drub Rinpoche)'s History of Buddhism (Tripitaka) Catalog Part I]. <i>東京大学文学部·文化交流研究施設研究紀要 (trans. to English: Tokyo University Department of Literature – Annual Report of the Institute for the Study of Cultural Exchange)</i> (in Japanese) (4): 92. <q>Chapter 1 to 3 are an introduction for the purpose of organizing the catalogue section of (Buton's Tripitaka found in) chapter 4…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%BD%E8%A8%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81+%28trans.+to+English%3A+Tokyo+University+Department+of+Literature+%E2%80%93+Annual+Report+of+the+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Cultural+Exchange%29&rft.atitle=%22Put%C5%8Dn+bukky%C5%8Dshi%22+mokurokubu+sakuin+I+%E3%80%8C%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%B3%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8D%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%B2%E9%83%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95I&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Nishioka+Sosh%C5%AB+%28%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%A1%E7%A5%96%E7%A7%80%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>两本古藏文译本，经笔者与汉文比对，发现确为"残本"，大致对应汉文本的第九卷和第十卷。(trans. to English: When comparing the two ancient Tibetan text with the Chinese text, the author discovered that they are indeed fragmentary texts which corresponds approximately to the Chinese Śūraṅgama Sūtra Scroll 9 and Scroll 10.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=95&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Staël–Holstein1936" class="citation journal cs1">von Staël–Holstein, Baron A. (April 1936). "The Emperor Ch'ien-Lung and the Larger Śūraṃgama Sūtra". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 137–138. <q>The larger fragment (Sakurabe No. 902) contains a consecutive translation of a part of the ninth chapter and the entire tenth chapter of the larger Śūraṃgama. The smaller fragment (Sakurabe No. 903) contains numerous passages belonging to the ninth and tenth chapters of the larger Śūraṃgama.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+Ch%27ien-Lung+and+the+Larger+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama+S%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-138&rft.date=1936-04&rft.aulast=von+Sta%C3%ABl%E2%80%93Holstein&rft.aufirst=Baron+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 93<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>乾隆皇帝认为，此经应该是在朗达玛统治时期散失不全…(trans. to English: The Qianlong Emperor supposed this sutra was partially scattered and lost during the rule of King Langdarma…)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>布顿大师…并提出其中一个译本…翻译自汉文。也就是确实在乾隆之前存有藏文译本，且布顿以为两部中的一部译出自汉文and 两本古藏文是否早在朗达玛灭佛前就自汉文译出，有全译本存在，后损毁不少。还是其一源自汉文，另一部另有所本，都将此序文引出的新的研究议题。(trans. to English: ' Buton Rinpoche also noted that one of the translations of the ancient Tibetan text…was translated from Chinese. This verifies that prior to the Qianlong period there were Tibetan translations (of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra) and furthermore Buton supposed one of the two text was translated from Chinese.' and 'The two ancient Tibetan text may have been translated from Chinese before King Langdarma's persecution of Buddhism and a complete translation existed (before King Langdarma's persecution of Buddhism) afterwards large portions were destroyed; or one of the two (text) was translated from Chinese and the second was based on another text (i.e. translated from another source), (the research on) this foreword has opened up a new research topic for discussion.' )</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=95&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Staël–Holstein1936" class="citation journal cs1">von Staël–Holstein, Baron A. (April 1936). "The Emperor Ch'ien-Lung and the Larger Śūraṃgama Sūtra". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 145. <q>The translation of the sutra were begun in A.D. 1752 and finished in A.D. 1763.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+Ch%27ien-Lung+and+the+Larger+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama+S%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1936-04&rft.aulast=von+Sta%C3%ABl%E2%80%93Holstein&rft.aufirst=Baron+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>乾隆皇帝在位时间，曾将其译成藏、满、蒙、汉文四体合璧本。(tr. into English : During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, the Emperor ordered the translation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra into Tibetan, Manchu language and Mongolian and combined with the Chinese into a four language compilation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 93<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>其次，章嘉国师向乾隆陈述了元代佛学大师布顿（bu ston rin chen grub 1290–1364）所作的授记，即此经"当于后五百年，仍自中国译至藏地。自布顿大师往后推算，乾隆时期与'后五百年'时间上也是暗合的当然。布顿大师的所谓授记，应该是三世章嘉为了劝说乾隆皇帝翻译《首楞严经》所作的附会之辞。