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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Service history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Battle of the Gulf of Riga</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_to_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_actions_in_the_North_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_actions_in_the_North_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Later actions in the North Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_actions_in_the_North_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1)" title="Позен (кораб) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Позен (кораб)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_(Schiff)" title="Posen (Schiff) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Posen (Schiff)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="اس‌ام‌اس پوزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌ام‌اس پوزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94,_1908)" title="פוזן (אוניית מערכה, 1908) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוזן (אוניית מערכה, 1908)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3_(%E6%88%A6%E8%89%A6)" title="ポーゼン (戦艦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーゼン (戦艦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen_(1908)" title="SMS Posen (1908) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SMS Posen (1908)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Posen" title="SMS Posen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SMS Posen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%8F%B7%E6%88%98%E5%88%97%E8%88%B0" title="波森号战列舰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波森号战列舰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q669817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nassau-class battleship of the German Imperial Navy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg/300px-SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg/450px-SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg/600px-SMS_Posen_NH_46831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5392" data-file-height="3876" /></a></span><div><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> underway, 1910</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/47px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/70px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/94px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Namesake</td><td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Germaniawerft" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaniawerft">Germaniawerft</a></i></span>, Kiel</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>11 June 1907</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>12 December 1908</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Commissioned</td><td>31 May 1910</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Decommissioned</td><td>16 December 1918</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Stricken</td><td>5 November 1919</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Ceded to Great Britain 1920. Scrapped 1922</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Class and type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship" title="Nassau-class battleship"><i>Nassau</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Normal_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal displacement">Normal</a>: 18,873 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a> (18,575 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Full-load_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-load displacement">Full load</a>: 21,000 t (21,000 long tons)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>146.1 m (479 ft 4 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>26.9 m (88 ft 3 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>8.9 m (29 ft 2 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 × <a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">water-tube boilers</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">22,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric horsepower">PS</a> (21,700 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower" title="Horsepower">ihp</a>; 16,180 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3 × <a href="/wiki/Triple-expansion_steam_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple-expansion steam engine">triple-expansion steam engines</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3 × screw <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Designed: 19 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (35 km/h; 22 mph)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Maximum: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Range</td><td>At 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph): 8,300 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (15,400 km; 9,600 mi)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Standard: 40 officers, 968 men</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Squadron flagship: 53 officers, 1,034 men</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2nd command flagship: 42 officers, 991 men<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 × <a href="/wiki/28_cm_SK_L/45_gun" title="28 cm SK L/45 gun">28 cm (11 in) SK L/45</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 × <a href="/wiki/15_cm_SK_L/45" title="15 cm SK L/45">15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">16 × <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_SK_L/45_naval_gun" title="8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun">8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">6 × 45 cm (17.7 in) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Belt</a>: 300 mm (11.8 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a>: 280 mm (11 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a>: 80 mm (3.1 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">Conning Tower</a>: 400 mm (15.7 in)</li> </ul></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>SMS <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of four <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship" title="Nassau-class battleship"><i>Nassau</i> class</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="German Imperial Navy">German Imperial Navy</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaiserliche Marine</i></span>). The ship was <a href="/wiki/Laid_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Laid down">laid down</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Germaniawerft" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaniawerft">Germaniawerft</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> on 11 June 1907, launched on 12 December 1908, and commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> on 31 May 1910. She was equipped with a main battery of twelve 28 cm (11 in) guns in six twin <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a> in an unusual hexagonal arrangement. </p><p>The ship served with her three sister ships for the majority of World War I. She saw extensive service in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, where she took part in several fleet sorties. These culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was heavily engaged in night-fighting against British light forces. In the confusion, the ship accidentally rammed the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Elbing" title="SMS Elbing">SMS <i>Elbing</i></a>, which suffered serious damage and was <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> later in the night. </p><p>The ship also conducted several deployments to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>. In the first of these, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> supported a German naval assault in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga" title="Battle of the Gulf of Riga">Battle of the Gulf of Riga</a>. The ship was sent back to the Baltic in 1918 to support the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Finns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>. At the end of the war, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> remained in Germany while the majority of the fleet was interned in <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>. In 1919, following the <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow">scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow</a>, she was ceded to the British as a replacement for the ships that had been sunk. She was then sent to <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">ship-breakers</a> in the Netherlands and scrapped in 1922. