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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_and_Northern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Northern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Central and Northern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Northern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Eastern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Southern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Southern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>North American mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Pacific Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rain shadow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%ABnskadu" title="Reënskadu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reënskadu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="صحراء الظل المطري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحراء الظل المطري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solombra_orogr%C3%A1fica" title="Solombra orográfica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solombra orográfica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="বৃষ্টিচ্ছায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃষ্টিচ্ছায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Валежна сянка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валежна сянка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombra_orogr%C3%A0fica" title="Ombra orogràfica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ombra orogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%A1%C5%BEkov%C3%BD_st%C3%ADn" title="Srážkový stín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srážkový stín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenschatten" title="Regenschatten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regenschatten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombra_orogr%C3%A1fica" title="Sombra orográfica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sombra orográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvombro" title="Pluvombro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pluvombro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzal_orografiko" title="Itzal orografiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itzal orografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سایه باران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایه باران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombre_pluviom%C3%A9trique" title="Ombre pluviométrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ombre pluviométrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%8A%98" title="비그늘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비그늘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वृष्टिछाया क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृष्टिछाया क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnskuggi" title="Regnskuggi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Regnskuggi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombra_pluviometrica" title="Ombra pluviometrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ombra pluviometrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="מדבר צל גשם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדבר צל גשם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivuli_cha_mvua" title="Kivuli cha mvua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kivuli cha mvua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombria_pioverasgia" title="Ombria pioverasgia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ombria pioverasgia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C5%91%C3%A1rny%C3%A9k" title="Esőárnyék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Esőárnyék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മഴനിഴൽ പ്രദേശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഴനിഴൽ പ്രദേശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenschaduw" title="Regenschaduw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regenschaduw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E8%94%AD" title="雨蔭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雨蔭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnskygge" title="Regnskygge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regnskygge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnskugge" title="Regnskugge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regnskugge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cie%C5%84_opadowy" title="Cień opadowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cień opadowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombra_de_chuva" title="Sombra de chuva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sombra de chuva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbr%C4%83_pluviometric%C4%83" title="Umbră pluviometrică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umbră pluviometrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Дождевая тень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дождевая тень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rain shadow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zr%C3%A1%C5%BEkov%C3%BD_tie%C5%88" title="Zrážkový tieň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zrážkový tieň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padavinska_senca" title="Padavinska senca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Padavinska senca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سێبەری باران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێبەری باران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sateen_katvealue" title="Sateen katvealue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sateen 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class="mw-redirect" title="Rain shadow effect">Rain shadow effect</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leeward side of a mountain range</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Australian television series, see <a href="/wiki/Rain_Shadow_(TV_series)" title="Rain Shadow (TV series)">Rain Shadow (TV series)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rain_shadow_effect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rain_shadow_effect.jpg/370px-Rain_shadow_effect.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rain_shadow_effect.jpg/555px-Rain_shadow_effect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rain_shadow_effect.jpg/740px-Rain_shadow_effect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Effect of a rain shadow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalaya_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Himalaya_composite.jpg/350px-Himalaya_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Himalaya_composite.jpg/525px-Himalaya_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Himalaya_composite.jpg/700px-Himalaya_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> (center), perhaps the best example of a rain shadow. Rainfalls from the southern <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian monsoon">South Asian monsoon</a> do not make it far past the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (seen by the <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a> at the bottom), leading to an arid climate on the leeward (north) side of the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (top).