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role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Character assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medieval legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_and_recognition_of_her_holiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_and_recognition_of_her_holiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cult and recognition of her holiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_and_recognition_of_her_holiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="قنسطنطينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنسطنطينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantina" title="Konstantina – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konstantina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Константина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Константина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina_(merc%27h_Constantinus)" title="Constantina (merc'h Constantinus) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Constantina (merc'h Constantinus)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const%C3%A0ncia" title="Constància – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constància" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Constantina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina_(Tochter_Konstantins_des_Gro%C3%9Fen)" title="Constantina (Tochter Konstantins des Großen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Constantina (Tochter Konstantins des Großen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κωνσταντίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanza_de_Roma" title="Constanza de Roma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constanza de Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کنستانتینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانتینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_(fille_de_Constantin_Ier)" title="Constance (fille de Constantin Ier) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constance (fille de Constantin Ier)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="কোন্স্টান্টিনা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কোন্স্টান্টিনা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantina" title="Konstantina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstantina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantina" title="Costantina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costantina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina_(imperatrix)" title="Constantina (imperatrix) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantina (imperatrix)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="قنسطنطينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قنسطنطينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina_(dochter_van_Constantijn_I)" title="Constantina (dochter van Constantijn I) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constantina (dochter van Constantijn I)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Constantina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyna_(cesarzowa)" title="Konstantyna (cesarzowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstantyna (cesarzowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina_(filha_de_Constantino)" title="Constantina (filha de Constantino) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constantina (filha de Constantino)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE)" title="Константина (дочь Константина Великого) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Константина (дочь Константина Великого)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Константина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Константина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantina" title="Konstantina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konstantina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina_(Konstantin_den_stores_dotter)" title="Constantina (Konstantin den stores dotter) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Constantina (Konstantin den stores dotter)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Костянтина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Костянтина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q464452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Daughter of Roman emperor Constantine I</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Constantina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Constantina (disambiguation)">Constantina (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augusta</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Saint_Constantia%27s_Vision_before_the_Tomb_of_Saints_Agnes_and_Emerentiana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1757" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Saint Constantia's Vision before the Tomb of Saints Agnes and Emerentiana</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">307-317</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">354<br />Caeni Gallicani, <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Via_Nomentana" title="Via Nomentana">Via Nomentana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Constantia<br />Anastasia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Flavia Valeria Constantina</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also sometimes called <i>Constantia</i> and <i>Constantiana</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κωνσταντίνα</span>; b. after 307/before 317 – d. 354), later known as <b>Saint Constance</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and his second wife <a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a>, daughter of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>. Constantina may have received the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a></i> from her father, and is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, having developed a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> legend wildly at variance with what is known of her actual character. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG/220px-0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG/440px-0_Sarcofago_di_Costantina_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3885" data-file-height="2578" /></a><figcaption> Sarcophagus of Constantina, sculpted around AD 340. Formerly in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Mausoleo di Santa Costanza</a>, part of the complex of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">Sant'Agnese fuori le mura</a> in Rome, it is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio-Clementino" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Pio-Clementino">Museo Pio-Clementino</a> in the Vatican City.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some time before mid 320s, Constantina was born to the emperor Constantine and empress Fausta. She was sister to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> and half-sister to <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a>. In 335, Constantina married her cousin <a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Dalmatius" title="Flavius Dalmatius">Flavius Dalmatius</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> had created <i>Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium</i>, "King of Kings and Ruler of the Pontic Tribes". From her first marriage, Constantina may have had a daughter, Constantia, who later married <a href="/wiki/Memmius_Vitrasius_Orfitus" title="Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus">Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus</a> and become mother of Rusticiana, wife of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Symmachus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Constantine died, great purges of the imperial family occurred and her husband was executed in 337.