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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metamorphic_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphic_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Metamorphic minerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphic_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metamorphic_facies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphic_facies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Metamorphic facies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphic_facies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orogenic_belts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orogenic_belts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Orogenic belts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orogenic_belts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphic_core_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphic_core_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metamorphic core complexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphic_core_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Granite-greenstone_belts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granite-greenstone_belts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Granite-greenstone belts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granite-greenstone_belts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-ocean_ridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-ocean_ridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mid-ocean ridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-ocean_ridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_aureoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_aureoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Contact aureoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_aureoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metamorphic rock</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfe_gesteente" title="Metamorfe gesteente – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metamorfe gesteente" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="صخر متحول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صخر متحول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B3rfica" title="Roca metamórfica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roca metamórfica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfik_s%C3%BCxurlar" title="Metamorfik süxurlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metamorfik süxurlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="রূপান্তরিত শিলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রূপান্তরিত শিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A0n-s%C3%AAng-gi%C3%A2m" title="Piàn-sêng-giâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Piàn-sêng-giâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Метаморфик тау тоҡомдары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Метаморфик тау тоҡомдары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Метамарфічныя горныя пароды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метамарфічныя горныя пароды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Мэтамарфічныя горныя пароды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтамарфічныя горныя пароды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मेटामार्फिक चट्टान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेटामार्फिक चट्टान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Метаморфни скали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метаморфни скали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfne_stijene" title="Metamorfne stijene – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metamorfne stijene" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B2rfica" title="Roca metamòrfica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roca metamòrfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfovan%C3%A1_hornina" title="Metamorfovaná hornina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metamorfovaná hornina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfe_bjergarter" title="Metamorfe bjergarter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metamorfe bjergarter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphes_Gestein" title="Metamorphes Gestein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metamorphes Gestein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondekivim" title="Moondekivim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moondekivim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μεταμορφωσιγενές πέτρωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταμορφωσιγενές πέτρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B3rfica" title="Roca metamórfica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roca metamórfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfa_roka%C4%B5o" title="Metamorfa rokaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metamorfa rokaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroka_metamorfiko" title="Arroka metamorfiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroka metamorfiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سنگ دگرگونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ دگرگونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_m%C3%A9tamorphique" title="Roche métamorphique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roche métamorphique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraig_mheiteamorfach" title="Carraig mheiteamorfach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carraig mheiteamorfach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach_chruth-atharrachail" title="Clach chruth-atharrachail – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clach chruth-atharrachail" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha_metam%C3%B3rfica" title="Rocha metamórfica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rocha metamórfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%84%B1%EC%95%94" title="변성암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변성암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Փոխակերպված ապար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխակերպված ապար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="कायांतरित शैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कायांतरित शैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfne_stijene" title="Metamorfne stijene – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metamorfne stijene" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfa_roko" title="Metamorfa roko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metamorfa roko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan_metamorf" title="Batuan metamorf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batuan metamorf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbreytingarberg" title="Umbreytingarberg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umbreytingarberg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccia_metamorfica" title="Roccia metamorfica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roccia metamorfica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="סלע מותמר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלע מותמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მეტამორფული ქანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტამორფული ქანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Метаморфтық тау жыныстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метаморфтық тау жыныстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrek_dreusfurvek" title="Karrek dreusfurvek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karrek dreusfurvek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwamba_metamofia" title="Mwamba metamofia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwamba metamofia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxum_metamorphicum" title="Saxum metamorphicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saxum metamorphicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfie_ie%C5%BEi" title="Metamorfie ieži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metamorfie ieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorf_k%C5%91zetek" title="Metamorf kőzetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metamorf kőzetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Метаморфна карпа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метаморфна карпа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="കായാന്തരിതശില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കായാന്തരിതശില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan_metamorf" title="Batuan metamorf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batuan metamorf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Хувирмал чулуулаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хувирмал чулуулаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အသွင်ပြောင်းကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသွင်ပြောင်းကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorf_gesteente" title="Metamorf gesteente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metamorf gesteente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="परिवर्तित चट्टान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परिवर्तित चट्टान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="変成岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="変成岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorf_bergart" title="Metamorf bergart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metamorf bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorf_bergart" title="Metamorf bergart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metamorf bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ca_metamorfica" title="Ròca metamorfica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ròca metamorfica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfik_tog%CA%BB_jinslari" title="Metamorfik togʻ jinslari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metamorfik togʻ jinslari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਪਰਿਵਰਤਿਤ ਚਟਾਨਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਿਵਰਤਿਤ ਚਟਾਨਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تبدیل شدہ چٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبدیل شدہ چٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphit" title="Metamorphit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Metamorphit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%82y_metamorficzne" title="Skały metamorficzne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skały metamorficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha_metam%C3%B3rfica" title="Rocha metamórfica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rocha metamórfica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%C4%83_metamorfic%C4%83" title="Rocă metamorfică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rocă metamorfică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Метаморфические горные породы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метаморфические горные породы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metamorphic rock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenen%C3%A1_hornina" title="Premenená hornina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Premenená hornina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfne_kamnine" title="Metamorfne kamnine – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metamorfne kamnine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Метаморфне стене – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метаморфне стене" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfne_stijene" title="Metamorfne stijene – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metamorfne stijene" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_m%C3%A9tamorfosis" title="Batu métamorfosis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batu métamorfosis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorfinen_kivilaji" title="Metamorfinen kivilaji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metamorfinen kivilaji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorf_bergart" title="Metamorf bergart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metamorf bergart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyuhing_bato" title="Banyuhing bato – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Banyuhing bato" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="உருமாறிய பாறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருமாறிய பாறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3" title="หินแปร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินแปร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D3%AF%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D3%A3" title="Ҷинсҳои кӯҳии метаморфӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷинсҳои кӯҳии метаморфӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metamorphic_rocks&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic rocks">Metamorphic rocks</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rock that was subjected to heat and pressure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Metamorphic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Metamorphic (disambiguation)">Metamorphic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartzite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quartzite.jpg/220px-Quartzite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quartzite.jpg/330px-Quartzite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quartzite.jpg/440px-Quartzite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a>, a type of metamorphic rock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG/220px-The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG/330px-The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG/440px-The_stones_of_the_Dutch_-_Lleida_Pyrenees_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Metamorphic rock, deformed during the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan orogeny</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Vall_de_Card%C3%B3s" title="Vall de Cardós">Vall de Cardós</a>, Lérida, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Metamorphic rocks</b> arise from the transformation of existing <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> to new types of rock in a process called <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>. The original rock (<a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">protolith</a>) is subjected to temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C (300 to 400 °F) and, often, elevated pressure of 100 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">megapascals</a> (1,000 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>) or more, causing profound physical or chemical changes. During this process, the rock remains mostly in the solid state, but gradually recrystallizes to a new texture or mineral composition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protolith may be an <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a>, or existing metamorphic rock. </p><p>Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and form 12% of the Earth's land surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are classified by their protolith, their <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> makeup, and their <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">texture</a>. They may be formed simply by being deeply buried beneath the Earth's surface, where they are subject to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above. They can also form from <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic</a> processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction, and distortion. Metamorphic rock can be formed locally when rock is heated by the <a href="/wiki/Intrusion_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion (geology)">intrusion</a> of hot molten rock called <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust. </p><p>Some examples of metamorphic rocks are <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>. Slate<sup id="cite_ref-slate-tile_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-tile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and quartzite<sup id="cite_ref-MII_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tiles are used in building construction. Marble is also prized for building construction<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a medium for sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_Ferrari_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo_Ferrari-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, schist <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> can pose a challenge for <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> because of its pronounced planes of weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">Metamorphism</a></div> <p>Metamorphic rocks form one of the three great divisions of rock types. They are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a>, which form from molten <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, which form from <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> eroded from existing rock or precipitated chemically from bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rock is transformed physically or chemically at elevated temperature, without actually melting to any great degree. The importance of heating in the formation of metamorphic rock was first noted by the pioneering Scottish naturalist, <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a>, who is often described as the father of modern geology. Hutton wrote in 1795 that some rock beds of the Scottish Highlands had originally been sedimentary rock but had been transformed by great heat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hutton also speculated that pressure was important in metamorphism. This hypothesis was tested by his friend, <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Hall,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet">James Hall</a>, who sealed <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> into a makeshift <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a> constructed from a cannon barrel and heated it in an iron foundry furnace. Hall found that this produced a material strongly resembling <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, rather than the usual <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> produced by heating of chalk in the open air. French geologists subsequently added <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatism</a>, the circulation of fluids through buried rock, to the list of processes that help bring about metamorphism. However, metamorphism can take place without metasomatism (<i>isochemical metamorphism</i>) or at depths of just a few hundred meters where pressures are relatively low (for example, in <i>contact metamorphism</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metamorphic processes change the texture or mineral composition of the metamorphosed rock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineralogical_changes">Mineralogical changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt-hand-sample.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Basalt-hand-sample.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Basalt-hand-sample.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Basalt-hand-sample.tif/lossy-page1-495px-Basalt-hand-sample.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Basalt-hand-sample.tif/lossy-page1-660px-Basalt-hand-sample.