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rain shadow</b> is an area of significantly reduced <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> behind a <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountainous</a> region, on the side facing away from <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a>, known as its <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward#Meteorological_significance" title="Windward and leeward">leeward</a> side. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporated</a> <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> from <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">water bodies</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>) is carried by the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">onshore breezes</a> towards the drier and hotter inland areas. When encountering elevated <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>, the moist air is <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">driven upslope</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">peak</a>, where it expands, cools, and its moisture <a href="/wiki/Condense" class="mw-redirect" title="Condense">condenses</a> and starts to <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitate</a>. If the landforms are tall and wide enough, most of the <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> will be lost to precipitation over the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward#Meteorological_significance" title="Windward and leeward">windward</a> side (also known as the <i>rainward</i> side) before ever making it past the top. As the air descends the leeward side of the landforms, it is compressed and heated, producing <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">foehn winds</a> that <i>absorb</i> moisture downslope and cast a broad "shadow" of <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">dry climate</a> region behind the <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">mountain crests</a>. This climate typically takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Shrub%E2%80%93steppe" title="Shrub–steppe">shrub–steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">xeric shrublands</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>. </p><p>The condition exists because warm moist air rises by <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic lifting">orographic lifting</a> to the top of a mountain range. As atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, the air has expanded and <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process#Adiabatic_heating_and_cooling" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatically cooled</a> to the point that the air reaches its adiabatic <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> (which is not the same as its <a href="/wiki/Isobaric_process" title="Isobaric process">constant pressure</a> dew point commonly reported in weather forecasts). At the adiabatic dew point, moisture condenses onto the mountain and it <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitates</a> on the top and <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> sides of the mountain. The air descends on the leeward side, but due to the precipitation it has lost much of its moisture. Typically, descending air also gets warmer because of <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic compression">adiabatic compression</a> (as with foehn winds) down the leeward side of the mountain, which increases the amount of moisture that it can absorb and creates an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiteman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiteman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notably_affected_regions">Notably affected regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notably affected regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are regular patterns of <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a> found in bands round Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> region. The zone designated the <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> is the zone between about 30° N and 30° S, blowing predominantly from the northeast in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and from the southeast in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> are the prevailing winds in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a> between 30 and 60 degrees <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, blowing predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Roaring Forties</a> of the Southern Hemisphere, between 30 and 50 degrees latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of notable rain shadowing include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Africa">Northern Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg/230px-Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg/345px-Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg/460px-Algeria.A2002118.1040.250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="5800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>' (top) rain shadow effect makes the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> even drier.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> is made even drier because of a strong rain shadow effects caused by major mountain ranges (whose highest points can culminate up to more than 4,000 meters; 2½ miles high). To the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>, covering the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast for <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. On the windward side of the Atlas Mountains, the warm, moist winds blowing from the northwest off the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> which contain a lot of water vapor, are forced to rise, lift up and expand over the mountain range. This causes them to cool down, which causes an excess of moisture to condense into high clouds and results in heavy precipitation over the mountain range. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Orographic_rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic rainfall">orographic rainfall</a> and after this process, the air is dry because it has lost most of its moisture over the Atlas Mountains. On the leeward side, the cold, dry air starts to descend and to sink and compress, making the winds warm up. This warming causes the moisture to evaporate, making clouds disappear. This prevents rainfall formation and creates desert conditions in the Sahara.</li> <li>Desert regions in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>) such as the <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a> are all influenced by the air heating and drying produced by rain shadow effect of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg/230px-A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg/345px-A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg/460px-A_virtually_cloudless_image_of_Madagascar_ESA230211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The mountain ranges on the eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> provide a rain shadow for the country's western portion.