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the second time, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> gave Constantina to Hannibalianus' cousin, and her own half cousin <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Gallus</a>. Gallus was created a <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>Caesar</i></a> of the East and his name changed to <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> to further his legitimacy around 349/350, which also presumably was the time of their marriage. Gallus was twenty-five or twenty-six at the time, whereas Constantina was substantially his senior. Her second marriage produced a daughter Anastasia, whose full name and fate are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantina and Constantius Gallus were then sent from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to govern that portion of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roman-emperors_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-emperors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She would not return to Rome until her death. In AD 354, when Constantius called for Gallus, the caesar sent Constantina to her brother, with the purpose to mitigate his position in Constantius' consideration. While on her way to meet with Constantius II, she died at Caeni Gallicani in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> (Asia Minor). The cause of her death was a sudden high fever of unknown cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammianus1986_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammianus1986-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her body was sent back to Rome and entombed near <a href="/wiki/Via_Nomentana" title="Via Nomentana">Via Nomentana</a> in a mausoleum her father, Emperor Constantine I, had started building for her. This mausoleum would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">church of Santa Costanza</a>, when Constantina was venerated as saint. Her <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> sarcophagus is on exhibit in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_role">Political role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon marrying Hannibalianus her father allegedly made her <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a>. However, this claim is preserved only by <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a> among ancient sources and has been debated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her husband was executed in AD 337, Constantina disappeared from the imperial record until AD 350. This was when <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a> revolted against her brother Constantius II causing political upheaval in the Western parts of the empire. This prompted her to become directly involved in the revolt. Using her Augusta status and political network, she claimed <a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a> as Caesar, encouraging him to challenge Magnentius.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed her to protect her own interests and preserve her power.<sup id="cite_ref-roman-emperors_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-emperors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only did Constantina exercise influence on her own, she was inherently, as a female member of the imperial Roman family, a political tool. As a widow, she could be offered in marriage to secure political alliance. This happened twice. In AD 350, in order to attempt a peaceful compromise by arranging marriage, Magnentius offered to marry Constantina and have Constantius II marry his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Constantius II refused this offer. Shortly after, in AD 351, Constantius II used Constantina for a different political purpose and gave her in marriage to Constantius Gallus who was made <i>Caesar</i> in the Eastern Roman Empire and they moved to Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-roman-emperors_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-emperors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Passio Artemii</i> (12) alleges that the marriage was meant to ensure Gallus' loyalty<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it may have had at least as much to do with Constantina who, besides having known power as Constantine's daughter and Hannibalianus' wife, had prompted the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>, and whose hand had been sought from Constantius by ambassadors of Magnentius himself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage, besides benefiting Constantius, extricated her from a dangerous situation in the empire and placed her in a position from which she might control the younger and inexperienced <i>Caesar</i>, an interest she shared with Constantius. On the other hand, it is possible that Constantius saw the marriage as a way to remove his intrusive – perhaps treasonous – sister from the volatile west. If the mention in the <i>Passio Artemii</i> (11) of letters from Constantina to her brother preserves a genuine tradition, it is possible Constantina even initiated the proposal that she marry Gallus. </p><p>Gallus ruled over the East from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and his purpose was to keep under control the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> menace. Gallus, however, alienated the support of his subjects with his arbitrary and merciless rule. Constantina supported her husband. It is in Antioch that Constantina appeared to become politically active in the way of imperial Roman women. According to <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, she largely operated hidden from the public view but was still sinister, brutal and controlling. He suggests that she called for the murder of several people: during an interrogation about people killed on his orders, "Gallus...had just enough strength to reply that most of them had been massacred at the insistence of his wife Constantina".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She accepted a necklace as a bribe for securing the execution of a nobleman.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient historical sources, she was generally perceived as a cruel and violent but politically dynamic figure. </p><p>When, after receiving the complaints of the Anthiocheans, Constantius II summoned both Gallus and Constantina, but according to Ammianus Constantina, in her last attempt at using her political power, journeyed ahead to meet with her brother the emperor to try to pacify him in his conflict with her husband Constantius Gallus, during which she died from illness.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_assessment">Character assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Character assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_(17th-cent.)_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_%2817th-cent.%29_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg/150px-Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_%2817th-cent.%29_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_%2817th-cent.%29_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg/225px-Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_%2817th-cent.%29_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_%2817th-cent.%29_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg/300px-Reliquary_of_St._Costanza_%2817th-cent.%29_-_Santa_Maria_della_Scalla_-_Siena_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Arm reliquary of Saint Constantina, <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Scala_(Siena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria della Scala (Siena)">Santa Maria della Scala</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> portrays Constantina as cruel, violent, and arrogant: "her pride was swollen beyond measure; she was a Fury in mortal form, incessantly adding fuel to her husband's rage, and as thirsty for human blood as he".<sup id="cite_ref-Ammianus1986_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammianus1986-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, influenced by Ammianus Marcellinus' rhetoric, likened Constantina to <i>one of the infernal furies tormented with an insatiate thirst of human blood.</i> The historian said that she encouraged the violent nature of Gallus rather than persuading him to show reason and compassion. Gibbon stated that her vanity was accentuated while the gentle qualities of a woman were absent in her makeup when she would have accepted a pearl necklace in return for consenting to the execution of a worthy nobleman.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_legend">Medieval legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Constantina developed a legend, connected with the life of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a>; the origins of this are unclear, though she was certainly buried in a mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, attached to the large Constantinian basilica over the catacomb where Agnes is buried. The mausoleum survives largely intact, but now only parts of the wall of the basilica survive. In the version told by the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i>, she caught <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>, and was then miraculously cured when praying at Agnes' tomb, which is supposed to be at the site of the later Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">Sant'Agnese fuori le mura</a> alongside the earlier basilica. (The Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Synaxarium" title="Synaxarium">Synaxarium</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> sending his sick daughter to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mena" title="Abu Mena">Abu Mena</a> to be cured, and credits her with finding <a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Menas</a>' body, after which Constantine ordered the construction of a church at the site.)