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Basalt hand-sized sample showing fine-grained texture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphibolite_(Archean,_3.1-3.2_Ga;_Norris_South_roadcut,_Madison_County,_Montana,_USA)_1_(45574881922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Amphibolite_%28Archean%2C_3.1-3.2_Ga%3B_Norris_South_roadcut%2C_Madison_County%2C_Montana%2C_USA%29_1_%2845574881922%29.jpg/330px-Amphibolite_%28Archean%2C_3.1-3.2_Ga%3B_Norris_South_roadcut%2C_Madison_County%2C_Montana%2C_USA%29_1_%2845574881922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Amphibolite_%28Archean%2C_3.1-3.2_Ga%3B_Norris_South_roadcut%2C_Madison_County%2C_Montana%2C_USA%29_1_%2845574881922%29.jpg/495px-Amphibolite_%28Archean%2C_3.1-3.2_Ga%3B_Norris_South_roadcut%2C_Madison_County%2C_Montana%2C_USA%29_1_%2845574881922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Amphibolite_%28Archean%2C_3.1-3.2_Ga%3B_Norris_South_roadcut%2C_Madison_County%2C_Montana%2C_USA%29_1_%2845574881922%29.jpg/660px-Amphibolite_%28Archean%2C_3.1-3.2_Ga%3B_Norris_South_roadcut%2C_Madison_County%2C_Montana%2C_USA%29_1_%2845574881922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a> formed by metamorphism of basalt</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">Metasomatism</a> can change the bulk composition of a rock. Hot fluids circulating through pore space in the rock can dissolve existing minerals and precipitate new minerals. Dissolved substances are transported out of the rock by the fluids while new substances are brought in by fresh fluids. This can obviously change the mineral makeup of the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19895_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19895-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, changes in the mineral composition can take place even when the bulk composition of the rock does not change. This is possible because all minerals are stable only within certain limits of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. For example, at atmospheric pressure, the mineral <a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">kyanite</a> transforms to <a href="/wiki/Andalusite" title="Andalusite">andalusite</a> at a temperature of about 190 °C (374 °F). Andalusite, in turn, transforms to <a href="/wiki/Sillimanite" title="Sillimanite">sillimanite</a> when the temperature reaches about 800 °C (1,470 °F). All three have the identical composition, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span>. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a> is stable over a broad range of pressure and temperature in <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, but is converted to <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> at elevated pressure and temperature in more silicate-rich rock containing <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>, with which the forsterite reacts chemically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198932–33,_110,_130–131_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198932–33,_110,_130–131-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place between minerals without them melting, and each mineral assemblage produced indicates the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism. These reactions are possible because of rapid diffusion of atoms at elevated temperature. Pore fluid between mineral grains can be an important medium through which atoms are exchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19895_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19895-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textural_changes">Textural changes</h3></div> <p>The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called <a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(geology)" title="Recrystallization (geology)">recrystallization</a>. For instance, the small <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> crystals in the sedimentary rock <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989127,_154_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989127,_154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989154-158_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989154-158-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg/220px-Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg/330px-Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg/440px-Staurolite-Almandine-36948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Metamorphic rock containing staurolite and almandine garnet</figcaption></figure> <p>Metamorphic rocks are characterized by their distinctive mineral composition and texture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamorphic_minerals">Metamorphic minerals</h3></div> <p>Because every mineral is stable only within certain limits, the presence of certain minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which the rock underwent metamorphism. These minerals are known as <a href="/wiki/Index_mineral" title="Index mineral">index minerals</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Sillimanite" title="Sillimanite">sillimanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">kyanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staurolite" title="Staurolite">staurolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusite" title="Andalusite">andalusite</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19898–10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19898–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, may be found in metamorphic rocks but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals can also form during the <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a> of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture">Texture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mylonite_Strona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mylonite_Strona.jpg/220px-Mylonite_Strona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mylonite_Strona.jpg/330px-Mylonite_Strona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mylonite_Strona.jpg/440px-Mylonite_Strona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>A mylonite (through a <a href="/wiki/Petrographic_microscope" title="Petrographic microscope">petrographic microscope</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Metamorphic rocks are typically more coarsely crystalline than the protolith from which they formed. Atoms in the interior of a crystal are surrounded by a stable arrangement of neighboring atoms. This is partially missing at the surface of the crystal, producing a <i><a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">surface energy</a></i> that makes the surface thermodynamically unstable. Recrystallization to coarser crystals reduces the surface area and so minimizes the surface energy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989148-158_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989148-158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although grain coarsening is a common result of metamorphism, rock that is intensely deformed may eliminate <a href="/wiki/Strain_energy" title="Strain energy">strain energy</a> by recrystallizing as a fine-grained rock called <i><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">mylonite</a></i>. Certain kinds of rock, such as those rich in quartz, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate minerals</a>, or olivine, are particularly prone to form mylonites, while feldspar and garnet are resistant to mylonitization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989158_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989158-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foliation">Foliation</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migma_ss_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Migma_ss_2006.jpg/250px-Migma_ss_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Migma_ss_2006.jpg/375px-Migma_ss_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Migma_ss_2006.jpg/500px-Migma_ss_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near <a href="/wiki/Geirangerfjord" title="Geirangerfjord">Geirangerfjord</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation (geology)</a></div> <p>Many kinds of metamorphic rocks show a distinctive layering called <i><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">foliation</a></i> (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>folia</i>, meaning "leaves"). Foliation develops when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization. This causes crystals of platy minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, to become rotated such that their short axes are parallel to the direction of shortening. This results in a banded, or foliated, rock, with the bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them. Foliated rock often develops planes of <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">cleavage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a> is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock, originating from <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, and it typically shows well-developed cleavage that allows slate to be split into thin plates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198922,_168-170_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198922,_168-170-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a>, the following sequence develops with increasing temperature: The mudstone is first converted to slate, which is a very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism. Slate in turn is converted to <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">phyllite</a>, which is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism. <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a> is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism. High-grade metamorphism transforms the rock to <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, which is coarse to very coarse-grained.