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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-history and pre-classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hittite_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Hittite period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Bit_Agusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Bit_Agusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>State of Bit Agusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Bit_Agusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity_(Beroea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity_(Beroea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical antiquity (Beroea)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity_(Beroea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ecclesiastical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Early Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Seljuq and Ayyubid periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Mamluk period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ottoman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>French mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-civil_war_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-civil_war_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pre-civil war status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-civil_war_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoken_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Spoken languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Leisure and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Historical sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Souqs_and_khans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Souqs_and_khans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Souqs and khans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Souqs_and_khans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gates_of_Aleppo_and_other_historic_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gates_of_Aleppo_and_other_historic_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Gates of Aleppo and other historic buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gates_of_Aleppo_and_other_historic_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Hammams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_attractions_and_the_Dead_Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_attractions_and_the_Dead_Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Nearby attractions and the <i>Dead Cities</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_attractions_and_the_Dead_Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways_and_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways_and_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Highways and roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways_and_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Trade and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Municipality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Municipality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Municipality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Municipality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_Urban_Development_in_Aleppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_Urban_Development_in_Aleppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_Urban_Development_in_Aleppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_of_the_ancient_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_of_the_ancient_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Preservation of the ancient city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_of_the_ancient_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleppo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halab" title="Halab – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Halab" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%90%E1%88%88%E1%89%A5" title="ሐለብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሐለብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%92_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܚܠܒ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܠܒ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A7%D5%BA" title="Հալէպ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հալէպ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepu" title="Alepu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alepu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alepo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="ХӀалаб – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀалаб" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99l%C9%99b" title="Hələb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hələb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B" title="আলেপ্পো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেপ্পো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Хәләб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хәләб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Халеб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Халеб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Халеб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Халеб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halep" title="Halep – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Halep" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Халеб – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Халеб" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alep" title="Alep – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alep" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Алеппо – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Sirya)" title="Aleppo (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aleppo (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3k%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC_Bine%CA%BCadziihii" title="Hókʼą́ą́ʼ Bineʼadziihii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hókʼą́ą́ʼ Bineʼadziihii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Χαλέπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλέπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alepo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halepo" title="Halepo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Halepo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alepo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alep" title="Alep – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alep" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alepo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%8F%AC" title="알레포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BA" title="Հալեպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հալեպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC" title="हलब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हलब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alep" title="Alep – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alep" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Алеппо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepp%C3%B3" title="Aleppó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aleppó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="חלב (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלב (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="ალეპო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალეპო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Алеппо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Alepo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleb" title="Heleb – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heleb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Халеб – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Халеб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halapia" title="Halapia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Halapia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleba" title="Haleba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haleba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepas" title="Alepas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alepas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepp%C3%B3" title="Aleppó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aleppó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B" title="അലെപ്പോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലെപ്പോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="अलेप्पो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेप्पो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="ალეპო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალეპო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Алеппо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အယ်လက်ပိုမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လက်ပိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_(stad)" title="Aleppo (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleppo (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D" title="アレッポ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレッポ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хьалаб – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьалаб" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8p" title="Alèp – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alèp" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Халеб – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Халеб" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halab" title="Halab – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Halab" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC" title="ਹਲਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alepo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alep" title="Alep – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alep" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halap" title="Halap – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Halap" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Алеппо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱟᱞᱮᱯᱯᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱮᱯᱯᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halepi" title="Halepi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Halepi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppu" title="Aleppu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aleppu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halab" title="Halab – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Halab" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alep" title="Alep – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alep" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalab" title="Xalab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xalab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8" title="حەلەب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەلەب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Алеп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алеп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alep" title="Alep – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alep" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B" title="அலெப்போ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெப்போ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4aleb" title="Ḥaleb – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥaleb" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Хәлеб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хәлеб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B" title="อะเลปโป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะเลปโป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Ҳалаб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳалаб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halep" title="Halep – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halep" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halap" title="Halap – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Halap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Алеппо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="حلب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حلب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8" title="ھەلەب – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەلەب" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleb" title="Heleb – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heleb" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87" title="阿勒颇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿勒颇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99l%C9%99b" title="Hələb – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hələb" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aleppo&params=36.20_N_37.16_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.20°N 37.16°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.20; 37.16</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Aleppo Governorate, Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aleppo (disambiguation)">Aleppo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Halab" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Halab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Halab (disambiguation)">Halab (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Aleppo</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﺣَﻠَﺐ</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_new_mix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient City of Aleppo Aleppo Citadel • The entrance to al-Madina Souq Great Mosque of Aleppo • Baron Hotel Saint Elijah Cathedral • Queiq River Panorama of Aleppo at night"><img alt="Ancient City of Aleppo Aleppo Citadel • The entrance to al-Madina Souq Great Mosque of Aleppo • Baron Hotel Saint Elijah Cathedral • Queiq River Panorama of Aleppo at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aleppo_new_mix.jpg/275px-Aleppo_new_mix.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aleppo_new_mix.jpg/413px-Aleppo_new_mix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aleppo_new_mix.jpg/550px-Aleppo_new_mix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3746" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Aleppo Citadel</a> • The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">al-Madina Souq</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baron_Hotel" title="Baron Hotel">Baron Hotel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elijah_Cathedral,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elijah Cathedral, Aleppo">Saint Elijah Cathedral</a> • <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a><br />Panorama of Aleppo at night </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Aleppo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Seal_of_Aleppo.png/100px-Seal_of_Aleppo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Seal_of_Aleppo.png/150px-Seal_of_Aleppo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Seal_of_Aleppo.png/200px-Seal_of_Aleppo.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="313" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Al-Shahbaa (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشَّهْبَاء</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ash-Shahbāʾ</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo is located in Syria"><img alt="Aleppo is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25%;left:28.974%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aleppo"><img alt="Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Aleppo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Aleppo in Syria</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Aleppo is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/375px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:20%;left:60.444%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aleppo"><img alt="Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Aleppo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Aleppo (Eastern Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo is located in Asia"><img alt="Aleppo is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.387%;left:11.131%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aleppo"><img alt="Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Aleppo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Aleppo (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo is located in Aleppo"><img alt="Aleppo is located in Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png/250px-Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png/375px-Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png/500px-Location_map_Syria_Aleppo.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="975" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.866%;left:50.831%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aleppo"><img alt="Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Aleppo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Aleppo (Aleppo)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Aleppo</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aleppo&params=36.20_N_37.16_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.20°N 37.16°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.20; 37.16</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon_District" title="Mount Simeon District">Mount Simeon</a> (Jabal Semaan)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mount Simeon (Jabal Semaan)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5000</span> <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First city council</th><td class="infobox-data">1868</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Aleppo_Governorate" title="List of governors of Aleppo Governorate">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmad Hussein Diab</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Muhammad Hijazi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">190 km<sup>2</sup> (70 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">379 m (1,243 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021 est.)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,098,210</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">2nd in Syria</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">18th in the Arab World</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,000/km<sup>2</sup> (29,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حلبي Ḥalabi</span><br />English: <span lang="en">Aleppine</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Country code: 963 <br /> City code: 21</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">C1007</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Cold_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Sources: Aleppo city area<sup id="cite_ref-Syr-news1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syr-news1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources: City population<sup id="cite_ref-Population_facts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wrldrew_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrldrew-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1986 <small>(10th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/21">21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arab States</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aleppo</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">LEP</span>-oh</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﺣَﻠَﺐ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a>:</small> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥalab</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈħalab]</a></span>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, which serves as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>, the most populous <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">governorate of Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDATA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDATA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents as of 2021,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was Syria's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">largest city</a> until its population was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the capital of Syria, the largest in Syria's <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">northern governorates</a> and also one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Levant_region_by_population" title="List of largest cities in the Levant region by population">largest cities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aleppo is one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_time_of_continuous_habitation#West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by time of continuous habitation">the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world</a>; it may have been inhabited since the sixth millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the <a href="/wiki/Old_city_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old city of Aleppo">old city of Aleppo</a>, show that the area was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> by the latter part of the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is also the time at which Aleppo is first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which speak of it as part of the Amorite state of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a>, and note its commercial and military importance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a long history is attributed to its strategic location as a trading center between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and Mesopotamia. For centuries, Aleppo was the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syrian region</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s third-largest after <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_Alexander_(1794)_The_natural_history_of_Aleppo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Alexander_(1794)_The_natural_history_of_Aleppo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaskin,_James_J._1846_Geography_and_sacred_history_of_Syria_p.33_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskin,_James_J._1846_Geography_and_sacred_history_of_Syria_p.33-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's significance in history has been its location at one end of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, which passed through <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> was inaugurated in 1869, much trade was diverted to sea and Aleppo began its slow decline. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Ottoman Empire">fall of the Ottoman Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Aleppo lost its northern hinterland to modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, as well as the important <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. In the 1940s, it lost its main access to the sea, by <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>, also to Turkey. The growth in importance of Damascus in the past few decades further exacerbated the situation. This decline may have helped to preserve the old city of Aleppo, its medieval architecture and traditional heritage. It won the title of the Islamic Capital of Culture 2006 and has had a wave of successful restorations of its historic landmarks. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">battle of Aleppo</a> occurred in the city during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, and many parts of the city had suffered massive destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affected parts of the city are currently undergoing reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 31,000 people were killed in Aleppo during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa1.png?3a810" height="18" title="Aa1" alt="Aa1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z3.png?25d86" height="38" title="Z3" alt="Z3" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D58.png?12f84" height="35" title="D58" alt="D58" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G29.png?76902" height="38" title="G29" alt="G29" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">ḫrb3<br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Modern-day English-speakers commonly refer to the city as <i>Aleppo</i>. It was known in antiquity as <i>Khalpe</i>, <i>Khalibon</i>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as <i>Beroea</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βέροια</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, and again during the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a> of 1923–1946, the name <i>Alep</i> was used. <i>Aleppo</i> represents the Italianised version of this. </p><p>The original ancient name, <i><b>Ḥalab</b></i>, has survived as the current Arabic name of the city. It is of obscure origin. Some have proposed that <i>Ḥalab</i> means "iron" or "copper" in the <a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite language</a> since the area served as a major source of these metals in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is that <i>Ḥalab</i> means 'white', as this is the word for 'white' in Aramaic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The word for 'white' in Aramaic is 'Ḥwr', and not 'Ḥalab' (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This may explain how <i>Ḥalab</i> became the Hebrew word for 'milk' or vice versa, as well as offering a possible explanation for the modern-day Arabic nickname of the city, <b>al-Shahbāʾ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشهباء</span>), which means "the white-colored mixed with black" and allegedly derives from the white marble found at Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> related by the twelfth century CE Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Pethahiah_of_Regensburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pethahiah of Regensburg">Pethahiah of Regensburg</a> and the traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, the name derives from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חלב</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'milk' or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">ḥaleb</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'milk' because <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> milked his sheep there to feed the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 11th century, it was common <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a> usage to apply the term "<a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Aram-Zobah</a>" to the area of Aleppo, and many <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jews</a> continue to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo" title="Timeline of Aleppo">Timeline of Aleppo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">List of rulers of Aleppo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history_and_pre-classical_era">Pre-history and pre-classical era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history and pre-classical era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi (Syria)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Mosques_and_minarets_of_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">The old town of Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists, since the modern city occupies its ancient site. The earliest occupation of the site was around 8,000 BC, as shown by excavations in Tallet Alsauda.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aleppo appears in historical records as an important city much earlier than <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. The first record of Aleppo comes from the third millennium BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Ebla_tablets" title="Ebla tablets">Ebla tablets</a> when Aleppo was referred to as <b>Ha-lam</b> (𒄩𒇴).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Horowitz" title="Wayne Horowitz">Wayne Horowitz</a>, identify Aleppo with the capital of an independent kingdom closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this identification is contested. The main temple of the storm god <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> was located on the citadel hill in the center of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the city was known as the city of <b>Hadad</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udgravning_(Citadellet_Aleppo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/220px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/330px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg/440px-Udgravning_%28Citadellet_Aleppo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Hadad Temple inside <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Citadel">Aleppo Citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a> mentioned his destruction of <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 23rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the identification of Armani in the inscription of Naram-Sim as Armi in the Eblaite tablets is heavily debated,<sup id="cite_ref-Herzl_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzl-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as there was no Akkadian annexation of Ebla or northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzl_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzl-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a> period, Aleppo's name appears in its original form as Ḥalab (Ḥalba) for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aleppo was the capital of the important <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamḥad</a>. The kingdom of Yamḥad (c. 1800–1525 BC), alternatively known as the 'land of Ḥalab,' was one of the most powerful in the Near East during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_I" title="Yarim-Lim I">Yarim-Lim I</a>, who formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> against <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hittite_period">Hittite period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hittite period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yamḥad was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a> in the 16th century BC. However, it soon resumed its leading role in the Levant when the Hittite power in the region waned due to internal strife.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region, <a href="/wiki/Baratarna" title="Baratarna">Baratarna</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> instigated a rebellion that ended the life of Yamhad's last king <a href="/wiki/Ilim-Ilimma_I" title="Ilim-Ilimma I">Ilim-Ilimma I</a> in c. 1525 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Parshatatar conquered Aleppo and the city found itself on the frontline in the struggle between the Mitanni, the Hittites and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niqmepa,_King_of_Alalakh" title="Niqmepa, King of Alalakh">Niqmepa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> who descends from the old Yamhadite kings controlled the city as a vassal to Mitanni and was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya I">Tudhaliya I</a> of the Hittites as a retaliation for his alliance to Mitanni.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliumas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliumas I">Suppiluliumas I</a> permanently defeated Mitanni, and conquered Aleppo in the 14th century BC. Suppiluliumas installed his son <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo#The_Hittite_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Telepinus</a> as king and a dynasty of Suppiluliumas descendants ruled Aleppo until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Talmi-Šarruma, grandson of Suppiluliumas I, who was the king of Aleppo, had fought on the Hittite side, along with king <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> against the Egyptian army led by <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG/220px-Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG/330px-Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG/440px-Al_Qaiqan-Moschee3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a> was originally a Hittite pagan temple during ancient times; in addition, a stone block with <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a> can be found on the southern wall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo had <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cultic</a> importance to the Hittites as the center of worship of the <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Storm-God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This religious importance continued after the collapse of the Hittite empire at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> in the 12th century BC, when Aleppo became part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bryce3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryce3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose king renovated the temple of Hadad which was discovered in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, a statue of a king named Taita bearing inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> was discovered during excavations conducted by German archeologist Kay Kohlmeyer in the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new readings of Anatolian hieroglyphic signs proposed by the Hittitologists Elisabeth Rieken and Ilya Yakubovich were conducive to the conclusion that the country ruled by Taita was called <a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This country extended in the 11th-10th centuries BC from the <a href="/wiki/Amik_Valley" title="Amik Valley">Amouq Valley</a> in the west to Aleppo in the east down to <a href="/wiki/Maharda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharda">Maharda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the similarity between Palistin and Philistines, <a href="/wiki/Hittitologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittitologist">Hittitologist</a> John David Hawkins (who translated the Aleppo inscriptions) hypothesizes a connection between the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> Palistin and the Philistines, as do archaeologists Benjamin Sass and Kay Kohlmeyer.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gershon_Galil" title="Gershon Galil">Gershon Galil</a> suggests that King David halted the Arameans' expansion into the Land of Israel on account of his alliance with the southern Philistine kings, as well as with Toi, king of Ḥamath, who is identified with Tai(ta) II, king of Palistin (the northern Sea Peoples).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_Bit_Agusi">State of Bit Agusi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State of Bit Agusi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early years of the 1st millennium BC, Aleppo was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a> realm of <a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a>, which held its capital at <a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipinsky,_Edward_2000._p._195_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipinsky,_Edward_2000._p._195-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bit Agusi along with Aleppo and the entirety of the Levant was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in the 8th century BC and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> until the late 7th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Healy,_Mark_1992_p._25_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy,_Mark_1992_p._25-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before passing through the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipfer,_Barbara_Ann_2000_p._626_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipfer,_Barbara_Ann_2000_p._626-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region remained known as <a href="/wiki/Aramea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramea">Aramea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eber_Nari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eber Nari">Eber Nari</a> throughout these periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity_(Beroea)"><span id="Classical_antiquity_.28Beroea.29"></span>Classical antiquity (Beroea)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity (Beroea)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingeriana-berya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/TabulaPeutingeriana-berya.jpg/220px-TabulaPeutingeriana-berya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/TabulaPeutingeriana-berya.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Beroea as it is shown in <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg/220px-Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg/330px-Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg/440px-Brad_Northern_Basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> basilica in <a href="/wiki/Barad,_Syria" title="Barad, Syria">Barad</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> took over the city in 333 BC. <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_Nicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus Nicator">Seleucus Nicator</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Republic">Hellenic</a> settlement in the site between 301 and 286 BC. He called it <i>Beroea</i> (Βέροια), after <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Beroea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>; it is sometimes spelled as Beroia. Beroea is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Macc.</a> 9:4. </p><p>Northern Syria was the center of gravity of the Hellenistic colonizing activity, and therefore of Hellenistic culture in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. As did other Hellenized cities of the Seleucid kingdom, Beroea probably enjoyed a measure of local autonomy, with a local civic assembly or <i><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">boulē</a></i> composed of free Hellenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beroea remained under Seleucid rule until 88 BC when Syria was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> and Beroea became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> victory over Tigranes, Syria was handed over to <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 64 BC, at which time they became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman province</a>. Rome's presence afforded relative stability in northern Syria for over three centuries. Although the province was administered by a <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> from Rome, Rome did not impose its administrative organization on the Greek-speaking ruling class or <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> speaking populace.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman era saw an increase in the population of northern Syria that accelerated under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> well into the 5th century. In <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, Beroea was the second largest Syrian city after <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> and the third largest city in the Roman world. Archaeological evidence indicates a high population density for settlements between Antioch and Beroea right up to the 6th century. This agrarian landscape still holds the remains of large estate houses and churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_history">Ecclesiastical history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Citadel_10_-_Mosque_of_Abraham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Mosque of Abraham in the Citadel of Aleppo, originally built by the Byzantines as a church</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of several bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of Beroea, which was in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria Prima</a>, are recorded in extant documents. The first whose name survives is that of Saint <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathius of Antioch</a>, who, after being bishop of Beroea, was transferred to the important <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan see">metropolitan see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a> shortly before the 325 <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. His successor in Beroea Cyrus was for his fidelity to the Nicene faith sent into exile by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia" title="Council of Seleucia">Council of Seleucia</a> of 359, called by Constantius, <a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius of Antioch</a> was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sebastea</a> to Beroea but in the following year was promoted to Antioch. His successor in Beroea, Anatolius, was at a council in Antioch in 363. Under the persecuting Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, the bishop of Beroea was Theodotus, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Beroea" title="Acacius of Beroea">Acacius of Beroea</a>, who governed the see for over 50 years and was at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381 and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431. In 438, he was succeeded by Theoctistus, who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 and was a signatory of the joint letter that the bishops of the province of Syria Prima sent in 458 to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a> about the murder of <a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a>. In 518, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> exiled the bishop of Beroea Antoninus for rejecting the Council of Chalcedon. The last known bishop of the see is Megas, who was at a synod called by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Menas_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Menas of Constantinople">Patriarch Menas of Constantinople</a> in 536.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Arab conquest, Beroea ceased to be a residential bishopric, and is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very few physical remains have been found from the Roman and Byzantine periods in the Citadel of Aleppo. The two mosques inside the Citadel are known to have been converted by the <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> during the 11th century from churches originally built by the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-Julia1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg/220px-Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg/330px-Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg/440px-Bab_Qinnasrin2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The old walls of Aleppo and the <a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Gate of Qinnasrin</a> restored in 1256 by <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">An-Nasir Yusuf</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Islamic_period">Early Islamic period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian Persia">Sasanian Persians</a> led by King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> pillaged and burned Aleppo in 540,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then they <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">invaded and controlled</a> Syria briefly in the early 7th century. Soon after Aleppo was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">taken</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslims</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a> in 637. It later became part of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. In 944, it became the seat of an independent Emirate under the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a>, and enjoyed a period of great prosperity, being home to the great poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">al-Mutanabbi</a> and the philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Farabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201690–92_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201690–92-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 962, the city was <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">sacked</a> by the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros Phokas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201692–93_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201692–93-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the city and its emirate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Safar" title="Treaty of Safar">became a temporary vassal</a> of the Byzantine Empire. For the next few decades, the city was disputed by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, with the nominally independent Hamdanids in between, eventually falling to the Fatimids in 1017.