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship" title="Nassau-class battleship">Nassau-class battleship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png/220px-Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png/330px-Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png/440px-Nassau-class_plan_and_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Plan and profile drawing of the <i>Nassau</i> class</figcaption></figure> <p>Design work on the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span> class began in late 1903 in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a>; at the time, battleships of foreign navies had begun to carry increasingly heavy <a href="/wiki/Secondary_armament" title="Secondary armament">secondary batteries</a>, including Italian and American ships with 20.3 cm (8 in) guns and British ships with 23.4 cm (9.2 in) guns, outclassing the previous German battleships of the <a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_battleship" title="Deutschland-class battleship"><i>Deutschland</i> class</a> with their 17 cm (6.7 in) secondaries. German designers initially considered ships equipped with 21 cm (8.3 in) secondary guns, but erroneous reports in early 1904 that the British <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson-class_battleship" title="Lord Nelson-class battleship"><i>Lord Nelson</i>-class battleships</a> would be equipped with a secondary battery of 25.4 cm (10 in) guns prompted them to consider an even more powerful ship armed with an <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">all-big-gun armament</a> consisting of eight 28 cm (11 in) guns. Over the next two years, the design was refined into a larger vessel with twelve of the guns, by which time Britain had launched the all-big-gun battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson72–75_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson72–75-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was 146.1 m (479 ft) long, 26.9 m (88 ft 3.1 in) wide, and had a draft of 8.9 m (29 ft 2.4 in). She <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displaced</a> 18,873 t (18,575 long tons) with a standard load, and 20,535 t (20,211 long tons) fully laden.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship had a crew of 40 officers and 968 enlisted men. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> retained three-shafted <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine#Multiple_expansion_engines" title="Steam engine">triple expansion engines</a> with twelve coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">water-tube boilers</a> instead of more advanced <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> engines. Her propulsion system was rated at 28,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric horsepower">PS</a> (27,617 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower" title="Horsepower">ihp</a>; 20,594 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>) and provided a top speed of 20 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (37 km/h; 23 mph). She had a cruising radius of 8,300 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (15,400 km; 9,600 mi) at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of machinery was chosen at the request of both Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> and the Navy's construction department; the latter stated in 1905 that the "use of turbines in heavy warships does not recommend itself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig59–60_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig59–60-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was based solely on cost: at the time, <a href="/wiki/Parsons_Marine_Steam_Turbine_Company" title="Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company">Parsons</a> held a monopoly on steam turbines and required a 1 million <a href="/wiki/Gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mark">gold mark</a> royalty fee for every turbine engine. German firms were not ready to begin production of turbines on a large scale until 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff23,_35_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff23,_35-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> carried a <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a> of twelve <a href="/wiki/28_cm_SK_L/45_gun" title="28 cm SK L/45 gun">28 cm (11 in) SK L/45</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> guns in an unusual hexagonal configuration. Her secondary armament consisted of twelve <a href="/wiki/15_cm_SK_L/45" title="15 cm SK L/45">15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns</a> and sixteen <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_SK_L/45_naval_gun" title="8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun">8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns</a>, all of which were mounted in <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in her career, two of the 8.8 cm guns were replaced with high-angle Flak mountings of the same caliber for defense against aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was also armed with six 45 cm (17.7 in) submerged <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a>. One tube was mounted in the bow, another in the stern, and two on each <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a>, on either ends of the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bulkhead" title="Torpedo bulkhead">torpedo bulkhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche140_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche140-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a> was 300 mm (11.8 in) thick in the central <a href="/wiki/Armored_citadel" title="Armored citadel">citadel</a>, and the armored deck was 80 mm (3.1 in) thick. The main battery turrets had 280 mm (11 in) thick sides, and the <a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a> was protected with 400 mm (15.7 in) of armor plating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_history">Service history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg/220px-First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg/330px-First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg/440px-First_and_second_battleship_squadrons_and_small_cruiser_of_the_-_NARA_-_533188-2_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/I_Battle_Squadron" title="I Battle Squadron">I Battle Squadron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> before the war</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was ordered under the provisional name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ersatz Baden</i></span>, as a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/SMS_Baden_(1880)" title="SMS Baden (1880)"><i>Baden</i></a>, one of the elderly <a href="/wiki/Sachsen-class_ironclad" title="Sachsen-class ironclad"><i>Sachsen</i>-class</a> ironclads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was laid down on 11 June 1907 at the <a href="/wiki/Germaniawerft" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaniawerft">Germaniawerft</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff20_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with her sister <a href="/wiki/SMS_Nassau" title="SMS Nassau"><i>Nassau</i></a>, construction proceeded under absolute secrecy; detachments of soldiers guarded the shipyard and also guarded contractors that supplied building materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHough26_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHough26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was launched a year and a half later, on 12 December 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff20_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm August Hans von Waldow-Reitzenstein gave a speech at her launching, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was christened by Johanna von Radolin, the wife of Hugo Fürst von Radolin, a German diplomat who hailed from the ship's namesake province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial trials were conducted through April 1910, followed by final <a href="/wiki/Fitting-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitting-out">fitting-out</a> in May. The ship was commissioned into the fleet on 31 May. <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">Sea trials</a> were conducted afterward and completed by 27 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, her construction cost the German government 36,920,000 <a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">marks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing her trials in August 1910, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> left Kiel for <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, where she arrived on 7 September. As the German Imperial Navy had chronic shortages of trained sailors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig90_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig90-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of the crew were then assigned to other ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These crewmembers were replaced with personnel from the old <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Wittelsbach" title="SMS Wittelsbach"><i>Wittelsbach</i></a>, which was decommissioned on 20 September. After their commissioning, all four <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span>-class ships served as a unit, II Division of <a href="/wiki/I_Battle_Squadron" title="I Battle Squadron">I Battle Squadron</a>, with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> as the <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> participated in several training exercises with the rest of the fleet before the outbreak of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1910 the fleet conducted a training cruise into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. The following year the fleet conducted maneuvers in May; the annual summer cruise to Norway followed in July. The fleet participated in another round of fleet exercises in the Baltic in September, followed by another set at the end of the year. The next year followed a similar pattern, though the summer cruise to Norway was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Agadir crisis">Agadir crisis</a>; as a result, the summer cruise only went into the Baltic. The September exercises were conducted off <a href="/wiki/Helgoland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>; another winter cruise into the Baltic followed at the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training schedule returned to normal for 1913 and 1914, and the summer cruises again went to Norway. For the 1914 cruise, the fleet departed for Norwegian waters on 14 July, some two weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>. The probability of war cut the cruise short; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and the rest of the fleet were back in Wilhelmshaven by 29 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg/220px-SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg/330px-SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg/440px-SMS_Posen_sketch_by_Oscar_Parkes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Parkes" title="Oscar Parkes">Oscar Parkes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At midnight on 4 August, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig144_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig144-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and the rest of the fleet conducted several advances into the North Sea to support Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Hipper" title="Franz von Hipper">Franz von Hipper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I_Scouting_Group" title="I Scouting Group">I Scouting Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battlecruisers raided British coastal towns in an attempt to lure out portions of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> where they could be destroyed by the High Seas Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig149–150_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig149–150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such operation was the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Scarborough,_Hartlepool_and_Whitby" title="Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby">raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby</a> on 15–16 December 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant31_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of 15 December, the German battle fleet of 12 dreadnoughts—including <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and her three sisters—and eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. Skirmishes between the rival <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> screens in the darkness convinced the German fleet commander, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Ingenohl" title="Friedrich von Ingenohl">Friedrich von Ingenohl</a>, that he was faced with the Grand Fleet, now deployed in its battle formation. Under orders from <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> to avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily, Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the battlefleet back toward Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant31–33_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant31–33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga">Battle of the Gulf of Riga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of the Gulf of Riga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Riga" title="Battle of the Gulf of Riga">Battle of the Gulf of Riga</a></div> <p>In August 1915, a special unit from the German fleet attempted to clear the Russian-held <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a> in order to assist the German Army, which was planning an assault on <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. To do so, the German planners intended to drive off or destroy the Russian naval forces in the Gulf, which included the pre-dreadnought battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Slava" title="Russian battleship Slava"><i>Slava</i></a> and some smaller <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> and destroyers. The German battle fleet was accompanied by several mine-warfare vessels. These ships were tasked with clearing Russian minefields and laying a series of their own minefields in the northern entrance to the gulf, to prevent Russian naval reinforcements from reaching the area. The assembled German flotilla included <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and her three sister ships, the four <a href="/wiki/Helgoland-class_battleship" title="Helgoland-class battleship"><i>Helgoland</i>-class</a> battleships, the battlecruisers <a href="/wiki/SMS_Von_der_Tann" title="SMS Von der Tann"><i>Von der