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantina took a vow of chastity, and converted her fiancé Gallicanus, and eventually left her wealth to her servants John and Paul for them to spend on Christian works. The story, with considerable elaborations, survives in various literary forms, and as a figure from the life of Agnes, Constantina appears in the late 14th enamelled scenes on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult_and_recognition_of_her_holiness">Cult and recognition of her holiness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cult and recognition of her holiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her relics were placed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> under a new altar. Today, the grave of Constantina is in the church of Santa Costanza, Rome. It was only in the 16th century that Constantina, Attica, and Artemia were placed for the first time in martyrologies. The feast day of Constantina is 18 February. Attica and Artemia are venerated, in addition, on 28 January and 17 February. Together, they are venerated on 25 February and 25 June.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full name attested in an inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Touraine</i>. Vol. 4. Archaeological Society of Touraine. 1855. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+arch%C3%A9ologique+de+Touraine&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Archaeological+Society+of+Touraine&rft.date=1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Constance_Church2014" class="citation web cs1">St Constance Church (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stconstance.org/our-patron.html">"Our Patron"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Patron&rft.date=2014&rft.au=St+Constance+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stconstance.org%2Four-patron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Cameron (1996). "Orfitus and Constantius: a note on Roman gold-glasses," in <i>Journal of Roman archaeology</i>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv 1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Flavius Claudius Iulianus</a>, <i>Epistola ad Athenienses</i>, 272 D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roman-emperors-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roman-emperors_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman-emperors_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman-emperors_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiMaio1996">DiMaio 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammianus1986-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ammianus1986_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammianus1986_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmianus_Marcellinus1986">Ammianus Marcellinus 1986</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebb2001">Webb 2001</a>, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillner2018">Hillner 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillner2018">Hillner 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1854">Gibbon 1854</a>, p. 377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1854">Gibbon 1854</a>, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1971">Jones, Martindale & Morris 1971</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1841–1870">Müller 1841–1870</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoAPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190">Peter the Patrician fr. 16, p. 190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmianus_Marcellinus1986">Ammianus Marcellinus 1986</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv 1.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"she set out in the hope that as he was her brother she would be able to soften him".<a href="#CITEREFAmmianus_Marcellinus1986">Ammianus Marcellinus 1986</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1854">Gibbon 1854</a>, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grossmann, Peter (1998). "The Pilgrimage Center of Abû Mînâ". in D. Frankfurter (ed.), <i>Pilgrimage & Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt</i>. Leiden-Boston-Köln, Brill: p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinhenz2004">Kleinhenz 2004</a>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadlerHomeGinal1858–1882" class="citation book cs1">Stadler, J.E.; Home, F.J.; Ginal, J.N. (1858–1882). <i>SS. Constantia, Attica et Artemia</i>. Augsburg. p. 663.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS.+Constantia%2C+Attica+et+Artemia&rft.place=Augsburg&rft.pages=663&rft.date=1858%2F1882&rft.aulast=Stadler&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Home%2C+F.J.&rft.au=Ginal%2C+J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, <i>Res Gestae Libri XXXI</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmianus_Marcellinus1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> (1986). Walter Hamilton (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laterromanempire00ammi"><i>The later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378)</i></a></span>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044406-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044406-3"><bdi>978-0-14-044406-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+later+Roman+Empire+%28A.D.+354%E2%80%93378%29&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044406-3&rft.au=Ammianus+Marcellinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterromanempire00ammi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2016" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aJBDQAAQBAJ"><i>Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist</i></a>. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-055-3"><bdi>978-1-78340-055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantius+II%3A+Usurpers%2C+Eunuchs%2C+and+the+Antichrist&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78340-055-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_aJBDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMaio1996" class="citation web cs1">DiMaio, Michael (15 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/constan.htm">"Constantina (daughter of Constantine I)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Constantina+%28daughter+of+Constantine+I%29&rft.date=1996-11-15&rft.aulast=DiMaio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fconstan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historydeclinea23gibbgoog"><i>The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Of+The+Decline+And+Fall+Of+The+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorydeclinea23gibbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz2004" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MC&pg=PA250">"Constantina"</a>. <i>Medieval Italy an encyclopedia</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93929-4"><bdi>978-0-415-93929-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantina&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93929-4&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1piMMqjAf1MC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1971" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Martindale, John Robert; Morris, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&pg=PA222"><i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Hugh+Martin&rft.au=Martindale%2C+John+Robert&rft.au=Morris%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOHw4idqAeYC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1841–1870" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller">Müller, Karl</a> (1841–1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NckWAAAAQAAJ"><i>Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum</i></a> (in Latin). Paris: Didot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragmenta+Historicorum+Graecorum&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Didot&rft.date=1841%2F1870&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_NckWAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span> Vols. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fragmentahistori01mueluoft">1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScZAAAAAcAAJ">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUTuAAAAMAAJ">3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoAPAAAAYAAJ">4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fragmentahistor00langgoog">5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2001" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Matilda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUN1K78QMskC&pg=PA249"><i>The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome</i></a>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-57-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-57-3"><bdi>1-902210-57-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+and+Catacombs+of+Early+Christian+Rome&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-902210-57-3&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Matilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUN1K78QMskC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillner2018" class="citation web cs1">Hillner, Julia (24 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8066">"Constantina, daughter of Constantine, wife of Gallus Caesar, and patron of St. Agnes at Rome"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constantina%2C+daughter+of+Constantine%2C+wife+of+Gallus+Caesar%2C+and+patron+of+St.+Agnes+at+Rome&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.aulast=Hillner&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-8066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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