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The windward side of the island of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, which sees easterly on-shore winds, is wet tropical, while the western and southern sides of the island lie in the rain shadow of the central highlands and are home to thorn forests and deserts. The same is true for the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Point,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Sandy Point, Tristan da Cunha">Sandy Point</a> on the east coast is warmer and drier than the rainy, windswept settlement of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a> in the west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Province">Western Cape Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Breede_River_Valley" title="Breede River Valley">Breede River Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> region lie in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Fold Mountains">Cape Fold Mountains</a> and are arid; whereas the wettest parts of the Cape Mountains can receive 1,500 millimetres (59 in), <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_South_Africa" title="Worcester, South Africa">Worcester</a> receives only around 200 millimetres (8 in) and is useful only for grazing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_and_Northern_Asia">Central and Northern Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central and Northern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Himalaya and connecting ranges also contribute to arid conditions in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a> desert, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> steppes of Mongolia and north-central to north western China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk_Range" title="Verkhoyansk Range">Verkhoyansk Range</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> is the coldest place in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, because the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena River</a> valley, due to the intense <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a> forming around the very cold continental air during the winter. One effect in the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> (Yakutia) is that, in <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk" title="Verkhoyansk">Verkhoyansk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oymyakon" title="Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a>, the average temperature in the coldest month is below −38 °C (−36 °F). These regions are synonymous with extreme cold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Asia">Eastern Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a> is rain shadowed by mountain chains including the Kara-naryn-ula, the Sheitenula, and the <a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a>, which link on to the south end of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Khingan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khingan Mountains">Great Khingan Mountains</a>.</li> <li>The central region of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> is in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Mountains" title="Arakan Mountains">Arakan Mountains</a> and is almost semi-arid with only 750 millimetres (30 in) of rain, versus up to 5.5 metres (220 in) on the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> coast.</li> <li>The plains around Tokyo, Japan - known as <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Plain" title="Kantō Plain">Kanto plain</a> - during winter experiences significantly less precipitation than the rest of the country by virtue of surrounding mountain ranges, including the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</a>, blocking prevailing northwesterly winds originating in Siberia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Asia">Southern Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Southern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghat_satellite_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ghat_satellite_view.jpg/230px-Ghat_satellite_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ghat_satellite_view.jpg/345px-Ghat_satellite_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ghat_satellite_view.jpg/460px-Ghat_satellite_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The eastern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> lie in a rain shadow, receiving far less rainfall.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Sahyadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahyadri">Sahyadri</a> ranges on the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> including: <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Karnataka" title="North Karnataka">North Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, Pakistan, are rainshadow areas.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> is bounded and rain shadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli</a> ranges to the southeast, the Himalaya to the northeast, and the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges to the west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands of Sri Lanka</a> rain shadow the northeastern parts of the island, which experience much less severe <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">summer monsoon</a> rains and instead have precipitation peaks in autumn and winter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff/lossy-page1-230px-Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff/lossy-page1-345px-Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff/lossy-page1-460px-Envisat_image_of_the_southern_Caspian_Sea_ESA223952.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption>Most of Iran is rain-shadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> mountains in the north (just south of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>), hence the country's mostly (semi) arid climate.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg/230px-Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg/345px-Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg/460px-Reviving_the_Shriveled_Lake_Urmia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="3683" /></a><figcaption>Lake Urmia (centre) and surrounds rain-shadowed by the snowy <a href="/wiki/Zagros_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros mountains">Zagros mountains</a> to the west.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> to the east rain shadow the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl_Kum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzyl Kum">Kyzyl Kum</a> deserts east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a>. They also cause vast rainfall differences between coastal areas on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> contrasted with the dry lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> facing the Caspian Sea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plateau">Anatolian Plateau</a> is rain shadowed by mountain chains, including the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> in the south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The High Peaks of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> rain-shadow the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and the western slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> Mountains on the opposite (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a>) side are rain-shadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dasht-i-Lut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-i-Lut">Dasht-i-Lut</a> in Iran is in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Elburz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Elburz Mountains">Elburz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> and is one of the most lifeless areas on Earth.