Tann</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Moltke" title="SMS Moltke"><i>Moltke</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Seydlitz" title="SMS Seydlitz"><i>Seydlitz</i></a>, and several pre-dreadnoughts, operating under the command of Hipper, now a vice admiral. The eight battleships were to provide cover for the forces engaging the Russian flotilla. The first attempt on 8 August was unsuccessful, as it had taken too long to clear the Russian minefields to allow the minelayer <a href="/wiki/SMS_Deutschland_(1914)" title="SMS Deutschland (1914)"><i>Deutschland</i></a> to lay a minefield of her own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern196–197_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern196–197-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 August, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span> led a second attempt to breach the defenses of the gulf, with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> as Admiral Schmidt's flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two dreadnoughts were accompanied by 4 light cruisers and 31 torpedo boats. On the first day of the assault the Germans broke through the Russian forces, but two German light craft—the minesweeper <a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_T46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMS T46 (page does not exist)"><i>T46</i></a> and the destroyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_V99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMS V99 (page does not exist)"><i>V99</i></a>—were sunk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern197_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern197-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span> engaged a pair of Russian gunboats, <a href="/wiki/Russian_gunboat_Sivuch_(1907)" title="Russian gunboat Sivuch (1907)"><i>Sivuch</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_gunboat_Korietz" title="Russian gunboat Korietz"><i>Korietz</i></a>. <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Sivuch</i></span> was sunk that day and <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Korietz</i></span> was severely damaged; the ship managed to limp away but had to be scuttled the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 17th, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span> engaged <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Slava</i></span> at long range; they scored three hits on the Russian ship and forced her to return to port. By 19 August, the Russian minefields had been cleared and the flotilla entered the Gulf. Reports of Allied submarines in the area prompted the Germans to call off the operation the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern197–198_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern197–198-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral Hipper later remarked, "To keep valuable ships for a considerable time in a limited area in which enemy submarines were increasingly active, with the corresponding risk of damage and loss, was to indulge in a gamble out of all proportion to the advantage to be derived from the occupation of the Gulf <i>before</i> the capture of Riga from the land side." In fact, the battlecruiser <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Moltke</i></span> had been torpedoed that morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern198_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern198-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 August, Schmidt had his flag hauled down from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and disbanded the special unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_to_the_North_Sea">Return to the North Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to the North Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large warship steams at low speed; gray smoke drifts from the two smoke stacks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg/220px-SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg/330px-SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg/440px-SMS_Westfalen_LOC_25466u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5352" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>SMS <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of August <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and the rest of the High Seas Fleet had returned to their anchorages in the North Sea. The next operation conducted was a sweep into the North Sea on 11–12 September, though it ended without any action. Another fleet sortie followed on 23–24 October without encountering any British forces. On 4 March 1916, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Von der Tann</i></span> steamed out to the Amrumbank to receive the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary cruiser">auxiliary cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_M%C3%B6we_(1914)" title="SMS Möwe (1914)"><i>Möwe</i></a>, which was returning from a raiding mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another uneventful advance into the North Sea took place on 21–22 April. A bombardment mission followed two days later; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> joined the battleship support for Hipper's battlecruisers while they <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yarmouth_and_Lowestoft" title="Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft">attacked Yarmouth and Lowestoft</a> on 24–25 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this operation, the battlecruiser <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Seydlitz</i></span> was damaged by a British mine and had to return to port prematurely. Due to the poor visibility, the operation was soon called off, leaving the British fleet no time to intercept the raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant52–54_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant52–54-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Jutland">Battle of Jutland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Jutland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland,_1916.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg/350px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg/525px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg/700px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Maps showing the maneuvers of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Scheer" title="Reinhard Scheer">Reinhard Scheer</a>, who had succeeded Admirals von Ingenohl and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Pohl" title="Hugo von Pohl">Hugo von Pohl</a> as the fleet commander, immediately planned another attack on the British coast. The damage to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Seydlitz</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a> trouble on several of the <a href="/wiki/III_Battle_Squadron" title="III Battle Squadron">III Battle Squadron</a> dreadnoughts delayed the plan until the end of May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant56–58_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant56–58-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German battlefleet departed the <a href="/wiki/Jade_Bight" title="Jade Bight">Jade</a> at 03:30 on 31 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant62_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant62-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was assigned to II Division of I Battle Squadron as the flagship of Rear Admiral W. Engelhardt. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was the first ship in the division, ahead of her three sisters. II Division was the last unit of dreadnoughts in the fleet; they were followed by only the elderly pre-dreadnoughts of <a href="/wiki/II_Battle_Squadron" title="II Battle Squadron">II Battle Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant286_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant286-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 17:48 and 17:52, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and ten other German battleships engaged the British 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, though the range and poor visibility prevented effective fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell54_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell54-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, two British destroyers—<a href="/wiki/HMS_Nomad" title="HMS Nomad"><i>Nomad</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nestor_(1915)" title="HMS Nestor (1915)"><i>Nestor</i></a>—came under intense fire from the German line. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> fired at <i>Nestor</i> with both her main battery and secondary guns. At 18:35, <i>Nestor</i> exploded and sank under the combined fire of eight battleships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell101_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell101-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 20:15, the German fleet had faced the Grand Fleet for a second time and was forced to turn away; in doing so, the order of the German line was reversed. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was now the fourth ship in the line, astern of her three sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant172_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant172-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At around 21:20, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and her sister ships were engaged by the battlecruisers of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battlecruiser_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)">3rd Battlecruiser Squadron</a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was the only ship of I Battle Squadron to be able to make out a target, which turned out to be the battlecruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Princess_Royal_(1911)" title="HMS Princess Royal (1911)">HMS <i>Princess Royal</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Indomitable_(1907)" title="HMS Indomitable (1907)"><i>Indomitable</i></a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> opened fire at 21:28 at a range of 10,000 m (11,000 yd); she scored one hit on <i>Princess Royal</i> at 21:32 and straddled <i>Indomitable</i> several times, surrounding her with a salvo of shells, before ceasing fire at 21:35.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell254_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell254-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 00:30, the leading units of the German line encountered British destroyers and cruisers. A violent firefight at close range ensued; the leading German battleships, including <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span>, opened fire on several British warships. In the confusion, the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Elbing" title="SMS Elbing"><i>Elbing</i></a> passed through the German line directly in front of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and was rammed. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was undamaged, but both of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elbing</i></span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s engine rooms were flooded and the ship came to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell286_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell286-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two and a half hours later, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elbing</i></span> spotted several approaching British destroyers, and her captain gave the order to scuttle the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell295_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell295-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before 01:00, the German line engaged a flotilla of British destroyers. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> spotted the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fortune_(1913)" title="HMS Fortune (1913)"><i>Fortune</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Porpoise_(1913)" title="HMS Porpoise (1913)"><i>Porpoise</i></a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Garland_(1913)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Garland (1913) (page does not exist)"><i>Garland</i></a> at very close range; she opened fire on the first two ships at ranges between 800 and 1,600 m (870 and 1,750 yd), seriously damaging <i>Porpoise</i>. <i>Fortune</i> quickly sank under fire from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and several other battleships, but not before firing two torpedoes which <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> had to evade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell289_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell289-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 01:25, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span> illuminated the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ardent_(1913)" title="HMS Ardent (1913)"><i>Ardent</i></a> and opened fire; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> joined her shortly thereafter and reported several hits at ranges of 1,000 to 1,200 m (1,100 to 1,300 yd).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell290_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell290-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the ferocity of the night fighting, the High Seas Fleet punched through the British destroyer forces and reached <a href="/wiki/Horns_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Horns Reef">Horns Reef</a> by 04:00 on 1 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant246–247_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant246–247-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German fleet reached Wilhelmshaven a few hours later, where <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and several other battleships from I Battle Squadron took up defensive positions in the outer <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadstead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant263_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant263-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the battle, the ship had fired fifty-three 28 cm shells, sixty-four 15 cm rounds, and thirty-two 8.8 cm shells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant292_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant292-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship and her crew emerged from the battle completely unscathed by enemy fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in June 1917, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Krosigk" title="Wilhelm von Krosigk">Wilhelm von Krosigk</a> served as the ship's commanding officer; he held this position until the end of the war in November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expedition_to_Finland">Expedition to Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expedition to Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large gray warship steams through calm seas; thick black smoke pours from two tall smoke stacks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg/220px-SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg/330px-SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg/440px-SMS_Nassau_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>A recognition drawing of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nassau</i></span>-class battleship</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1918, the German navy decided to send an expedition to Finland to support German army units to be deployed there. The Finns were engaged in a civil war; the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Finns</a> sought a conservative government free from the influence of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Red Guards</a> preferred Soviet-style communism. On 23 February, two of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s sister ships—<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinland</i></span>—were assigned as the core of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderverband Ostsee</i></span> (Special Unit Baltic Sea).