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicander_&_Munroe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicander_&_Munroe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Marble lacks platy minerals and is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MississippianMarbleUT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MississippianMarbleUT.JPG/220px-MississippianMarbleUT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MississippianMarbleUT.JPG/330px-MississippianMarbleUT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MississippianMarbleUT.JPG/440px-MississippianMarbleUT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a> marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon, <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasatch Mountains">Wasatch Mountains</a>, Utah</figcaption></figure> <p>Metamorphic rocks are one of the three great divisions of all rock types, and so there is a great variety of metamorphic rock types. In general, if the protolith of a metamorphic rock can be determined, the rock is described by adding the prefix <i>meta-</i> to the protolith rock name. For example, if the protolith is known to be <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, the rock will be described as a metabasalt. Likewise, a metamorphic rock whose protolith is known to be a <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a> will be described as a <a href="/wiki/Metaconglomerate" title="Metaconglomerate">metaconglomerate</a>. For a metamorphic rock to be classified in this manner, the protolith should be identifiable from the characteristics of the metamorphic rock itself, and not inferred from other information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198921–27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198921–27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey's</a> classification system, if all that can be determined about the protolith is its general type, such as sedimentary or volcanic, the classification is based on the mineral mode (the volume percentages of different minerals in the rock). Metasedimentary rocks are divided into carbonate-rich rock (metacarbonates or calcsilicate-rocks) or carbonate-poor rocks, and the latter are further classified by the relative abundance of mica in their composition. This ranges from low-mica <a href="/wiki/Psammite" title="Psammite">psammite</a> through semipelite to high-mica <a href="/wiki/Pelite" title="Pelite">pelite</a>. Psammites composed mostly of quartz are classified as quartzite. Metaigneous rocks are classified similarly to igneous rocks, by <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> content, from meta-ultramafic-rock (which is very low in silica) to metafelsic-rock (with a high silica content).<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the mineral mode cannot be determined, as is often the case when rock is first examined in the <a href="/wiki/Field_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Field work">field</a>, then classification must be based on texture. The textural types are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schists</a>, which are medium-grained strongly foliated rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These show the most well-developed schistosity, defined as the extent to which platy minerals are present and are aligned in a single direction, so that the rock easily splits into plates less than a centimeter (0.4 inches) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneisses</a>, which are more coarse grained and show thicker foliation than schists, with layers over 5mm thick.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These show less well-developed schistosity.<sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granofels" title="Granofels">Granofels</a>, which show no obvious foliation<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or schistosity.<sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">hornfels</a> is a granofels that is known to result from contact metamorphism. A <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that easily splits into thin plates but shows no obvious compositional layering. The term is used only when very little else is known about the rock that would allow a more definite classification. Textural classifications may be prefixed to indicate a sedimentary protolith (<i>para-</i>, such as paraschist) or igneous protolith (<i>ortho-</i>, such as orthogneiss). When nothing is known about the protolith, the textural name is used without a prefix. For example, a schist is a rock with schistose texture whose protolith is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special classifications exist for metamorphic rocks with a <a href="/wiki/Volcaniclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcaniclastic">volcaniclastic</a> protolith or formed along a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a>. A few special names are used for rocks of unknown protolith but known modal composition, such as marble, <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special names may also be applied more generally to rocks dominated by a single mineral, or with a distinctive composition or mode or origin. Special names still in wide use include amphibolite, <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschist</a>, phyllite, marble, <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>, eclogite, <a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">migmatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">skarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">granulite</a>, mylonite, and slate.<sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic classification can be supplemented by terms describing mineral content or texture. For example, a metabasalt showing weak schistosity might be described as a gneissic metabasalt, and a pelite containing abundant staurolite might be described as a staurolite pelite.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metamorphic_facies">Metamorphic facies</h4></div> <table style="float: right; margin: 10px; border: 1px #CCCCCC solid; background:#F9F9F9"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position: relative;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg/450px-Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg/675px-Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg/900px-Metamorphic_facies_blanc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> </p> <div style="position:absolute; left:281px; top:44.5px"><small><a href="/wiki/Eclogite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclogite facies">Eclogite</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:158.5px; top:160px"><small><a href="/wiki/Blueschist_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueschist facies">Blueschist</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:179.5px; top:237px"><small><a href="/wiki/Greenschist_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenschist facies">Greenschist</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:106px; top:223px"><small><a href="/wiki/Prehnite-Pumpellyite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehnite-Pumpellyite facies">Prehnite-<br />Pumpellyite</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:95.5px; top:286px"><a href="/wiki/Zeolite_facies" title="Zeolite facies">Zeolite</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:379px; top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Granulite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulite facies">Granulite</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:256.5px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibolite facies">Amphibolite</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:303.5px"><small><a href="/wiki/Hornfels_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornfels facies">Hornfels</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:372px; top:303.5px"><small><a href="/wiki/Sanidinite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanidinite facies">Sanidinite</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">P</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbar">kbar</a>)</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:204px; top:345.5px"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">T</a> (°C)</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:57px; top:331.5px">0</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:331.5px">100</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:123.5px; top:331.5px">200</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:331.5px">300</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:200.5px; top:331.5px">400</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:331.5px">500</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:277.5px; top:331.5px">600</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:312.5px; top:331.5px">700</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:351px; top:331.5px">800</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:389.5px; top:331.5px">900</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:424.5px; top:331.5px">1000</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39.5px; top:314px">0</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39.5px; top:282.85px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39.5px; top:251.7px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39.5px; top:220.55px">6</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39.5px; top:189.4px">8</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.5px; top:158.25px">10</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.5px; top:127.1px">12</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.5px; top:95.95px">14</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.5px; top:64.8px">16</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.5px; top:33.65px">18</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.5px; top:2.5px">20</div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Figure 1. Diagram showing metamorphic facies in <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>-<a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> space. The domain of the<br /> graph corresponds to conditions within the Earth's crust and <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_facies" title="Metamorphic facies">Metamorphic facies</a></div> <p>A metamorphic facies is a set of distinctive