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201696–99_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201696–99-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1024, <a href="/wiki/Salih_ibn_Mirdas" title="Salih ibn Mirdas">Salih ibn Mirdas</a> launched an attack on Fatimid Aleppo, and after a few months was invited into the city by its population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201699_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201699-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a> then ruled the city until 1080, interrupted only in 1038–1042, when it was in the hands of the Fatimid commander-in-chief in Syria, <a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a>, and in 1057–1060, when it was ruled by a Fatimid governor, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mulhim" title="Ibn Mulhim">Ibn Mulhim</a>. Mirdasid rule was marked by internal squabbles between different Mirdasid chieftains that sapped the emirate's power and made it susceptible to external intervention by the Byzantines, Fatimids, <a href="/wiki/Uqaylids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqaylids">Uqaylids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> warrior bands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1993116–122_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1993116–122-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods">Seljuq and Ayyubid periods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seljuq and Ayyubid periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1077, Seljuk emir <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a> launched a campaign to capture Aleppo during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sabiq_ibn_Mahmud" title="Sabiq ibn Mahmud">Sabiq ibn Mahmud</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a>, which lasted until 1080, when his reinforcements were ambushed and routed by a coalition of Arab tribesmen led by <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Kilabi</a> chief Abu Za'ida at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Butnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Butnan">Wadi Butnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakkar1969202_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakkar1969202-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Quraysh" title="Muslim ibn Quraysh">Sharaf al-Dawla</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylid dynasty</a> in June 1085, the headman in Aleppo <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a> Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti promised to surrender the city to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a>. When the latter delayed his arrival, Hassan contacted the Sultan's brother Tutush. However, after Tutush defeated <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Qutalmish" title="Suleiman ibn Qutalmish">Suleiman ibn Qutulmish</a>, who had intended to take Aleppo for himself, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Salm" title="Battle of Ain Salm">battle of Ain Salm</a>, Hassan went back on his commitment. In response, Tutush attacked the city and managed to get hold of parts of the walls and towers in July 1086, but he left in September, either due to the advance of Malik-Shah or because the Fatimids were besieging Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasan201091_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasan201091-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017247_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017247-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1087, <a href="/wiki/Aq_Sunqur_al-Hajib" title="Aq Sunqur al-Hajib">Aq Sunqur al-Hajib</a> became the Seljuk governor of Aleppo under Sultan Malik Shah I.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamāl_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamāl-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his bid for the Seljuk throne, Tutush had Aq Sunqur executed and after Tutush died in battle, the town was ruled by his son <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Mulk_Ridwan" title="Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan">Ridwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasan201099,_101_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasan201099,_101-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017252,254_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017252,254-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1124)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1124)">city was besieged</a> by <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> led by the King of Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II</a> in 1124–1125, but was not conquered after receiving protection by forces of <a href="/wiki/Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi" title="Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi">Aqsunqur al Bursuqi</a> arriving from Mosul in January 1125.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2016121–122_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2016121–122-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1128, Aleppo became capital of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a>, which ultimately conquered Damascus in 1154. In 1138, Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> led a campaign, which main objective was to capture the city of Aleppo. On 20 April 1138, the Christian army including Crusaders from <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">Edessa</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1138)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1138)">attack on the city</a> but found it too strongly defended, hence John II moved the army southward to take nearby fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952215_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952215-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 October 1138, <a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">a deadly earthquake</a> ravaged the city and the surrounding area. Although estimates from this time are very unreliable, it is believed that 230,000 people died, making it the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes#Deadliest_earthquakes_on_record" title="Lists of earthquakes">seventh deadliest</a> earthquake in recorded history. </p><p>In 1183, Aleppo came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>. When the Ayyubids were toppled in Egypt by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a>, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">An-Nasir Yusuf</a> became sultan of the remaining part of the Ayyubid Empire. He ruled Syria from his seat in Aleppo until, on 24 January 1260,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">city was taken</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a> in alliance with their vassals the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> knights of the ruler of Antioch <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemond VI">Bohemond VI</a> and his father-in-law the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum I, King of Armenia">Hethum I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was poorly defended by Turanshah, and as a result the walls fell after six days of siege, and the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> fell four weeks later. The Muslim population was massacred and many Jews were also killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Shelemay1998_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelemay1998-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian population was spared. Turanshah was shown unusual respect by the Mongols, and was allowed to live because of his age and bravery. The city was then given to the former Emir of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Homs" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs">al-Ashraf</a>, and a Mongol garrison was established in the city. Some of the spoils were also given to Hethum I for his assistance in the attack. The Mongol Army then continued on to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, which surrendered, and the Mongols entered the city on 1 March 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mamluk period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Souk_Al_Zirb_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Souq az-Zirb, where coins were struck during the Mamluk period</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1260, the Egyptian Mamluks negotiated for a treaty with the Franks of Acre which allowed them to pass through Crusader territory unmolested, and engaged the Mongols at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> on 3 September 1260. The Mamluks won a decisive victory, killing the Mongols' Nestorian Christian general <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>, and five days later they had retaken Damascus. Aleppo was recovered by the Muslims within a month, and a Mamluk governor placed to govern the city. Hulagu sent troops to try to recover Aleppo in December. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987314_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987314-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Atroush_Mosque,_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Atroush_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Al-Atroush_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Atroush_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Al-Atroush_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Al-Atroush_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Al-Atroush_Mosque%2C_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a> of the Mamluk period</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mamluk governor of the city became insubordinate to the central Mamluk authority in Cairo, and in Autumn 1261 the Mamluk leader <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> sent an army to reclaim the city. In October 1271, the Mongols led by general <a href="/wiki/Samagar" title="Samagar">Samagar</a> took the city again, attacking with 10,000 horsemen from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and defeating the <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turcoman</a> troops who were defending Aleppo. The Mamluk garrisons fled to <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, until Baibars came north again with his main army, and the Mongols retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987336–337_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987336–337-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 October 1280, the Mongols took the city again, pillaging the markets and burning the mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2016179_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2016179-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim inhabitants fled for Damascus, where the Mamluk leader <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> assembled his forces. When his army advanced following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Second Battle of Homs</a> in October 1281, the Mongols again retreated, back across the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. In October 1299, <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> captured the city, joined by his vassal Armenian King <a href="/wiki/Hethum_II,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum II, King of Armenia">Hethum II</a>, whose forces included some <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007142_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007142-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1400, the Mongol-Turkic leader <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(1400)" title="Sack of Aleppo (1400)">captured the city</a> again from the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987463_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987463-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He massacred many of the inhabitants, ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the withdrawal of the Mongols, all the Muslim population returned to Aleppo. On the other hand, Christians who left the city during the Mongol invasion, were unable to resettle back in their own quarter in the old town, a fact that led them to establish a new neighbourhood in 1420, built at the northern suburbs of Aleppo outside the city walls, to become known as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdeydeh</a></i> quarter ("new district" Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جديدة</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ottoman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg/220px-Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg/330px-Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg/440px-Khusruwiyah_mosque_and_Aleppo_view2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a> of the early Ottoman period</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_(publi%C3%A9e)_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_%28publi%C3%A9e%29_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg/220px-Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_%28publi%C3%A9e%29_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_%28publi%C3%A9e%29_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg/330px-Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_%28publi%C3%A9e%29_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_%28publi%C3%A9e%29_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg/440px-Alep._Prise_de_Bab_Antakieh_%28publi%C3%A9e%29_MET_DP-1757-027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>1842 <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philibert_Girault_de_Prangey" title="Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey">Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey</a> (the earliest photograph of the city)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1516 as part of the vast expansion of the Ottoman borders during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>. The city then had around 50,000 inhabitants, or 11,224 households according to an Ottoman census.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1517, Selim I obtained a fatwa from Sunnite religious leaders and unleashed violence on the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, killing 9,400 men, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Telal" title="Massacre of the Telal">Massacre of the Telal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a>; the rest of what later became Syria was part of either the eyalets of Damascus, Tripoli, Sidon or Raqqa. Following the Ottoman provincial reform of 1864 Aleppo became the centre of the newly constituted Vilayet of Aleppo in 1866. </p><p>Aleppo's agriculture was well-developed in the Ottoman period. Archaeological excavations revealed water mills in its river basin.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Chinese source also suggests Aleppo in the Ottoman period had well-developed animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his travels to the Levant in the 17th century, French traveler Jacques Goujon recounted how the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> community in Aleppo, facing financial difficulties and considering conversion to Islam due to their inability to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya tax</a>, was aided by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> who bought their church, enabling them to meet their tax obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, thanks to its strategic geographic location on the trade route between <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the east, Aleppo rose to high prominence in the Ottoman era, at one point being second only to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in the empire. By the middle of the 16th century, Aleppo had displaced <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> as the principal market for goods coming to the Mediterranean region from the east. This is reflected by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Levant Company of London">Levant Company of London</a>, a joint-trading company founded in 1581 to monopolize England's trade with the Ottoman Empire, never attempted to settle a factor, or agent, in Damascus, despite having had permission to do so. Aleppo served as the company's headquarters until the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_2009_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Khan al-Shouneh dating back to 1546</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the economic development, many European states had opened consulates in Aleppo during the 16th and the 17th centuries, such as the consulate of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in 1548, the consulate of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> in 1562, the consulate of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in 1583 and the consulate of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a> in 1613.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> community of Aleppo also rose to prominence in this period as they moved into the city to take up trade and developed the new quarter of Judayda.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most outstanding among Aleppine <a href="/wiki/Armenian_merchantry" title="Armenian merchantry">Armenian merchants</a> during the late 16th and early 17th centuries were <a href="/wiki/Petik_and_Sanos" title="Petik and Sanos">Khwaja Petik Chelebi</a>, the richest merchant in the city, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Petik_and_Sanos" title="Petik and Sanos">Khwaja Sanos Chelebi</a>, who monopolized Aleppine silk trade and were important patrons of the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/220px-Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/330px-Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/440px-Aleppo_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo in 1690</figcaption></figure> <p>However, the prosperity Aleppo experienced in the 16th and 17th century started to fade as silk production in Iran went into decline with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> in 1722. By mid-century, caravans were no longer bringing silk from Iran to Aleppo, and local Syrian production was insufficient for Europe's demand. European merchants left Aleppo and the city went into an economic decline that was not reversed until the mid-19th century when locally produced cotton and tobacco became the principal commodities of interest to the Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_2009_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">Halil İnalcık</a>, "Aleppo ... underwent its worst catastrophe with the wholesale destruction of its villages by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> raiding in the later years of the century, creating a long-running <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> which by 1798 killed half of its inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy of Aleppo was badly hit by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869. This, in addition to political instability that followed the implementation of significant reforms in 1841 by the central government, contributed to Aleppo's decline and the rise of Damascus as a serious economic and political competitor with Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_2009_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city nevertheless continued to play an important economic role and shifted its commercial focus from long-distance caravan trade to more regional trade in wool and agricultural products. This period also saw the immigration of numerous "Levantine" (European-origin) families who dominated international trade. Aleppo's mixed commercial tribunal (<i>ticaret mahkamesi</i>), one of the first in the Ottoman Empire, was set up around 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg/220px-1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg/330px-1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg/440px-1_Beit_Gazaleh_RCh_2010_DSC_1798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The 17th-century oriental mansion of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haygazian_Armenian_School,_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haygazian_Armenian_School%2C_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_%282%29.jpg/220px-Haygazian_Armenian_School%2C_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haygazian_Armenian_School%2C_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_%282%29.jpg/330px-Haygazian_Armenian_School%2C_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haygazian_Armenian_School%2C_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_%282%29.jpg/440px-Haygazian_Armenian_School%2C_Aleppo_Armenian_Quarter_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Qalayet al-Mawarina alley at the Christian quarter in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Jdeydeh</a>, dating back to the early 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Reference is made to the city in 1606 in William Shakespeare's <i>Macbeth</i>. The witches torment the captain of the ship the <i>Tiger</i>, which was headed to Aleppo from England and endured a 567-day voyage before returning unsuccessfully to port. Reference is also made to the city in Shakespeare's <i>Othello</i> when Othello speaks his final words (ACT V, ii, 349f.): "Set you down this/And say besides that in Aleppo once,/Where a malignant and a turbanned Turk/Beat a Venetian and traduced the state,/I took by th' throat the circumcised dog/And smote him—thus!" (Arden Shakespeare Edition, 2004). The English naval chaplain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Teonge" title="Henry Teonge">Henry Teonge</a> describes in his diary a visit he paid to the city in 1675, when there was a colony of Western European merchants living there. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alep_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alep_1850.jpg/250px-Alep_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alep_1850.jpg/375px-Alep_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alep_1850.jpg/500px-Alep_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>City walls and citadel of Aleppo (1850)</figcaption></figure> <p>The city remained Ottoman until the empire's collapse, but was occasionally riven with internal feuds as well as attacks of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> from 1823. Around 20–25 percent of the population died of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, a Muslim mob <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">attacked</a> Christian neighbourhoods, tens of Christians were killed and several churches looted. Though this event has been portrayed as driven by pure sectarian principles, Bruce Masters argues that such analysis of this period of violence is too shallow and neglects the tensions that existed among the population due to the commercial favor afforded to certain <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christian minorities</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> Reforms during this time which played a large role in creating antagonism between previously cooperative groups of Muslim and Christians in the eastern quarters of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1901, the city's population was around 110,000. </p><p>In October 1918, Aleppo was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)" title="Battle of Aleppo (1918)">captured</a> by <a href="/wiki/Feisal_I_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feisal I of Iraq">Prince Feisal</a>'s Sherifial Forces and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Division_(India)" title="5th Cavalry Division (India)">5th Cavalry Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a> from the Ottoman Empire during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. At the end of war, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> made most of the Province of Aleppo part of the newly established nation of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, while Cilicia was promised by France to become an Armenian state. However, <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> annexed most of the Province of Aleppo as well as Cilicia to Turkey in his <a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish war of independence">War of Independence</a>. The Arab residents in the province (as well as the Kurds) supported the Turks in this war against the French, including the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a>, who directly coordinated with Atatürk and received weaponry from him. The outcome, however, was disastrous for Aleppo, because as per the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, most of the Province of Aleppo was made part of Turkey with the exception of Aleppo and <a href="/wiki/Alexandretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-atak5_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atak5-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, Aleppo was cut from its northern satellites and from the Anatolian cities beyond on which Aleppo depended heavily in commerce. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot">Sykes-Picot</a> division of the Near East separated Aleppo from most of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which also harmed the economy of Aleppo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_mandate">French mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg/220px-General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg/330px-General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg/440px-General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(French_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)">Gouraud</a> crossing through al-Khandaq street on 13 September 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a> was declared by French General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(French_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)">Henri Gouraud</a> in September 1920 as part of a French plan to make Syria easier to administer by dividing it into several smaller states. France became more concerned about the idea of a united Syria after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysaloun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maysaloun">Battle of Maysaloun</a>. </p><p>By separating Aleppo from Damascus, Gouraud wanted to capitalize on a traditional state of competition between the two cities and turn it into political division. The people in Aleppo were unhappy with the fact that Damascus was chosen as capital for the new nation of Syria. Gouraud sensed this sentiment and tried to address it by making Aleppo the capital of a large and wealthier state with which it would have been hard for Damascus to compete. The State of Aleppo as drawn by France contained most of the fertile area of Syria: the fertile countryside of Aleppo in addition to the entire fertile basin of river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. The state also had access to sea via the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a>. On the other hand, Damascus, which is basically an oasis on the fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, had neither enough fertile land nor access to sea. Basically, Gouraud wanted to satisfy Aleppo by giving it control over most of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria so that it would never want to unite with Damascus again.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Andrew_1981_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Andrew_1981-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail_of_Aleppo" title="Grand Serail of Aleppo">Grand Serail d'Alep</a>, originally planned to become the seat of the government of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The limited economic resources of the Syrian states made the option of completely independent states undesirable for France, because it threatened an opposite result: the states collapsing and being forced back into unity. This was why France proposed the idea of a Syrian federation that was realized in 1923. Initially, Gouraud envisioned the federation as encompassing all the states, even Lebanon. In the end however, only three states participated: Aleppo, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a>. The capital of the federation was Aleppo at first, but it was relocated to Damascus. The president of the federation was <a href="/wiki/Subhi_Barakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhi Barakat">Subhi Barakat</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>-born politician from Aleppo. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg/200px-Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg/300px-Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg/400px-Quweik_flood_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Queiq River flood of 6 February 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>The federation ended in December 1924, when France merged Aleppo and Damascus into a single Syrian State and separated the Alawite State again. This action came after the federation decided to merge the three federated states into one and to take steps encouraging Syria's financial independence, steps which France viewed as too much.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Andrew_1981_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Andrew_1981-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_(1920s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_%281920s%29.jpg/200px-Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_%281920s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_%281920s%29.jpg/300px-Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_%281920s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_%281920s%29.jpg/400px-Aleppo_Old_Photo_of_Psot_Office_%281920s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>The central post office, 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG/200px-Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG/300px-Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG/400px-Old_trams_in_Aleppo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Tram line, put into operation in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syrian Revolt</a> erupted in southern Syria in 1925, the French held in Aleppo State new elections that were supposed to lead to the breaking of the union with Damascus and restore the independence of Aleppo State. The French were driven to believe by pro-French Aleppine politicians that the people in Aleppo were supportive of such a scheme. After the new council was elected, however, it surprisingly voted to keep the union with Damascus. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian National Block">Syrian nationalists</a> had waged a massive anti-secession public campaign that vigorously mobilized the people against the secession plan, thus leaving the pro-French politicians no choice but to support the union. The result was a big embarrassment for France, which wanted the secession of Aleppo to be a punitive measure against Damascus, which had participated in the Syrian Revolt, however, the result was respected. This was the last time that independence was proposed for Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bad economic situation of the city after the separation of the northern countryside was exacerbated further in 1939 when <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a> was annexed to Turkey as <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-atak_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atak-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atak3_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atak3-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atak4_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atak4-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus depriving Aleppo of its main port of <a href="/wiki/Iskenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskenderun">Iskenderun</a> and leaving it in total isolation within Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-doi_10.1093/ia/iix118_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi_10.1093/ia/iix118-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Quwwatli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i>Boulevard de France</i>, renamed after <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a> upon the independence of Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>The increasing disagreements between Aleppo and Damascus led eventually to the split of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian National Block">National Block</a> into two factions: the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a>, established in Damascus in 1946, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a>, established in Aleppo in 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Rushdi_al-Kikhya" title="Rushdi al-Kikhya">Rushdi al-Kikhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazim_Qudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Qudsi">Nazim Qudsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An underlying cause of the disagreement, in addition to the union with Iraq, was Aleppo's intention to relocate the capital from Damascus. The issue of the capital became an open debate matter in 1950 when the Popular Party presented a constitution draft that called Damascus a "temporary capital."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_1950s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Aleppo_1950s.JPG/230px-Aleppo_1950s.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Aleppo_1950s.JPG/345px-Aleppo_1950s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Aleppo_1950s.JPG/460px-Aleppo_1950s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Public_Park" title="Aleppo Public Park">Aleppo Public Park</a> and adjacent highway, 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg/230px-King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg/345px-King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg/460px-King_Faisal_street_Aleppo_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a>, 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in modern Syrian history was carried out in March 1949 by an army officer from Aleppo, <a href="/wiki/Hussni_Zaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussni Zaim">Hussni Zaim</a>. However, lured by the absolute power he enjoyed as a dictator, Zaim soon developed a pro-Egyptian, pro-Western orientation and abandoned the cause of union with Iraq. This incited a second coup only four months after his.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second coup, led by <a href="/wiki/Sami_Hinnawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Hinnawi">Sami Hinnawi</a> (also officer from Aleppo), empowered the Popular Party and actively sought to realize the union with Iraq. The news of an imminent union with Iraq incited a third coup the same year: in December 1949, <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakly</a> led a coup preempting a union with Iraq that was about to be declared.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_addresses_Aleppo,_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nasser_addresses_Aleppo%2C_1960.jpg/230px-Nasser_addresses_Aleppo%2C_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nasser_addresses_Aleppo%2C_1960.jpg/345px-Nasser_addresses_Aleppo%2C_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nasser_addresses_Aleppo%2C_1960.jpg/460px-Nasser_addresses_Aleppo%2C_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Nasser's speech in Aleppo (1960)</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after Shishakly's domination ended in 1954, a <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">union</a> with Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdul_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Abdul Nasser">Gamal Abdul Nasser</a> was implemented in 1958. The union, however, collapsed three and a half years later when a junta of young Damascene officers carried out a separatist coup. Aleppo resisted the separatist coup, but eventually it had no choice but to recognize the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg/150px-Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg/225px-Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg/300px-Syrien_1961_Aleppol_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Streets of Aleppo shortly after <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Coup d'état</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1963 a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Baathist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baathist">Baathists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasserist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasserist">Nasserists</a>, and Socialists launched a new coup whose declared objective was to restore the union with Egypt. However, the new government only restored the flag of the union. Soon thereafter disagreement between the Baathists and the Nasserists over the restoration of the union became a crisis, and the Baathists ousted the Nasserists from power. The Nasserists, most of whom were from the Aleppine middle class, responded with an insurgency in Aleppo in July 1963. </p><p>Again, the Ba'ath government tried to absorb the dissent of the Syrian middle class (whose center of political activism was Aleppo) by putting to the front <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a>, a Baathist military officer from Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilel_street_old_pic,_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tilel_street_old_pic%2C_Aleppo.jpg/200px-Tilel_street_old_pic%2C_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tilel_street_old_pic%2C_Aleppo.jpg/300px-Tilel_street_old_pic%2C_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tilel_street_old_pic%2C_Aleppo.jpg/400px-Tilel_street_old_pic%2C_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Tilel street, 1970s</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, who came to power in 1970, relied on support from the business class in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave Damascus further advantage over Aleppo, and hence Damascus came to dominate the Syrian economy. The strict centralization of the Syrian state, the intentional direction of resources towards Damascus, and the hegemony Damascus enjoys over the Syrian economy made it increasingly hard for Aleppo to compete. Despite this, Aleppo remained a nationally important economic and cultural center.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Aleppo_View.jpg/250px-Aleppo_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Aleppo_View.jpg/375px-Aleppo_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Aleppo_View.jpg/500px-Aleppo_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>General view of the city from the Citadel (1989)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 June 1979 thirty-two military cadets were <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Artillery_School_massacre" title="Aleppo Artillery School massacre">massacred</a> by antigovernmental Islamist rebel group <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1989316_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale1989316-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent violence around fifty people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July a further twenty-two Syrian soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both terrorist attacks were part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, events escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1980)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1980)">a large-scale military operation</a> in Aleppo, where Syrian government responded with military and security forces, sending in tens of thousands of troops backed by tanks, armored vehicles and helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-Things_Fall_Apart_p153_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Things_Fall_Apart_p153-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hundred rebels were killed in and around city and eight thousand were arrested. By February 1981, the Islamist uprising in the city of Aleppo was suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarréMichaud1983141–146_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarréMichaud1983141–146-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 1990s, Aleppo has become one of the fastest growing cities in the Levant and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-acad_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acad-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Najjar" title="Shaykh Najjar">Shaykh Najjar</a> and the influx of new investments and flow of the new industries after 2004 also contributed to the development of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Aleppo was named by the Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) as the capital of Islamic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square,_Aleppo,_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square%2C_Aleppo%2C_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg/220px-Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square%2C_Aleppo%2C_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square%2C_Aleppo%2C_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg/330px-Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square%2C_Aleppo%2C_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square%2C_Aleppo%2C_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg/440px-Saadallah_al-Jabiri_square%2C_Aleppo%2C_after_the_explosion_of_October_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The scene at <a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_Square" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah al-Jabiri Square</a> after being targeted by Al-Nusra Front in October 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 August 2011, some months after protests had begun elsewhere in Syria, anti-government protests were held in several districts of Aleppo, including the city's Sakhour district. During this demonstration, which included tens of thousands of protesters, security forces shot and killed at least twelve people.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, a pro-government demonstration was held in <a href="/wiki/Saadallah_Al-Jabiri_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square</a>, in the heart of the city. According to the <i>New York Times</i>, the 11 October 2011 rally in support of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> was attended by large crowds,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while state and local media claimed more than 1.5 million attended and stated that it was one of the largest rallies ever held in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2012, rebels began bombing Aleppo after the spread of anti-government protests. On <a href="/wiki/February_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="February 2012 Aleppo bombings">10 February 2012</a>, suicide <a href="/wiki/Car_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Car bombs">car bombs</a> exploded outside two security compounds — the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a>'s local headquarters, and a Syrian <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Public_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Public Security Police">Internal Security Forces</a> barracks<sup id="cite_ref-herald-sun_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herald-sun-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — reportedly killing 28 (four civilians, thirteen military personnel and eleven security personnel)<sup id="cite_ref-herald-sun_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herald-sun-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wounding 235.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 March 2012, another car bomb blast in a residential neighbourhood reportedly killed two security personnel and one female civilian, and wounded 30 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/250px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/375px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/500px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">SAA</a> tank in the city in October 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In late July 2012, the conflict reached Aleppo in earnest when rebels in the city’s surrounding countryside mounted their first offensive there,<sup id="cite_ref-mogelson_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mogelson-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently trying to capitalise on momentum gained during the Damascus assault.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, some of the civil war's "most devastating bombing and fiercest fighting" took place in Aleppo, often in residential areas.<sup id="cite_ref-mogelson_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mogelson-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer, autumn and winter of 2012 house-to-house fighting between armed opposition and government forces continued, and by the spring 2013 the Syrian Army had entrenched itself in the western part of Aleppo (government loyalist forces were operating from a military base in the southern part of the city) and the Free Syrian Army in the eastern part with a <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> between them.<sup id="cite_ref-mogelson_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mogelson-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate of casualties by an international humanitarian organization is that by this time 13,500 had been killed in the fighting — 1,500 under 5 years of age — and that another 23,000 had been injured.<sup id="cite_ref-mogelson_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mogelson-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local police stations in the city, used as bases of government forces and hated and feared by residents, were a focus of much of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT73112_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT73112-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT8312_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT8312-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As a result of the severe battle, many sections in <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">Old City of Aleppo</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>), including parts of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a> and other medieval buildings in the ancient city, were destroyed and ruined or burnt in late summer 2012 as the armed groups of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012)">fought</a> for control of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 2013, a majority of Aleppo’s factory owners transferred their goods to Turkey with the full knowledge and facilitation of the Turkish government.