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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Метасоматоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метасоматоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatisme" title="Metasomatisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metasomatisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomat%C3%B3za" title="Metasomatóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metasomatóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatose" title="Metasomatose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metasomatose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatoos" title="Metasomatoos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metasomatoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatismo" title="Metasomatismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metasomatismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tasomatose" title="Métasomatose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métasomatose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Մետասոմատոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետասոմատոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatisme" title="Metasomatisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metasomatisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatismo" title="Metasomatismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metasomatismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מטאסומטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטאסומטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Метасоматоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метасоматоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Метасоматоз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метасоматоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaszomat%C3%B3zis" title="Metaszomatózis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metaszomatózis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Метасоматоз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Метасоматоз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatisme" title="Metasomatisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metasomatisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatose" title="Metasomatose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metasomatose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatoza" title="Metasomatoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metasomatoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metassomatismo" title="Metassomatismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metassomatismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Метасоматоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метасоматоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomat%C3%B3za_(geol%C3%B3gia)" title="Metasomatóza (geológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metasomatóza (geológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatoosi" title="Metasomatoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metasomatoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatos" title="Metasomatos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metasomatos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உருகா உருமாற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருகா உருமாற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Метасоматоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метасоматоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="交代作用 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交代作用" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids</div> <p><b>Metasomatism</b> (from the Greek μετά <i>metá</i> "change" and σῶμα <i>sôma</i> "body") is the chemical alteration of a <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> and other fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlov_Austrheim_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlov_Austrheim_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditionally defined as metamorphism which involves a change in the chemical composition, excluding volatile components.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the replacement of one rock by another of different mineralogical and chemical composition. The minerals which compose the rocks are dissolved and new <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> formations are deposited in their place. <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">Dissolution</a> and deposition occur simultaneously and the rock remains solid. </p><p>Synonyms of the word <i>metasomatism</i> are <b>metasomatosis</b><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>metasomatic process</b>. The word <i>metasomatose</i> can be used as a name for specific varieties of metasomatism (for example <i><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>-metasomatose</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>-metasomatose</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-IUGS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUGS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Metasomatism can occur via the action of hydrothermal fluids from an <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphic</a> source. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg/200px-Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg/300px-Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg/400px-Metasomatism_in_granite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Metasomatic <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a> + <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a> + <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a> alteration of metamorphosed <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></figcaption></figure><p> In the <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> environment, metasomatism produces <a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">skarns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greisen" title="Greisen">greisen</a>, and may affect <a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">hornfels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Contact_aureole" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact aureole">contact metamorphic aureole</a> adjacent to an <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive rock</a> mass. In the metamorphic environment, metasomatism is driven by <a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">mass transfer</a> from a volume of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> at higher <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> into a zone with lower stress and temperature, with metamorphic hydrothermal solutions acting as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. This can be envisaged as the metamorphic rocks within the deep <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> losing fluids and dissolved <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> components as hydrous minerals break down, with this fluid percolating up into the shallow levels of the crust to chemically change and alter these rocks. </p><p>This mechanism implies that metasomatism is open system behaviour, which is different from classical <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> which is the in-situ mineralogical change of a rock without appreciable change in the chemistry of the rock. Because metamorphism usually requires <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> in order to facilitate metamorphic reactions, metamorphism nearly always occurs with metasomatism. </p><p>Further, because metasomatism is a mass transfer process, it is not restricted to the rocks which are changed by addition of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> and minerals or hydrous <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. In all cases, to produce a metasomatic rock some other rock is also metasomatised, if only by <i>dehydration</i> reactions with minimal chemical change. This is best illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">gold ore deposits</a> which are the product of focused concentration of fluids derived from many cubic kilometres of dehydrated <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> into thin, often highly metasomatised and altered <a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">shear zones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lode" title="Lode">lodes</a>. The source region is often largely chemically unaffected compared to the highly hydrated, altered shear zones, but both must have undergone complementary metasomatism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-Metasomatized_dyke_in_serpentinite_Nelson_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Metasomatized <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a> in serpentinite Nelson New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>Metasomatism is more complicated in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a>, because the composition of <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> at high temperatures can be changed by infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> melts and by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>-rich and water-rich fluids, as discussed by Luth (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metasomatism is thought to be particularly important in changing the composition of mantle peridotite below <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> as water is driven out of <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> during <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>. Metasomatism has also been considered critical for enriching source regions of some <a href="/wiki/Normative_mineralogy" title="Normative mineralogy">silica-undersaturated</a> <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magmas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a> melts are often considered to have been responsible for enrichment of mantle peridotite in <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a>. </p><p>Metasomatism can be similar to other endogenic processes and is separated by 4 main features.<sup id="cite_ref-IUGS2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUGS2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these is the ion-by-ion replacement in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, this can happen from the precipitation of new minerals at the same time as the dissolution of existing minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-IUGS2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUGS2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second feature used to identify metasomatism is that it is from the preservation of rocks in its solid state during replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-IUGS2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUGS2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third distinctive feature is from isochemical metamorphism, or the addition or subtraction of major elements other than <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-IUGS2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUGS2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last feature is the distinct zones of metasomatism. These are formed from <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatism</a> and metamorphism and form a characteristic pattern of a metasomatic column.<sup id="cite_ref-IUGS2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUGS2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_metasomatites">Types of metasomatites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metasomatism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of metasomatites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metasomatic rocks can be extremely varied. Often, metasomatised rocks are pervasively but weakly <i>altered</i>, such that the only evidence of alteration is bleaching, change in colour or change in the crystallinity of micaceous minerals. </p><p>In such cases, characterising alteration often requires microscope investigation of the mineral assemblage of the rocks to characterise the minerals, any additional mineral growth, changes in protolith minerals, and so on. </p><p>In some cases, geochemical evidence can be found of metasomatic alteration processes. This is usually in the form of mobile, soluble elements such as <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth elements">rare earth elements</a>. However, to characterise the alteration properly, it is necessary to compare altered with unaltered samples. </p><p>When the process becomes extremely advanced, typical metasomatites can include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">Chlorite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> whole-rock replacement in shear zones, resulting in rocks in which the existing mineralogy has been completely recrystallised and replaced by hydrated minerals such as chlorite, <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a> and skarnoid rock types, typically adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> intrusions and adjacent to reactive lithologies such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greisen" title="Greisen">Greisen</a> deposits within <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> margins and <a href="/wiki/Cupola_(geology)" title="Cupola (geology)">cupolas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a> typical of <a href="/wiki/Ophiolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiolites">ophiolites</a> particularly their <a href="/wiki/Serpentinized" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentinized">serpentinized</a> mafic dykes, containing grossular-andradite garnet, calcic pyroxene, vesuvianite, epidote and scapolite.