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanz85–86_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanz85–86-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two ships embarked the 14th <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger (military)">Jäger</a></i></span> Battalion. They departed for <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> on the following morning. Åland was to be a forward operating base, from which the port of <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a> would be secured. From Hanko, the German expedition would assault the capital of <a href="/wiki/Helsingfors" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsingfors">Helsingfors</a>. The task force reached the Åland Islands on 5 March, where they encountered the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defense_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal defense ship">coastal defense ships</a> <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Sverige" title="HSwMS Sverige">HSwMS <i>Sverige</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Thor_(1898)" title="HSwMS Thor (1898)"><i>Thor</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Oscar_II" title="HSwMS Oscar II"><i>Oscar II</i></a>. Negotiations ensued, which resulted in the landing of the German troops on Åland on 7 March; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span> then returned to <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, where <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff27_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff27-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span> left Danzig; the ships arrived at <a href="/wiki/Russar%C3%B6" title="Russarö">Russarö</a>, which was the outer defense for Hanko, by 3 April. The German army quickly took the port. The task force then proceeded to Helsingfors; on 11 April the ship passed into the harbor at Helsingfors and landed the soldiers. This included a detachment from the ship which was landed two days later on 13 April. During the operation, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew suffered four men killed and twelve wounded. From 18 to 20 April, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> assisted with the efforts to free <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinland</i></span>, which had been grounded. Two days later, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> struck a sunken wreck in Helsingfors harbor, which caused minor damage. On 30 April the ship was detached from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderverband Ostsee</i></span>. The ship returned to Germany, reaching Kiel by 3 May, where she entered drydock. Repair work lasted until 5 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_actions_in_the_North_Sea">Later actions in the North Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later actions in the North Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 August 1918, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westfalen</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_(1911)" title="SMS Kaiser (1911)"><i>Kaiser</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiserin" title="SMS Kaiserin"><i>Kaiserin</i></a> sortied from Wilhelmshaven to support torpedo boats on patrol off <a href="/wiki/Terschelling" title="Terschelling">Terschelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff27_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff27-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> moved out into the outer roadsteads of the Jade to provide cover for the returning <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flanders_Flotilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanders Flotilla">Flanders Flotilla</a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was to have taken part in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_order_of_24_October_1918" title="Naval order of 24 October 1918">last fleet operation</a> of the war,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planned for 30 October. The operation was intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet. War-weary sailors <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmshaven mutiny">mutinied</a>, which led to the operation being canceled. In an attempt to suppress the spread of mutinous sentiments, Admiral Hipper ordered the fleet dispersed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant280–281_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant280–281-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and the other ships of I Battle Squadron were sent out into the roadstead on 3 November, then returned to Wilhelmshaven on 6 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate">Fate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 November 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice</a> took effect; according to its terms, eleven battleships and five battlecruisers were to be interned in <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> for the duration of negotiations for the peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche139_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche139-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was not among the ships interned, and she was instead decommissioned on 16 December. The ships in Scapa Flow were <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow">scuttled by their crews on 21 June 1919</a> to prevent them from being seized by the Allies. As a result, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> and the other battleships that remained in Germany were seized as replacements for the ships that had been lost. On 5 November, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> was stricken from the German navy list to be handed over to Great Britain. The ship was transferred on 13 May 1920; on 1 November 1920, she was driven ashore at <a href="/wiki/Hawkcraig" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkcraig">Hawkcraig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British subsequently sold <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> to ship-breakers in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was broken up in <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner24_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner24-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Each eight-ship battle squadron had a flagship that also functioned as the flagship of the first four-ship division; a second command flagship served as the leader of the second division in each squadron. At the Battle of Jutland, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Posen</i></span> served as the second command flagship, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Walter Engelhardt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant286_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant286-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"SMS" stands for "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Seiner_Majest%C3%A4t_Schiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiner Majestät Schiff">Seiner Majestät Schiff</a></i></span>", or "His Majesty's Ship".