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_(destructed),_12_June_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_%28destructed%29%2C_12_June_2013.jpg/220px-National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_%28destructed%29%2C_12_June_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_%28destructed%29%2C_12_June_2013.jpg/330px-National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_%28destructed%29%2C_12_June_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_%28destructed%29%2C_12_June_2013.jpg/440px-National_Evangelical_Church_of_Aleppo_%28destructed%29%2C_12_June_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Evangelical_Synod_of_Syria_and_Lebanon" title="National Evangelical Synod of Syria and Lebanon">The National Presbyterian Church of Aleppo</a> after being destroyed on 6 November 2012<sup id="cite_ref-thirdrva.org_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirdrva.org-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A stalemate that had been in place for four years ended in July 2016, when Syrian Army troops closed the last supply line of the rebels into Aleppo with the support of Russian airstrikes. In response, rebel forces launched unsuccessful counter-offensives in September and October that failed to break the siege; in November, government forces embarked on a decisive campaign. The rebels agreed to evacuate from their remaining areas in December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian government victory with Russian aerial bombardment was widely seen as a potential turning point in Syria's civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December, the evacuation was completed with the Syrian Army declaring it had taken complete control of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Announcedvictory2_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Announcedvictory2-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red Cross later confirmed that the evacuation of all civilians and rebels was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the battle ended, 500,000 refugees and internally displaced persons returned to Aleppo,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Syrian state media said that hundreds of factories returned to production as electricity supply greatly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many parts of the city that were affected are undergoing reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 April 2017, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees was <a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">attacked by a suicide bomber</a> in Aleppo, killing more than 126 people, including at least 80 children.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian state media reported that the Aleppo shopping festival took place on 17 November 2017 to promote industry in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> commander stated in February 2018 that Kurdish fighters had shifted to <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> to help repel the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Turkish assault</a>. As a result, he said the pro-Syrian government forces had regained control of the districts previously controlled by them.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, government forces achieved a major breakthrough when they captured the last remaining rebel-held areas in Aleppo's western periphery, thus decisively ending the clashes that began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> over eight years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city received some damages due to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey-Syria_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake">2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG/220px-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG/330px-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG/440px-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The nearby <a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Mountains">Kurd Mountains</a> at the northwest of Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo lies about 120 km (75 mi) inland from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_plateau" title="Aleppo plateau">plateau</a> 380 m (1,250 ft) above sea level, 45 km (28 mi) east of the Syrian-Turkish border <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">checkpoint of Bab al-Hawa</a>. The city is surrounded by farmlands from the north and the west, widely cultivated with olive and <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> trees. To the east, Aleppo approaches the dry areas of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Aleppo,_Queik_river_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Downtown_Aleppo%2C_Queik_river_at_night.jpg/220px-Downtown_Aleppo%2C_Queik_river_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Downtown_Aleppo%2C_Queik_river_at_night.jpg/330px-Downtown_Aleppo%2C_Queik_river_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Downtown_Aleppo%2C_Queik_river_at_night.jpg/440px-Downtown_Aleppo%2C_Queik_river_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city was founded a few kilometres south of the location of the current old city, on the right bank of <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a> which arises from the <a href="/wiki/Aintab_plateau" title="Aintab plateau">Aintab plateau</a> in the north and runs through Aleppo southward to the fertile country of <a href="/wiki/Qinnasrin" title="Qinnasrin">Qinnasrin</a>. The old city of Aleppo lies on the left bank of the Queiq. It was surrounded by a circle of eight hills surrounding a prominent central hill on which the castle (originally a temple dating to the 2nd millennium BC) was erected. The radius of the circle is about 10 km (6.2 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmīn (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta.<sup id="cite_ref-Duden6_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duden6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old city was enclosed within an ancient wall that was last rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>. The wall has since disappeared. It had nine gates and was surrounded by a broad deep ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-Duden6_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duden6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupying an area of more than 190 km<sup>2</sup> (73 sq mi), Aleppo is one of the fastest-growing cities in the Middle East. According to the new major plan of the city adopted in 2001, it is envisaged to increase the total area of Aleppo up to 420 km<sup>2</sup> (160 sq mi) by the end of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Syr-news1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syr-news1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_plan-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aleppo has a <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cool steppe climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BSk</i>). The mountain series that run along the Mediterranean coast, namely the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Alawiyin Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mountains" title="Nur Mountains">Nur Mountains</a>, largely block the effects of the Mediterranean on climate (<a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain shadow effect">rain shadow effect</a>). The average high and low temperature throughout the year is 23.8 and 11.1 °C (74.8 and 52.0 °F). The average precipitation is 329.4 mm (12.97 in). More than 80% of precipitation occurs between October and March. It snows once or twice every winter. Average humidity is 55.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-klimatafel_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klimatafel-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Aleppo (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a>), 393 m (1,289 ft) above sea level, 1991–2020 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(111.2) </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.7<br />(114.3) </td> <td style="background: #D80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(111.7) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(111.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.7<br />(114.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.3<br />(11.7) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.8<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5<br />(2.26) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.8<br />(1.88) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.4<br />(1.67) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(1.09) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(0.63) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(0.14) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(0.91) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(1.40) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3<br />(2.30) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">313.7<br />(12.35) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.9 </td> <td style="background: #C5C503; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">366.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">387.5 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">365.8 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,001.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity 1960–1967, extremes 1951–1978)<sup id="cite_ref-klimatafel_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klimatafel-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/280px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/420px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/560px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Aleppo Citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo is characterized with mixed architectural styles, having been ruled by, among others, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuqs, Mamluks and Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Rose,_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Villa_Rose%2C_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Villa_Rose%2C_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Villa_Rose%2C_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Villa_Rose%2C_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Villa_Rose%2C_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Villa_Rose%2C_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rose" title="Villa Rose">Villa Rose</a>, built in 1928 during the period of the French mandate</figcaption></figure> <p>Various types of 13th and 14th centuries constructions, such as caravanserais, caeserias, Quranic schools, hammams and religious buildings are found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">old city</a>. The quarters of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdayde</a> district are home to numerous 16th and 17th-century houses of the Aleppine bourgeoisie, featuring stone engravings. <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> of the 19th and early 20th centuries is common in al-Azizyah district, including the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Rose" title="Villa Rose">Villa Rose</a>. The new Shahbaa district is a mixture of several styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">Neo-classic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Architecture">Norman</a>, Oriental and even <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the old city is characterized with its large mansions, narrow alleys and covered souqs, the modern city's architecture has replenished the town with wide roads and large squares such as the <a href="/wiki/Saadallah_Al-Jabiri_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square_(Aleppo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Square (Aleppo)">Liberty Square</a>, the President's Square and <a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square_(Aleppo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square (Aleppo)">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg/170px-Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg/255px-Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg/340px-Aleppo_throne_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Throne hall of the citadel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG/220px-Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG/330px-Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG/440px-Aleppo_Cittadella_-_GAR_-_9-22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Aleppo Citadel</a>, roof of the baths, with the mosque and minaret in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a relatively clear division between old and new Aleppo. The older portions of the city, with an approximate area of 160 ha (0.6 sq mi) are contained within a wall, 5 km (3.1 mi) in circuit with nine gates. The huge medieval <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> in the city — known as the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a> — occupies the center of the ancient part, in the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>. </p><p>Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build cell-like quarters and districts that were socially and economically independent. Each district was characterized by the religious and ethnic characteristics of its inhabitants. </p><p>The mainly white-stoned old town was built within the historical walls of the city, pierced by the nine historical gates, while the newer quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal from Aleppo. The new quarter known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdayde</a> is one of the finest examples of a cell-like quarter in Aleppo. After <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> invaded Aleppo in 1400 and destroyed it, the Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their own cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of al-Jdayde. The inhabitants of the new quarters were mainly brokers who facilitated trade between foreign traders and local merchants. As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of the ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries. </p><p>Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">Old City of Aleppo</a> — composed of the ancient city within the walls and the old cell-like quarters outside the walls — has an approximate area of 350 ha (1.4 sq mi) housing more than 120,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1883 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">99,179</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">108,143</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1922 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">156,748</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">210,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1934 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">249,921</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1944 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">325,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">362,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">425,467</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1983 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">639,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+27.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,216,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+90.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,937,858</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2004 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,132,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,301,570</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,800,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−21.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,098,210</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source<sup id="cite_ref-Population_facts_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wrldrew_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrldrew-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alepp0fashion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Alepp0fashion.jpg/170px-Alepp0fashion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Alepp0fashion.jpg/255px-Alepp0fashion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Alepp0fashion.jpg/340px-Alepp0fashion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> woman in Aleppo, 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Aleppine historian Sheikh <i>Kamel Al-Ghazzi</i> (1853–1933), the population of Aleppo was around 400,000 before the disastrous <a href="/wiki/1822_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1822 Aleppo earthquake">earthquake of 1822</a>. Followed by cholera and plague attacks in 1823 and 1827 respectively, the population of the city declined to 110,000 by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, the total population of Aleppo was 108,143 of which Muslims were 76,329 (70.58%), Christians — mostly Catholics — 24,508 (22.66%) and Jews 7,306 (6.76%).<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aleppo's large Christian population swelled with the influx of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian-Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Assyrians">Assyrian</a> Christian refugees during the early 20th-century and after the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Genocide">Assyrian genocides</a> of 1915. After the arrival of the first groups of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenian</a> refugees (1915–1922) the population of Aleppo in 1922 counted 156,748 of which Muslims were 97,600 (62.26%), native Christians — mostly Catholics — 22,117 (14.11%), Jews 6,580 (4.20%), Europeans 2,652 (1.70%), Armenian refugees 20,007 (12.76%) and others 7,792 (4.97%).<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even though a large majority of the Armenians arrived during the period, the city has had an Armenian community since at least the 1100s, when a considerable number of Armenian families and merchants from the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> settled in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">oldest Armenian church in the city</a> is from 1491 as well, which indicates that they have been there long before. </p><p>The second period of Armenian flow towards Aleppo marked with the withdrawal of the French troops from <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the arrival of more than 40,000 Armenian refugees between 1923 and 1925, the population of the city reached up to 210,000 by the end of 1925, of which more than a quarter were Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the historical data presented by <i>Al-Ghazzi</i>, the vast majority of the Aleppine Christians were Catholics until the latter days of the Ottoman rule. The growth of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christians is related with the arrival of the Assyrian survivors from Cilicia and Southern Turkey, while on the other hand, large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> arrived in Aleppo, after the annexation of the Sanjak in 1939 in favour of Turkey. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque,_Aleppo,_Syria_(5077865830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_%285077865830%29.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_%285077865830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_%285077865830%29.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_%285077865830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_%285077865830%29.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_%285077865830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Syrian children in Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1944, Aleppo's population was around 325,000, with 112,110 (34.5%) Christians among which Armenians numbered 60,200. Armenians formed more than half of the Christian community in Aleppo until 1947, when many groups of them left for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a> within the frames of the <i>Armenian Repatriation Process (1946–1967)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-civil_war_status">Pre-civil war status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pre-civil war status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rahman_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rahman_mosque.jpg/220px-Rahman_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rahman_mosque.jpg/330px-Rahman_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rahman_mosque.jpg/440px-Rahman_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahman_Mosque,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo">Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo was the most populous city in Syria, with a population of 2,132,100 as indicated in the latest official census in 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). Its subdistrict (<i><a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiya</a></i>) consisted of 23 localities with a collective population of 2,181,061 in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official estimate announced by the Aleppo City Council, the population of the city was 2,301,570 by the end of 2005. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, however, the city eastern half's population under the control of the opposition had plummeted to an estimated 40,000 by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslims">Muslims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 80% of Aleppo's inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are mainly Syrian <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Arabs</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>. Other Muslim groups include small numbers of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christians">Christians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God,_Aleppo,_2010_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010_%281%29.jpg/220px-Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010_%281%29.jpg/330px-Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010_%281%29.jpg/440px-Armenian_Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God%2C_Aleppo%2C_2010_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Aleppo)" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God (Aleppo)">Armenian Apostolic church of the Holy Mother of God</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the beginning of the Battle of Aleppo in 2012, the city contained one of the largest Christian communities in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. There were many <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christian congregations, mainly <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a> (locally known as Syriacs). Historically, the city was the main centre of French Catholic missionaries in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian population of Aleppo was slightly more than 250,000 before the Syrian Civil War, representing about 12% of the total population of the city. However, as a consequence of the war, the Christian population of the city decreased to less than 100,000 as of the beginning of 2017, of whom around 30% were ethnic Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant number of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a> in Aleppo speak <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, hailing from the city of <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> in Turkey. The large community of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christians belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> churches. However, there is a significant presence of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch">Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> as well. </p><p>There is also a large number <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> Christians in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syrian Catholics</a> and the followers of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> Christians of different denominations are a minority in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several districts of the city have a Christian and Armenian majority, such as the old Christian quarter of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdayde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 50 churches are operated in the city by the above-mentioned congregations. However, according to the Deputy Chairman of the commission for <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> of the Russian Federation, Alexander Dzasokhov, around 20 churches suffered great destruction during the battles in Aleppo,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most notable being the National Evangelical Church,<sup id="cite_ref-thirdrva.org_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirdrva.org-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the surrounding historic churches of al-Jdayde district.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 December 2016, following the government victory, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> was publicly celebrated in Aleppo for the first time in four years.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews">Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>The Central synagogue in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was home to a significant <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> population from ancient times. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Great Synagogue</a>, built in the 5th century, housed the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews of Aleppo were known for their religious commitment, Rabbinic leadership, and their liturgy, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Pizmonim" title="Pizmonim">Pizmonim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, the city of Aleppo received many Sephardic Jewish immigrants, who eventually joined with the native Aleppo Jewish community. Peaceful relations existed between the Jews and surrounding population. In the early 20th century, the town's Jews lived mainly in Al-Jamiliyah, Bab Al-Faraj and the neighbourhoods around the Great Synagogue. Unrest in Palestine in the years preceding the establishment of Israel in 1948 resulted in growing hostility towards Jews living in Arab countries, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab lands">Jewish exodus from Arab lands</a>. In December 1947, after the UN decided the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Palestine">partition of Palestine</a>, an Arab mob<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pogrom">attacked the Jewish quarter</a>. Homes, schools and shops were badly damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_rights_in_Syria_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_rights_in_Syria-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, many of the town's remaining 6,000 Jews emigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, there were an estimated 700 Jews still remaining in Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The houses and other properties of the Jewish families which were not sold after the migration, remain uninhabited under the protection of the Syrian Government. Most of these properties are in Al-Jamiliyah and Bab Al-Faraj areas, and the neighbourhoods around the <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a>. In 1992, the Syrian government lifted the travel ban on its 4,500 Jewish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most traveled to the United States, where a sizable number of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jews</a> currently live in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York. The last Jews of Aleppo, the Halabi family, were evacuated from the city in October 2016 by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> and now live in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jews from Aleppo referred to their city as "Aram Tzova" (ארם צובא) after the ancient <a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Zobah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram-Zobah">Aram-Zobah</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spoken_languages">Spoken languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spoken languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arabic dialect of Aleppo is a type of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian Arabic</a>, which is of the <a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North Levantine Arabic</a> variety. Much of its vocabulary is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a> is the second most spoken language in the city, after <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behnstedt_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behnstedt-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a> in Aleppo speak the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdish">Northern Kurdish</a> (also known as Kurmanji). <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> population of Aleppo speak the Kilis and Antep dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>. Most Armenians speak the <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> is rarely spoken by the Syriac community during daily life, but commonly used as the liturgical language of the Syriac Church. The members of the small <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Greco-Syrian</a> community in Aleppo speak Arabic, but the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> is used during church service by the Orthodox and Catholic Greek churches of Antioch. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> are also spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppomusic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aleppomusic.jpg/220px-Aleppomusic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aleppomusic.jpg/330px-Aleppomusic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aleppomusic.jpg/440px-Aleppomusic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Musicians from Aleppo, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo is considered one of the main centres of Arabic traditional and classic music with the Aleppine <i><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshahs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Maqams</a></i> (religious, secular and folk poetic-musical genres). In December 2021, the Qudud Halabiya was included into the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list</a> as <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aleppines in general are fond of Arab classical music, the <i>Tarab</i>, and it is not a surprise that many artists from Aleppo are considered pioneers among the Arabs in classic and traditional music. The most prominent figures in this field are Sabri Mdallal, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Fakhri" title="Sabah Fakhri">Sabah Fakhri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shadi_Jamil" title="Shadi Jamil">Shadi Jamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abed_Azrie" title="Abed Azrie">Abed Azrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nour_Mhanna" title="Nour Mhanna">Nour Mhanna</a>. Many iconic artists of the Arab music like <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Darwish" title="Sayed Darwish">Sayed Darwish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab" title="Mohammed Abdel Wahab">Mohammed Abdel Wahab</a> were visiting Aleppo to recognize the legacy of Aleppine art and learn from its cultural heritage. </p><p>Aleppo is also known for its knowledgeable and cultivated listeners, known as <i>sammi'a</i> or "connoisseur listeners".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aleppine musicians often claim that no major Arab artist achieved fame without first earning the approval of the Aleppine <i>sammi'a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aleppo hosts many music shows and festivals every year at the citadel amphitheatre, such as the "Syrian Song Festival", the "Silk Road Festival" and "Khan al-Harir Festival". </p><p>Al-Adeyat Archaeological Society founded in 1924 in Aleppo, is a cultural and social organization to preserve the tangible and intangible heritage of Aleppo and Syria in general. The society has branches in other governorates as well.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg/220px-Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg/330px-Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg/440px-Aleppo_citadel_Museum_laz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel_Museum" title="Aleppo Citadel Museum">Aleppo Citadel Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Aleppo" title="National Museum of Aleppo">National Museum of Aleppo</a>.</li> <li>Museum of the popular traditions known as the <i>Aleppine House</i> at <a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdayde</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel_Museum" title="Aleppo Citadel Museum">Aleppo Citadel Museum</a>.</li> <li>Museum of medicine and science at Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili.</li> <li>Aleppo Memory Museum at <i><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></i> in al-Jdayde.</li> <li><i>Zarehian Treasury</i> of the Armenian Apostolic Church at the old Armenian church of the Holy Mother of God, Al-Jdeydeh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebab_khashkhash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kebab_khashkhash.jpg/220px-Kebab_khashkhash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kebab_khashkhash.jpg/330px-Kebab_khashkhash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Kebab_khashkhash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Kebab khashkhash from Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian cuisine</a></div> <p>Aleppo is surrounded by olive, nut and fruit orchards, and its cuisine is the product of its fertile land and location along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acad_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acad-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Academy of Gastronomy in France awarded Aleppo its culinary prize in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-acad_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acad-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has a wide selection of different types of dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">dolma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, ful halabi, <a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a> halabi , muhshi. Ful halabi is a typical Aleppine breakfast meal: fava bean soup with a splash of olive oil, lemon juice, garlic and Aleppo's red peppers. The za'atar of Aleppo (thyme) is a kind of oregano which is popular in the regional cuisines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakery,_Aleppo,_Syria_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bakery%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_-_1.jpg/220px-Bakery%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bakery%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_-_1.jpg/330px-Bakery%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bakery%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_-_1.jpg/440px-Bakery%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Aleppine <a href="/wiki/Lahmajoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahmajoun">lahmajoun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The kibbeh is one of the favourite foods of the locals, and the Aleppines have created more than 17 types of kibbeh dishes, which is considered a form of art for them. These include <i>kibbeh</i> prepared with <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumac</a> (<i>kәbbe sәmmāʔiyye</i>), <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> (<i>kәbbe labaniyye</i>), <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh_safarjaliyeh" title="Kibbeh safarjaliyeh">kәbbe safarjaliyye</a></i>), lemon juice (<i>kәbbe ḥāmḍa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> sauce and <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> sauce. Other varieties include the "disk" <i>kibbeh</i> (<i>kәbbe ʔrāṣ</i>), the "plate" <i>kibbeh</i> (<i>kәbbe bәṣfīḥa</i> or <i>kәbbe bṣēniyye</i>) and the raw <i>kibbeh</i> (<i>kәbbe nayye</i>). Kebab Halabi – influenced by Armenian and Turkish tastes – has around 26 variants<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: <i>kebab</i> prepared with cherry (<i>kebab karaz</i>), eggplant (<i>kebab banjan</i>), <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a> with <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nut</a> (<i>kebab khashkhash</i>), <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffle</a> (<i>kebab kamayeh</i>), <a href="/wiki/Tomato_paste" title="Tomato paste">tomato paste</a> (<i>kebab hindi</i>), cheese and <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> (<i>kebab ma'juʔa</i>), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The favourite drink is <a href="/wiki/Arak_(distilled_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arak (distilled beverage)">Arak</a>, which is usually consumed along with <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a>, Aleppine kebabs and kibbehs. <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Syria" title="Beer in Syria">Al-Shark beer</a> – a product of Aleppo – is also among the favourite drinks. Local wines and brandies are consumed as well. </p><p>Aleppo is the origin of different types of sweets and pastries. The Aleppine sweets, such as mabrumeh, siwar es-sett, balloriyyeh, etc., are characterized by containing high rates of ghee butter and sugar. Other sweets include mamuniyeh, shuaibiyyat, mushabbak, zilebiyeh, ghazel al-banat etc. Most pastries contain the renowned Aleppine pistachios and other types of nuts. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_entertainment">Leisure and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Leisure and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahba_mall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shahba_mall1.jpg/220px-Shahba_mall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shahba_mall1.jpg/330px-Shahba_mall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shahba_mall1.jpg/440px-Shahba_mall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shahba_Mall" title="Shahba Mall">Shahba Mall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the break-out of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–16)">Battle of Aleppo</a> in July 2012, the city was known for its vibrant <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">nightlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several night-clubs, bars and cabarets operated at the centre of the city as well as at the northern suburbs. The historic quarter of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdayde</a> was known for its pubs and boutique hotels, situated within ancient oriental mansions, providing special treats from the Aleppine flavour and cuisine, along with local music.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Club_d%27Alep" title="Club d'Alep">Club d'Alep</a>, opened in 1945, is a unique social club known for <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge games</a> and other nightlife activities, located in a 19th-century mansion in the Aziziyah district of central Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Public_Park" title="Aleppo Public Park">Aleppo Public Park</a>, opened in 1949, is one of the largest planted parks in Syria, located near in the Aziziyah district, where <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a> breaks through the green park.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Blue Lagoon</i> water park – heavily damaged during the battles – was one of the favourite places among the locals, as it was the first water park in Syria. Aleppo's <a href="/wiki/Shahba_Mall" title="Shahba Mall">Shahba Mall</a> – one of the largest shopping centres in Syria – was also among the most visited locations for the locals. It has received major damages during the civil war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_sites">Historical sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Historical sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Souqs_and_khans">Souqs and khans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Souqs and khans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg/220px-Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg/330px-Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg/440px-Aleppo_suq_-_GAR_-_7-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A shop in <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">al-Madina Souq</a> displaying <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a> products, 2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/220px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/330px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/440px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Aleppo, <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the east, Europe to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the south. The largest covered <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a>-market in the world is in Aleppo, with an approximate length of 13 km (8.1 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></i>, as it is locally known, is an active trade centre for imported luxury goods, such as raw silk from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, spices and dyes from India, and coffee from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Souq al-Madina is also home to local products such as wool, agricultural products and soap. Most of the souqs date back to the 14th century and are named after various professions and crafts, hence the wool souq, the copper souq, and so on. Aside from trading, the souq accommodated the traders and their goods in <i>khans</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>) and scattered in the souq. Other types of small market-places were called <i>caeserias</i> (ﻗﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ). Caeserias are smaller than khans in their sizes and functioned as workshops for craftsmen. Most of the khans took their names after their location in the souq and function, and are characterized by their façades, entrances and fortified wooden doors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gates_of_Aleppo_and_other_historic_buildings">Gates of Aleppo and other historic buildings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gates of Aleppo and other historic buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg/170px-Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg/255px-Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg/340px-Antioch_gate_in_Aleppo_walls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="3410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Gate of Antioch</a> rebuilt during the 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The old part of the city is surrounded with 5 km-long (3.1 mi), thick walls, pierced by the nine historical gates (many of them are well-preserved) of the old town. These are, clockwise from the north-east of the citadel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hadid" title="Bab al-Hadid">Bab al-Hadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Bab al-Ahmar">Bab al-Ahmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab Qinnasrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Bab Antakeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81b_Jn%C4%93n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāb Jnēn">Bāb Jnēn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)">Bab al-Faraj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a>.</li></ul> <p>The most significant historic buildings of the ancient city include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">The Citadel</a>, a large fortress built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50 m (160 ft) above the city, dates back to the first millennium BC. Recent excavations unearthed a temple and 25 statues dating back to the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the current structures date from the 13th century. The Citadel had been extensively damaged by earthquakes, notably in 1822.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">al-Halawiyah Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">al-Zahiriyah Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">al-Sultaniyah Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">al-Firdaws Madrasa</a>, Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Junblatt" title="Beit Junblatt">Beit Junblatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a>, etc.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Night_by_Charles_Hajj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following are among the important historic mansions of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">al-Jdayde</a> Christian quarter:<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Beit Wakil</i>, an Aleppine mansion built in 1603, with unique wooden decorations. One of its decorations was taken to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Museum of Islamic Art</a>, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Room" title="Aleppo Room">Aleppo Room</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a></i>, an old Aleppine house built in 1757. The building is home to the <i>Popular Traditions Museum</i> since 1975, showing fine decorations of the Aleppine art.