assemblages of minerals that are found in metamorphic rock that formed under a specific combination of pressure and temperature. The particular assemblage is somewhat dependent on the composition of that protolith, so that (for example) the amphibolite facies of a marble will not be identical with the amphibolite facies of a pelite. However, the facies are defined such that metamorphic rock with as broad a range of compositions as is practical can be assigned to a particular facies. The present definition of metamorphic facies is largely based on the work of the Finnish geologist, <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Eskola" title="Pentti Eskola">Pentti Eskola</a>, with refinements based on subsequent experimental work. Eskola drew upon the zonal schemes, based on index minerals, that were pioneered by the British geologist, <a href="/wiki/George_Barrow_(geologist)" title="George Barrow (geologist)">George Barrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198949–51_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198949–51-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metamorphic facies is not usually considered when classifying metamorphic rock based on protolith, mineral mode, or texture. However, a few metamorphic facies produce rock of such distinctive character that the facies name is used for the rock when more precise classification is not possible. The chief examples are <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogite</a>. The British Geological Survey strongly discourages the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">granulite</a></i> as a classification for rock metamorphosed to the granulite facies. Instead, such rock will often be classified as a granofels.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this approach is not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-schid-etal=2007_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schid-etal=2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism#Types" title="Metamorphism">Metamorphism § Types</a></div> <p>Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)#Earth's_crust" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a> and form 12% of the Earth's land surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> is mostly metamafic-rock and pelite which have reached the <a href="/wiki/Granulite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulite facies">granulite facies</a>. The middle continental crust is dominated by metamorphic rock that has reached the amphibolite facies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the upper crust, which is the only part of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> geologists can directly sample, metamorphic rock forms only from processes that can occur at shallow depth. These are <i>contact (thermal) metamorphism</i>, <i>dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism</i>, <i>hydrothermal metamorphism</i>, and <i>impact metamorphism</i>. These processes are relatively local in occurrence and usually reach only the low-pressure facies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hornfels_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornfels facies">hornfels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanidinite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanidinite facies">sanidinite facies</a>. Most metamorphic rock is formed by <i>regional metamorphism</i> in the middle and lower crust, where the rock reaches the higher-pressure metamorphic facies. This rock is found at the surface only where extensive uplift and erosion has <a href="/wiki/Exhumation_(geology)" title="Exhumation (geology)">exhumed</a> rock that was formerly much deeper in the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912–13_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912–13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orogenic_belts">Orogenic belts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></div> <p>Metamorphic rock is extensively exposed in <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic belts</a> produced by the collision of tectonic plates at <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent boundaries">convergent boundaries</a>. Here formerly deeply buried rock has been brought to the surface by uplift and erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin201076–77,_82–83_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin201076–77,_82–83-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metamorphic rock exposed in orogenic belts may have been metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. This kind of regional metamorphism is known as <i>burial metamorphism</i>. This tends to produce low-grade metamorphic rock.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much more common is metamorphic rock formed during the collision process itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collision of plates causes high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metamorphic rock formed in these settings tends to shown well-developed schistosity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metamorphic rock of orogenic belts shows a variety of metamorphic facies. Where <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> is taking place, the basalt of the subducting slab is metamorphosed to high-pressure metamorphic facies. It initially undergoes low-grade metamorphism to metabasalt of the <a href="/wiki/Zeolite_facies" title="Zeolite facies">zeolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehnite-pumpellyite_facies" title="Prehnite-pumpellyite facies">prehnite-pumpellyite facies</a>, but as the basalt subducts to greater depths, it is metamorphosed to the <a href="/wiki/Blueschist_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueschist facies">blueschist facies</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Eclogite_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclogite facies">eclogite facies</a>. Metamorphism to the eclogite facies releases a great deal of water vapor from the rock, which drives <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> in the overlying <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a>. Eclogite is also significantly denser than blueschist, which drives further subduction of the slab deep into the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a>. Metabasalt and blueschist may be preserved in blueschist metamorphic belts formed by collisions between continents. They may also be preserved by <a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">obduction</a> onto the overriding plate as part of <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009275–279_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009275–279-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eclogites are occasionally found at sites of continental collision, where the subducted rock is rapidly brought back to the surface, before it can be converted to the granulite facies in the hot upper mantle. Many samples of eclogite are <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a> brought to the surface by volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009367–368_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009367–368-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many orogenic belts contain higher-temperature, lower-pressure metamorphic belts. These may form through heating of the rock by ascending magmas of volcanic arcs, but on a regional scale. Deformation and crustal thickening in an orogenic belt may also produce these kinds of metamorphic rocks. These rocks reach the <a href="/wiki/Greenschist_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenschist facies">greenschist</a>, amphibolite, or granulite facies and are the most common of metamorphic rocks produced by regional metamorphosis. The association of an outer high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic zone with an inner zone of low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic rocks is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Paired_metamorphic_belts" title="Paired metamorphic belts">paired metamorphic belt</a></i>. The main islands of Japan show three distinct paired metamorphic belts, corresponding to different episodes of subduction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009368–369_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009368–369-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamorphic_core_complexes">Metamorphic core complexes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_core_complex" title="Metamorphic core complex">Metamorphic core complex</a></div> <p>Metamorphic rock is also exposed in <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_core_complex" title="Metamorphic core complex">metamorphic core complexes</a>, which form in region of crustal extension. They are characterized by low-angle faulting that exposes domes of middle or lower crust metamorphic rock. These were first recognized and studied in the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> of southwestern North America,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are also found in southern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Islands" title="D'Entrecasteaux Islands">D'Entrecasteaux Islands</a>, and in other areas of extension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009169_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009169-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Granite-greenstone_belts">Granite-greenstone belts</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">Continental shields</a> are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone belts</a> contain metavolcanic and metasedimentary rock that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). They can be divided into a lower group of metabasalts, including rare meta<a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiites</a>; a middle group of meta-intermediate-rock and meta-felsic-rock; and an upper group of metasedimentary rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over 