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner" title="Erich Gröner">Erich Gröner</a>, this figure is calculated as "25 to 50 percent full load...and [was] used in the German navy since 1882 as a basis for performance and speed calculations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrönerix_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrönerix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnelladekanone</i></span>) denotes that the gun is quick firing, while "L/45" provides the length of the gun in terms of the diameter of the barrel. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" title="Caliber (artillery)">calibers</a>, which means that the gun is 45 times as long as its diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrießmer177_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrießmer177-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the problem, Admiral Oldekop stated in November 1912: "There is almost no more personnel on land. Garrison watch duty can no longer be conducted according to regulations...The Navy units [in Kiel] are equally exhausted as in Wilhelmshaven. Complaints concerning lack of personnel on land are the same."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig90_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig90-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff32-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff32_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant286-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant286_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant286_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson72–75-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson72–75_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson">Dodson</a>, pp. 72–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrönerix-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrönerix_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGröner">Gröner</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner23_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGröner">Gröner</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig59–60-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig59–60_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig">Herwig</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff23,_35-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff23,_35_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, pp. 23, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrießmer177-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrießmer177_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrießmer">Grießmer</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz239_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz">Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche140-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche140_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell_&_Sieche">Campbell & Sieche</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff20-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff20_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff20_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHough26-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHough26_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHough">Hough</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig90-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig90_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig90_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig">Herwig</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff8-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff8_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff11_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig144-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig144_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig">Herwig</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig149–150-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig149–150_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig">Herwig</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant31-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant31_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant31–33-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant31–33_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern196–197-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern196–197_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern">Halpern</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern197-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern197_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern">Halpern</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern197–198-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern197–198_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern">Halpern</a>, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern198-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern198_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern">Halpern</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff33-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff33_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant52–54-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant52–54_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant56–58-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant56–58_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant62-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant62_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell54-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell54_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell101-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell101_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant172-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant172_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell254-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell254_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell286-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell286_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell295-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell295_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell289-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell289_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell290-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell290_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant246–247-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant246–247_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant263-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant263_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant292-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant292_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanz85–86-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanz85–86_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanz">Ganz</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff27-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff27_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff27_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaff">Staff</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant280–281-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant280–281_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant">Tarrant</a>, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche139-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell_&_Sieche139_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell_&_Sieche">Campbell & Sieche</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Casualty reports". <i>The Times</i>. No. 42557. London. 2 November 1920. col D, p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Casualty+reports&rft.issue=42557&rft.pages=col+D%2C+p.