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></i>, an old 17th-century mansion characterized with fine decorations, carved by the Armenian sculptor <i>Khachadur Bali</i> in 1691. It was used as an Armenian elementary school during the 20th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo,_Aleppo,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo%2C_Aleppo%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The courtyard of the Great Mosque of Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg/220px-Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg/330px-Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg/440px-Al-Shibani_Alp08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani building</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a> (Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), founded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 715</span> by Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Walid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Walid I">Walid I</a> and most likely completed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a>. The building contains a tomb associated with <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zachary</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. Construction of the present structure for Nur al-Din commenced in 1158. However, it was damaged during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invasion of 1260 and was rebuilt. The 45 m-high (148 ft) tower (described as "the principal monument of medieval Syria")<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_1999_35_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns_1999_35-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was erected in 1090–1092 under the first Seljuk sultan, <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a>. It had four façades with different styles. The tower was completely destroyed during the Syrian civil war in March 2013 (reported on 24 March 2013).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque" title="Al-Nuqtah Mosque">Al-Nuqtah Mosque</a> ("Mosque of the drop [of blood]"), a <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shī'ah</a> mosque, which contains a stone said to be marked by a drop of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>'s blood. The site is believed to have previously been a monastery, which was converted into a mosque in 944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuaibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque">Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmandar_Mosque" title="Mahmandar Mosque">Mahmandar Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altun_Bogha_Mosque" title="Altun Bogha Mosque">Altun Bogha Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sahibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahibiyah Mosque">Al-Sahibiyah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahsita_Mosque" title="Bahsita Mosque">Bahsita Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tawashi_Mosque" title="Al-Tawashi Mosque">Al-Tawashi Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffahiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Saffahiyah Mosque">Al-Saffahiyah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Mosque" title="Al-Adiliyah Mosque">Al-Adiliyah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahramiyah_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahramiyah Mosque">Bahramiyah Mosque</a>, etc.</li> <li>Churches of al-Jdayde quarter: the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">Forty Martyrs Armenian Apostolic Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady" title="Church of the Dormition of Our Lady">Dormition of Our Lady</a> Greek Orthodox church, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Syrian Catholic church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elijah_Cathedral,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elijah Cathedral, Aleppo">Maronite Cathedral of Saint Elijah</a>, the Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Our Mother of Reliefs and the Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral of Virgin Mary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a> or al-Bandara synagogue, dating to the 9th century. The synagogue was destroyed during an anti-Jewish pogrom in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the building was restored, but destroyed again during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hammams">Hammams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hammams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo was home to 177 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a> during the medieval period until the Mongol invasion, when many of the prominent structures of the city were destroyed. Before the civil war, 18 hammams were operating in the old city, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a> built during the 12th century near khan al-Nahhaseen.</li> <li>Hammam al-Sultan built in 1211 by <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a>.</li> <li>Hammam al-Bayadah of the Mamluk era built in 1450.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a> built in 1491 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Emir of Aleppo</a> Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, hammam Bab al-Ahmar, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_attractions_and_the_Dead_Cities">Nearby attractions and the <i>Dead Cities</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nearby attractions and the Dead Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharab_Shams_Basilica,_Dead_Cities_region,_NW_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kharab_Shams_Basilica%2C_Dead_Cities_region%2C_NW_Syria.jpg/220px-Kharab_Shams_Basilica%2C_Dead_Cities_region%2C_NW_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kharab_Shams_Basilica%2C_Dead_Cities_region%2C_NW_Syria.jpg/330px-Kharab_Shams_Basilica%2C_Dead_Cities_region%2C_NW_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kharab_Shams_Basilica%2C_Dead_Cities_region%2C_NW_Syria.jpg/440px-Kharab_Shams_Basilica%2C_Dead_Cities_region%2C_NW_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Kharab Shams Basilica, 4th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo's western suburbs are home to a group of historical sites and villages which are commonly known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></i>. Around 700 abandoned settlements in the northwestern parts of Syria before the 5th century, contain remains of Christian <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>. Many hundreds of those settlements are in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon" title="Mount Simeon">Mount Simeon</a> (Jabal Semaan) and Jabal Halaqa regions at the western suburbs of Aleppo, within the range of <a href="/wiki/Limestone_Massif" title="Limestone Massif">Limestone Massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dead Cities were inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 2011, under the name of "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria".<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg/220px-Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg/330px-Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg/440px-Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>Church of Saint Simeon Stylites, 5th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The most notable <i>Dead cities</i> and archaeological sites in Mount Simeon and <a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountain" title="Kurd Mountain">Mount Kurd</a> near Aleppo include: Kalota Castle and churches northwest of Aleppo, Kharab Shams Byzantine basilica of the 4th century,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the half-ruined Roman basilica in <a href="/wiki/Fafertin" title="Fafertin">Fafertin</a> village dating back to 372 AD, the old Byzantine settlement of <a href="/wiki/Surqanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Surqanya">Surqanya</a> village at the northwest of Aleppo, the 4th-century Basilica of Sinhar settlement, the Mushabbak Basilica dating back to the second half of the 5th century, the 9th-century BC Assyrian settlement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nabu (page does not exist)">Kafr Nabu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barad,_Syria" title="Barad, Syria">Brad</a> village and the <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Antioch" title="Julian of Antioch">Saint Julianus</a> Maronite monastery (399–402 AD) where the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Saint Maron</a> is located, the 5th-century Kimar settlement of the Roman and Byzantine eras, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a> of the 5th century, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Dara temple">Ain Dara temple</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> dating back to the 10th and 8th centuries BC, the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a> with the old Roman amphitheatre and two historic bridges, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport in Syria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways_and_roads">Highways and roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Highways and roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main highway leading to and within the city is the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4 Highway</a>, which runs in the eastern side of the city from south to north along the <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jordantimes-20200226_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordantimes-20200226-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driving south on M4 Highway gives access to <a href="/wiki/M5_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M5 Motorway (Syria)">M5 Highway</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. The northern bypass of the city called Castello Road leads through <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> to the border with Turkey and further to the city of <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driving east on M4 Highway gives access to the coastal road leading to <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>. Within the city, main routes include Al Jalaa Street, Shukri Al-Quwatly Street, <a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a>, Bab Antakya Street, Ibrahim Hanano Street and Tishreen Boulevard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microbus_Station_(1265057959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Microbus_Station_%281265057959%29.jpg/250px-Microbus_Station_%281265057959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Microbus_Station_%281265057959%29.jpg/375px-Microbus_Station_%281265057959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Microbus_Station_%281265057959%29.jpg/500px-Microbus_Station_%281265057959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Microbus station in the city center</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Aleppo is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> network of buses and minibuses. New modern buses are used to connect the city with Damascus and the other Syrian cities to the east and the south of Aleppo. The city is also served by local and inter-city <a href="/wiki/Share_taxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Share taxis">share taxis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Bagdad_Railway_Station%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_railway_station" title="Aleppo railway station">Aleppo railway station</a> (Gare de Baghdad)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleppo was one of the major stations of Syria that was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> in 1912, within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The connections to Turkey and onwards to <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> still exist today, with a twice weekly train from Damascus. It is perhaps for this historical reason that Aleppo is the headquarters of Syria national railway network, <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_Syriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer Syriens">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a>. As the railway is relatively slow, much of the passenger traffic to the port of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> had moved to road-based air-conditioned coaches. But this has reversed in recent years with the 2005 introduction of South Korean built <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">DMUs</a> providing a regular bi-hourly express service to both Latakia and Damascus, which miss intermediate stations. </p><p>However, after the break-out of the civil war in 2011, the Syrian railway network has suffered major damage and is partially out of use. Reconstruction of the Damascus-Aleppo railway line was started in 2020, after its completion and securing rail transport will be resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening scene in <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express" title="Murder on the Orient Express">Murder on the Orient Express</a></i> takes place on the railway station in Aleppo: "It was five o'clock on a winter's morning in Syria. Alongside the platform at Aleppo stood the train grandly designated in railway guides as the Taurus Express." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_(2)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aleppo_%282%29_cropped.jpg/260px-Aleppo_%282%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aleppo_%282%29_cropped.jpg/390px-Aleppo_%282%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aleppo_%282%29_cropped.jpg/520px-Aleppo_%282%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a>: ALP, <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a>: OSAP) is the international airport serving the city. The airport serves as a secondary hub for <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Airlines">Syrian Arab Airlines</a>. The history of the airport dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. It was upgraded and developed in the years to 1999 when the new current terminal was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airport was closed since the beginning of 2013 as a result of the military operations in the area. However, following the Syrian government's recapture of eastern Aleppo during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–16)">Battle of Aleppo</a>, an airplane conducted its first flight from the airport in four years.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_industry">Trade and industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Trade and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo,_textile_suq_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aleppo%2C_textile_suq_market.jpg/220px-Aleppo%2C_textile_suq_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aleppo%2C_textile_suq_market.jpg/330px-Aleppo%2C_textile_suq_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aleppo%2C_textile_suq_market.jpg/440px-Aleppo%2C_textile_suq_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Traditional textile and rug markets</figcaption></figure> <p>The main role of the city was as a trading place throughout the history, as it sat at the crossroads of two trade routes and mediated the trade from India, the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> regions and the route coming from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in the South, which traced the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast. Although trade was often directed away from the city for political reasons <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (January 2012)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>, it continued to thrive until the Europeans began to use the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape route</a> to India and later to utilize the route through <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. </p><p>The commercial traditions in Aleppo have deep roots in the history. The Aleppo Chamber of commerce founded in 1885, is one of the oldest chambers in the Middle East and the Arab world. According to many historians, Aleppo was the most developed commercial and industrial city in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg/220px-Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg/330px-Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg/440px-Aleppo_shopping_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Markets at Tilel street</figcaption></figure> <p>As the largest urban area in pre-civil war Syria, Aleppo was considered the capital of Syrian industry.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of the city was mainly driven by textiles, chemicals, pharmaceutics, agro-processing industries, electrical commodities, alcoholic beverages, engineering and tourism. It occupied a dominant position in the country's manufacturing output, with a share of more than 50% of manufacturing employment, and an even greater export share.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilel_Street,_Aleppo_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tilel_Street%2C_Aleppo_%284%29.jpg/170px-Tilel_Street%2C_Aleppo_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tilel_Street%2C_Aleppo_%284%29.jpg/255px-Tilel_Street%2C_Aleppo_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tilel_Street%2C_Aleppo_%284%29.jpg/340px-Tilel_Street%2C_Aleppo_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Tilel street</figcaption></figure> <p>Possessing the most developed commercial and industrial plants in Syria, Aleppo is a major centre for manufacturing precious metals and stones.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual amount of the processed gold produced in Aleppo is around 8.5 tonnes, making up to 40% of the entire manufactured gold in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrial city of Aleppo in <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Najjar" title="Shaykh Najjar">Sheikh Najjar</a> district is one of the largest in Syria and the region. Occupying an area of 4,412 ha (10,900 acres) in the north-eastern suburbs of Aleppo, the total investments in the city counted more than US$3.4 billion during 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still under development, it is envisaged to open hotels, exhibition centres and other facilities within the industrial city. </p><p>In July 2022, the Aleppo Thermal Power Plant, which generates 200 megawatts of electricity for the city and its surroundings, was put into partial operation after restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old traditional crafts are well-preserved in the old part of the city. The famous laurel <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">soap of Aleppo</a> is considered to be the world's first hard soap.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AleppoCitadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/AleppoCitadel.jpg/220px-AleppoCitadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/AleppoCitadel.jpg/330px-AleppoCitadel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/AleppoCitadel.jpg/440px-AleppoCitadel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>The restored square of the citadel</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2000s, Aleppo was one of the fastest-growing cities in Syria and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many villagers and inhabitants of other Syrian districts are migrating to Aleppo in an effort to find better job opportunities, a fact that always increases population pressure, with a growing demand for new residential capacity. New districts and residential communities have been built in the suburbs of Aleppo, many of them were still under construction as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. </p><p>Two major construction projects are scheduled in Aleppo: the "Old City Revival" project and the "Reopening of the stream bed of Queiq River": </p> <ul><li>The Old City revival project completed its first phase by the end of 2008, and the second phase started in early 2010. The purpose of the project is the preservation of the old city of Aleppo with its souqs and khans, and restoration of the narrow alleys of the old city and the roads around the citadel.</li> <li>The restoration of <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a> is directed towards the revival of the flow of the river, demolishing both the artificial cover of the stream bed and the reinforcement of the stream banks along the river in the city centre. The flow of the river was blocked during the 1960s by the Turks, turning the river into a tiny sewage channel, something that led the authorities to cover the stream during the 1970s. In 2008 the flow of pure water was restored through the efforts of the Syrian government, granting a new life to the Quweiq River.<sup id="cite_ref-station_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-station-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Like other major Syrian cities, Aleppo is suffering from the dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlements">informal settlements</a>: almost half of its population (around 1.2 million) is estimated to live in 22 informal settlements of different types.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_University,_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aleppo_University%2C_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg/220px-Aleppo_University%2C_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aleppo_University%2C_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg/330px-Aleppo_University%2C_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aleppo_University%2C_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg/440px-Aleppo_University%2C_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Humanities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>The faculty of Arts and Humanities at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the main economic centre of Syria, Aleppo has a large number of educational institutions. According to the UNICEF, there are around over 1280 schools in Aleppo and its suburbs that welcomed 485,000 new students as of September 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 25,000 students resumed their learning as of December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not to mention there are some colleges. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a>, there are state colleges and private universities which attract large numbers of students from other regions of Syria and the Arab countries. The number of the students in Aleppo University is more than 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university has 18 faculties and 8 technical colleges in the city of Aleppo. </p><p>Currently, there are two private universities operating in the city: <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahba_University" title="Al-Shahba University">al-Shahba University</a> (SU) and <a href="/wiki/Mamoun_University_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamoun University for Science and Technology">Mamoun University for Science and Technology</a> (MUST). Branches of the state conservatory and the fine arts school are also operating in the city. </p><p>Aleppo is home to several Christian schools, such as St. Mariam's Christian School (the city's main Christian school) and Armenian private schools as well as two international schools: <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aleppo" title="International School of Aleppo">International School of Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Alep" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Français d'Alep">Lycée Français d'Alep</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_International_Stadium,_day_view,_2009_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aleppo_International_Stadium%2C_day_view%2C_2009_%282%29.jpg/220px-Aleppo_International_Stadium%2C_day_view%2C_2009_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aleppo_International_Stadium%2C_day_view%2C_2009_%282%29.jpg/330px-Aleppo_International_Stadium%2C_day_view%2C_2009_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aleppo_International_Stadium%2C_day_view%2C_2009_%282%29.jpg/440px-Aleppo_International_Stadium%2C_day_view%2C_2009_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Stadium" title="Aleppo International Stadium">Aleppo International Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Aleppo is considered as important centre of <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a> with <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> being the most popular in the city. The five major sporting clubs of the city are <a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo">al-Ittihad SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya_SC" title="Al-Hurriya SC">al-Hurriya SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Yarmouk_SC_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yarmouk SC Aleppo">al-Yarmouk SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalaa_SC" title="Jalaa SC">Jalaa SC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouroube_SC_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouroube SC Aleppo">Ouroube SC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other sport clubs are located in several districts of the city including <a href="/wiki/Al-Herafyeen_SC" title="Al-Herafyeen SC">al-Herafyeen SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorta_Aleppo_SC" title="Shorta Aleppo SC">Shorta Aleppo SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ommal_Aleppo_SC" title="Ommal Aleppo SC">Ommal Aleppo SC</a>, Nayrab SC, al-Shahbaa SC, al-Qala'a SC and Aleppo Railways SC. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamadania_arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hamadania_arena.jpg/230px-Hamadania_arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hamadania_arena.jpg/345px-Hamadania_arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hamadania_arena.jpg/460px-Hamadania_arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena</a> opened in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is also played in the city. All of the 5 Aleppine major sport clubs participate in the men's and women's top division of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Basketball_League" title="Syrian Basketball League">Syrian Basketball League</a>, in which both <a href="/wiki/Jalaa_SC_(men%27s_basketball)" title="Jalaa SC (men's basketball)">Jalaa SC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo_(men%27s_basketball)" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo (men's basketball)">Al-Ittihad SC</a> consecutively dominated winning the league from 1956 to 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-it_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hist_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, international qualifying matches were played in Aleppo for the first time since the beginning of the conflict. In the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Hamadaniah Arena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syria_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria national basketball team">Syrian national team</a> met the teams of Iran and Bahrain as part of the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_qualification_(Asia)" title="2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)">qualification for the World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sports being practiced by the major clubs in the city include <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>. </p><p>With a capacity of 53,200 seats, the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Stadium" title="Aleppo International Stadium">Aleppo International Stadium</a> is the largest sports venue in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major sport venues in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad_Swimming_Complex" title="Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex">Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Olympic_Swimming_and_Diving_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex</a>. </p><p>On 29 January 2017, Aleppo hosted the first sports event since 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the local football rivals <a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo">al-Ittihad SC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya_SC" title="Al-Hurriya SC">al-Hurriya SC</a> played at the <a href="/wiki/Ri%27ayet_al-Shabab_Stadium" title="Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium">Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium</a>, within the frames of the <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Syrian_Premier_League" title="2016–17 Syrian Premier League">2016–17 Syrian Premier League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipality">Municipality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Municipality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg/220px-Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg/330px-Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg/440px-Aleppo_city_hall_laz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo City Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Aleppo is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> and the centre of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon_District" title="Mount Simeon District">Mount Simeon District</a>. Aleppo City Council is the governing body of the city. The first municipality council was formed in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the governor being appointed directly by the president of the republic, has a supreme authority over the city and the entire governorate. But the city is managed directly by the mayor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/180px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/270px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/360px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="4560" /></a><figcaption>Suleimaniyeh District, St George's Church and <a href="/wiki/Tawhid_Mosque" title="Tawhid Mosque">Tawhid Mosque</a>, 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>Districts in Aleppo can be considered in four categories: </p> <ul><li>Old quarters inside the walls of the ancient city.</li> <li>Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city.</li> <li>Modern neighborhoods, including a newly developed area called The New Aleppo.</li> <li>Informal settlements.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_Urban_Development_in_Aleppo">Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG/220px-Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG/330px-Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG/440px-Covered_Suq_of_Aleppo2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i>Souq al-Dira'</i>, maintaining its traditional role as a tailoring centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo" (UDP) is a joint programme between the German Development Cooperation (GTZ) and the Municipality of Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programme promotes capacities for sustainable urban management and development at the national and municipal level. </p><p>The Programme has three fields of work: </p> <ol><li>Aleppo City Development Strategy (CDS): promoting support structures for the municipality, including capacity building, networking, and developing municipal strength in the national development dialogue.</li> <li>Informal Settlements (IS): includes strategy and management development of informal settlements.</li> <li>The Project for the Rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo (OCA): includes further support for the rehabilitation of the Old City, as well as for a city development strategy oriented to the long term.</li></ol> <p>The UDP cooperates closely with other interventions in the sector, namely the EU-supported 'Municipal Administration Modernization' programme. It is planned to operate from 2007 to 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_of_the_ancient_city">Preservation of the ancient city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Preservation of the ancient city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg/220px-Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg/330px-Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg/440px-Khan_al-Wazir_with_Sahibiyah_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Khan al-Wazir after rehabilitation in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo has impressive <i><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souqs</a></i>, <i>khans</i>, <i>hammams</i>, <i>madrasas</i>, mosques and churches, all in need of more care and preservation work. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gutton" title="André Gutton">André Gutton</a> had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. Between 1954 and 1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab al-Jinan</a>). As awareness for the need to preserve this unique cultural heritage increased, Gutton's master plan was finally abandoned in 1979 to be replaced with a new plan presented by the Swiss expert and <a href="/wiki/Urban_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban designer">urban designer</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Bianca" title="Stefano Bianca">Stefano Bianca</a>, which adopted the idea of "preserving the traditional architectural style of Ancient Aleppo" paving the way for <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to declare the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">Old City of Aleppo</a> as a World Heritage Site in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Aleppo_plan_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_plan-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Khandaq_Street,_Aleppo_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Al-Khandaq_Street%2C_Aleppo_%2808%29.jpg/220px-Al-Khandaq_Street%2C_Aleppo_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Al-Khandaq_Street%2C_Aleppo_%2808%29.jpg/330px-Al-Khandaq_Street%2C_Aleppo_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Al-Khandaq_Street%2C_Aleppo_%2808%29.jpg/440px-Al-Khandaq_Street%2C_Aleppo_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>The historic street of al-Khandaq, restored just before the civil war</figcaption></figure> <p>Several international institutions have joined efforts with local authorities and the Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. The governorate and the municipality are implementing serious programmes directed towards the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter. </p><p>The German Technical Cooperation (<a href="/wiki/GTZ" class="mw-redirect" title="GTZ">GTZ</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation" title="Aga Khan Foundation">Aga Khan Foundation</a> (within the frames of <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Historic_Cities_Programme" title="Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme">Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme</a>) has made a great contribution in the preservation process of the old city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Syria">List of twin towns and sister cities in Syria</a></div> <p>Aleppo is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon<sup id="cite_ref-alptwin_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alptwin-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, Turkey (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kilis" title="Kilis">Kilis</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-alptwin_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alptwin-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osmangazi" title="Osmangazi">Osmangazi</a>, Turkey (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Aleppo" title="List of people from Aleppo">List of people from Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Aleppo">Rulers of Aleppo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_halepensis" title="Pinus halepensis">Pinus halepensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_aleppensis" title="Tulipa aleppensis">Tulipa aleppensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aleppo_room" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aleppo room">Aleppo Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Shahbaa (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشهباء</span>), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rimisharrinaa was also reported to be the king of Aleppo at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2020117_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2020117-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlmaany_Team" class="citation web cs1">Almaany Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=arabic&lang_name=%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&word=%D8%B4%D9%8E%D9%87%D9%92%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8F">"معنى كلمة شَهْباءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1"</a>. <i>almaany.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140622140420/http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=arabic&lang_name=%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&word=%D8%B4%D9%8E%D9%87%D9%92%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8F">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=almaany.com&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%8E%D9%87%D9%92%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8F+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%E2%80%93+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+1&rft.au=Almaany+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almaany.com%2Fhome.php%3Flanguage%3Darabic%26lang_name%3D%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%26word%3D%25D8%25B4%25D9%258E%25D9%2587%25D9%2592%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1%25D9%258F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164149/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aleppine">"Aleppine"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aleppine">the original</a> on 13 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Aleppine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Faleppine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syr-news1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syr-news1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syr-news1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syria News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=99523">statement by Syrian Minister of Local Administration, Syria (Arabic, August 2009)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304055701/http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=99523">Archived</a> 4 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_facts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_facts_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_facts_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm">Aleppo Subdistrict Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520173518/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm">Archived</a> 20 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/warplanes-mount-strikes-rebel-held-aleppo-160924080435839.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ferocious' air strikes pummel Aleppo as ground gained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. 24 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006003251/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/warplanes-mount-strikes-rebel-held-aleppo-160924080435839.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Ferocious%27+air+strikes+pummel+Aleppo+as+ground+gained&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2Fwarplanes-mount-strikes-rebel-held-aleppo-160924080435839.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syrian-arab-republic-aleppo-situation-report-no-14-20-january-2017-enar">"Syrian Arab Republic: Aleppo Situation Report No. 14 (20 January 2017) – Highlights of the Report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs"</a>. 21 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205095457/http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syrian-arab-republic-aleppo-situation-report-no-14-20-january-2017-enar">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Arab+Republic%3A+Aleppo+Situation+Report+No.+14+%2820+January+2017%29+%E2%80%93+Highlights+of+the+Report+of+the+UN+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsyrian-arab-republic%2Fsyrian-arab-republic-aleppo-situation-report-no-14-20-january-2017-enar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrldrew-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrldrew_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrldrew_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aleppo-population">"Aleppo population 2021"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612134323/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aleppo-population">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Aleppo+population+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Faleppo-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDATA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNDATA_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Syrian%20Arab%20Republic">"Syrian Arab republic"</a>. UN Data. 24 October 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307172846/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Syrian%20Arab%20Republic">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Arab+republic&rft.pub=UN+Data&rft.date=1945-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FCountryProfile.aspx%3FcrName%3DSyrian%2520Arab%2520Republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22608/aleppo/population">"Population of Aleppo from 1950-2022"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrotrends&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrotrends (page does not exist)">Macrotrends</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821145240/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22608/aleppo/population">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macrotrends&rft.atitle=Population+of+Aleppo+from+1950-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcities%2F22608%2Faleppo%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm">Aleppo city population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520173518/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=dea2316c19d685faf12f9850768f87b7">"بـ 4.6 ملايين نسمة .. محافظة حلب الأعلى سكانياً في سورية | عكس السير دوت كوم"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033118/http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=dea2316c19d685faf12f9850768f87b7">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D9%80+4.6+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A9+..+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%26%23124%3B+%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA+%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksalser.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dview_news%26id%3Ddea2316c19d685faf12f9850768f87b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersaciBougdahAkagawaCavalagli2022" class="citation book cs1">Versaci, Antonella; Bougdah, Hocine; Akagawa, Natsuko; Cavalagli, Nicola (1 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h1iEAAAQBAJ"><i>Conservation of Architectural Heritage</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74482-3"><bdi>978-3-030-74482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+Architectural+Heritage&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.isbn=978-3-030-74482-3&rft.aulast=Versaci&rft.aufirst=Antonella&rft.au=Bougdah%2C+Hocine&rft.au=Akagawa%2C+Natsuko&rft.au=Cavalagli%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h1iEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch2019" class="citation book cs1">Research, United Nations Institute for Training and (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbqbDwAAQBAJ"><i>Five years of conflict: the state of cultural heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo; A comprehensive multi-temporal satellite imagery-based damage analysis for the Ancient City of Aleppo</i></a>. UNESCO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100284-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100284-7"><bdi>978-92-3-100284-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+years+of+conflict%3A+the+state+of+cultural+heritage+in+the+Ancient+City+of+Aleppo%3B+A+comprehensive+multi-temporal+satellite+imagery-based+damage+analysis+for+the+Ancient+City+of+Aleppo&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100284-7&rft.aulast=Research&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+Institute+for+Training+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbqbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurakamiAkilova2022" class="citation book cs1">Murakami, Nancy J.; Akilova, Mashura (25 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BhyeEAAAQBAJ"><i>Integrative Social Work Practice with Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Other Forcibly Displaced Persons</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-12600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-12600-0"><bdi>978-3-031-12600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrative+Social+Work+Practice+with+Refugees%2C+Asylum+Seekers%2C+and+Other+Forcibly+Displaced+Persons&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft.isbn=978-3-031-12600-0&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=Nancy+J.