</li> <li>The peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> rain-shadow the northern half of the <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> (above <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>), as manifested by the province's dry winters relative to those in the windward part of the region (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri Province</a> in Turkey).</li> <li>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Mesaoria" title="Mesaoria">Mesaoria Plain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> is in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Troodos_Mountains" title="Troodos Mountains">Troodos Mountains</a> and is semi-arid.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Plains of <a href="/wiki/Limagne" title="Limagne">Limagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>, France are also relatively rainshadowed (mostly the plain of Limagne, shadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puys" title="Chaîne des Puys">Chaîne des Puys</a> (up to 2000 mm; 80" of rain a year on the summits and below 600mm; 20" at <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, which is one of the driest places in the country).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> wine region of northern Italy is rainshadowed by the mountains that surround it on nearly every side: <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> receives only 527 mm (20¾") of precipitation per year, making it one of the driest places in mainland Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some valleys in the inner <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> are also strongly rainshadowed by the high surrounding mountains: the areas of <a href="/wiki/Gap,_Hautes-Alpes" title="Gap, Hautes-Alpes">Gap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the district of <a href="/wiki/Zernez" title="Zernez">Zernez</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a> and the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> has an average rainfall of about 450 mm (18") because of rainshadowing by the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Szwajcaria_Kaszubska" title="Szwajcaria Kaszubska">Kashubian Switzerland</a>, making it one of the driest places in the <a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> of Northern England, the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands of Scotland">Highlands of Scotland</a> create a rain shadow that includes most of the eastern United Kingdom, due to the prevailing south-westerly winds. <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, for example, receive around double the rainfall of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> respectively (although there are no mountains between Edinburgh and Glasgow). The contrast is even stronger further north, where <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> gets around a third of the rainfall of <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_Scotland" title="Fort William, Scotland">Fort William</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a>. In Devon, rainfall at <a href="/wiki/Princetown" title="Princetown">Princetown</a> on Dartmoor is almost three times the amount received 48 kilometres (30 mi) to the east at locations such as <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teignmouth" title="Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> of East Anglia receive similar rainfall amounts to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> has plenty of <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> courtesy of the mountainous terrain. <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> on a northerly <a href="/wiki/Fiord" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiord">fiord</a> receives about a third of the precipitation that the island of <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar</a> off the south coast gets. The smaller island is in the pathway of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> rain fronts with mountains lining the southern coast of the mainland.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> create a rain shadow for lowland areas east of the mountain chain and prevents the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a> from penetrating further east; thus <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> and a place like <a href="/wiki/Brekke_(village)" title="Brekke (village)">Brekke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sogn" title="Sogn">Sogn</a>, west of the mountains, receive an annual precipitation of 2,250 millimetres (89 in) and 3,575 millimetres (141 in), respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> receives only 760 millimetres (30 in), and <a href="/wiki/Skj%C3%A5k_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Skjåk Municipality">Skjåk Municipality</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Norway">municipality</a> situated in a deep valley, receives only 280 millimetres (11 in). Further east, the partial influence of the Scandinavian Mountains contribute to areas in east-central <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> around <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> only receiving 550 millimetres (22 in) annually. In the north, the mountain range extending to the coast in around <a href="/wiki/Narvik_(town)" title="Narvik (town)">Narvik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a> cause a lot higher precipitation there than in coastal areas further east facing north such as <a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a> or inland areas like <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a> across the Swedish border.