(trans. to English: Next, the Changkya Khutukhtu national preceptor tells the Qianlong Emperor the prophecy made by the great Buddhist Master Buton Rinchen Drub Rinpoche (1290–1364) regarding this sutra, namely that five hundred years hence, it will again be translated from China and brought to Tibet. If we calculate from Buton Rinpoche's time to the time period when the Qianlong Emperor reigns, it of course matches by coincidence the five hundred years (predicted by the prophecy). The so-called prophecy of Buton Rinpoche was (made relevant and) used by the third Changkya Khutukhtu to exhort the Qianlong Emperor to translate the Śūraṅgama Sūtra.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai_Bing_(柴冰)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chai Bing (柴冰) (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-9082646180913.html">"Qián lóng huáng dì 《 yù zhì léng yán jīng xù 》 mǎn、hàn wén běn duì kān jí yán jiū" <bdi lang="zh">内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版）-乾隆皇帝《御制楞严经序》满、汉文本对勘及研究</bdi></a> [Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)- The Qianlong Emperor's "Foreword to The Royal Translation and Compilation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra": Research and Comparison of the Manchu Language and Chinese Text]. <i>DOC88.COM</i>. Vol. 46 No. 2 (in Chinese). p. 92<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>. <q>序中提及的翻译工程的负责人是庄亲王允禄，主要参与者则有三世章嘉呼图克图若必多吉和傅鼐。(Trans. to English: The foreword mentioned the person responsible for the translation was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Zhuang" title="Prince Zhuang">Prince Zhuang</a> Yun Lu, the main participants were the third Changkya Khutukhtu Ruobiduoji (Rölpé Dorjé) and Fu Nai.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOC88.COM&rft.atitle=Qi%C3%A1n+l%C3%B3ng+hu%C3%A1ng+d%C3%AC+%E3%80%8A+y%C3%B9+zh%C3%AC+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+x%C3%B9+%E3%80%8B+m%C7%8En%E3%80%81h%C3%A0n+w%C3%A9n+b%C4%9Bn+du%C3%AC+k%C4%81n+j%C3%AD+y%C3%A1n+ji%C5%AB+%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89-%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%8A%E5%BE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%8F%E3%80%8B%E6%BB%A1%E3%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8B%98%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Chai+Bing+%28%E6%9F%B4%E5%86%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-9082646180913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Staël–Holstein1936" class="citation journal cs1">von Staël–Holstein, Baron A. (April 1936). "The Emperor Ch'ien-Lung and the Larger Śūraṃgama Sūtra". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 145. <q>Whenever there was the possibility of a doubt [the correct translation] was quickly fixed by advice from the state teacher (or National Preceptor) [8b] Lcan-skya Hu-thog-thu (also known as the Third Changkya Khutukhtu Rölpé Dorjé) and [the question] settled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+Ch%27ien-Lung+and+the+Larger+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama+S%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1936-04&rft.aulast=von+Sta%C3%ABl%E2%80%93Holstein&rft.aufirst=Baron+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Staël–Holstein1936" class="citation journal cs1">von Staël–Holstein, Baron A. (April 1936). "The Emperor Ch'ien-Lung and the Larger Śūraṃgama Sūtra". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 146. <q>cf. Footnote 30: (volume KI of the Mdo division of the Narthang Kanjur is of course printed in black letters.) – the Tibetan version of my xylograph seems to be identical with the Tibetan version of the quadralingual edition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+Ch%27ien-Lung+and+the+Larger+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama+S%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146&rft.date=1936-04&rft.aulast=von+Sta%C3%ABl%E2%80%93Holstein&rft.aufirst=Baron+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even though von Staël–Holstein call this tripitaka the Narthang Kanjur, I believed it is known as the Peking (Beijing) Kangyur in today's usage. The early print editions of the Peking Kangyur were printed in vermilion ink. Later printings and any supplements would have been printed in black ink. Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Staël–Holstein1936" class="citation journal cs1">von Staël–Holstein, Baron A. (April 1936). "The Emperor Ch'ien-Lung and the Larger Śūraṃgama Sūtra". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 146. <q>Prince Fu-ch'üan, the chief editor of the A.D. 1700 Kanjur edition, reports that in preparing the edition, he acted on orders from the emperor K'ang-hsi to complement 補 the Kanjur. The emperor Ch'ien-lung venerated the emperor K'ang-hsi as a model ruler, and followed his grandfather's example whenever possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+Ch%27ien-Lung+and+the+Larger+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%83gama+S%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146&rft.date=1936-04&rft.aulast=von+Sta%C3%ABl%E2%80%93Holstein&rft.aufirst=Baron+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxx-xxxii-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxx-xxxii_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009">Buddhist Text Translation Society 2009</a>, p. xxx-xxxii.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxii-xxxiv-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxii-xxxiv_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009">Buddhist Text Translation Society 2009</a>, p. xxxii-xxxiv.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki2001-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki2001_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki2001">Suzuki 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009xxxiii-xxxix_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009">Buddhist Text Translation Society 2009</a>, p. xxxiii-xxxix.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein, Ron; Rounds, David; Hsüan Hua. <i>A New Translation Buddhist Text Translation Society. The Śūraṅgama Sūtra With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master Hsüan Hua</i> (Kindle Locations 243–249).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte199836-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte199836_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte199836_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamotte1998">Lamotte 1998</a>, p. 36.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLamotte1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Text Translation Society (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra, With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsüan Hua</a>, A New Translation</i>, pp. 234-235. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>, 4951 Bodhi Way, Ukiah, California 95482 (707) 462–0939, bttsonline.org. ISBN 978-0-88139-962-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama6/shurangama6.asp">"City of 10,000 Buddhas - The Shurangama Sutra with Commentary, Volume 6"</a>. <i>www.cttbusa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cttbusa.org&rft.atitle=City+of+10%2C000+Buddhas+-+The+Shurangama+Sutra+with+Commentary%2C+Volume+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cttbusa.org%2Fshurangama6%2Fshurangama6.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsüan_Hua2003" class="citation book cs1">Hsüan Hua (2003). <i>The Shurangama sutra with commentary</i> (1st ed.). Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88139-941-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88139-941-8"><bdi>0-88139-941-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50803399">50803399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shurangama+sutra+with+commentary&rft.place=Burlingame%2C+CA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Buddhist+Text+Translation+Society&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50803399&rft.isbn=0-88139-941-8&rft.au=Hs%C3%BCan+Hua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodizi.net/jingkongfashi/761.html">"Notes on Ven. Chin Kung's (Jing kong) talks on the Śūraṅgama Sūtra Chapter on Clear and Definitive Admonishments on Pure Conduct" <bdi lang="zh">净空法师《楞严经清净明诲章讲记》 - 净空法师 - 佛弟子文库</bdi></a> [jìng kōng fǎ shī 《 léng yán jīng qīng jìng míng huì zhāng jiǎng jì 》]. <i>www.fodizi.net</i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fodizi.net&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Ven.+Chin+Kung%27s+%28Jing+kong%29+talks+on+the+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra+Chapter+on+Clear+and+Definitive+Admonishments+on+Pure+Conduct+%E5%87%80%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88%E3%80%8A%E6%A5%9E%E4%B8%A5%E7%BB%8F%E6%B8%85%E5%87%80%E6%98%8E%E8%AF%B2%E7%AB%A0%E8%AE%B2%E8%AE%B0%E3%80%8B+-+%E5%87%80%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88+-+%E4%BD%9B%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodizi.net%2Fjingkongfashi%2F761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Sutra 12 Doctrines in Groups of Three". <i>The Canonical Book on the Buddha's Lengthy Discourses Volume II</i>. Taisho No. 1. Translated by Ichimura 市村, Shōhei 承秉. BDK America Inc. 2016. p. 19. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Again, a sevenfold doctrine leads to an evil life course, a second sevenfold doctrine leads to a good life course, and a third sevenfold doctrine leads to nirvana. What are the sevenfold doctrinal items that lead to an evil life course? They are seven evil actions: taking life; taking what is not given;sexual misconduct; false speech; duplicitous speech; harsh speech; and frivolous sycophancy. There are seven good actions: abstinence from taking life; abstinence from taking what is not given; abstinence from sexual misconduct; abstinence from false speech; abstinence from duplicitous speech; abstinence from harsh speech; and abstinence from frivolous sycophancy. What are the seven doctrinal items that lead to nirvana? They are seven auxiliary disciplines of enlightenment. First a bhikṣu practices the discipline of mindfulness on the basis of nondesire and quiescence, distancing [himself] from worldly matters...." Ven. Ichimura Shōhei translated the Chinese translation of the Sanskrit Dīrgha Āgama into English (the Theravada equivalent is the Dīrgha Nikāya in Pali). The original Sanskrit text is from the Dharmaguptaka School of Buddhism and was translated into Chinese by Buddhayaśas (a Kashmiri monk) and Zhu Fonian in 413 CE. Notice the similar emphasis on precepts for the advancement of Buddhist practice. Although this example is from the Dharmaguptaka school, the same emphasis on precepts can be applied to all schools of Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sutra+12+Doctrines+in+Groups+of+Three&rft.btitle=The+Canonical+Book+on+the+Buddha%27s+Lengthy+Discourses+Volume+II&rft.series=Taisho+No.+1&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=BDK+America+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also compare the above admonishments with the Pārājika Pāḷi.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjahn_Brahmavamso" class="citation web cs1">Ajahn Brahmavamso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut019.htm">"Vinaya The Four Disrobing Offences"</a>. <i>BuddhaSasana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuddhaSasana&rft.atitle=Vinaya+The+Four+Disrobing+Offences&rft.au=Ajahn+Brahmavamso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.budsas.org%2Febud%2Febsut019.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Text Translation Society (2009). <i>A New Translation Buddhist Text Translation Society. The Śūraṅgama Sūtra With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master Hsüan Hua</i>, p. 264. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>, 4951 Bodhi Way, Ukiah, California 95482 (707) 462–0939, bttsonline.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Text Translation Society (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra, With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsüan Hua</a>, A New Translation</i>, p. 267. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>, 4951 Bodhi Way, Ukiah, California 95482 (707) 462–0939, bttsonline.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Text Translation Society (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra, With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsüan Hua</a>, A New Translation</i>, pp. 267-274. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>, 4951 Bodhi Way, Ukiah, California 95482 (707) 462–0939, bttsonline.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Text Translation Society (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra, With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsüan Hua</a>, A New Translation</i>, pp. 268-269. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>, 4951 Bodhi Way, Ukiah, California 95482 (707) 462–0939, bttsonline.org. ISBN 978-0-88139-962-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Miranda<i>. Buddhist Goddesses of India.</i> Princeton University Press, Aug 25, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epstein50-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epstein50_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Epstein" class="citation web cs1">Ron Epstein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.sfsu.edu/repstein/Buddhism/Shurangama/ss8foreword.html">"Fifty Skandha Demon States: Foreword"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifty+Skandha+Demon+States%3A+Foreword&rft.au=Ron+Epstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.sfsu.edu%2Frepstein%2FBuddhism%2FShurangama%2Fss8foreword.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1991231,_note_3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure1991231,_note_3_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1991">Faure 1991</a>, p. 231, note 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996387-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996387_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekida1996">Sekida 1996</a>, p. 387.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSekida1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fodian-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fodian_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodian.net/english/Nagarjuna%20-%20Sunyatasaptati.htm">"Nagarjuna - Sunyatasaptati"</a>. <i>fodian.