&rft.au=Akilova%2C+Mashura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhyeEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlafandi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Alafandi, Rami (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7278317">"ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF ALEPPO: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE"</a>. <i>International Conference on Universal Design in the Built Environment</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+on+Universal+Design+in+the+Built+Environment&rft.atitle=ARCHITECTURAL+HERITAGE+OF+ALEPPO%3A+PAST%2C+PRESENT+AND+FUTURE&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Alafandi&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7278317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ibrahim, S. (24 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020">"Decision-Making Methodology Between Revitalisation and Rehabilitation of World Heritage City Centers. Case Study: The Ancient City of Aleppo (Syria)"</a>. <i>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</i>. XLIV-M-1-2020: 255–262. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ISPAr44M1..255I">2020ISPAr44M1..255I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-9034">2194-9034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221663582">221663582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Archives+of+the+Photogrammetry%2C+Remote+Sensing+and+Spatial+Information+Sciences&rft.atitle=Decision-Making+Methodology+Between+Revitalisation+and+Rehabilitation+of+World+Heritage+City+Centers.+Case+Study%3A+The+Ancient+City+of+Aleppo+%28Syria%29&rft.volume=XLIV-M-1-2020&rft.pages=255-262&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221663582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2194-9034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ISPAr44M1..255I&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-255-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Concise Encyclopedia">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</a></i> (2010)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGábor_ÁgostonBruce_Alan_Masters2010" class="citation book cs1">Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA30"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704184455/http://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+%C3%81goston&rft.au=Bruce+Alan+Masters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell,_Alexander_(1794)_The_natural_history_of_Aleppo-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell,_Alexander_(1794)_The_natural_history_of_Aleppo_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Russell_(naturalist)" title="Alexander Russell (naturalist)">Russell, Alexander</a> (1794), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Aleppo" title="The Natural History of Aleppo">The Natural History of Aleppo</a></i>, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PfaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">pp. 1–2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010328/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PfaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaskin,_James_J._1846_Geography_and_sacred_history_of_Syria_p.33-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaskin,_James_J._1846_Geography_and_sacred_history_of_Syria_p.33_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaskin, James J. (1846), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographyandsac00gaskgoog/page/n45"><i>Geography and sacred history of Syria</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010339/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SoEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/collections/54/sites/6414">"Collections – Aga Khan Collection – Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme – Aleppo Citadel Restoration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Archnet">Archnet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523070541/http://archnet.org/collections/54/sites/6414">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Collections+%E2%80%93+Aga+Khan+Collection+%E2%80%93+Aga+Khan+Historic+Cities+Programme+%E2%80%93+Aleppo+Citadel+Restoration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fcollections%2F54%2Fsites%2F6414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/part-2/10-bandarin/">"The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Heritage_and_Mass_Atrocities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities (page does not exist)">Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities</a></i>. 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Heritage+and+Mass+Atrocities&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+Aleppo%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Syrian+War+on+a+World+Heritage+City&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fpart-2%2F10-bandarin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen" class="citation news cs1">Jansen, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/aleppo-rebuilds-itself-from-destruction-of-war-1.3267526">"Aleppo rebuilds itself from destruction of war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093121/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/aleppo-rebuilds-itself-from-destruction-of-war-1.3267526">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Aleppo+rebuilds+itself+from+destruction+of+war&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Faleppo-rebuilds-itself-from-destruction-of-war-1.3267526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Burai" class="citation web cs1">Al Burai, Ahmed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/mea/aleppo-looks-to-rebuild-after-years-of-war-417651">"Aleppo looks to rebuild after years of war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TRT_World" title="TRT World">TRT World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143602/https://www.trtworld.com/mea/aleppo-looks-to-rebuild-after-years-of-war-417651">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TRT+World&rft.atitle=Aleppo+looks+to+rebuild+after+years+of+war&rft.aulast=Al+Burai&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmea%2Faleppo-looks-to-rebuild-after-years-of-war-417651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205141059/http://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/en/martyrs/1/c29ydGJ5PWEua2lsbGVkX2RhdGV8c29ydGRpcj1ERVNDfGFwcHJvdmVkPXZpc2libGV8ZXh0cmFkaXNwbGF5PTB8cHJvdmluY2U9NnxzdGFydERhdGU9MjAxMi0wNy0xOXxlbmREYXRlPTIwMTYtMTItMjJ8">"Aleppo: Latest Killed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Documentation_of_Violations_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria">Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/en/martyrs/1/c29ydGJ5PWEua2lsbGVkX2RhdGV8c29ydGRpcj1ERVNDfGFwcHJvdmVkPXZpc2libGV8ZXh0cmFkaXNwbGF5PTB8cHJvdmluY2U9NnxzdGFydERhdGU9MjAxMi0wNy0xOXxlbmREYXRlPTIwMTYtMTItMjJ8">the original</a> on 5 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Documentation+of+Violations+in+Syria&rft.atitle=Aleppo%3A+Latest+Killed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vdc-sy.info%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmartyrs%2F1%2Fc29ydGJ5PWEua2lsbGVkX2RhdGV8c29ydGRpcj1ERVNDfGFwcHJvdmVkPXZpc2libGV8ZXh0cmFkaXNwbGF5PTB8cHJvdmluY2U9NnxzdGFydERhdGU9MjAxMi0wNy0xOXxlbmREYXRlPTIwMTYtMTItMjJ8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011949/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/aleppo.html">"Aleppo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/aleppo.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo&rft.pub=World+Heritage+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fsites%2Faleppo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.E.J._Morris2013" class="citation book cs1">A.E.J. Morris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1038"><i>History of Urban Form Before the Industrial Revolution</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1038. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88513-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88513-9"><bdi>978-1-317-88513-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010341/https://books.google.com/books?id=nRBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1038">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Urban+Form+Before+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.pages=1038&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88513-9&rft.au=A.E.J.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRBEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022148/http://www.hadhramautnews.net/news-4451.htm"><bdi lang="ar">حلب الشهباء..معناها وأهميتها عند النبي العربي إبراهيم الخليل</bdi></a>. <i>hadhramautnews.net</i> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadhramautnews.net/news-4451.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hadhramautnews.net&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1..%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadhramautnews.net%2Fnews-4451.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Ben_Amos2011" class="citation book cs1">Dan Ben Amos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMI4DzpymSIC&pg=PA283"><i>Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands)</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0871-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0871-9"><bdi>978-0-8276-0871-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010329/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMI4DzpymSIC&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folktales+of+the+Jews%2C+V.+3+%28Tales+from+Arab+Lands%29&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0871-9&rft.au=Dan+Ben+Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMI4DzpymSIC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/history/2015/12/07/meet-some-of-the-worlds-oldest-continually-inhabited-cities">"Meet some of the world's oldest continually inhabited cities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a></i>. 7 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820032133/http://www.dailysabah.com/history/2015/12/07/meet-some-of-the-worlds-oldest-continually-inhabited-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Meet+some+of+the+world%27s+oldest+continually+inhabited+cities&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fhistory%2F2015%2F12%2F07%2Fmeet-some-of-the-worlds-oldest-continually-inhabited-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso_Archi1945" class="citation book cs1">Alfonso Archi (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFRwonqqNCUC&pg=PA250"><i>Orientalia: Vol. 63</i></a>. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 250. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214635/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFRwonqqNCUC&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalia%3A+Vol.+63&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Gregorian+Biblical+BookShop&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Alfonso+Archi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFRwonqqNCUC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_MatthiaeLicia_Romano2010" class="citation book cs1">Paolo Matthiae; Licia Romano (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bbgJzacoJYC&pg=PA482"><i>6 ICAANE</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06175-9"><bdi>978-3-447-06175-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214635/https://books.google.com/books?id=9bbgJzacoJYC&pg=PA482">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=6+ICAANE&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06175-9&rft.au=Paolo+Matthiae&rft.au=Licia+Romano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bbgJzacoJYC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964667-8"><bdi>978-0-19-964667-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610161033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964667-8&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_MatthiaeNicoló_Marchetti2013" class="citation book cs1">Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (31 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZg0ypYrnQC&pg=PA264"><i>Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Left Coast Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214636/https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZg0ypYrnQC&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.au=Paolo+Matthiae&rft.au=Nicol%C3%B3+Marchetti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaZg0ypYrnQC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1998" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Wayne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&pg=PA82"><i>Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-99-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-99-7"><bdi>978-0-931464-99-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424075219/https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Cosmic+Geography&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-99-7&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP8fl8BXpR0MC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettinato, Giovanni (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991) <i>Ebla, a new look at history</i> p.135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_John_David_2000_p.388_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, John David (2000) <i>Inscriptions of the iron age</i> p.388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzl-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herzl_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herzl_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrus_Herzl_GordonGary_RendsburgNathan_H._Winter1990" class="citation book cs1">Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA63"><i>Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 63,64,65,66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-060-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-060-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214635/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eblaitica%3A+Essays+on+the+Ebla+Archives+and+Eblaite+Language%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=63%2C64%2C65%2C66&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-060-6&rft.au=Cyrus+Herzl+Gordon&rft.au=Gary+Rendsburg&rft.au=Nathan+H.+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rwals-oh6kC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt, Amélie (1998) <i>The ancient Near East</i> p.100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100293-9"><bdi>978-0-19-100293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100293-9&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41-MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce1999" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA152"><i>The Kingdom of the Hittites</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924010-4"><bdi>978-0-19-924010-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214635/https://books.google.com/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA152">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924010-4&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAgg5-lpVI2MC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_David_Hawkins2000" class="citation book cs1">John David Hawkins (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TwiY96cunQC&pg=PA388"><i>Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080420-1"><bdi>978-3-11-080420-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623161755/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TwiY96cunQC&pg=PA388">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+the+Iron+Age%3A+Part+1&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080420-1&rft.au=John+David+Hawkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TwiY96cunQC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2020117-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2020117_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2020">Elliott 2020</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryce3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryce3_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100292-2"><bdi>978-0-19-100292-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214636/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100292-2&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8Z7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Bunnens2006" class="citation book cs1">Guy Bunnens (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMxY_hfXkCQC&pg=PA130"><i>A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1817-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1817-7"><bdi>978-90-429-1817-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214636/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMxY_hfXkCQC&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Luwian+Stele+and+the+Cult+of+the+Storm-god+at+Til+Barsib-Masuwari&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1817-7&rft.au=Guy+Bunnens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMxY_hfXkCQC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Bunnens2006" class="citation book cs1">Guy Bunnens (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMxY_hfXkCQC&pg=PA130"><i>A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042918177" title="Special:BookSources/9789042918177"><bdi>9789042918177</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214636/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMxY_hfXkCQC&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Luwian+Stele+and+the+Cult+of+the+Storm-god+at+Til+Barsib-Masuwari&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789042918177&rft.au=Guy+Bunnens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMxY_hfXkCQC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiekenYakubovich2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). Singer, I. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/617478">"The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172"</a>. <i>Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday</i>. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010330/https://www.academia.edu/617478/The_New_Values_of_Luwian_Signs_L_319_and_L_172">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ipamati+Kistamati+Pari+Tumatimis%3A+Luwian+and+Hittite+Studies+Presented+to+J.+David+Hawkins+on+the+Occasion+of+His+70th+Birthday&rft.atitle=The+New+Values+of+Luwian+Signs+L+319+and+L+172&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rieken&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Yakubovich%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F617478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191002922" title="Special:BookSources/9780191002922"><bdi>9780191002922</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214636/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=9780191002922&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8Z7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_E._Killebrew2013" class="citation book cs1">Ann E. Killebrew (21 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA662"><i>The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology</i></a>. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589837218" title="Special:BookSources/9781589837218"><bdi>9781589837218</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520075325/https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA662">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines+and+Other+%22Sea+Peoples%22+in+Text+and+Archaeology&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.isbn=9781589837218&rft.au=Ann+E.+Killebrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBCl2IQfNioC%26pg%3DPA662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/2012-12-16-11-30-12/new-media/900-the-history-of-king-david-in-light-of-new-epigraphic-and-archeological-data">"The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070407/https://www.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/2012-12-16-11-30-12/new-media/900-the-history-of-king-david-in-light-of-new-epigraphic-and-archeological-data">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+King+David+in+Light+of+New+Epigraphic+and+Archeological+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haifa.ac.il%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F2012-12-16-11-30-12%2Fnew-media%2F900-the-history-of-king-david-in-light-of-new-epigraphic-and-archeological-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipinsky,_Edward_2000._p._195-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipinsky,_Edward_2000._p._195_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipinsky, Edward, 2000.<i> The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion</i> (Peeters), p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healy,_Mark_1992_p._25-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Healy,_Mark_1992_p._25_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy, Mark (1992). <i>The Ancient Assyrians</i> (Osprey) p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipfer,_Barbara_Ann_2000_p._626-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kipfer,_Barbara_Ann_2000_p._626_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phenix,_Robert_R._2008_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phenix, Robert R. (2008) <i>The sermons on Joseph of <a href="/wiki/Balai_of_Qenneshrin" title="Balai of Qenneshrin">Balai of Qenneshrin</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory1977" class="citation cs2">Savory, R. M. (1977), Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-islam/safavid-persia/E475A272F197D060EC9C4696C5E99CEF">"Safavid Persia"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume undefined: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War</i>, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 394–429, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4"><bdi>978-0-521-29135-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103559/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-islam/safavid-persia/E475A272F197D060EC9C4696C5E99CEF">archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%3A+Volume+undefined%3A+The+Central+Islamic+Lands+from+Pre-Islamic+Times+to+the+First+World+War&rft.atitle=Safavid+Persia&rft.pages=394-429&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-islam%2Fsafavid-persia%2FE475A272F197D060EC9C4696C5E99CEF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Lequien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010052512/https://books.google.com/books?id=86weAemI-e4C">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 781–786</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Janin, v. <i>2. Berrhée</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksnow.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/4/dictionnairedhis08bauduoft/dictionnairedhis08bauduoft.pdf"><i>Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010330/http://booksnow.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/4/dictionnairedhis08bauduoft/dictionnairedhis08bauduoft.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 887–888</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 848</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julia1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Julia1_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonnela, 2008, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/aleppo">"Aleppo"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010212416/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/aleppo">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Aleppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fcontent%2Faleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aleppo">"Aleppo"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 9 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729085943/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aleppo">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Aleppo&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201690–92-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201690–92_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2016">Burns 2016</a>, pp. 90–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201692–93-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201692–93_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2016">Burns 2016</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201696–99-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201696–99_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2016">Burns 2016</a>, pp. 96–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns201699-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns201699_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2016">Burns 2016</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1993116–122-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1993116–122_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1993">Bianquis 1993</a>, pp. 116–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakkar1969202-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakkar1969202_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZakkar1969">Zakkar 1969</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasan201091-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasan201091_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasan2010">Basan 2010</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017247-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017247_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeihammer2017">Beihammer 2017</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamāl-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamāl_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamāl_al-Dīn_ʻUmar_ibn_Aḥmad_Ibn_al-ʻAdīm1996" class="citation book cs1">Kamāl al-Dīn ʻUmar ibn Aḥmad Ibn al-ʻAdīm (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV-6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Zubdat al-ḥalab min tārīkh Ḥalab</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923074247/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV-6AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zubdat+al-%E1%B8%A5alab+min+t%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+%E1%B8%A4alab&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Kam%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+%CA%BBUmar+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad+Ibn+al-%CA%BBAd%C4%ABm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZV-6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasan201099,_101-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasan201099,_101_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasan2010">Basan 2010</a>, p. 99, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017252,254-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2017252,254_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeihammer2017">Beihammer 2017</a>, p. 252,254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2016121–122-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2016121–122_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2016">Burns 2016</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952215-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952215_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1952">Runciman 1952</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Peter1980" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260". <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>95</b> (376): 481–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCV.CCCLXXVI.481">10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+in+the+Holy+Land+in+1260&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=376&rft.pages=481-513&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCV.CCCLXXVI.481&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire des Croisades</i>, René Grousset, p. 581, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-02569-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-02569-X">2-262-02569-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shelemay1998-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shelemay1998_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay_Kaufman_Shelemay1998" class="citation book cs1">Kay Kaufman Shelemay (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgoFDZeHhF4C&pg=PA70"><i>Let jasmine rain down: song and remembrance among Syrian Jews</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75211-2"><bdi>978-0-226-75211-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016214635/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgoFDZeHhF4C&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+jasmine+rain+down%3A+song+and+remembrance+among+Syrian+Jews&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-75211-2&rft.au=Kay+Kaufman+Shelemay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgoFDZeHhF4C%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987314-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987314_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987336–337-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987336–337_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, pp. 336–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2016179-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2016179_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2016">Burns 2016</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007142-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007142_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemurger2007">Demurger 2007</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987463-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987463_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Battle%20of%20Aleppo">Battle of Aleppo@Everything2.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131348/https://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Battle%20of%20Aleppo">Archived</a> 17 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423182731/http://sy-center.net/?p=1512">"Ottoman Empire massacre against Alawites"</a>. <i>Syrian Center for Studies</i>. 9 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sy-center.net/?p=1512">the original</a> on 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Center+for+Studies&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Empire+massacre+against+Alawites&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsy-center.net%2F%3Fp%3D1512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Tony J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ar/91-00/95-96/95-96_BalikhValley.pdf">"The Archaeological Landscape of the Balikh Valley, Syria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324183438/https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ar/91-00/95-96/95-96_BalikhValley.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Landscape+of+the+Balikh+Valley%2C+Syria&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Tony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Far%2F91-00%2F95-96%2F95-96_BalikhValley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/59068575">"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations"</a>. <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 422–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700658-bja10030">10.1163/15700658-bja10030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-3783">1385-3783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244587800">244587800</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417192653/https://www.academia.edu/59068575">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Between+the+Islamic+and+Chinese+Universal+Empires%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+Ming+Dynasty%2C+and+Global+Age+of+Explorations&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=422-456&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244587800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1385-3783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700658-bja10030&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F59068575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTramontana2014" class="citation book cs1">Tramontana, Felicita (2014). "III. Conversion to Islam in the villages of Dayr Abān and Ṣūbā". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc16s06"><i>Passages of Faith: Conversion in Palestinian villages (17th century)</i></a> (1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc16s06.8">10.2307/j.ctvc16s06.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10135-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10135-6"><bdi>978-3-447-10135-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc16s06">j.ctvc16s06</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Conversion+to+Islam+in+the+villages+of+Dayr+Ab%C4%81n+and+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABb%C4%81&rft.btitle=Passages+of+Faith%3A+Conversion+in+Palestinian+villages+%2817th+century%29&rft.pages=69-70&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc16s06%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc16s06.8&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10135-6&rft.aulast=Tramontana&rft.aufirst=Felicita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc16s06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters_2009-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ágoston and Masters (2009), Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315181143/http://www.panoramaline.com/aleppo-arab.htm">"Aleppo in History (in Arabic)"</a>. Panoramaline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panoramaline.com/aleppo-arab.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo+in+History+%28in+Arabic%29&rft.pub=Panoramaline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panoramaline.com%2Faleppo-arab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemerdjian2019" class="citation book cs1">Semerdjian, Elyse (2019). "Armenians in the Production of Urban Space in Early Modern Judayda". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/38977"><i>Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2"><bdi>978-90-04-37902-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128154204/https://brill.com/view/title/38977">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenians+in+the+Production+of+Urban+Space+in+Early+Modern+Judayda&rft.btitle=Aleppo+and+its+Hinterland+in+the+Ottoman+Period+%2F+Alep+et+sa+province+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37902-2&rft.aulast=Semerdjian&rft.aufirst=Elyse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F38977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span>pp. 28-61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslanian2011" class="citation book cs1">Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYAkDQAAQBAJ"><i>From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94757-3"><bdi>978-0-520-94757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Indian+Ocean+to+the+Mediterranean%3A+The+Global+Trade+Networks+of+Armenian+Merchants+from+New+Julfa&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94757-3&rft.aulast=Aslanian&rft.aufirst=Sebouh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYAkDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjian1965" class="citation book cs1">Sanjian, Avedis (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sanjian1965ACSOD"><i>The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 48–49, 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Communities+in+Syria+under+Ottoman+Dominion&rft.pages=48-49%2C+261&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Sanjian&rft.aufirst=Avedis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSanjian1965ACSOD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA651">An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010330/https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA651">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.651. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57455-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57455-2">0-521-57455-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAde2019" class="citation book cs1">Ade, Mafalda (2019). "L'innovation judiciaire dans l'Empire ottoman : l'établissement d'un tribunal de commerce à Alep au milieu du XIXe siècle". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/38977"><i>Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2"><bdi>978-90-04-37902-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128154204/https://brill.com/view/title/38977">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99innovation+judiciaire+dans+l%E2%80%99Empire+ottoman+%3A+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9tablissement+d%E2%80%99un+tribunal+de+commerce+%C3%A0+Alep+au+milieu+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.btitle=Aleppo+and+its+Hinterland+in+the+Ottoman+Period+%2F+Alep+et+sa+province+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37902-2&rft.aulast=Ade&rft.aufirst=Mafalda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F38977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span>pp. 175-203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA788">An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010331/https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA788">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Cambridge University Press. p.788. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57455-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57455-2">0-521-57455-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters, Bruce. "The 1850 Events in Aleppo: The Aftershock of Syria's Incorporation into the Capitalist World System." <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 22, no. 1 (February 1990): 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atak5-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atak5_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Kaplan2014" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Kaplan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttYVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149"><i>Eastward to Tartary</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-5347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-5347-8"><bdi>978-0-8041-5347-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010052607/https://books.google.com/books?id=ttYVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastward+to+Tartary&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8041-5347-8&rft.au=Robert+D.+Kaplan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttYVBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Andrew_1981-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Andrew_1981_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Andrew_1981_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Andrew & Sydney Kanya-Forstner (1981) The climax of French imperial expansion, 1914–1924</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse,_David_Kenneth_2006_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (2006) Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914–1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaMaziere, Pierre (1926) Partant pour la Syrie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atak-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atak_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Mango2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Mango (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cO50m62MA8AC&pg=PT55"><i>Ataturk</i></a>. John Murray Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848546189" title="Special:BookSources/9781848546189"><bdi>9781848546189</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010052810/https://books.google.com/books?id=cO50m62MA8AC&pg=PT55">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ataturk&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781848546189&rft.au=Andrew+Mango&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcO50m62MA8AC%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atak3-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atak3_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F._Goode2009" class="citation book cs1">James F. Goode (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smkXH4UwJOsC&pg=PA64"><i>Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919–1941</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77901-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77901-3"><bdi>978-0-292-77901-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053301/https://books.google.com/books?id=smkXH4UwJOsC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+for+the+Past%3A+Archaeology%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Diplomacy+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1919%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77901-3&rft.au=James+F.+Goode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmkXH4UwJOsC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atak4-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atak4_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan_Kösebalaban2011" class="citation book cs1">Hasan Kösebalaban (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dnGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization</i></a>. Springer. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11869-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11869-0"><bdi>978-0-230-11869-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053324/https://books.google.com/books?id=3dnGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy%3A+Islam%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Globalization&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11869-0&rft.au=Hasan+K%C3%B6sebalaban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dnGAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi_10.1093/ia/iix118-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doi_10.1093/ia/iix118_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._William_Zartman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._William_Zartman" title="I. William Zartman">I. William Zartman</a> (1 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/93/4/937/3897516?searchresult=1"><i>States, boundaries and sovereignty in the Middle East: unsteady but unchanging</i></a>. Vol. 93. Oxford University Press. pp. 937–948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix118">10.1093/ia/iix118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005506048">1005506048</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170653/https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/93/4/937/3897516?searchresult=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States%2C+boundaries+and+sovereignty+in+the+Middle+East%3A+unsteady+but+unchanging&rft.pages=937-948&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005506048&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix118&rft.au=I.+William+Zartman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fia%2Farticle%2F93%2F4%2F937%2F3897516%3Fsearchresult%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothe1972" class="citation journal cs1">Rothe, Wenja (January 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291463.1972.11675812">"Hvorfor blive ved med at interessere sig for Rorschach prøven?: En kommentar og nogle overvejelser vedrørende førskolebørns Rorschachprøver"</a>. <i>Nordisk Psykologi</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 344–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00291463.1972.11675812">10.1080/00291463.1972.11675812</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-1463">0029-1463</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923074731/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00291463.1972.11675812">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordisk+Psykologi&rft.atitle=Hvorfor+blive+ved+med+at+interessere+sig+for+Rorschach+pr%C3%B8ven%3F%3A+En+kommentar+og+nogle+overvejelser+vedr%C3%B8rende+f%C3%B8rskoleb%C3%B8rns+Rorschachpr%C3%B8ver.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-351&rft.date=1972-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00291463.1972.11675812&rft.issn=0029-1463&rft.aulast=Rothe&rft.aufirst=Wenja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00291463.1972.11675812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/syrias-assad-end-one-party-rule-410958">"Syria's Assad to 'End' One-Party Rule"</a>. <i>ibtimes.com</i>. 15 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306081100/http://www.ibtimes.com/syrias-assad-end-one-party-rule-410958">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibtimes.com&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assad+to+%27End%27+One-Party+Rule&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fsyrias-assad-end-one-party-rule-410958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilford, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgreatgam0000wilf/page/94"><i>America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgreatgam0000wilf/page/94">94, 101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465019656" title="Special:BookSources/9780465019656"><bdi>9780465019656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Game%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+Arabists+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=94%2C+101&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780465019656&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasgreatgam0000wilf%2Fpage%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardelli2010" class="citation book cs1">Mardelli, Bassil A. (16 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INl8jGsewjUC&q=adib+shishakli+mother+kurd&pg=PA28"><i>Middle East Perspectives: Personal Recollections</i></a>. New York Bloomington: iUniverse. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4502-1118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4502-1118-5"><bdi>978-1-4502-1118-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923074744/https://books.google.com/books?id=INl8jGsewjUC&q=adib+shishakli+mother+kurd&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Perspectives%3A+Personal+Recollections&rft.place=New+York+Bloomington&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4502-1118-5&rft.aulast=Mardelli&rft.aufirst=Bassil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINl8jGsewjUC%26q%3Dadib%2Bshishakli%2Bmother%2Bkurd%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol2015" class="citation book cs1">Carol, Steven (25 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIy5CgAAQBAJ&q=nawaf+ghazaleh&pg=PT606"><i>Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491766583" title="Special:BookSources/9781491766583"><bdi>9781491766583</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923074826/https://books.google.com/books?id=iIy5CgAAQBAJ&q=nawaf+ghazaleh&pg=PT606">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Volatile+and+Dangerous+Middle+East%3A+A+Comprehensive+Analysis&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.isbn=9781491766583&rft.aulast=Carol&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIy5CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnawaf%2Bghazaleh%26pg%3DPT606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/feb/16/syria">"Amin al-Hafez obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. Associated Press. 16 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909123147/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/feb/16/syria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Amin+al-Hafez+obituary&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, Patrick (1990) Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725024213/http://www.cbssyr.org/economy%20statistics/Foreign%20Investment/2008/m-tab7.htm">The centralization of Economy in Syria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale1989316-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1989316_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeale1989">Seale (1989)</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConduit2019" class="citation book cs1">Conduit, Dara (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112495832"><i>The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75832-1"><bdi>978-1-108-75832-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112495832">1112495832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112495832&rft.isbn=978-1-108-75832-1&rft.aulast=Conduit&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1112495832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_International" title="Middle East International">Middle East International</a> No 103, 6 July 1979; pp.12-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middle East International No 104, 20 July 1979; pp.13-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLia2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lia, Brynjar (1 October 2016). "The Islamist Uprising in Syria, 1976–82: The History and Legacy of a Failed Revolt". <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2016.1139442">10.1080/13530194.2016.1139442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146869114">146869114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Islamist+Uprising+in+Syria%2C+1976%E2%80%9382%3A+The+History+and+Legacy+of+a+Failed+Revolt&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=546&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146869114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2016.1139442&rft.aulast=Lia&rft.aufirst=Brynjar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Things_Fall_Apart_p153-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Things_Fall_Apart_p153_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBymanPollack2008" class="citation book cs1">Byman, Daniel; Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thingsfallapartc00byma"><i>Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War</i></a></span>. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thingsfallapartc00byma/page/n169">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815713791" title="Special:BookSources/9780815713791"><bdi>9780815713791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Things+Fall+Apart%3A+Containing+the+Spillover+from+an+Iraqi+Civil+War&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780815713791&rft.aulast=Byman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Pollack%2C+Kenneth+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthingsfallapartc00byma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarréMichaud1983141–146-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarréMichaud1983141–146_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarréMichaud1983">Carré & Michaud (1983)</a>, pp. 141–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acad-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acad_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acad_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acad_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122058669">"NPR web: Food Lovers Discover The Joys of Aleppo"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122510/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122058669">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=NPR+web%3A+Food+Lovers+Discover+The+Joys+of+Aleppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D122058669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Business Group. (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDz9juos_tkC&q=Sheik+Najjar+Aleppo">The Report: Syria 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075255/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDz9juos_tkC&q=Sheik+Najjar+Aleppo">Archived</a> 23 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Oxford Business Group. pp. 149–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705113151/http://www.aleppo-cic.sy/">"ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺈﺳﻠﺎﻣﻴﺔ-Aleppo the Capital of Islamic Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleppo-cic.sy/">the original</a> on 5 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VBS+and+Aleppo+Presbyterian+Church%2C+Syria&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirdrva.org%2Fblog%2Fvacation-bible-school-summer-mission-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2016" class="citation news cs1">Sim, David (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fall-aleppo-timeline-how-assad-captured-syrias-biggest-city-1596504">"The fall of Aleppo timeline: How Assad captured Syria's biggest city"</a>. <i>IB Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212094836/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fall-aleppo-timeline-how-assad-captured-syrias-biggest-city-1596504">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IB+Times&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+Aleppo+timeline%3A+How+Assad+captured+Syria%27s+biggest+city&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Ffall-aleppo-timeline-how-assad-captured-syrias-biggest-city-1596504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2016" class="citation news cs1">Aron, Lund (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/66314">"A Turning Point in Aleppo"</a>. <i>Carnegie Middle East Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213094844/http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/66314">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Middle+East+Center&rft.atitle=A+Turning+Point+in+Aleppo&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Lund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie-mec.org%2Fdiwan%2F66314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrias-long-brutal-civil-war-may-be-reaching-a-turning-point/">"Syria's long, brutal civil war may be reaching turning point"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. 4 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502003252/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrias-long-brutal-civil-war-may-be-reaching-a-turning-point/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+long%2C+brutal+civil+war+may+be+reaching+turning+point&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrias-long-brutal-civil-war-may-be-reaching-a-turning-point%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announcedvictory2-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Announcedvictory2_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN14B1NQ">"Syrian army announces victory in Aleppo in boost for Assad"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504194706/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syrian-army-announces-victory-in-aleppo-in-boost-for-assad-idUSKBN14B1NQ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+army+announces+victory+in+Aleppo+in+boost+for+Assad&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKBN14B1NQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN14B1NQ">"Aleppo evacuation is complete, Red Cross says"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504194706/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syrian-army-announces-victory-in-aleppo-in-boost-for-assad-idUSKBN14B1NQ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Aleppo+evacuation+is+complete%2C+Red+Cross+says&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKBN14B1NQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=111818">"400 factories return to production in al-Kallaseh industrial zone in Aleppo"</a>. <i>Syrian Arab News Agency</i>. 15 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013025728/http://sana.sy/en/?p=111818">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=400+factories+return+to+production+in+al-Kallaseh+industrial+zone+in+Aleppo&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D111818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-17/syrian-bus-bombing-kills-at-least-80-children/8447104">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A new horror': 80 children among those slaughtered in suicide attack on refugee convoy"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 17 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042731/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-17/syrian-bus-bombing-kills-at-least-80-children/8447104">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27A+new+horror%27%3A+80+children+among+those+slaughtered+in+suicide+attack+on+refugee+convoy&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-04-17%2Fsyrian-bus-bombing-kills-at-least-80-children%2F8447104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=118464">"Thousands of people participate in Aleppo shopping festival"</a>. <i>Syrian Arab News Agency</i>. 17 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205203237/http://sana.sy/en/?p=118464">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+people+participate+in+Aleppo+shopping+festival&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D118464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-militia/syrian-ypg-militia-government-has-taken-control-of-aleppo-district-idUSKCN1G62K9">"Syrian YPG militia: government has taken control of Aleppo district"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110234/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-militia/syrian-ypg-militia-government-has-taken-control-of-aleppo-district-idUSKCN1G62K9">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+YPG+militia%3A+government+has+taken+control+of+Aleppo+district&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-militia%2Fsyrian-ypg-militia-government-has-taken-control-of-aleppo-district-idUSKCN1G62K9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/b7132a6044a40d68934f693836b3a767">"Assad vows to defeat rebels, as forces capture new ground"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 16 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217081705/https://apnews.com/b7132a6044a40d68934f693836b3a767">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Assad+vows+to+defeat+rebels%2C+as+forces+capture+new+ground&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fb7132a6044a40d68934f693836b3a767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216165355/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-of-aleppo-city-ends-in-syrian-army-victory-after-7-years-of-fighting/">"Battle of Aleppo city ends in Syrian Army victory after 7+ years of fighting"</a>. <i>AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز</i>. 16 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-of-aleppo-city-ends-in-syrian-army-victory-after-7-years-of-fighting/">the original</a> on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMN+-+Al-Masdar+News+%7C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Aleppo+city+ends+in+Syrian+Army+victory+after+7%2B+years+of+fighting&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbattle-of-aleppo-city-ends-in-syrian-army-victory-after-7-years-of-fighting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duden6-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duden6_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duden6_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Russell1856" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Russell, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3AAleppo+city+major+plans+throughout+the+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dmisc%26filename%3D201009251220032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klimatafel-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klimatafel_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klimatafel_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_400070_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Aleppo (Halab) / Syrien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819004952/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_400070_kt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klimatafel+von+Aleppo+%28Halab%29+%2F+Syrien&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+Transport+and+Digital+Infrastructure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_400070_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902174644/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Syria/CSV/AleppointAeroport_40007.csv">"Aleppo International Airport Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Syria/CSV/AleppointAeroport_40007.csv">the original</a> on 2 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Aleppo+International+Airport+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSyria%2FCSV%2FAleppointAeroport_40007.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40007.TXT">"Aleppo Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075233/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40007.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FSY%2F40007.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYacoub2010" class="citation news cs1">Yacoub, Khaled (16 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE66F1ED20100716">"Travel Postcard: 48 hours in Aleppo, Syria"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230154929/https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE66F1ED20100716">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Travel+Postcard%3A+48+hours+in+Aleppo%2C+Syria&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.aulast=Yacoub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlifestyleMolt%2FidUSTRE66F1ED20100716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeast.com/aleppo.htm">"Aleppo"</a>. Middleeast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160211/http://www.middleeast.com/aleppo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo&rft.pub=Middleeast.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeast.com%2Faleppo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbleeker" class="citation web cs1">bleeker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historische-aleppo-seife.de/engl_history.html">"Alepposeife: Aleppo history"</a>. Historische-aleppo-seife.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326040544/http://www.historische-aleppo-seife.de/engl_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alepposeife%3A+Aleppo+history&rft.pub=Historische-aleppo-seife.de&rft.au=bleeker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historische-aleppo-seife.de%2Fengl_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/29/world/meast/syria-aleppo-civilians/">"200,000 civilians try to escape violence in Syrian city of Aleppo"</a>. 29 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818023503/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/29/world/meast/syria-aleppo-civilians/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=200%2C000+civilians+try+to+escape+violence+in+Syrian+city+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F07%2F29%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fsyria-aleppo-civilians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint Terezia Church Aleppo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terezia.org/section.php?id=1823">Christians in Aleppo at the end of the Ottoman Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009230825/http://www.terezia.org/section.php?id=1823">Archived</a> 9 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alepppo in One Hundred Years 1850– 1950, vol.2-page 3, 1994 Aleppo. Authors: Mohammad Fuad Ayntabi and Najwa Othman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alepppo in One Hundred Years 1850–1950, vol.3-page 26, 1994 Aleppo. Authors: Mohammad Fuad Ayntabi and Najwa Othman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Golden River in the History of Aleppo, (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﺐ</span>), vol.1 (1922) page 256, published in 1991, Aleppo. Author: Sheikh <i>Kamel Al-Ghazzi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Golden River in the History of Aleppo (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﺐ</span>), vol.3 (1925) pages 449–450, published in 1991, Aleppo. Author: Sheikh <i>Kamel Al-Ghazzi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2ByErk19DAC"><i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-6422-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009060842/http://books.google.com/books?id=s2ByErk19DAC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%2C+Volume+II%3A+Foreign+Dominion+to+Statehood%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2ByErk19DAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBS_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520173518/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm">"General Census of Population and Housing 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm">the original</a> on 20 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssyr.org%2Fnew%2520web%2520site%2FGeneral_census%2Fcensus_2004%2FNH%2FTAB02-1-2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). Aleppo Governorate. Archived. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/worst-place-in-world-aleppo-ruins-four-years-syria-war">"The worst place in the world? Aleppo in ruins after four years of Syria war"</a>. <i>theguardian.com</i>. 12 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123101110/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/worst-place-in-world-aleppo-ruins-four-years-syria-war">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=The+worst+place+in+the+world%3F+Aleppo+in+ruins+after+four+years+of+Syria+war&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fmar%2F12%2Fworst-place-in-world-aleppo-ruins-four-years-syria-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020104335/http://www.catholicnews.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2746&Itemid=120">"Catholic Doctor "Flies High" with The Flying Hospital to Treat the Less Fortunate in Aleppo, Syria"</a>. Catholicnews.sg. 23 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2746&Itemid=120">the original</a> on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Doctor+%22Flies+High%22+with+The+Flying+Hospital+to+Treat+the+Less+Fortunate+in+Aleppo%2C+Syria&rft.pub=Catholicnews.sg&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.sg%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2746%26Itemid%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20141202174517.htm">"Christians Hold Out in Syria's Aleppo Despite Jihadist Threat"</a>. <i>aina.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102115/http://www.aina.org/news/20141202174517.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aina.org&rft.atitle=Christians+Hold+Out+in+Syria%27s+Aleppo+Despite+Jihadist+Threat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20141202174517.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Burns_&_Stefan_Knost2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ross Burns & Stefan Knost (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/judayda_churches_english?nav_id=8819&publication=1">"Judayda Churches (English)"</a>. <i>L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG</i> (in English and Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603074739/https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/judayda_churches_english?nav_id=8819&publication=1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L.I.S.A.+WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL+GERDA+HENKEL+STIFTUNG&rft.atitle=Judayda+Churches+%28English%29&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Ross+Burns+%26+Stefan+Knost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de%2Fjudayda_churches_english%3Fnav_id%3D8819%26publication%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013303/http://www.imsoblesseddaily.com/20-churches-destroyed-aleppo-syria/">"20 Churches Were Destroyed As Bombings Continue in Aleppo, Syria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imsoblesseddaily.com/20-churches-destroyed-aleppo-syria/">the original</a> on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Churches+Were+Destroyed+As+Bombings+Continue+in+Aleppo%2C+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imsoblesseddaily.com%2F20-churches-destroyed-aleppo-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianweekly.com/2015/01/10/cathedral-bombed/">"Armenian Catholic Cathedral in Aleppo Bombed Hours Before Mass"</a>. 10 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115114857/http://armenianweekly.com/2015/01/10/cathedral-bombed/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+Catholic+Cathedral+in+Aleppo+Bombed+Hours+Before+Mass&rft.date=2015-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2015%2F01%2F10%2Fcathedral-bombed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizonweekly.ca/en/79419-2/">"Armenian Evangelical Church in Aleppo damaged in rocket attack"</a>. 18 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035425/https://horizonweekly.ca/en/79419-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+Evangelical+Church+in+Aleppo+damaged+in+rocket+attack&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorizonweekly.ca%2Fen%2F79419-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/picture-taken-on-march-9-2017-in-the-northern-syrian-city-news-photo/650514740#picture-taken-on-march-9-2017-in-the-northern-syrian-city-of-aleppo-picture-id650514740">"Picture taken on 9 March 2017 in Aleppo showing the damage around Saint George's Armenian Church"</a>. 9 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320172258/https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/picture-taken-on-march-9-2017-in-the-northern-syrian-city-news-photo/650514740#picture-taken-on-march-9-2017-in-the-northern-syrian-city-of-aleppo-picture-id650514740">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picture+taken+on+9+March+2017+in+Aleppo+showing+the+damage+around+Saint+George%27s+Armenian+Church&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.ae%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fpicture-taken-on-march-9-2017-in-the-northern-syrian-city-news-photo%2F650514740%23picture-taken-on-march-9-2017-in-the-northern-syrian-city-of-aleppo-picture-id650514740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/01/visit-to-the-old-city-of-aleppo/">"Syrian orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch: Visit to the Old City of Aleppo"</a>. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320133840/https://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/01/visit-to-the-old-city-of-aleppo/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch%3A+Visit+to+the+Old+City+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpatriarchate.org%2F2017%2F01%2Fvisit-to-the-old-city-of-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316161245/http://syrcata.com/news/2016/august-2016/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.html">"The destruction at the Mar Assia Syrian Catholic Church of Aleppo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrcata.com/news/2016/august-2016/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+destruction+at+the+Mar+Assia+Syrian+Catholic+Church+of+Aleppo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrcata.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Faugust-2016%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRami_Al-AfandiIssam_BallouzAlaa_HaddadYork_Rieffel2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rami Al-Afandi; Issam Ballouz; Alaa Haddad; York Rieffel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/damage_assessment?nav_id=8902&publication=1">"Al-Judayda Churches Rapid Damage Assessment"</a>. <i>L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG</i> (in English and Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725023058/https://lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/damage_assessment?nav_id=8902&publication=1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L.I.S.A.+WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL+GERDA+HENKEL+STIFTUNG&rft.atitle=Al-Judayda+Churches+Rapid+Damage+Assessment&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Rami+Al-Afandi&rft.au=Issam+Ballouz&rft.au=Alaa+Haddad&rft.au=York+Rieffel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de%2Fdamage_assessment%3Fnav_id%3D8902%26publication%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyad2016" class="citation news cs1">Eyad, Alhosein (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/christmas-aleppo-photos-video-show-christians-celebrate-assad-victory-syria-2464372">"Christmas in Aleppo: Photos, Video Show Christians Celebrate Assad Victory in Syria"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914125652/https://www.ibtimes.com/christmas-aleppo-photos-video-show-christians-celebrate-assad-victory-syria-2464372">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Christmas+in+Aleppo%3A+Photos%2C+Video+Show+Christians+Celebrate+Assad+Victory+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft.aulast=Eyad&rft.aufirst=Alhosein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fchristmas-aleppo-photos-video-show-christians-celebrate-assad-victory-syria-2464372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18957096">Profile: Aleppo, Syria's second city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415053417/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18957096">Archived</a> 15 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Sachar, A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time., (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 400; Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, (Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, 1977), p. 31; Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times, (NY: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_rights_in_Syria-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Human_rights_in_Syria_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Paul1990" class="citation book cs1">James A. Paul (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC"><i>Human Rights in Syria</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC/page/n94">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929692-69-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929692-69-2"><bdi>978-0-929692-69-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Syria&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-929692-69-2&rft.au=James+A.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrus_AdlerHenrietta_Szold1949" class="citation book cs1">Cyrus Adler; Henrietta Szold (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KgyAAAAMAAJ"><i>The American Jewish Year Book</i></a>. American Jewish Committee. p. 441. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010336/https://books.google.com/books?id=6KgyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Jewish+Year+Book&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Cyrus+Adler&rft.au=Henrietta+Szold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KgyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvi_Beker1998" class="citation book cs1">Avi Beker (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_38S-75eQC"><i>Jewish Communities of the World</i></a>. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-9822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-9822-0"><bdi>978-0-8225-9822-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010338/https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_38S-75eQC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Communities+of+the+World&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Lerner+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-9822-0&rft.au=Avi+Beker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFP_38S-75eQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1992" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Thomas L. (28 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/28/world/syria-giving-jews-freedom-to-leave.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"The New York Times:Syria Giving Jews Freedom To Leave"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524224212/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/28/world/syria-giving-jews-freedom-to-leave.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times%3ASyria+Giving+Jews+Freedom+To+Leave&rft.date=1992-04-28&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F04%2F28%2Fworld%2Fsyria-giving-jews-freedom-to-leave.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/356914/aleppos-last-jewish-family-flees-for-israel-amid-devastation/?attribution=home-article-listing-12-headline">"There Are No More Jews in Aleppo"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220191207/http://forward.com/news/356914/aleppos-last-jewish-family-flees-for-israel-amid-devastation/?attribution=home-article-listing-12-headline">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=There+Are+No+More+Jews+in+Aleppo&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F356914%2Faleppos-last-jewish-family-flees-for-israel-amid-devastation%2F%3Fattribution%3Dhome-article-listing-12-headline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behnstedt-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behnstedt_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehnstedt2008" class="citation cs2">Behnstedt, Peter (2008), "Syria", <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics</i>, vol. 4, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 402, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14476-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syria&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14476-7&rft.aulast=Behnstedt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-qudoud-al-halabiya-01578">"Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya"</a>. UNESCO Culture Sector. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215150323/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-qudoud-al-halabiya-01578">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Qudoud+al-Halabiya&rft.pub=UNESCO+Culture+Sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fal-qudoud-al-halabiya-01578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/sabah-fakhri-dies/2021/11/02/6e795a2a-3bdd-11ec-a493-51b0252dea0c_story.html">"Sabah Fakhri, Syrian tenor who helped preserve classical Arabic music, dies at 88"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 2 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211103070023/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/sabah-fakhri-dies/2021/11/02/6e795a2a-3bdd-11ec-a493-51b0252dea0c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sabah+Fakhri%2C+Syrian+tenor+who+helped+preserve+classical+Arabic+music%2C+dies+at+88&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fsabah-fakhri-dies%2F2021%2F11%2F02%2F6e795a2a-3bdd-11ec-a493-51b0252dea0c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRacy2003" class="citation book cs1">Racy, A.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-28hM3kdskC"><i>Making Music in the Arab World: The Culture and Artistry of Tarab</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31685-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31685-9"><bdi>978-0-521-31685-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010339/https://books.google.com/books?id=3-28hM3kdskC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Music+in+the+Arab+World%3A+The+Culture+and+Artistry+of+Tarab&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31685-9&rft.aulast=Racy&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-28hM3kdskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2006" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, Johnathan Holt (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amongjasminetree00shan"><i>Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria</i></a></span>. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6944-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6944-8"><bdi>978-0-8195-6944-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Jasmine+Trees%3A+Music+and+Modernity+in+Contemporary+Syria&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6944-8&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Johnathan+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famongjasminetree00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aladeyat.org/">"Al-Adeyat Archaeological Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164725/https://www.aladeyat.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Adeyat+Archaeological+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aladeyat.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1591518&language=ar">"ﻛﻮﻧﺎ :: ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻃﻌﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﻃﻴﺐ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ 11/01/2006"</a>. Kuna.net.kw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922073820/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1591518&language=ar">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EF%BB%9B%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%A7%EF%BA%8E+%3A%3A+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BB%A4%EF%BB%84%EF%BA%92%EF%BA%A6+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BA%A4%EF%BB%A0%EF%BA%92%EF%BB%B2+%EF%BB%B3%EF%BB%A8%EF%BB%94%EF%BA%AE%EF%BA%A9+%EF%BA%91%EF%BA%98%EF%BB%A8%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%89+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%83%EF%BB%8C%EF%BB%A4%EF%BA%98%EF%BB%AA+%EF%BB%AD%EF%BB%83%EF%BB%B4%EF%BA%90+%EF%BB%A7%EF%BB%9C%EF%BA%98%EF%BB%AA+11%2F01%2F2006&rft.pub=Kuna.net.kw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D1591518%26language%3Dar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421234007/http://www.isalep.com/cuisine-aleppo/?p=1362">"أنواع الكباب الحلبي : لؤلؤة المطبخ الحلبي"</a> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isalep.com/cuisine-aleppo/?p=1362">the original</a> on 21 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A+%3A+%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isalep.com%2Fcuisine-aleppo%2F%3Fp%3D1362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOurousseff2010" class="citation news cs1">Ourousseff, Nicolai (26 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/27/arts/design/27preserve.html">"Preserving Heritage, and the Fabric of Life, in Syria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102427/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/27/arts/design/27preserve.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Preserving+Heritage%2C+and+the+Fabric+of+Life%2C+in+Syria&rft.date=2010-12-26&rft.aulast=Ourousseff&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F27%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F27preserve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtlioglu2012" class="citation web cs1">Atlioglu, Dr Yasin (30 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heartoforient.blogspot.com.es/2012/09/aleppo-burns-dar-zamaria-sisi-house-and.html">"ORIENT: Aleppo Burns – Dar Zamaria, Sisi House and much of Souq reported Burned- Syria Comment"</a>. <i>ORIENT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102084425/http://heartoforient.blogspot.com.es/2012/09/aleppo-burns-dar-zamaria-sisi-house-and.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORIENT&rft.atitle=ORIENT%3A+Aleppo+Burns+%E2%80%93+Dar+Zamaria%2C+Sisi+House+and+much+of+Souq+reported+Burned-+Syria+Comment&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft.aulast=Atlioglu&rft.aufirst=Dr+Yasin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheartoforient.blogspot.com.es%2F2012%2F09%2Faleppo-burns-dar-zamaria-sisi-house-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeehner2010" class="citation news cs1">Beehner, Lionel (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/travel/24next.html">"Tourists Return to an Ancient Crossroads in Syria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804065904/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/travel/24next.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tourists+Return+to+an+Ancient+Crossroads+in+Syria&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Beehner&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F24%2Ftravel%2F24next.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Mansel (2016) Aleppo: The Rise and fall of Syria's Great Merchant City IB Taurus, p.55 and 13pl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009233650/http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=53681">"Aleppo new fountains"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=53681">the original</a> on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo+new+fountains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syria-news.com%2Freadnews.php%3Fsy_seq%3D53681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=round&filename=201010291220021">"eAleppo: The old Souqs of Aleppo (in Arabic)"</a>. Esyria.sy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131845/http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=round&filename=201010291220021">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3A+The+old+Souqs+of+Aleppo+%28in+Arabic%29&rft.pub=Esyria.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dround%26filename%3D201010291220021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120601100823&aiid=120601101137">Aleppo's Great Bazaar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823085443/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120601100823&aiid=120601101137">Archived</a> 23 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=80968&l=2">"Aleppo ... Cultural Landmark, Trade Hub"</a>. DP-news. Xinhua News Agency. 16 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010341/http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=80968">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aleppo+...+Cultural+Landmark%2C+Trade+Hub&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dp-news.com%2Fpages%2Fdetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3D80968%26l%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=2081">"Ministry of Tourism, Syria: Aleppine House (in Arabic)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101034/http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=2081">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Tourism%2C+Syria%3A+Aleppine+House+%28in+Arabic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriatourism.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dsubjects%26func%3Dviewpage%26pageid%3D2081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns_1999_35-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_1999_35_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1999" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Russ (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn"><i>Monuments of Syria</i></a></span>. New York, London. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860642449" title="Special:BookSources/9781860642449"><bdi>9781860642449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Syria&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781860642449&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonumentsofsyria0000burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-as-pogroms-targeted-aleppo-s-jews-my-family-made-a-dangerous-choice-to-flee-1.9828957">"As Pogroms Targeted Aleppo's Jews, My Family Made a Dangerous Choice: To Flee"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622103449/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-as-pogroms-targeted-aleppo-s-jews-my-family-made-a-dangerous-choice-to-flee-1.9828957">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=As+Pogroms+Targeted+Aleppo%27s+Jews%2C+My+Family+Made+a+Dangerous+Choice%3A+To+Flee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-as-pogroms-targeted-aleppo-s-jews-my-family-made-a-dangerous-choice-to-flee-1.9828957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imageusa.com/restoring-the-great-synagogue-of-aleppo/">"Rstoring the Great Synagogue of Aleppo"</a>. 7 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203138/https://imageusa.com/restoring-the-great-synagogue-of-aleppo/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rstoring+the+Great+Synagogue+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimageusa.com%2Frestoring-the-great-synagogue-of-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDunstonHumphreys2004" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333"><i>Syria & Lebanon</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-333-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-333-3"><bdi>978-1-86450-333-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86450-333-3&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Dunston%2C+Lara&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781864503333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syria.strabon.org/ua/pm_villesmortes/antique-villages/index_en.html">Ancient villages (dead cities)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1348">"Ancient Villages of Northern Syria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018204926/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1348/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Villages+of+Northern+Syria&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">eAleppo:Kharab Shams <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=ruins&filename=200812270845011">Kharab Shams in history (in Arabic)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131819/http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=ruins&filename=200812270845011">Archived</a> 30 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordantimes-20200226-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jordantimes-20200226_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2020" class="citation news cs1">Jansen, Michael (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/michael-jansen/capture-m5-one-most-celebrated-prizes-damascus-campaign-regain-territory">"Capture of M5 one of the most celebrated prizes in Damascus' campaign to regain territory"</a>. <i>The Jordan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227112714/https://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/michael-jansen/capture-m5-one-most-celebrated-prizes-damascus-campaign-regain-territory">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Capture+of+M5+one+of+the+most+celebrated+prizes+in+Damascus%27+campaign+to+regain+territory&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fmichael-jansen%2Fcapture-m5-one-most-celebrated-prizes-damascus-campaign-regain-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=278854">"Rehabilitation of Damascus-Aleppo international highway affected by terrorism in Idleb began"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">Syrian Arab News Agency</a>. 26 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024142612/https://sana.sy/en/?p=278854">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rehabilitation+of+Damascus-Aleppo+international+highway+affected+by+terrorism+in+Idleb+began&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D278854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHybah_Sleman_/_Hazem_Sabbagh2020" class="citation news cs1">Hybah Sleman / Hazem Sabbagh (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=186448">"General Establishment of Railways: Aleppo-Damascus railway to be put into service in May"</a>. Syrian Arab News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202092043/https://sana.sy/en/?p=186448">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=General+Establishment+of+Railways%3A+Aleppo-Damascus+railway+to+be+put+into+service+in+May&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.au=Hybah+Sleman+%2F+Hazem+Sabbagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D186448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleppo Int. Airport <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terezia.org/section.php?id=1823">Historical Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009230825/http://www.terezia.org/section.php?id=1823">Archived</a> 9 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/first-airplane-takes-off-aleppo-international-airport-4-years/">"First airplane takes off from Aleppo International Airport in 4 years"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106151817/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/first-airplane-takes-off-aleppo-international-airport-4-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnnar.com%2Findex.php%2Fmarkets%2F13869%2F6-3-2017-12-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madinatuna:Aleppo City Development Strategy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madinatuna.com/en/economy">Economy Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505211720/http://madinatuna.com/en/economy">Archived</a> 5 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aliqtisadi.com/index.php?mode=article&id=23863">"Gold in Syria"</a>. aliqtisadi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819004954/https://aliqtisadi.com/?mode=article&id=23863">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+in+Syria&rft.pub=aliqtisadi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aliqtisadi.com%2Findex.php%3Fmode%3Darticle%26id%3D23863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriasteps.com/?d=128&id=42162">"Aleppo gold market"</a>. Syria Steps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215618/http://www.syriasteps.com/?d=128&id=42162">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo+gold+market&rft.pub=Syria+Steps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriasteps.com%2F%3Fd%3D128%26id%3D42162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=5ace559cb86c8b34f1e024e479b11815&ar=17773089">"155 billion Syrian Pounds invested in Aleppo Industrial City (in Arabic)"</a>. Aksalser.