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_highlands" title="South Swedish highlands">South Swedish highlands</a>, although not rising more than 377 metres (1,237 ft), reduce precipitation and increase summer temperatures on the eastern side. Combined with the high pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, this leads to some of the driest climates in the humid zones of Northern Europe being found in the triangle between the coastal areas in the counties of <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_County" title="Kalmar County">Kalmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_County" title="Östergötland County">Östergötland</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_County" title="Södermanland County">Södermanland</a> along with the offshore island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> on the leeward side of the slopes. Coastal areas in this part of Sweden usually receive less precipitation than windward locations in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> in the south of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-SMHInederbörd19912020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHInederbörd19912020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n,_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n%2C_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg/230px-Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n%2C_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n%2C_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg/345px-Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n%2C_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n%2C_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg/460px-Vista_satelital_de_la_cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica_en_toda_su_extensi%C3%B3n%2C_se%C3%B1alada_mediante_un_recuadro_rojo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Cantabrian Mountains in the north, which rain-shadow most of Spain</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a> form a sharp division between "<a href="/wiki/Green_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Spain">Green Spain</a>" to the north and the dry central plateau. The northern-facing slopes receive heavy rainfall from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>, but the southern slopes are in rain shadow. The other most evident effect on the Iberian Peninsula occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Almería (province)">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alicante_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante (province)">Alicante</a> areas, each with an average rainfall of 300 mm (12"), which are the driest spots in Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata" title="Cabo de Gata">Cabo de Gata</a>) mostly a result of the mountain range running through their western side, which blocks the westerlies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norte_Region,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Region, Portugal">Norte Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> has extreme differences in precipitation with values surpassing 3,000 mm (120 in) in the <a href="/wiki/Peneda-Ger%C3%AAs_National_Park" title="Peneda-Gerês National Park">Peneda-Gerês National Park</a> to values close to 500 mm (20 in) in the <a href="/wiki/Douro_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro Valley">Douro Valley</a>. Despite being only 28 km (17 mi) apart, <a href="/wiki/Chaves,_Portugal" title="Chaves, Portugal">Chaves</a> has less than half the precipitation of <a href="/wiki/Montalegre" title="Montalegre">Montalegre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenean mountains</a> in the south of France (<a href="/wiki/Cerdagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a>).</li> <li>In the Northern <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Mediterranean city <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a> receives twice the rainfall of Adriatic city <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> on the eastern side. This is also extended to the southern end of the Apennines that see vast rainfall differences between <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> with above 1,000 millimetres (39 in) on the Mediterranean side and <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> with about 560 millimetres (22 in) on the Adriatic side.</li> <li>The valley of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardar River">Vardar River</a> and south from <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> is in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Accursed_Mountains" title="Accursed Mountains">Accursed Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a>. On its windward side the Accursed Mountains has the highest rainfall in Europe at around 5,000 millimetres (200 in) with small glaciers even at mean annual temperatures well above 0 °C (32 °F), but the leeward side receives as little as 400 millimetres (16 in).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>, the southwestern sides are in the rain shadow of the trade winds and can receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) per year as against over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) on the northeastern, windward sides and over 5,000 millimetres (200 in) over some highland areas. This is most apparent in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, where this phenomenon leads to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_cactus_scrub" title="Cuban cactus scrub">Cuban cactus scrub</a> ecoregion, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> (which contains the Caribbean's highest mountain ranges), which results in xeric semi-arid shrublands throughout the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_mainland">North American mainland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: North American mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Basin_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Great_Basin_map.gif/230px-Great_Basin_map.gif" decoding="async" width="230" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Great_Basin_map.gif/345px-Great_Basin_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Great_Basin_map.gif/460px-Great_Basin_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> to the south provide a significant rain-shadow for the inland <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserts of North America">North American deserts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the largest scale, the entirety of the North American <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a> are shielded from the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a> carrying moist Pacific weather by the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a>. More pronounced effects are observed, however, in particular valley regions within the Cordillera, in the direct lee of specific mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes much of the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Coast Ranges</a> create rain shadows near the West Coast: </p> <ul><li>The Dungeness Valley around <a href="/wiki/Sequim,_Washington" title="Sequim, Washington">Sequim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Angeles">Port Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> lies in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Mountains" title="Olympic Mountains">Olympic Mountains</a>. The area averages 10–15 in (250–380 mm) of rain per year. The rain shadow extends to the eastern Olympic Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Island" title="Whidbey Island">Whidbey Island</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a> which receive between 18–24 in (460–610 mm) of precipitation each year. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> is also affected by the rain shadow, albeit to a much lesser effect.