500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to the amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in Archean cratons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The granite-greenstone belts are intruded by a distinctive group of granitic rocks called the <a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">tonalite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">trondhjemite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">granodiorite</a> or TTG suite. These are the most voluminous rocks in the craton and may represent an important early phase in the formation of continental crust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-ocean_ridges">Mid-ocean ridges</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-ocean ridges">Mid-ocean ridges</a> are where new <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> is formed as tectonic plates move apart. Hydrothermal metamorphism is extensive here. This is characterized by metasomatism by hot fluids circulating through the rock. This produces metamorphic rock of the greenschist facies. The metamorphic rock, <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>, is particularly characteristic of these settings, and represents chemical transformation of olivine and pyroxene in ultramafic rock to <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine group</a> minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200928–29,_129–131_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200928–29,_129–131-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_aureoles">Contact aureoles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eozoon01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eozoon01.jpg/220px-Eozoon01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eozoon01.jpg/330px-Eozoon01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eozoon01.jpg/440px-Eozoon01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>A contact metamorphic rock made of interlayered <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> of Canada. Once thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Pseudofossil" title="Pseudofossil">pseudofossil</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Eozo%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Eozoön">Eozoön</a> canadense</i>. Scale in mm.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg/220px-Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg/330px-Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg/440px-Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Contact metamorphism takes place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock (<a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a <i><a href="/wiki/Contact_aureole" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact aureole">contact aureole</a></i>. Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> minerals may occur by the process of <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatism</a> at or near the contact zone.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact aureoles around large <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">plutons</a> may be as much as several kilometers wide.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">hornfels</a></i> is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained, compact, non-foliated products of contact metamorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contact aureole typically shows little deformation, and so hornfels is usually devoid of schistosity and forms a tough, equigranular rock. If the rock was originally banded or <a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">foliated</a> (as, for example, a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc-<a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>) this character may not be obliterated, and a banded hornfels is the product.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact metamorphism close to the surface produces distinctive low-pressure metamorphic minerals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a>, andalusite, <a href="/wiki/Vesuvianite" title="Vesuvianite">vesuvianite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wollastonite" title="Wollastonite">wollastonite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993385,_456,_466,_485_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993385,_456,_466,_485-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar changes may be induced in shales by the burning of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> seams.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This produces a rock type named <i>clinker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a tendency for <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatism</a> between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock, whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other. In that case, hybrid rocks called <a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">skarn</a> arise.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989126_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989126-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_occurrences">Other occurrences</h3></div> <p>Dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism takes place locally along <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>. Here intense shearing of the rock typically forms mylonites. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impact metamorphism is unlike other forms of metamorphism in that it takes place during <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a> by extraterrestrial bodies. It produces rare ultrahigh pressure metamorphic minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Coesite" title="Coesite">coesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stishovite" title="Stishovite">stishovite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198913_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198913-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coesite is rarely found in eclogite brought to the surface in <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberlite pipes">kimberlite pipes</a>, but the presence of stishovite is unique to impact structures.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>Slate tiles are used in construction, particularly as roof shingle.<sup id="cite_ref-slate-tile_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-tile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quartzite is sufficiently hard and dense that it is difficult to quarry. However, some quartzite is used as <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a>, often as slabs for flooring, walls, or stairsteps. About 6% of crushed stone, used mostly for road aggregate, is quartzite.<sup id="cite_ref-MII_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MII-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marble is also prized for building construction<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a medium for sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_Ferrari_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo_Ferrari-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div> <p>Schistose <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> can pose a challenge for <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> because of its pronounced planes of weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hazard may exist even in undisturbed terrain. On August 17, 1959, a <a href="/wiki/1959_Hebgen_Lake_earthquake" title="1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake">magnitude 7.2 earthquake</a> destabilized a mountain slope near <a href="/wiki/Hebgen_Lake" title="Hebgen Lake">Hebgen Lake</a>, Montana, composed of schist. This caused a massive landslide that killed 26 people camping in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metamorphosed ultramafic rock contains serpentine group minerals, which includes varieties of <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> that pose a hazard to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993507–511_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993507–511-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_textures" title="List of rock textures">List of rock textures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metavolcanic_rock" title="Metavolcanic rock">Metavolcanic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomorphism" title="Neomorphism">Neomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone_metamorphism" title="Subduction zone metamorphism">Subduction zone metamorphism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYardley1989" class="citation book cs1">Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontome0000yard/page/5/mode/2up"><i>An introduction to metamorphic petrology</i></a></span>. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582300967" title="Special:BookSources/0582300967"><bdi>0582300967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex%2C+England&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0582300967&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=B.+W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontome0000yard%2Fpage%2F5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonMcElroyKeslerPeters2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers – Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies". <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>121</b> (5–6): 760–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB26457.1">10.1130/B26457.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Global+geologic+maps+are+tectonic+speedometers+%E2%80%93+Rates+of+rock+cycling+from+area-age+frequencies&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=760-79&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB26457.1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+H.&rft.au=McElroy%2C+Brandon+J.&rft.au=Kesler%2C+Stephen+E.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Shanan+E.