-18&rft.date=1920-11-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröner24-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröner24_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGröner">Gröner</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SMS_Posen_(ship,_1908)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:SMS Posen (ship, 1908)">SMS Posen (ship, 1908)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1998). <i>Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-759-1"><bdi>978-1-55821-759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jutland%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Fighting&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-759-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_&_Sieche" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0"><i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i></a>. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 134–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-245-5"><bdi>978-0-85177-245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1906%E2%80%931921&rft.place=London&rft.pages=134-189&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-245-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=N.+J.+M.&rft.au=Sieche%2C+Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a> (2016). <i>The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918</i>. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-229-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-229-5"><bdi>978-1-84832-229-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser%27s+Battlefleet%3A+German+Capital+Ships+1871%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-229-5&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanz" class="citation journal cs1">Ganz, A. Harding (April 1980). "The German Expedition to Finland, 1918". <i>Military Affairs</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 84–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1986604">10.2307/1986604</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986604">1986604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+German+Expedition+to+Finland%2C+1918&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84-91&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1986604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1986604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ganz&rft.aufirst=A.+Harding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrießmer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grießmer, Axel (1999). <i>Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz</i> [<i>The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws</i>] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5985-9"><bdi>978-3-7637-5985-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Linienschiffe+der+Kaiserlichen+Marine%3A+1906%E2%80%931918%3B+Konstruktionen+zwischen+R%C3%BCstungskonkurrenz+und+Flottengesetz&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-7637-5985-9&rft.aulast=Grie%C3%9Fmer&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröner" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner" title="Erich Gröner">Gröner, Erich</a> (1990). <i>German Warships: 1815–1945</i>. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-790-6"><bdi>978-0-87021-790-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Warships%3A+1815%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-790-6&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6ner&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul G. (1995). <i>A Naval History of World War I</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-352-7"><bdi>978-1-55750-352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-352-7&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. <i>"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918</i>. Amherst: Humanity Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-286-9"><bdi>978-1-57392-286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Luxury%22+Fleet%3A+The+Imperial+German+Navy+1888%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-286-9&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand,_Röhr,_&_Steinmetz" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). <i>Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7822-0237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7822-0237-4"><bdi>978-3-7822-0237-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Deutschen+Kriegsschiffe%3A+Biographien+%E2%80%93+ein+Spiegel+der+Marinegeschichte+von+1815+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Ratingen&rft.pub=Mundus+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-7822-0237-4&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Albert&rft.au=Steinmetz%2C+Hans-Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a> (2003). <i>Dreadnought: A History of the Modern Battleship</i>. Penzance: Periscope Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904381-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904381-11-2"><bdi>978-1-904381-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreadnought%3A+A+History+of+the+Modern+Battleship&rft.place=Penzance&rft.pub=Periscope+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904381-11-2&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Staff, Gary (2010). <i>German Battleships: 1914–1918</i>. Vol. 1: Deutschland, Nassau and Helgoland Classes. Oxford: Osprey Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-467-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Battleships%3A+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-467-1&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrant" class="citation book cs1">Tarrant, V. E. (2001) [1995]. <i>Jutland: The German Perspective</i>. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35848-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35848-9"><bdi>978-0-304-35848-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jutland%3A+The+German+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military+Paperbacks&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35848-9&rft.aulast=Tarrant&rft.aufirst=V.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS_Posen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonCant2020" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). <i>Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars</i>. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4198-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4198-1"><bdi>978-1-5267-4198-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spoils+of+War%3A+The+Fate+of+Enemy+Fleets+after+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-4198-1&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Cant%2C+Serena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Nassau_class_battleship" title="Template:Nassau class battleship"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nassau_class_battleship" title="Template talk:Nassau class battleship"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nassau_class_battleship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nassau class battleship"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nassau-class_battleships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship" title="Nassau-class battleship"><i>Nassau</i>-class battleships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Nassau" title="SMS Nassau"><i>Nassau</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Westfalen" title="SMS Westfalen"><i>Westfalen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Rheinland" title="SMS Rheinland"><i>Rheinland</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Posen</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_battleship" title="Deutschland-class battleship"><i>Deutschland</i> class</a></li> <li>Followed by: <a href="/wiki/Helgoland-class_battleship" title="Helgoland-class battleship"><i>Helgoland</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Germany" title="List of battleships of Germany">List of battleships of Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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