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fodian.net&rft.atitle=Nagarjuna+-+Sunyatasaptati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodian.net%2Fenglish%2FNagarjuna%2520-%2520Sunyatasaptati.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama/shurangama2.asp">"The Buddha Speaks the Ultimate Extinction of the Dharma Sutra"</a>. <i>City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</i>. Taisho 396<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-04</span></span>. <q>However, within fifty-two years the Shurangama Sutra and the Pratyutpanna [Standing Buddha] Samadhi, will be the first to change and then to disappear. The twelve divisions of the canon will gradually follow until they vanish completely, never to appear again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Ten+Thousand+Buddhas&rft.atitle=The+Buddha+Speaks+the+Ultimate+Extinction+of+the+Dharma+Sutra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cttbusa.org%2Fshurangama%2Fshurangama2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF宣化上人_(Hsuan_Hua)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">宣化上人 (Hsuan Hua). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.bfnn.org/books2/1329.htm">"Dà fó dǐng shǒu léng yán jīng juàn yi qiǎn shì" <bdi lang="zh">大佛頂首楞嚴經卷一淺釋</bdi></a> [Śūraṅgama Sūtra Scroll One: A Simple Explanation]. <i>Prajñā Library</i> <bdi lang="zh">般若文海</bdi> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-01</span></span>. <q>在佛教裏，所有的經典，都很重要，但是楞嚴經更為重要。凡是有楞嚴經所在的地方，就是正法住世。楞嚴經沒有了，就是末法現前。楞嚴經是佛的真身，楞嚴經是佛的舍利，楞嚴經是佛的塔廟。所有的佛教徒，必須拿出力量，拿出血汗來擁護這部楞嚴經。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Praj%C3%B1%C4%81+Library&rft.atitle=D%C3%A0+f%C3%B3+d%C7%90ng+sh%C7%92u+l%C3%A9ng+y%C3%A1n+j%C4%ABng+ju%C3%A0n+yi+qi%C7%8En+sh%C3%AC+%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E9%A0%82%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E6%B7%BA%E9%87%8B&rft.au=%E5%AE%A3%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%BA+%28Hsuan+Hua%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.bfnn.org%2Fbooks2%2F1329.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/Dogen_Teachings/Shobogenzo/071temborin.pdf">"Dōgen: <i>On Turning The Wheel</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C5%8Dgen%3A+On+Turning+The+Wheel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenTeachings%2FDogen_Teachings%2FShobogenzo%2F071temborin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.buddhisttexts.org/uploads/6/3/3/1/6331706/surangama_new_translation.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015111/http://www.buddhisttexts.org/uploads/6/3/3/1/6331706/surangama_new_translation.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Śūraṅgama Sūtra Translation Committee of the Buddhist Text Translation Society. (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra: With Excerpts from the Commentary by the Venerable Master Hsüan Hua: A New Translation.</i> Ukiah, CA, USA: Buddhist Text Translation Society.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88139-962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88139-962-2">978-0-88139-962-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddhist_Text_Translation_Society1989" class="citation cs2">Buddhist Text Translation Society (1989), <i>Sagely City of 10,000 Buddhas Daily Recitation Handbook, pp. 3-31</i>, Talmage, CA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagely+City+of+10%2C000+Buddhas+Daily+Recitation+Handbook%2C+pp.+3-31&rft.place=Talmage%2C+CA&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Buddhist+Text+Translation+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutra_Translation_Committee_of_the_United_States_and_Canada1993" class="citation cs2">Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada (1993), <i>The Buddhist Liturgy, pp. 4-33</i>, New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Liturgy%2C+pp.+4-33&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Sutra+Translation+Committee+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt2008" class="citation cs2">Dutt, Sukumar (2008), <i>Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India</i>, Delhi: Motilal Barnasidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monks+and+Monasteries+of+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Barnasidass&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Sukumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1976" class="citation cs2">Epstein, Ronald (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repstein.faculty.drbu.edu/Buddhism/authenticity.htm"><i>The Shurangama Sutra (T. 945): A Reappraisal of its Authenticity</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shurangama+Sutra+%28T.