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Washington" title="Aberdeen, Washington">Aberdeen</a>, which is situated southwest of the Olympics, receives nearly 85 in (2,200 mm) of rain per year<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The east slopes of the Coast Ranges in central and southern California cut off the southern <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> from enough precipitation to ensure desert-like conditions in areas around <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, and adjacent cities are usually drier than the rest of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> because of the rain shadow cast by the highest part of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> is bounded to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a>, but extends even along part of the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> in Mexico are west of the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a>.</li></ul> <p>Most rain shadows in the western <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are due to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> mountains in California and <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Mountains">Cascade Mountains</a>, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Cascades create a rain-shadowed <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Drainage_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Drainage Basin">Columbia Basin</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern Washington</a> and valleys in British Columbia, Canada - most notably the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_River" title="Thompson River">Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_River" title="Nicola River">Nicola</a> Valleys which can receive less than 250 millimetres (10 in) of rain in parts, and the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan Valley">Okanagan Valley</a> (particularly the south, nearest to the US border) which receives anywhere from 12-17 inches of rain annually.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> is in the rain shadows of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> is rain-shadowed by the Sierra Nevada and the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> of southern California.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock Desert</a> is in the rain shadows of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada.</li> <li>California's <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a> is rain-shadowed by the Sierra Nevada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> in the United States, behind both the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Coast Ranges</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> range, is the driest place in North America and one of the driest places on the planet. This is also due to its location well below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> which tends to cause high pressure and dry conditions to dominate due to the greater weight of the atmosphere above.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Front_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Front Range">Colorado Front Range</a> is limited to precipitation that crosses over the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>. While many locations west of the Divide may receive as much as 1,000 millimetres (40 in) of precipitation per year, some places on the eastern side, notably the cities of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo, Colorado</a>, typically receive only about 12 to 19 inches. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a> acts as a barrier for precipitation. This effect applies only to storms traveling west-to-east. When low pressure systems skirt the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and approach from the south, they can generate high precipitation on the eastern side and little or none on the western slope. </p><p>Further east: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> of Virginia, wedged between the <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> and partially shielded from moisture from the west and southeast, is much drier than the very humid remainder of Virginia and the American Southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville" class="mw-redirect" title="Asheville">Asheville</a>, North Carolina sits in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Balsam_Mountains" title="Great Balsam Mountains">Balsam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoky Mountains">Smoky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>. While the mountains surrounding Asheville contain the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_temperate_rainforest" title="Appalachian temperate rainforest">Appalachian Temperate Rainforests</a>, with areas receiving over an annual average precipitation of 2,500 millimetres (100 in), the city itself is the driest location in North Carolina, with an annual average precipitation of only 940 millimetres (37 in).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft,_British_Columbia" title="Ashcroft, British Columbia">Ashcroft</a>, British Columbia, the only true desert in Canada, sits in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a> of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>, the capital and most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, is located in the rain shadow of the mountain ranges to the west of the city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Barrier_Reef,_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Great_Barrier_Reef%2C_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg/230px-The_Great_Barrier_Reef%2C_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Great_Barrier_Reef%2C_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg/345px-The_Great_Barrier_Reef%2C_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Great_Barrier_Reef%2C_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg/460px-The_Great_Barrier_Reef%2C_Australia_-_Envisat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4273" data-file-height="4481" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atherton_Tableland" title="Atherton Tableland">Atherton Tableland</a> rain-shadowing the dry <a href="/wiki/Tablelands_Region" title="Tablelands Region">Tablelands Region</a> in Queensland (bottom-right).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg/230px-New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg/345px-New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg/460px-New_Zealand_as_seen_by_Envisat_ESA217570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> in New Zealand rain shadow the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaro,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaro, New South Wales">Monaro</a> is shielded by both the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> to the northwest and coastal ranges to the southeast. Consequently, parts of it are as dry as the wheat-growing lands of those states. For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Cooma" title="Cooma">Cooma</a> receives 535 millimetres (21.1 in) of rain annually, whereas <a href="/wiki/Batlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Batlow">Batlow</a>, on the western side of the ranges, receives 1,220 millimetres (48 in) of precipitation. Furthermore, Australia's capital <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> is also protected from the west by the <a href="/wiki/Brindabellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindabellas">Brindabellas</a> which create a strong rain shadow in Canberra's valleys, where