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303110557/http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=5ace559cb86c8b34f1e024e479b11815&ar=17773089">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=155+billion+Syrian+Pounds+invested+in+Aleppo+Industrial+City+%28in+Arabic%29&rft.pub=Aksalser.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksalser.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dview_news%26id%3D5ace559cb86c8b34f1e024e479b11815%26ar%3D17773089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim_Shaza2022" class="citation news cs1">Ibrahim Shaza (8 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=277369">"In the presence of President al-Assad… the fifth generating set in Aleppo Thermal Power Plant kicks off after rehabilitating it"</a>. SANA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710012512/http://sana.sy/en/?p=277369">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+the+presence+of+President+al-Assad%E2%80%A6+the+fifth+generating+set+in+Aleppo+Thermal+Power+Plant+kicks+off+after+rehabilitating+it&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.au=Ibrahim+Shaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D277369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleppo Soap <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ursoap.com/pages/history_page.htm">Soap History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826235621/http://www.ursoap.com/pages/history_page.htm">Archived</a> 26 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDz9juos_tkC&pg=PA195"><i>The Report Syria 2011</i></a>. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-34-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-34-7"><bdi>978-1-907065-34-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010342/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDz9juos_tkC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report+Syria+2011&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-34-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDz9juos_tkC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-station-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-station_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaza_Qreima2022" class="citation news cs1">Shaza Qreima (8 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=277384">"President al-Assad inaugurates Tal Hasel water pumping plant, Aleppo"</a>. SANA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709184201/http://sana.sy/en/?p=277384">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+al-Assad+inaugurates+Tal+Hasel+water+pumping+plant%2C+Aleppo&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.au=Shaza+Qreima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D277384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madinatuna.com/en/informals">"Madinatuna, Aleppo Cite Development Strategy: Informal Settlements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505211725/http://madinatuna.com/en/informals">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madinatuna%2C+Aleppo+Cite+Development+Strategy%3A+Informal+Settlements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadinatuna.com%2Fen%2Finformals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/syria/stories/children-return-school-aleppo-supported-unicef">"Children return to school in Aleppo, supported by UNICEF"</a>. UNICEF. 9 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034439/https://www.unicef.org/syria/stories/children-return-school-aleppo-supported-unicef">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Children+return+to+school+in+Aleppo%2C+supported+by+UNICEF&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fsyria%2Fstories%2Fchildren-return-school-aleppo-supported-unicef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/syria/stories/around-25000-students-resumed-their-learning-aleppo">"Around 25,000 students resumed their learning in Aleppo"</a>. <i>UNICEF</i>. 19 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821132012/https://www.unicef.org/syria/stories/around-25000-students-resumed-their-learning-aleppo">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=Around+25%2C000+students+resumed+their+learning+in+Aleppo.&rft.date=2021-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fsyria%2Fstories%2Faround-25000-students-resumed-their-learning-aleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daad-akademie.de/medien/ida/webversion_ida_bildungshintergr%C3%BCnde_syrien.pdf">Students</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302040305/https://www.daad-akademie.de/medien/ida/webversion_ida_bildungshintergr%C3%BCnde_syrien.pdf">Archived</a> 2 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> daad-akademie.de, 22. February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Zain/_H._Said2014" class="citation news cs1">H. Zain/ H. Said (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=22131">"Al-Jalaa basketball team takes lead in 1st leg of Aleppo Gathering League Tournament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">Syrian Arab News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122113227/https://sana.sy/en/?p=22131">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Jalaa+basketball+team+takes+lead+in+1st+leg+of+Aleppo+Gathering+League+Tournament.&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.au=H.+Zain%2F+H.+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D22131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-it-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-it_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basketball.asia-basket.com/team/Syria/Al-Ittihad-Aleppo/3415?Page=5">"Al-Ittihad, History"</a>. <i>asia-basket</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108093754/http://basketball.asia-basket.com/team/Syria/Al-Ittihad-Aleppo/3415?Page=5">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=asia-basket&rft.atitle=Al-Ittihad%2C+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasketball.asia-basket.com%2Fteam%2FSyria%2FAl-Ittihad-Aleppo%2F3415%3FPage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basketball.asia-basket.com/team/Syria/Al-Jalaa-Aleppo/5047?Page=5">"Al Jalaa, History"</a>. <i>asia-basket</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923141255/http://basketball.asia-basket.com/team/Syria/Al-Jalaa-Aleppo/5047?Page=5">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=asia-basket&rft.atitle=Al+Jalaa%2C+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasketball.asia-basket.com%2Fteam%2FSyria%2FAl-Jalaa-Aleppo%2F5047%3FPage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/asian-qualifiers/game/0107/Syria-Bahrain">"Syria-Bahrain"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria-Bahrain&rft.pub=FIBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fbasketballworldcup%2F2023%2Fasian-qualifiers%2Fgame%2F0107%2FSyria-Bahrain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/asian-qualifiers/game/0407/Syria-Iran">"Syria-Iran"</a>. FIBA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326202119/https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/asian-qualifiers/game/0407/Syria-Iran">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria-Iran&rft.pub=FIBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fbasketballworldcup%2F2023%2Fasian-qualifiers%2Fgame%2F0407%2FSyria-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316200947/http://www.worldstadiums.com/middle_east/countries/syria.shtml">"Stadiums in Syria"</a>. World Stadiums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstadiums.com/middle_east/countries/syria.shtml">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadiums+in+Syria&rft.pub=World+Stadiums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstadiums.com%2Fmiddle_east%2Fcountries%2Fsyria.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38786182">"Football returns to Aleppo after five years of war"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191233/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38786182">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Football+returns+to+Aleppo+after+five+years+of+war&rft.date=2017-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38786182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/10/football/football-returns-to-aleppo-syria-al-ittihad-al-hurriya/index.html">"Anger vs. Joy: Playing football on 'Aleppo's ruins'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 10 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227023853/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/10/football/football-returns-to-aleppo-syria-al-ittihad-al-hurriya/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anger+vs.+Joy%3A+Playing+football+on+%27Aleppo%27s+ruins%27&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F02%2F10%2Ffootball%2Ffootball-returns-to-aleppo-syria-al-ittihad-al-hurriya%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=ruins&filename=201111062205011">"eAleppo:Khans in Aleppo"</a>. Esyria.sy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629185847/http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=ruins&filename=201111062205011">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eAleppo%3AKhans+in+Aleppo&rft.pub=Esyria.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Fealeppo%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Druins%26filename%3D201111062205011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udp-aleppo.org/">"UDP-Aleppo"</a>. UDP-Aleppo. 15 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315104149/http://www.udp-aleppo.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UDP-Aleppo&rft.pub=UDP-Aleppo&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udp-aleppo.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alptwin-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alptwin_241-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alptwin_241-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobtada.com/details/529532">"مدينة فولجوجراد تطلب باتفاقية توأمة مع حلب"</a>. <i>mobtada.com</i> (in Arabic). Mobtada. 2 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mobtada.com&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobtada.com%2Fdetails%2F529532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uab.cat/web/news-detail/humanitarian-remoteness-aid-work-practices-from-little-aleppo-1345680342044.html?noticiaid=1345803091143">"Humanitarian remoteness: aid work practices from 'little Aleppo'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>uab.cat</i>. Barcelona Research and Innovation. 20 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917053514/https://www.uab.cat/web/news-detail/humanitarian-remoteness-aid-work-practices-from-little-aleppo-1345680342044.html?noticiaid=1345803091143">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uab.cat&rft.atitle=Humanitarian+remoteness%3A+aid+work+practices+from+%27little+Aleppo%27&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uab.cat%2Fweb%2Fnews-detail%2Fhumanitarian-remoteness-aid-work-practices-from-little-aleppo-1345680342044.html%3Fnoticiaid%3D1345803091143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmangazi.bel.tr/tr/osmangazi/kardes-sehirler">"Kardeş Şehirlerimiz"</a>. <i>osmangazi.bel.tr</i> (in Turkish). Osmangazi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235239/http://osmangazi.bel.tr/tr/osmangazi/kardes-sehirler">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osmangazi.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirlerimiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmangazi.bel.tr%2Ftr%2Fosmangazi%2Fkardes-sehirler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Aleppo">Bibliography of the history of Aleppo</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasan2010" class="citation book cs1">Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). <i>The Great Seljuqs: A History</i>. Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seljuqs%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Basan&rft.aufirst=Osman+Aziz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeihammer2017" class="citation book cs1">Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). <i>Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22959-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22959-4"><bdi>978-1-138-22959-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Emergence+of+Muslim+Turkish+Anatolia%2C+ca.+1040-1130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-22959-4&rft.aulast=Beihammer&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianquis1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Thierry</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220">"Mirdās, Banū or Mirdāsids"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VII:<i> Mif–Naz</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 115–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mird%C4%81s%2C+Ban%C5%AB+or+Mird%C4%81sids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VII%3A+Mif%E2%80%93Naz&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=115-123&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rft.aulast=Bianquis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2016" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Ross (2016). <i>Aleppo, A History</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415737210" title="Special:BookSources/9780415737210"><bdi>9780415737210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aleppo%2C+A+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780415737210&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarréMichaud1983" class="citation book cs1">Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard (1983). <i>Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982)</i>. Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782070259847" title="Special:BookSources/9782070259847"><bdi>9782070259847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Fr%C3%A8res+musulmans%3A+Egypte+et+Syrie+%281928%E2%80%931982%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9782070259847&rft.aulast=Carr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Michaud%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemurger2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demurger, Alain (2007). <i>Jacques de Molay</i> (in French). Editions Payot&Rivages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90235-9"><bdi>978-2-228-90235-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacques+de+Molay&rft.pub=Editions+Payot%26Rivages&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-228-90235-9&rft.aulast=Demurger&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2020" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Simon (2020). <i>Old Testament Warriors: The Clash of Cultures in the Ancient Near East</i>. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612009544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612009544"><bdi>978-1612009544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Warriors%3A+The+Clash+of+Cultures+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1612009544&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_POQwAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187</i></a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East%2C+1100-1187&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_POQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span> (1990 reprint paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140137040" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140137040">978-0140137040</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1987). <i>A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521347723" title="Special:BookSources/9780521347723"><bdi>9780521347723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Kingdom+of+Acre+and+the+Later+Crusades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780521347723&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeale1989" class="citation book cs1">Seale, Patrick (1989). <i>Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East</i> (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06667-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06667-7"><bdi>0-520-06667-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19130614">19130614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+of+Syria%3A+the+struggle+for+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19130614&rft.isbn=0-520-06667-7&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakkar1969" class="citation thesis cs1">Zakkar, Suheil (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29516/1/10731672.pdf"><i>The Emirate of Aleppo 392/1002–487/1094</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). London: University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Emirate+of+Aleppo+392%2F1002%E2%80%93487%2F1094&rft.inst=University+of+London&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Zakkar&rft.aufirst=Suheil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F29516%2F1%2F10731672.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleppo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aleppo#Q41183" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Aleppo">Aleppo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aleppo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Aleppo">Aleppo</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aleppo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aleppo">Aleppo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleppo.gov.sy/en/home">Aleppo Governorate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/">Aleppo news</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleppo.us/">Aleppo history and culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128013456/http://www.aleppo.us/">Archived</a> 28 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Aleppo%20(Syria)">Photos of Aleppo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_of_Research" title="American Center of Research">American Center of Research</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Capital of Islamic culture </b><br />2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aleppo" title="Template:Aleppo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aleppo" title="Template talk:Aleppo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Aleppo_Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="New Aleppo Neighborhood">New Aleppo Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramouseh" title="Ramouseh">Ramouseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaheddine_District" title="Salaheddine District">Salaheddine District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Hammam Bab al-Ahmar">Hammam Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah_al-Farafira" title="Khanqah al-Farafira">Khanqah al-Farafira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bimaristan_Arghun_al-Kamili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili (page does not exist)">Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Junblatt" title="Beit Junblatt">Beit Junblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Hotel" title="Baron Hotel">Baron Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_railway_station" title="Aleppo railway station">Aleppo railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rose" title="Villa Rose">Villa Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail_of_Aleppo" title="Grand Serail of Aleppo">Grand Serail of Aleppo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahmadiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa">Al-Ahmadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">Al-Firdaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">Al-Halawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kameliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Kameliyah Madrasa">Al-Kameliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">Al-Muqaddamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shadbakhtiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa">Al-Shadbakhtiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharafiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa">Al-Sharafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">Al-Sultaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyah_Madrasa_(Aleppo)" title="Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)">Al-Uthmaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Aleppo" title="List of mosques in Aleppo">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuaibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque">Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque" title="Al-Nuqtah Mosque">Al-Nuqtah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmandar_Mosque" title="Mahmandar Mosque">Mahmandar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Bogha_Mosque" title="Altun Bogha Mosque">Altun Bogha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahibiyah Mosque">Al-Sahibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahsita_Mosque" title="Bahsita Mosque">Bahsita Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawashi_Mosque" title="Al-Tawashi Mosque">Al-Tawashi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffahiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Saffahiyah Mosque">Al-Saffahiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Mosque" title="Al-Adiliyah Mosque">Al-Adiliyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behramiyah_Mosque" title="Behramiyah Mosque">Behramiyah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahman_Mosque,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo">Ar-Rahman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid_Mosque" title="Tawhid Mosque">Tawhid Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Aleppo" title="List of churches in Aleppo">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">Forty Martyrs Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady" title="Church of the Dormition of Our Lady">Church of the Dormition of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elijah,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo">Saint Elijah Cathedral</a> (Maronite)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi,_Aleppo" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Aleppo">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Aleppo">Cathedral of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Cross, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Aleppo">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church in Syria">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Elijah_the_Prophet,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet, Aleppo">Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet</a> (Greek Orthodox)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Aleppo)" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God (Aleppo)">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Syria">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Emmanuel Church, Aleppo">Emmanuel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Bethel Church, Aleppo">Bethel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Church,_Aleppo" title="Martyrs' Church, Aleppo">Martyrs' Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hadid" title="Bab al-Hadid">Bab al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Bab al-Ahmar">Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Bab Antakeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)">Bab al-Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo_Citadel_Amphitheatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre (page does not exist)">Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel_Museum" title="Aleppo Citadel Museum">Aleppo Citadel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Aleppo" title="National Library of Aleppo">National Library of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Aleppo" title="National Museum of Aleppo">National Museum of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Centre_for_Culture_and_Arts" title="Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts">Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Private_University" title="Cordoba Private University">Mamoun University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahba_University" title="Al-Shahba University">Al-Shahba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_College" title="Aleppo College">Aleppo College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Amal" title="École Amal">École Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aleppo" title="International School of Aleppo">International School of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Alep" title="Lycée français d'Alep">Lycée français d'Alep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabil_Park" title="Al-Sabil Park">Al-Sabil Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Public_Park" title="Aleppo Public Park">Aleppo Public Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Snoubari_Park" title="Al-Snoubari Park">Al-Snoubari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdo" title="Abu Abdo">Abu Abdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_d%27Alep" title="Club d'Alep">Club d'Alep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Aleppo_Hotel" title="Sheraton Aleppo Hotel">Sheraton Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba_Mall" title="Shahba Mall">Shahba Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">Al-Hatab Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhat_Square" title="Farhat Square">Farhat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square,_Aleppo" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square, Aleppo">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_Square" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah al-Jabiri Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square,_Aleppo" title="Liberty Square, Aleppo">Liberty Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_Sassounian" title="Harut Sassounian">Harut Sassounian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Capucci" title="Hilarion Capucci">Hilarion Capucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Safra" title="Joseph Safra">Joseph Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrossian" class="mw-redirect" title="Levon Ter-Petrossian">Levon Ter-Petrossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louay_Kayali" title="Louay Kayali">Louay Kayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustapha_Akkad" title="Moustapha Akkad">Moustapha Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Mouchawar" title="Ronaldo Mouchawar">Ronaldo Mouchawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushdi_al-Kikhya" title="Rushdi al-Kikhya">Rushdi al-Kikhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu-Riche" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abu-Riche">Omar Abu-Riche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Aleppo" title="Paul of Aleppo">Paul of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Fakhri" title="Sabah Fakhri">Sabah Fakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maron" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maron">Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahab_River" title="Dhahab River">Dhahab River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon" title="Mount Simeon">Mount Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Mountains">Kurd Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Barsa" title="Mount Barsa">Mount Barsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_al-Hass" title="Mount al-Hass">Mount al-Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_plateau" title="Aleppo plateau">Aleppo plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Massif" title="Limestone Massif">Limestone Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabkhat_al-Jabbul" title="Sabkhat al-Jabbul">Sabkhat al-Jabbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_April_Stadium_(Aleppo)" title="7 April Stadium (Aleppo)">7 April Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%27ayet_al-Shabab_Stadium" title="Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium">Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_Sports_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad Sports Arena">Al-Assad Sports Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Stadium" title="Al-Hamadaniah Stadium">Al-Hamadaniah Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Stadium" title="Al-Ittihad Stadium">Al-Ittihad Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad_Swimming_Complex" title="Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex">Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Stadium" title="Aleppo International Stadium">Aleppo International Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Tennis_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Olympic_Swimming_and_Diving_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo">Al-Ittihad SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya_SC" title="Al-Hurriya SC">Al-Hurriya SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yarmouk_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Yarmouk SC (Syria)">Al-Yarmouk SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Herafyeen_SC" title="Al-Herafyeen SC">Al-Herafyeen SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_SC" title="Jalaa SC">Jalaa SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommal_Aleppo_SC" title="Ommal Aleppo SC">Ommal Aleppo SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroube_SC" title="Ouroube SC">Ouroube SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorta_Aleppo_SC" title="Shorta Aleppo SC">Shorta Aleppo SC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo" title="Timeline of Aleppo">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Rulers of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Kingdom of Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">Siege of Aleppo (637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">1138 Aleppo earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">Siege of Aleppo (1260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">Massacre of Aleppo (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway" title="Berlin–Baghdad railway">Baghdad Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 Aleppo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Railways#History" title="Syrian Railways">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Artillery_School_massacre" title="Aleppo Artillery School massacre">Aleppo Artillery School massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1980)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1980)">Siege of Aleppo (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="February 2012 Aleppo bombings">February 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="March 2012 Aleppo bombing">March 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="September 2012 Aleppo bombing">September 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="October 2012 Aleppo bombings">October 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_University_bombings" title="Aleppo University bombings">University bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Aleppo" title="Category:Aleppo">Category:Aleppo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo_Governorate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aleppo_Governorate" title="Template:Aleppo Governorate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aleppo_Governorate" title="Template talk:Aleppo Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aleppo Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo_Governorate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Capital:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Mount_Simeon_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon_District" title="Mount Simeon District">Mount Simeon District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon_Subdistrict" title="Mount Simeon Subdistrict">Mount Simeon Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abtin,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abtin, Syria (page does not exist)">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assan,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assan, Syria (page does not exist)">Assan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Kabira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Kabira (page does not exist)">Ayn al-Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azzan,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azzan, Syria (page does not exist)">Azzan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwayr_al-Zaytun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duwayr al-Zaytun (page does not exist)">Duwayr al-Zaytun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haddadin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haddadin (page does not exist)">Haddadin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayyan (page does not exist)">Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilan,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilan, Syria (page does not exist)">Hilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hreibel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hreibel (page does not exist)">Hreibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Saghir" title="Kafr Saghir">Kafr Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tuman" title="Khan Tuman">Khan Tuman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghayer_Khan_Tuman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maghayer Khan Tuman (page does not exist)">Maghayer Khan Tuman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maratat_al-Muslimiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maratat al-Muslimiyah (page does not exist)">Maratat al-Muslimiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muslimiyah" title="Al-Muslimiyah">al-Muslimiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muslimiyah_al-Shamaliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Muslimiyah al-Shamaliyah (page does not exist)">al-Muslimiyah al-Shamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qarras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qarras (page does not exist)">Qarras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_Assan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm Assan (page does not exist)">Rasm Assan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqlaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saqlaya (page does not exist)">Saqlaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siefat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siefat (page does not exist)">Siefat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Shair_Samaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Shair Samaan (page does not exist)">Tell Shair Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shughayb" title="Tell Shughayb">Tell Shughayb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dhahabiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dhahabiyah (page does not exist)">al-Dhahabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wadihi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Wadihi (page does not exist)">al-Wadihi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Tell_ad-Daman_Nahiyah" title="Tell ad-Daman Nahiyah">Tell ad-Daman‎ Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Daman" title="Tell al-Daman">Tell al-Daman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Rweil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Rweil (page does not exist)">Abu Rweil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameriyeh,_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ameriyeh, Aleppo (page does not exist)">Ameriyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arjel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arjel (page does not exist)">Arjel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atshana_Sharqiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atshana Sharqiya (page does not exist)">Atshana Sharqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atshana_Gharbiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atshana Gharbiya (page does not exist)">Atshana Gharbiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballas,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballas, Syria (page does not exist)">Ballas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballas_al-Jadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballas al-Jadida (page does not exist)">Ballas al-Jadida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batranah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batranah (page does not exist)">Batranah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burda,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burda, Syria (page does not exist)">Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buwaida_Saghira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buwaida Saghira (page does not exist)">Buwaida Saghira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_Saliba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deir Saliba (page does not exist)">Deir Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmeidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hmeidi (page does not exist)">Hmeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hober,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hober, Syria (page does not exist)">Hober</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubb_Aleis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubb Aleis (page does not exist)">Jubb Aleis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Obeid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Obeid (page does not exist)">Kafr Obeid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mintar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mintar (page does not exist)">al-Mintar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mreiqes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mreiqes (page does not exist)">Mreiqes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oweinat_Kabira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oweinat Kabira (page does not exist)">Oweinat Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_al-Mofakker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm al-Mofakker (page does not exist)">Rasm al-Mofakker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabara_al-Khusheir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabara al-Khusheir (page does not exist)">Tabara al-Khusheir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Um_al-Karamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Um al-Karamel (page does not exist)">Um al-Karamel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haritan_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haritan Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Haritan Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Haritan" title="Haritan">Haritan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadan" title="Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babis,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babis, Syria (page does not exist)">Babis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashkoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashkoy (page does not exist)">Bashkoy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayyan (page does not exist)">Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fah, Syria (page does not exist)">Fah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Bssin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Bssin (page does not exist)">Kafr Bssin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Hamrah" title="Kafr Hamrah">Kafr Hamrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarat_al-Artiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarat al-Artiq (page does not exist)">Maarat al-Artiq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqqarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqqarin (page does not exist)">Naqqarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Najjar" title="Shaykh Najjar">Shaykh Najjar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Zayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Zayat (page does not exist)">Shaykh Zayat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamer,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamer, Syria (page does not exist)">Shamer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqed_al-Adas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaqed al-Adas (page does not exist)">Yaqed al-Adas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darat_Izza_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darat Izza Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Darat Izza Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bshantara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bshantara (page does not exist)">Bshantara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basrtun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basrtun (page does not exist)">Basrtun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishqatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishqatin (page does not exist)">Bishqatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafrantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafrantin (page does not exist)">Kafrantin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hoteh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hoteh (page does not exist)">al-Hoteh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hur,_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hur, Aleppo (page does not exist)">Hur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Injarah (page does not exist)">Injarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irhab,_Syria" title="Irhab, Syria">Irhab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabtan_al-Jabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabtan al-Jabal (page does not exist)">Qabtan al-Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sakhriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sakhriyah (page does not exist)">al-Sakhriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taqad (page does not exist)">Taqad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hadher_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hadher Nahiyah (page does not exist)">al-Hadher Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadher,_Syria" title="Al-Hadher, Syria">al-Hadher</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Eiss" title="Al-Eiss">al-Eiss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalamah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalamah (page does not exist)">Dalamah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jmeimeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jmeimeh (page does not exist)">Jmeimeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryamin_Samaan" title="Maryamin Samaan">Maryamin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Dadin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Dadin (page does not exist)">Tell Dadin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zirbah_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zirbah Nahiyah (page does not exist)">al-Zirbah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Zirbah" title="Al-Zirbah">al-Zirbah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abad,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abad, Syria (page does not exist)">Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arada,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arada, Syria (page does not exist)">Arada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banes,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banes, Syria (page does not exist)">Banes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnah (page does not exist)">Barnah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barqum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barqum (page does not exist)">Barqum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawabiyah" title="Bawabiyah">Bawabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humayrah,_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humayrah, Aleppo (page does not exist)">Humayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huweir_al-Eiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huweir al-Eiss (page does not exist)">Huweir al-Eiss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jazraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jazraya (page does not exist)">Jazraya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubb_Kas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubb Kas (page does not exist)">Jubb Kas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassibeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassibeh (page does not exist)">Kassibeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othmaniya_Kabira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othmaniya Kabira (page does not exist)">Othmaniya Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_al-Eiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm al-Eiss (page does not exist)">Rasm al-Eiss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talafeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talafeh (page does not exist)">Talafeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Allush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Allush (page does not exist)">Tell Allush</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Hidyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Hidyah (page does not exist)">Tell Hidyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zitan,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zitan, Syria (page does not exist)">Zitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziyara_Samaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziyara Samaan (page does not exist)">Ziyara Samaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zammar_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zammar Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Zammar Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zammar" title="Zammar">Zammar</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Governorate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Aleppo Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aleppo_Governorate.svg/90px-Aleppo_Governorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aleppo_Governorate.svg/135px-Aleppo_Governorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aleppo_Governorate.svg/180px-Aleppo_Governorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="696" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo Governorate"><img alt="Aleppo Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aleppo_blank_districts.png/90px-Aleppo_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aleppo_blank_districts.png/135px-Aleppo_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aleppo_blank_districts.png/180px-Aleppo_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Azaz_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azaz_District" title="Azaz District">Azaz District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Azaz_Subdistrict" title="Azaz Subdistrict">Azaz Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayruziyah" title="Al-Fayruziyah">al-Fayruziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarez" title="Jarez">Jarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kalbin" title="Kafr Kalbin">Kafr Kalbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Khasher" title="Kafr Khasher">Kafr Khasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaljibrin" title="Kaljibrin">Kaljibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Krum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Krum">Al-Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arin" title="Ma'arin">Ma'arin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah,_Azaz" title="Al-Malikiyah, Azaz">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraanaz" title="Maraanaz">Maraanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagh" title="Menagh">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayarah" title="Nayarah">Nayarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddah" title="Naddah">Naddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salameh,_Syria" title="Al-Salameh, Syria">al-Salameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarikh" title="Shamarikh">Shamarikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarin" title="Shamarin">Shamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijaraz" title="Sijaraz">Sijaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiyah" title="Tatiyah">Tatiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulayl_ash-Sham" title="Tulayl ash-Sham">Tulayl ash-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahmul" title="Yahmul">Yahmul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin_Subdistrict" title="Akhtarin Subdistrict">Akhtarin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablah" title="Ablah">Ablah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Burhan" title="Aq Burhan">Aq Burhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaf,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaf, Syria (page does not exist)">Arshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahwartah" title="Bahwartah">Bahwartah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruza" title="Baruza">Baruza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria" title="Dabiq, Syria">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudyan" title="Dudyan">Dudyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duweidan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duweidan (page does not exist)">Duweidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaytun" title="Ghaytun">Ghaytun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurur" title="Ghurur">Ghurur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ibah" title="Ka'ibah">Ka'ibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadrish" title="Kadrish">Kadrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabtan" title="Qabtan">Qabtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qar_Kalbin" title="Qar Kalbin">Qar Kalbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taanah,_Syria" title="Taanah, Syria">Taanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal%27ar_Gharbi" title="Tal'ar Gharbi">Tal'ar Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal%27ar_Sharqi" title="Tal'ar Sharqi">Tal'ar Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Battal" title="Tall Battal">Tall Battal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Tanah" title="Tall Tanah">Tall Tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Hims" title="Tat Hims">Tat Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_Bareh" title="Turkman Bareh">Turkman Bareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziadiyah" title="Ziadiyah">Ziadiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat_Subdistrict" title="Tell Rifaat Subdistrict">Tell Rifaat Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahras" title="Ahras">Ahras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Jamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Jamal">Deir Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Naseh,_Tell_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Naseh, Tell Rifaat">Kafr Naseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Naya" title="Kafr Naya">Kafr Naya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Issa" title="Shaykh Issa">Shaykh Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jabin" title="Tell Jabin">Tell Jabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Mare%27_Subdistrict" title="Mare' Subdistrict">Mare' Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fafin" title="Fafin">Fafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbel" title="Herbel">Herbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_Umm_Hawsh" title="Maarat Umm Hawsh">Ma'arat Umm Hawsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbul" title="Sunbul">Sunbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talalin (page does not exist)">Talalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qarah" title="Tell Qarah">Tell Qarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Nubl_Subdistrict" title="Nubl Subdistrict">Nubl Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayanoun" title="Bayanoun">Bayanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer,_Syria" title="Mayer, Syria">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratyan" title="Ratyan">Ratyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahraa" title="Al-Zahraa">al-Zahraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Sawran_Subdistrict,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Sawran Subdistrict, Aleppo Governorate">Sawran Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Sawran, Aleppo Governorate">Sawran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraghida" title="Baraghida">Baraghida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel,_Syria" title="Bel, Syria">Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwaybiq" title="Duwaybiq">Duwaybiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawar_Kilis" title="Hawar Kilis">Hawar Kilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtaimlat" title="Ihtaimlat">Ihtaimlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Judaydah,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Al-Judaydah, Aleppo Governorate">al-Judaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafra,_Syria" title="Kafra, Syria">Kafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Burayshah" title="Kafr Burayshah">Kafr Burayshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Shoush" title="Kafr Shoush">Kafr Shoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murayghil" title="Murayghil">Murayghil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rael,_Syria" title="Rael, Syria">Rael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwayrin" title="Shuwayrin">Shuwayrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah,_Aleppo_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yaarubiyah, Aleppo Governorate">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Yamamah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Yamamah, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Yamamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahiriyah,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Az-Zahiriyah, Aleppo Governorate">Az-Zahiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayzafun" title="Zayzafun">Zayzafun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Afrin_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Subdistrict" title="Afrin Subdistrict">Afrin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Ain Dara, Aleppo Governorate">Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awlad_al-Arab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awlad al-Arab (page does not exist)">Awlad al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barad,_Syria" title="Barad, Syria">Barad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baselhaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baselhaya (page does not exist)">Baselhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuta" title="Basuta">Basuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basufan" title="Basufan">Basufan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_Adin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beit Adin (page does not exist)">Beit Adin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Abdullah" title="Burj Abdullah">Burj Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inab" title="Inab">Inab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nabu (page does not exist)">Kafr Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalota,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalota, Syria (page does not exist)">Kalota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimar,_Syria" title="Kimar, Syria">Kimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Afrin" title="Maryamin, Afrin">Maryamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oqayba" title="Oqayba">Oqayba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibar" title="Qibar">Qibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulbul_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulbul Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Bulbul Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burj_Haider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burj Haider (page does not exist)">Burj Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darmashkanli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darmashkanli (page does not exist)">Darmashkanli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_Ballut,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deir Ballut, Syria (page does not exist)">Deir Ballut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fafertin" title="Fafertin">Fafertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalbul (page does not exist)">Jalbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karzahayel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karzahayel (page does not exist)">Karzahayel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jandairis_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jandairis Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Jandairis Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celem%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Celemê">Jalamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Safra" title="Kafr Safra">Kafr Safra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maabatli_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maabatli Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Maabatli Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajo_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajo Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Rajo Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meidan_Ekbis" title="Meidan Ekbis">Meidan Ekbis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharran_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharran Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Sharran Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatma" title="Qatma">Qatma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_al-Hadid_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Atarib_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atarib_District" title="Atarib District">Atarib District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Atarib_Subdistrict" title="Atarib Subdistrict">Atarib Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Abzamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Abzamo (page does not exist)">al-Abzamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batibo,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batibo, Syria (page does not exist)">Batibo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jinah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jinah (page does not exist)">al-Jinah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan_Subdistrict" title="Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict">Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Halab" title="Kafr Halab">Kafr Halab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Karmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Karmin (page does not exist)">Kafr Karmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Naha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Naha (page does not exist)">Kafr Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nasih_al-Atarib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nasih al-Atarib (page does not exist)">Kafr Nasih al-Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nuran (page does not exist)">Kafr Nuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarat_Atarib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarat Atarib (page does not exist)">Maarat Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awayjil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awayjil (page does not exist)">Awayjil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sahharah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sahharah (page does not exist)">al-Sahharah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shaykh_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shaykh Ali (page does not exist)">al-Shaykh Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urum_al-Kubra_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Kubra" title="Urum al-Kubra">Urum al-Kubra</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Sughra" title="Urum al-Sughra">Urum al-Sughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Ayn_al-Arab_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_Subdistrict" title="Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict">Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Ayn al-Arab</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Farazdaq,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Farazdaq, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Farazdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haqel" title="Al-Haqel">al-Haqel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaadat_al-Samaawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaadat al-Samaawat (page does not exist)">Jaadat al-Samaawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jalbiyah_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict (page does not exist)">al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jalbiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jalbiyah (page does not exist)">al-Jalbiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubb_Faraj_Kabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubb Faraj Kabir (page does not exist)">Jubb Faraj Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_(Ayn_Al-Arab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mil (Ayn Al-Arab)">Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qibbah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qibbah, Syria (page does not exist)">Qibbah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qinayah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qinayah (page does not exist)">Qinayah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramilah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramilah (page does not exist)">Ramilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn_Qibli" title="Ras al-Ayn Qibli">Ras al-Ayn Qibli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarrin_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarrin Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Sarrin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_Fawqani" title="Shuyukh Fawqani">Shuyukh Fawqani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_Tahtani_Subdistrict" title="Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict">Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_Tahtani" title="Shuyukh Tahtani">Shuyukh Tahtani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abyad_Tahtani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Abyad Tahtani (page does not exist)">Tell Abyad Tahtani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Al-Bab_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_District" title="Al-Bab District">Al-Bab District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_Subdistrict" title="Al-Bab Subdistrict">Al-Bab Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jabbar" title="Abu Jabbar">Abu Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Taltal" title="Abu Taltal">Abu Taltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameriyeh,_al-Bab" title="Ameriyeh, al-Bab">Ameriyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arima_Subdistrict" title="Arima Subdistrict">Arima Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran,_Syria" title="Arran, Syria">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlahin" title="Barlahin">Barlahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizaah" title="Bizaah">Bizaah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_al-Bab" title="Al-Burj, al-Bab">al-Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Qaq" title="Deir Qaq">Deir Qaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddabat" title="Haddabat">Haddabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Kusa" title="Haji Kusa">Haji Kusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezwan" title="Hezwan">Hezwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherbet_Kiyar" title="Kherbet Kiyar">Kherbet Kiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maran,_Syria" title="Maran, Syria">Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oweishiyeh" title="Oweishiyeh">Oweishiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabasin" title="Qabasin">Qabbasin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai_Subdistrict" title="Al-Rai Subdistrict">Al-Rai Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">Al-Rai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosyan" title="Sosyan">Sosyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Tadef_Subdistrict" title="Tadef Subdistrict">Tadef Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tadef" title="Tadef">Tadef</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rahal" title="Tell Rahal">Tell Rahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqf,_Syria" title="Al-Waqf, Syria">al-Waqf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Dayr_Hafir_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir_District" title="Dayr Hafir District">Dayr Hafir District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayr_Hafir_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayr Hafir Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Dayr Hafir Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humaymah_Kabirah" title="Humaymah Kabirah">Humaymah Kabirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jabbul" title="Al-Jabbul">al-Jabbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Marra" title="Umm el-Marra">Umm el-Marra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuweires_Sharqi_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_Sharqi" title="Kuweires Sharqi">Kuweires Sharqi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazburah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazburah (page does not exist)">Mazburah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Raa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Raa'i (page does not exist)">al-Raa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_al-Abed" title="Rasm al-Abed">Rasm al-Abed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Ahmad,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Ahmad, Syria (page does not exist)">Shaykh Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Ayoub,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Ayoub, Syria (page does not exist)">Tell Ayoub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Jarabulus_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_District" title="Jarabulus District">Jarabulus District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_Subdistrict" title="Jarabulus Subdistrict">Jarabulus Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bir_Fawqani" title="Al-Bir Fawqani">al-Bir Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bir_Tahtani" title="Al-Bir Tahtani">al-Bir Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajaliah" title="Al-Hajaliah">al-Hajaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haluwaniyah" title="Al-Haluwaniyah">al-Haluwaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jamel" title="Al-Jamel">al-Jamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarnah">Amarnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Bayda,_Jarabulus" title="Ayn al-Bayda, Jarabulus">Ayn al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaban,_Syria" title="Balaban, Syria">Balaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabis,_Syria" title="Dabis, Syria">Dabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymar,_Syria" title="Haymar, Syria">Haymar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_Tahtani" title="Jarabulus Tahtani">Jarabulus Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marma_al-Hajar" title="Marma al-Hajar">Marma al-Hajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaalah">Mazaalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandariyah" title="Qandariyah">Qandariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qirata,_Jarabulus" title="Qirata, Jarabulus">Qirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qirq_Maghar" title="Qirq Maghar">Qirq Maghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Rutha_Tahtani,_Jarabulus" title="Umm Rutha Tahtani, Jarabulus">Umm Rutha Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Bayk" title="Yusuf Bayk">Yusuf Bayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugharah,_Jarabulus" title="Zugharah, Jarabulus">Zugharah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura_Subdistrict" title="Ghandoura Subdistrict">Ghandoura Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kuliya,_Jarabulus" title="Al-Kuliya, Jarabulus">Al-Kuliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahid,_Jarabulus" title="Al-Shahid, Jarabulus">Al-Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi,_Jarabulus" title="Al-Qadi, Jarabulus">Al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Azzah" title="Arab Azzah">Arab Azzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belis,_Jarabulus" title="Belis, Jarabulus">Belis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursan,_Syria" title="Fursan, Syria">Fursan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Dam,_Jarabulus" title="Jubb al-Dam, Jarabulus">Jubb al-Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilawa" title="Lilawa">Lilawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabghah,_Jarabulus" title="Nabghah, Jarabulus">Nabghah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aghbar,_Jarabulus" title="Tell Aghbar, Jarabulus">Tell Aghbar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Hajar,_Jarabulus" title="Tall Hajar, Jarabulus">Tell Hajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubbat_at-Turkuman" title="Qubbat at-Turkuman">Qubbat at-Turkuman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Suwaydah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Suwaydah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Suwaydah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Manbij_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manbij_District" title="Manbij District">Manbij District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Manbij_Subdistrict" title="Manbij Subdistrict">Manbij Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kahf_Subdistrict" title="Abu Kahf Subdistrict">Abu Kahf Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Kahf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Kahf (page does not exist)">Abu Kahf</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil_Subdistrict" title="Abu Qilqil Subdistrict">Abu Qilqil Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Hassan_Kabir" title="Arab Hassan Kabir">Arab Hassan Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awsajli_Kabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awsajli Kabir (page does not exist)">Awsajli Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakhirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakhirah (page does not exist)">Dakhirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandaniya" title="Dandaniya">Dandaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamir_Labidah" title="Hamir Labidah">Hamir Labidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyah_Kabirah" title="Hayyah Kabirah">Hayyah Kabirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Hamza" title="Jubb Hamza">Jubb Hamza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah_Subdistrict" title="Al-Khafsah Subdistrict">Al-Khafsah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">Al-Khafsah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Humr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan al-Humr (page does not exist)">Khan al-Humr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maamurah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maamurah (page does not exist)">al-Maamurah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahsanah_Khafsah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mahsanah Khafsah (page does not exist)">al-Mahsanah Khafsah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Subdistrict" title="Maskanah Subdistrict">Maskanah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mallah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mallah, Syria (page does not exist)">Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujammaa_Huttin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujammaa Huttin (page does not exist)">Mujammaa Huttin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nasiriyah_Fawqani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nasiriyah Fawqani (page does not exist)">al-Nasiriyah Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qashlat_Yusef_Basha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qashlat Yusef Basha (page does not exist)">Qashlat Yusef Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_al-Ayn_al-Bumane%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane' (page does not exist)">Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saan_al-Ghazal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saan al-Ghazal (page does not exist)">Saan al-Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Tadamon,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Tadamon, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talhuthan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talhuthan (page does not exist)">Talhuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Aswad,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Aswad, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">Tell Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Akhdar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Akhdar (page does not exist)">Tell Akhdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin,_Aleppo" title="Tishrin, Aleppo">Tishrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zahirah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zahirah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Zahirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunqul" title="Zunqul">Zunqul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="As-Safira_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/As-Safira_District" title="As-Safira District">As-Safira District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=As-Safira_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As-Safira Nahiyah (page does not exist)">As-Safira Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Jurayn_al-Safirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Jurayn al-Safirah (page does not exist)">Abu Jurayn al-Safirah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqrabah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqrabah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">Aqrabah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banan_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banan Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Banan Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hajib_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hajib Nahiyah (page does not exist)">al-Hajib Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawwaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawwaz (page does not exist)">Hawwaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khanasir_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khanasir Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Khanasir Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanasir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qulayaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qulayaa (page does not exist)">Qulayaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Al-Nafl" title="Rasm Al-Nafl">Rasm Al-Nafl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Samiriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Samiriyah (page does not exist)">al-Samiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tat,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tat, Syria (page does not exist)">Tat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Aran_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Aran Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Tell Aran Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aran" title="Tell Aran">Tell Aran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Hasil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Hasil (page does not exist)">Tell Hasil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zira%27ah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zira'ah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">Zira'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Cities_and_towns_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Cities_and_towns_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities and towns of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Syria"><img alt="Districts of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/100px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/150px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/200px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Syria" title="Fiq, Syria">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shaykh Badr">ash-Shaykh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Suqaylabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Sub-district</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thuhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Thuhur">Abu al-Thuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeen">Arbeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ariqah" title="Al-Ariqah">al-Ariqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arishah" title="Al-Arishah">al-Arishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Fijah">Ayn al-Fijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Halaqim">Ayn Halaqim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Nasr">Ayn al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn" title="Beit Jinn">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimas" title="Al-Dimas">al-Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr" title="Al-Dumayr">al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghariyah" title="Al-Ghariyah">al-Ghariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghizlaniyah" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah">al-Ghizlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hader,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hader, Syria">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbnafsah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbnafsah">Harbnafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran_al-Awamid" title="Harran al-Awamid">Harran al-Awamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">al-Hirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huraytan">Huraytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Huwash">al-Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrud" title="Jayrud">Jayrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa" title="Al-Jalaa">al-Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">al-Jarniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawadiyah" title="Al-Jawadiyah">al-Jawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiza,_Syria" title="Al-Jiza, Syria">al-Jiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Karamah, Raqqa Governorate">al-Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasrah" title="Al-Kasrah">al-Kasrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">al-Khafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasham" title="Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirnaz">Kirnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwayris_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwayris Sharqi">Kuwayris Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazaleh" title="Khirbet Ghazaleh">Khirbet Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Tin_Mahmoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_Misrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat Misrin">Ma'arrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadan">Maadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansurah, Syria">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyah" title="Al-Masmiyah">al-Masmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhasan">Muhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nashabiyah" title="Al-Nashabiyah">al-Nashabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">al-Nasirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Qahtaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarah, Syria">Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">al-Qurayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankus">Rankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhaybah" title="Al-Ruhaybah">al-Ruhaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">al-Saan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saasaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saasaa">Saasaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabe%27_Biyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sabe' Biyar">al-Sabe' Biyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabkhah" title="Al-Sabkhah">al-Sabkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebei,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebei, Syria">Sebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqqa" title="Shaqqa">Shaqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayukh_Tahtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayukh Tahtani">Shayukh Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirghaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirghaya">Sirghaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Surah_al-Saghirah" title="Al-Surah al-Saghirah">al-Surah al-Saghirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwar" title="Al-Suwar">al-Suwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate" title="Suran, Hama Governorate">Suran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Susah" title="Al-Susah">al-Susah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabni" title="Al-Tabni">al-Tabni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldou" title="Taldou">Taldou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah" title="Al-Tamanah">al-Tamanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasil" title="Tasil">Tasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Daman" title="Tell al-Daman">Tell al-Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hamis" title="Tell Hamis">Tell Hamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Salhab" title="Tell Salhab">Tell Salhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedef" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedef">Tedef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiban">Thiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqayribat" title="Uqayribat">Uqayribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Kubra" title="Urum al-Kubra">Urum al-Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Oyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al-Oyun">Wadi al-Oyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah" title="Al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zirbah" title="Al-Zirbah">al-Zirbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Ziyarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Ziyarah">az-Ziyarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo</a></li> <li>Ancient City of <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_city_of_Damascus" title="Old city of Damascus">Ancient City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Ancient Villages of Northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Crac des Chevaliers</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Salah Ed-Din">Qal’at Salah El-Din</a></li> <li><small>Site of </small><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite</a> states and cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(region)" title="Tabal (region)">Tabal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwana">Tuwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuna_(state)" title="Atuna (state)">Atuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAubi%C5%A1na" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫubišna">Ḫubišna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0inu%E1%B8%ABtu" title="Šinuḫtu">Šinuḫtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1tuanda" title="Ištuanda">Ištuanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hilakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilakku">Hilakku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqas">Marqas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE"><img alt="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/300px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaean</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Unqi-Pattina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Bit Gabbari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guzana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzana">Guzana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nampigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nampigi (page does not exist)">Nampigi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Halab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Hatarikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41183#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152061976">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213345/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aleppo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001116-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81053997">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965989c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965989c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aleppo (Sýrie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge617439&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457559">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2505">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562183405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060556059206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/490ee39f-c553-4821-941d-3230fdbd3615">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658409">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027666468">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044393">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/halep">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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[\"CITEREFBianquis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBymanPollack2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarol2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarréMichaud1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarterDunstonHumphreys2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConduit2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrus_AdlerHenrietta_Szold1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrus_Herzl_GordonGary_RendsburgNathan_H._Winter1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamien_Cave2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Ben_Amos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemurger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEyad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_Bunnens2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGábor_ÁgostonBruce_Alan_Masters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Zain/_H._Said2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan_Kösebalaban2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHybah_Sleman_/_Hazem_Sabbagh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI._William_Zartman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim_Shaza2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson,_Peter1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_A._Paul1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_F._Goode2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_David_Hawkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamāl_al-Dīn_ʻUmar_ibn_Aḥmad_Ibn_al-ʻAdīm1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay_Kaufman_Shelemay1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke_Mogelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_ChulovLuke_Harding2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Chulov_in_BeirutNour_Ali2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurakamiAkilova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOurousseff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolo_MatthiaeLicia_Romano2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolo_MatthiaeNicoló_Marchetti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRacy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRami_Al-AfandiIssam_BallouzAlaa_HaddadYork_Rieffel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiekenYakubovich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_D._Kaplan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss_Burns_\u0026amp;_Stefan_Knost2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothe1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjian1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavory1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeale1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemerdjian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaza_Qreima2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTramontana2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor_Bryce1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersaciBougdahAkagawaCavalagli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYacoub2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakkar1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbleeker\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aleppo Governorate\"] = 1,\n [\"Aleppo landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 78,\n [\"Cities of Syria\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 17,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Designation list\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 4,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Hiero\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 11,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"See-also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 1,\n [\"Syro-Hittite states\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] 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