+945%29%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+its+Authenticity&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepstein.faculty.drbu.edu%2FBuddhism%2Fauthenticity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure1991" class="citation cs2">Faure, Bernard (1991), <i>The Rhetoric of Immediacy. A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Immediacy.+A+Cultural+Critique+of+Chan%2FZen+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1995" class="citation cs2">Humphreys, Christmas (1995), <i>The Wisdom of Buddhism</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Buddhism&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurvitz1967" class="citation cs2">Hurvitz, Leon (May 1967), "The Surangama Sutra", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a></i>, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 482–484</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Surangama+Sutra&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=482-484&rft.date=1967-05&rft.aulast=Hurvitz&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu1966" class="citation book cs1">Lu, K'uan Yu (1966). <i>The Śūraṅgama sūtra (Leng Yen Ching) / Chinese rendering by Master Paramiti; commentary (abridged) by Han Shan</i>. London: Rider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+s%C5%ABtra+%28Leng+Yen+Ching%29+%2F+Chinese+rendering+by+Master+Paramiti%3B+commentary+%28abridged%29+by+Han+Shan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=K%27uan+Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023093949/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/surangama.pdf">Charles Luk, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, The Gateless Gate. Hekiganroku, The Blue Cliff Records.</i>, translated by Katsuki Sekida, New York / Tokyo: Weatherhill, 1996</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Zen+Classics.+Mumonkan%2C+The+Gateless+Gate.+Hekiganroku%2C+The+Blue+Cliff+Records.&rft.place=New+York+%2F+Tokyo&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShi1975" class="citation cs2">Shi, Hsuan Hua (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001749/http://www.shky.org/zsdde/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1500"><i>The Wonderful Effects of the Shurangama Mantra</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shky.org/zsdde/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1500">the original</a> on 2012-03-15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+Effects+of+the+Shurangama+Mantra&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Hsuan+Hua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shky.org%2Fzsdde%2FShowArticle.asp%3FArticleID%3D1500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2001" class="citation cs2">Suzuki, D.T. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224230904/http://staff.oswego.org/ephaneuf/web/On%20The%20Road%20Trip%202007/Suzuki,%20D.T.%20-%20Manual%20of%20Zen%20Buddhism.pdf"><i>Manual of Zen Buddhism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.oswego.org/ephaneuf/web/On%20The%20Road%20Trip%202007/Suzuki,%20D.T.%20-%20Manual%20of%20Zen%20Buddhism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-12-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.oswego.org%2Fephaneuf%2Fweb%2FOn%2520The%2520Road%2520Trip%25202007%2FSuzuki%2C%2520D.T.%2520-%2520Manual%2520of%2520Zen%2520Buddhism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra" 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href="https://surangama.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/sutra-surangama-1.pdf">The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></span></i></a> in Indonesian translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karma_Samten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karma Samten (page does not exist)">Karma Samten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/surangama.pdf">The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></span></i> in English with commentaries from Master Han Shan</a> translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Luk" title="Charles Luk">Charles Luk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama/shurangama_contents.asp">The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></span></i> text with commentaries from Tripitaka Master Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/Shurangama/Shurangama.htm"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i></span></i>: Text, Commentaries, and Articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009140920/http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/Shurangama/Shurangama.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dharmabliss.org/audio/sur-texttw-sktch/sur_text_skt-ch.htm">Sanskrit and Chinese versions of the Shurangama mantra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528154721/http://www.dharmabliss.org/audio/sur-texttw-sktch/sur_text_skt-ch.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on 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