it receives an annual rainfall of 580 millimetres (23 in), compared to <a href="/wiki/Adjungbilly" title="Adjungbilly">Adjungbilly</a>'s 1,075 millimetres (42.3 in). In the cool season, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> also <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Australian_foehn" title="Southeast Australian foehn">shields much of the southeast coast</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast, New South Wales">Central Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Valley">Hunter Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illawarra" title="Illawarra">Illawarra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Coast,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="South Coast, New South Wales">South Coast</a>) from south-westerly <a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">polar blasts</a> that originate from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, the land west of <a href="/wiki/Atherton_Tableland" title="Atherton Tableland">Atherton Tableland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tablelands_Region" title="Tablelands Region">Tablelands Region</a> lies on a rain shadow and therefore would feature significantly lower annual rainfall averages than those in the <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Region" title="Cairns Region">Cairns Region</a>. For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Tully,_Queensland" title="Tully, Queensland">Tully</a>, which is on the eastern side of the tablelands, towards the coast, receives annual rainfall that exceeds 4,000 millimetres (160 in), whereas <a href="/wiki/Mareeba" title="Mareeba">Mareeba</a>, which lies on the rain shadow of the Atherton Tableland, receives 870 millimetres (34 in) of rainfall annually.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, one of the states of Australia, the central Midlands region is in a strong rain shadow and receives only about a fifth as much rainfall as the highlands to the west.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>, the western side of <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Phillip Bay">Port Phillip Bay</a> is in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Otway_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Otway Ranges">Otway Ranges</a>. The area between <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werribee" class="mw-redirect" title="Werribee">Werribee</a> is the driest part of southern Victoria: the crest of the Otway Ranges receives 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain per year and has <a href="/wiki/Myrtle_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrtle beech">myrtle beech</a> rainforests much further west than anywhere else, whilst the area around <a href="/wiki/Little_River,_Victoria" title="Little River, Victoria">Little River</a> receives as little as 425 millimetres (16.7 in) annually, which is as little as <a href="/wiki/Nhill" title="Nhill">Nhill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Longreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Longreach">Longreach</a> and supports only grassland. Also in Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Omeo" title="Omeo">Omeo</a> is shielded by the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Alps" title="Victorian Alps">Victorian Alps</a>, where it receives around 650 millimetres (26 in) of annual rain, whereas other places nearby exceed 1,000 millimetres (39 in).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)" title="Great Southern (Western Australia)">Great Southern</a> regions are shielded by the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Scarp" title="Darling Scarp">Darling Range</a> to the west: <a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a>, near the coast, receives about 700 millimetres (28 in) annually. <a href="/wiki/Dwellingup" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwellingup">Dwellingup</a>, 40 km (25 miles) inland and in the heart of the ranges, receives over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) a year while <a href="/wiki/Narrogin" title="Narrogin">Narrogin</a>, 130 kilometres (81 mi) further east, receives less than 500 millimetres (20 in) a year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_Islands">Pacific Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pacific Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> also has rain shadows, with some areas being desert.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orographic lifting produces the world's second-highest annual precipitation record, 12,700 mm (500 in), on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>; the leeward side is understandably rain-shadowed.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiteman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiteman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire island of <a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoolawe</a> lies in the rain shadow of Maui's <a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">East Maui Volcano</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> lies astride the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>, between 19° and 23° south latitude. The climate of the islands is <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a>, and rainfall is brought by trade winds from the east. The western side of the Grande Terre lies in the rain shadow of the central mountains, and rainfall averages are significantly lower.</li> <li>On the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is found one of the most remarkable rain shadows anywhere on Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> intercept moisture coming off the Tasman Sea, precipitating about 6,300 mm (250 in) to 8,900 mm (350 in) liquid water equivalent per year and creating large glaciers on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">western side</a>. To the east of the Southern Alps, scarcely 50 km (30 mi) from the snowy peaks, yearly rainfall drops to less than 760 mm (30 in) and some areas less than 380 mm (15 in). (see <a href="/wiki/Nor%27west_arch" title="Nor'west arch">Nor'west arch</a> for more on this subject).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg/230px-Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg/345px-Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg/460px-Satellite_image_of_Bolivia_in_June_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5279" data-file-height="6079" /></a><figcaption>The Andes mountains block rain and moisture from the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> to the west (<a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> is the driest non-polar desert on Earth because it is blocked from moisture by the <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andes Mountains</a> to the east while the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a> causes persistent atmospheric stability.