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenite" title="Fenite">Fenite</a>, as a variant of metasomatism associated with strongly alkaline or carbonatitic magmatism introducing a variety of <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, sodic pyroxenes or amphiboles and often unusual minerals (such as chevkinite or columbite) comprising ordinarily incompatible elements that do not readily become incorporated into a crystal lattice i.e. <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Albitization"></span> Albitite, from replacement of <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a> (<b>albitization</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Effects of metasomatism in mantle peridotite can be either modal or cryptic. In cryptic metasomatism, mineral compositions are changed, or introduced elements are concentrated on grain boundaries and the peridotite mineralogy appears unchanged. In modal metasomatism, new minerals are formed. </p><p>Cryptic metasomatism may be caused as rising or percolating melts interact with surrounding peridotite, and compositions of both melts and peridotite are changed. At high mantle temperatures, solid-state <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> can also be effective in changing rock compositions over tens of centimeters adjacent to melt conduits: gradients in mineral composition adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenite</a> dikes may preserve evidence of the process. </p><p>Modal metasomatism may result in formation of <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">phlogopite</a>, and the presence of these minerals in peridotite <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a> has been considered strong evidence of metasomatic processes in the mantle. Formation of minerals less common in peridotite, such as <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armalcolite" title="Armalcolite">armalcolite</a>, is also attributed to melt or fluid metasomatism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metasomatism_Schemes">Metasomatism Schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metasomatism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metasomatism Schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main schemes discussed for the manifestation of metasomatism in nature in granitic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diffusion metasomatism, which was mentioned in the types of metasomatites section, and infiltration metasomatism. Infiltration takes place in cracks or fractures that promote fluid flow in areas of high permeability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diffusion takes place when fluid is incorporated into the pores of the rock, this is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>. Rocks altered by infiltration metasomatism will be less altered than rocks altered by diffusion because of the dispersion effects during fluid advection.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlov_Austrheim_20132_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlov_Austrheim_20132-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two methods are commonly used for transportation from one region to another. These effected regions can be either enriched or depleted in the components transported relative to the premetasomatic state.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical weathering strongly effects the levels and contents of the metasomatic liquid and the major element geochemistry and mineralogy of siliciclastic sediments. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alteration_assemblages">Alteration assemblages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metasomatism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alteration assemblages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Investigation of altered rocks in hydrothermal ore deposits has highlighted several ubiquitous types of <i>alteration assemblages</i> which form distinct groups of metasomatic alteration effects, textures and mineral assemblages. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Propylitic_alteration" title="Propylitic alteration">Propylitic alteration</a></i> is caused by <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-bearing hydrothermal fluids, and typically results in <a href="/wiki/Epidote" title="Epidote">epidote</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> alteration, often with <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> facies.</li> <li><i>Albite-epidote alteration</i> is caused by <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>-bearing fluids rich in <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and typically results in weak <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a>-silica-epidote.</li> <li><i>Potassic alteration</i>, typical of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry copper">porphyry copper</a> and lode gold deposits, results in production of micaceous, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassic</a> minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> in iron-rich rocks, muscovite mica or <a href="/wiki/Sericite" title="Sericite">sericite</a> in felsic rocks, and <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a> (adularia) alteration, often quite pervasive and producing distinct salmon-pink alteration vein selvages.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sericitic_alteration" title="Sericitic alteration">Quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration</a></i>, in which these minerals can be deposited both in <a href="/wiki/Veins,_metallic_and_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins, metallic and mineral">veins</a> and in a disseminated manner; sericite in particular replaces <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> and biotite. This is common in <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposit" title="Porphyry copper deposit">porphyry copper</a> and porphyry molybdenum deposits.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argillic_alteration" title="Argillic alteration">Argillic alteration</a></i>, commonly present in the distal areas of porphyry deposits, is a low-temperature assemblage that converts feldspars and some other minerals into clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite. It can overprint older, higher-temperature alteration assemblages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Rarer types of hydrothermal fluids may include highly carbonic fluids, resulting in advanced carbonation reactions of the host rock typical of <a href="/wiki/Calc-silicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc-silicate">calc-silicates</a>, and silica-hematite fluids resulting in production of <a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">jasperoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manto_ore_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Manto ore deposits">manto ore deposits</a> and pervasive zones of <a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">silicification</a>, typically in <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a>. Stressed minerals and country rocks of granitic plutons are replaced by porphyroblasts of orthoclase and quartz, in the Papoose Flat quartz monzonites.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metasomatism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greisen" title="Greisen">Greisen</a> – Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> – Group of metamorphic rocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a> – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">Ore genesis</a> – How the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatolysis" title="Pneumatolysis">Pneumatolysis</a> – Obsolete geologic term for magma emitting gasses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a> – Hard, coarse-grained, hydrothermally altered metamorphic rocks</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metasomatism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harlov_Austrheim_2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harlov_Austrheim_2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarlovAustrheim2013" class="citation book cs1">Harlov, D.E.; Austrheim, H. (2013). <i>Metasomatism and the