&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Edward+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-tile-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate-tile_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate-tile_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchunckOster2003" class="citation book cs1">Schunck, Eberhard; Oster, Hans Jochen (2003). <i>Roof Construction Manual : Pitched Roofs</i> (2003 ed.). München: DE GRUYTER. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783034615631" title="Special:BookSources/9783034615631"><bdi>9783034615631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roof+Construction+Manual+%3A+Pitched+Roofs&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783034615631&rft.aulast=Schunck&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rft.au=Oster%2C+Hans+Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MII-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MII_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MII_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Darryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302072709/http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoquartzite.html">"Quartzite"</a>. Mineral Information Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoquartzite.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quartzite&rft.pub=Mineral+Information+Institute&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mii.org%2FMinerals%2Fphotoquartzite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturalstoneinstitute.org/default/assets/File/consumers/glossary.pdf">"Marble"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Glossary of Terms</i>. Marble Institute of America. p. 23-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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I</i></a>. Angelo Ferrari. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC/page/n411">371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788896680315" title="Special:BookSources/9788896680315"><bdi>9788896680315</bdi></a>. <q>white marble prized for use to make sculptures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PROCEEDINGS+4th+International+Congress+on+%22Science+and+Technology+for+the+Safeguard+of+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Mediterranean+Basin%22+VOL.+I&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Angelo+Ferrari&rft.isbn=9788896680315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engineering_properties_of_quartz_mi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangWongWangHan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xiao-Ping; Wong, Louis Ngai Yuen; Wang, Si-Jing; Han, Geng-You (August 2011). "Engineering properties of quartz mica schist". <i>Engineering Geology</i>. <b>121</b> (3–4): 135–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enggeo.2011.04.020">10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Geology&rft.atitle=Engineering+properties+of+quartz+mica+schist&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=135-149&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enggeo.2011.04.020&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Ping&rft.au=Wong%2C+Louis+Ngai+Yuen&rft.au=Wang%2C+Si-Jing&rft.au=Han%2C+Geng-You&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harold L. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earththroughtime00unse/page/57"><i>The earth through time</i></a></span> (9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470387740" title="Special:BookSources/9780470387740"><bdi>9780470387740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earth+through+time&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780470387740&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearththroughtime00unse%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19891–5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19895-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19895_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19895_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198932–33,_110,_130–131-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198932–33,_110,_130–131_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, pp. 32–33, 110, 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989127,_154-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989127,_154_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 127, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Metaquartzite". <i>Glossary of geology</i> (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaquartzite&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+geology.&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989154-158-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989154-158_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 154-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley19898–10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley19898–10_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). <i>Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)</i> (21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 449, 480, 483, 497, 516, 518, 529, 539, 543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/047157452X" title="Special:BookSources/047157452X"><bdi>047157452X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+mineralogy+%3A+%28after+James+D.+Dana%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=449%2C+480%2C+483%2C+497%2C+516%2C+518%2C+529%2C+539%2C+543&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=047157452X&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989148-158-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989148-158_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 148-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989158-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989158_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198922,_168-170-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198922,_168-170_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 22, 168-170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wicander_&_Munroe-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wicander_&_Munroe_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicander_R._&_Munroe_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Wicander R. & Munroe J. 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Cengage Learning. pp. 174–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495013655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495013655"><bdi>978-0495013655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Geology&rft.pages=174-77&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0495013655&rft.au=Wicander+R.+%26+Munroe+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7l7FfgRr1TwC%26q%3Dshale%2Bphyllite%2Bslate%2Bschist%2Bmudrock%2Bmetamorphism%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198921–27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198921–27_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, pp. 21–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Robertson, S. 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E.; Aguirre, L.; Vergara, M. (1 January 2004). "A reappraisal of episodic burial metamorphism in the Andes of central Chile". <i>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</i>. <b>146</b> (4): 513–528. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CoMP..146..513R">2004CoMP..146..513R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00410-003-0516-4">10.1007/s00410-003-0516-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140567746">140567746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Mineralogy+and+Petrology&rft.atitle=A+reappraisal+of+episodic+burial+metamorphism+in+the+Andes+of+central+Chile&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-528&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140567746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00410-003-0516-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004CoMP..146..513R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Bevins%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Aguirre%2C+L.&rft.au=Vergara%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198912-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198912_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009" class="citation book cs1">Kearey, P.; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009). <i>Global tectonics</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 275–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405107778" title="Special:BookSources/9781405107778"><bdi>9781405107778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+tectonics.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=275-279&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405107778&rft.aulast=Kearey&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Klepeis%2C+Keith+A.&rft.au=Vine%2C+Frederick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009275–279-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009275–279_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009">Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009</a>, pp. 275–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009367–368-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009367–368_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009">Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009</a>, pp. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyashiro1973" class="citation book cs1">Miyashiro, Akiho (1973). <i>Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts</i>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401168366" title="Special:BookSources/9789401168366"><bdi>9789401168366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphism+and+Metamorphic+Belts&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9789401168366&rft.aulast=Miyashiro&rft.aufirst=Akiho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009368–369-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009368–369_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009">Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009</a>, pp. 368–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrittendenConeyDavisDavis1980" class="citation book cs1">Crittenden, M.D.; Coney, P.J.; Davis, G.H.; Davis, G.H., eds. (1980). <i>Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes (Memoir 153)</i>. Geological Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813711539" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813711539"><bdi>978-0813711539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cordilleran+metamorphic+core+complexes+%28Memoir+153%29&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0813711539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009169-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009169_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009">Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine2009350_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009">Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200928–29,_129–131-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200928–29,_129–131_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009">Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009</a>, pp. 28–29, 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshak2009" class="citation book cs1">Marshak, Stephen (2009). <i>Essentials of Geology</i> (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393196566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393196566"><bdi>978-0393196566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Geology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0393196566&rft.aulast=Marshak&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521880060" title="Special:BookSources/9780521880060"><bdi>9780521880060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=427&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521880060&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlett1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Flett, John Smith (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Petrology" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petrology">Petrology</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 332–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petrology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=332-33&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=John+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993385,_456,_466,_485-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993385,_456,_466,_485_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993">Klein & Hurlbut 1993</a>, pp. 385, 456, 466, 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilligan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Milligan, Mark (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/geosights/coal-clinker-castle-gate/">"Geosights: Colorful coal "clinker" close to Castle Gate, Carbon County"</a>. <i>Survey Notes</i>. <b>39</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survey+Notes&rft.atitle=Geosights%3A+Colorful+coal+%22clinker%22+close+to+Castle+Gate%2C+Carbon+County&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeology.utah.gov%2Fmap-pub%2Fsurvey-notes%2Fgeosights%2Fcoal-clinker-castle-gate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley1989126-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley1989126_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198913-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198913_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhangGreenJin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Liang; Zhang, Junfeng; Green, Harry W.; Jin, Zhenmin; Bozhilov, Krassmir N. 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"Evidence of former stishovite in metamorphosed sediments, implying subduction to >350 km". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>263</b> (3–4): 181. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&PSL.263..180L">2007E&PSL.263..180L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.08.010">10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+former+stishovite+in+metamorphosed+sediments%2C+implying+subduction+to+%3E350+km&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=181&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.08.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007E%26PSL.263..180L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Liang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Junfeng&rft.au=Green%2C+Harry+W.&rft.au=Jin%2C+Zhenmin&rft.au=Bozhilov%2C+Krassmir+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturalstoneinstitute.org/default/assets/File/consumers/glossary.pdf">"Marble"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Glossary of Terms</i>. Marble Institute of America. p. 23-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Terms&rft.atitle=Marble&rft.pages=23-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalstoneinstitute.org%2Fdefault%2Fassets%2FFile%2Fconsumers%2Fglossary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp435">"The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper</i>. Professional Paper. <b>435</b>. 1964. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp435">10.3133/pp435</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Hebgen+Lake%2C+Montana%2C+earthquake+of+August+17%2C+1959&rft.volume=435&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fpp435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3133%252Fpp435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetamorphic+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993507–511-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993507–511_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993">Klein & Hurlbut 1993</a>, pp. 507–511.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Metamorphic_rocks" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Metamorphic rocks">Metamorphic rocks</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metamorphic_rocks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metamorphic rocks">Metamorphic rocks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307213859/http://www.metu.edu.tr/home/www64/geoweb/Metamorphic.htm">Metamorphic textures – Middle East Technical University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Assets/Photo_albums/Eleven/pages/Marble.html">Contact metamorphism example</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216081233/http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Assets/Photo_albums/Eleven/pages/Marble.html">Archived</a> 2012-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035915/http://metpetdb.rpi.edu/">Metamorphic Rock Database</a> (<a href="/wiki/MetPetDB" title="MetPetDB">MetPetDB</a>) – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212045253/http://geology.cnsm.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/metarock/HOMEPAGE.htm">Metamorphic Rocks Tour, an introduction to metamorphic rocks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/atlas/metrocks">Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks</a> – Detailed field and hand specimen photographs of metamorphic rocks grouped by setting and composition (Department of Earth Sciences, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metamorphic_petrology" title="Template:Metamorphic petrology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metamorphic_petrology" title="Template talk:Metamorphic petrology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphic_petrology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphic petrology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metamorphic_petrology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">Metamorphic</a> petrology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of metamorphism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-pressure_metamorphism" title="Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism">Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_metamorphism" title="Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism">Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gneiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gneiss.jpg/100px-Gneiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gneiss.jpg/150px-Gneiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gneiss.jpg/200px-Gneiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metamorphic rocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metamorphic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatexis" title="Anatexis">Anatexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augen" title="Augen">Augen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metamorphic processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_quartz_recrystallization" title="Dynamic quartz recrystallization">Dynamic quartz recrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation (geology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Metamorphic_petrology" title="Category:Metamorphic petrology">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47069#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Metamorphic rocks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114771">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roches métamorphiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119417136">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roches métamorphiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119417136">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563112">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="metamorfované horniny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122773&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rocas metamórficas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531879">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541364105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=66689">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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