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_(Argentina)" title="Cuyo (Argentina)">Cuyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Eastern Patagonia</a> is rain shadowed from the prevailing westerly winds by the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> range and is arid. The aridity of the lands next to eastern piedmont of the Andes decreases to the south due to a decrease in the height of the Andes with the consequence that the <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian Desert</a> develop more fully at the Atlantic coast contributing to shaping the climatic pattern known as the <a href="/wiki/Arid_Diagonal" title="Arid Diagonal">Arid Diagonal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruniard_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruniard-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Argentinian wine region of Cuyo and Northern Patagonia is almost completely dependent on irrigation, using water drawn from the many rivers that drain glacial ice from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Guajira Peninsula</a> in northern Colombia is in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> and despite its tropical latitude is almost arid, receiving almost no rainfall for seven to eight months of the year and being incapable of cultivation without irrigation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake-effect snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography#Orographic_precipitation" title="Orography">Orographic precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">Wind shadow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whiteman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whiteman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whiteman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhiteman2000" class="citation book cs1">Whiteman, C. 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Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icbemp.gov/science/ferguson_42.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatology+of+the+Interior+Columbia+River+Basin&rft.pub=Interior+Columbia+Basin+Ecosystem+Management+Project&rft.date=2001-09-07&rft.au=Sue+Ferguson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icbemp.gov%2Fscience%2Fferguson_42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_JohnsonMatthew_D._AffolterPaul_InkenbrandtCam_Mosher" class="citation book cs1">Chris Johnson; Matthew D. Affolter; Paul Inkenbrandt; Cam Mosher. "Deserts". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/13%3A_Deserts/13.05%3A_The_Great_Basin_and_the_Basin_and_Range"><i>An Introduction to Geology</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deserts&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Geology&rft.au=Chris+Johnson&rft.au=Matthew+D.+Affolter&rft.au=Paul+Inkenbrandt&rft.au=Cam+Mosher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeology%2FBook%253A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_%28Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher%29%2F13%253A_Deserts%2F13.05%253A_The_Great_Basin_and_the_Basin_and_Range&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103030847/https://www.cocorahs.org/Media/docs/ClimateSum_VA.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cocorahs.org/Media/docs/ClimateSum_VA.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cocorahs.org%2FMedia%2Fdocs%2FClimateSum_VA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wncvitalityindex.org/weather-and-climate/precipitation-variability">"Precipitation Variability | Western North Carolina Vitality Index"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Precipitation+Variability+%26%23124%3B+Western+North+Carolina+Vitality+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wncvitalityindex.org%2Fweather-and-climate%2Fprecipitation-variability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2019/02/11/answer-man-asheville-temperate-rainforest-wake-record-rain/2836281002/">"Answer Man: Asheville a 'temperate rainforest' in wake of record rain?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answer+Man%3A+Asheville+a+%27temperate+rainforest%27+in+wake+of+record+rain%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizen-times.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2019%2F02%2F11%2Fanswer-man-asheville-temperate-rainforest-wake-record-rain%2F2836281002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncparks.gov/gorges-state-park/home">"Gorges State Park | NC State Parks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorges+State+Park+%26%23124%3B+NC+State+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncparks.gov%2Fgorges-state-park%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infotel.ca/newsitem/canadas-only-desert-is-in-bc-but-not-where-you-think-it-is/it75548">"Canada's only desert is in B.C. But not where you think it is"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+only+desert+is+in+B.C.+But+not+where+you+think+it+is&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfotel.ca%2Fnewsitem%2Fcanadas-only-desert-is-in-bc-but-not-where-you-think-it-is%2Fit75548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.willyweather.com.au/news/5291/rain+shadows.html">Rain Shadows</a> by Don White. Australian Weather News. Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewdaily.com.au/weather/2020/05/28/bom-winter-weather-forecast-2020/">And the outlook for winter is … wet</a> by Kate Doyle from <a href="/wiki/The_New_Daily" title="The New Daily">The New Daily</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiambellucaSanderson1993" class="citation book cs1">Giambelluca, Tom; Sanderson, Marie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIOFE_6JdzIC"><i>Prevailing Trade Winds: Climate and Weather in Hawaií</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1491-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1491-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1491-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prevailing+Trade+Winds%3A+Climate+and+Weather+in+Hawai%C3%AD&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1491-5&rft.aulast=Giambelluca&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIOFE_6JdzIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruniard-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruniard_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruniard1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruniard, Enrique D. (1982). "La diagonal árida Argentina: un límite climático real". <i>Revista Geográfica</i> (in Spanish): 5–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Geogr%C3%A1fica&rft.atitle=La+diagonal+%C3%A1rida+Argentina%3A+un+l%C3%ADmite+clim%C3%A1tico+real&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bruniard&rft.aufirst=Enrique+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain+shadow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/weather/tg/wrnshdw/wrnshdw.htm">USA Today on rain shadows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031220073040/http://www.weatherpages.com/rainshadow/">Weather pages on rain shadows</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&oldid=1245865117">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&oldid=1245865117</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Category:Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_meteorology" title="Category:Mountain meteorology">Mountain meteorology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrology" title="Category:Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 September 2024, at 16:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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