Chemical Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28394-9_1">10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28393-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28393-2"><bdi>978-3-642-28393-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metasomatism+and+the+Chemical+Transformation+of+Rock%3A+Rock-Mineral-Fluid+Interaction+in+Terrestrial+and+Extraterrestrial+Environments&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-28394-9_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-28393-2&rft.aulast=Harlov&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft.au=Austrheim%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnisAustrheim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Putnis, A.; Austrheim, H. (2010-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444394900.ch18">"Fluid-Induced Processes: Metasomatism and Metamorphism"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Geofluids</i>: 254–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444394900.ch18">10.1002/9781444394900.ch18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3330-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3330-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-3330-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Geofluids&rft.atitle=Fluid-Induced+Processes%3A+Metasomatism+and+Metamorphism&rft.pages=254-269&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444394900.ch18&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3330-5&rft.aulast=Putnis&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Austrheim%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781444394900.ch18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metasomatosis">"metasomatosis"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=metasomatosis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmetasomatosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUGS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUGS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZharikov_V.A.Pertsev_N.N.Rusinov_V.L.Callegari_E." class="citation web cs1">Zharikov V.A.; Pertsev N.N.; Rusinov V.L.; Callegari E.; Fettes D.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwdmzwww.nerc-keyworth.ac.uk/scmr/docs/papers/paper_9.pdf">"9. Metasomatism and metasomatic rocks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: Web version 01.02.07</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recommendations+by+the+IUGS+Subcommission+on+the+Systematics+of+Metamorphic+Rocks%3A+Web+version+01.02.07&rft.atitle=9.+Metasomatism+and+metasomatic+rocks&rft.au=Zharikov+V.A.&rft.au=Pertsev+N.N.&rft.au=Rusinov+V.L.&rft.au=Callegari+E.&rft.au=Fettes+D.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwdmzwww.nerc-keyworth.ac.uk%2Fscmr%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2Fpaper_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuth2003" class="citation book cs1">Luth, R. W. (2003). <i>Mantle volatiles - distribution and consequences in The Mantle and Core</i> (Volume 2 Treatise on Geochemistry ed.). Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford. pp. 319–361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-043751-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-043751-6"><bdi>0-08-043751-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mantle+volatiles+-+distribution+and+consequences+in+The+Mantle+and+Core&rft.pages=319-361&rft.edition=Volume+2+Treatise+on+Geochemistry&rft.pub=Elsevier-Pergamon%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-08-043751-6&rft.aulast=Luth&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUGS2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUGS2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUGS2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUGS2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUGS2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUGS2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZharikov_V.A.Pertsev_N.N.Rusinov_V.L.Callegari_E." class="citation web cs1">Zharikov V.A.; Pertsev N.N.; Rusinov V.L.; Callegari E.; Fettes D.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwdmzwww.nerc-keyworth.ac.uk/scmr/docs/papers/paper_9.pdf">"9. Metasomatism and metasomatic rocks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: Web version 01.02.07</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recommendations+by+the+IUGS+Subcommission+on+the+Systematics+of+Metamorphic+Rocks%3A+Web+version+01.02.07&rft.atitle=9.+Metasomatism+and+metasomatic+rocks&rft.au=Zharikov+V.A.&rft.au=Pertsev+N.N.&rft.au=Rusinov+V.L.&rft.au=Callegari+E.&rft.au=Fettes+D.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwdmzwww.nerc-keyworth.ac.uk%2Fscmr%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2Fpaper_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulvaisRuffetCornichetMermet2007" class="citation journal cs1">Boulvais, Philippe; Ruffet, Gilles; Cornichet, Jean; Mermet, Maxime (January 2007). "Cretaceous albitization and dequartzification of Hercynian peraluminous granite in the Salvezines Massif (French Pyrénées)". <i>Lithos</i>. <b>93</b> (1–2): 89–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Litho..93...89B">2007Litho..93...89B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lithos.2006.05.001">10.1016/j.lithos.2006.05.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lithos&rft.atitle=Cretaceous+albitization+and+dequartzification+of+Hercynian+peraluminous+granite+in+the+Salvezines+Massif+%28French+Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es%29&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=89-106&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lithos.2006.05.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Litho..93...89B&rft.aulast=Boulvais&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Ruffet%2C+Gilles&rft.au=Cornichet%2C+Jean&rft.au=Mermet%2C+Maxime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngvikPutnisFitz_GeraldAustrheim2008" class="citation journal cs1">Engvik, A. K.; Putnis, A.; Fitz Gerald, J. D.; Austrheim, H. (1 December 2008). "Albitization of granitic rocks: The mechanism of replacement of oligoclase by albite". <i>The Canadian Mineralogist</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 1401–1415. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CaMin..46.1401E">2008CaMin..46.1401E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.6.1401">10.3749/canmin.46.6.1401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Albitization+of+granitic+rocks%3A+The+mechanism+of+replacement+of+oligoclase+by+albite&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1401-1415&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.6.1401&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CaMin..46.1401E&rft.aulast=Engvik&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Putnis%2C+A.&rft.au=Fitz+Gerald%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Austrheim%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZharikov" class="citation book cs1">Zharikov, V. A.; et al. (et al.). <i>Metasomatism and metasomatic rocks</i>. Academy of Sciences Russia. pp. 131–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metasomatism+and+metasomatic+rocks&rft.pages=131-146&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+Russia&rft.aulast=Zharikov&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetasomatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harlov_Austrheim_20132-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harlov_Austrheim_20132_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlovAustrheim2013" class="citation book cs1">Harlov, D.E.; Austrheim, H. (2013). <i>Metasomatism and the Chemical Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments</i>. 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