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id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوزنانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوزنانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Posen" title="Provincia de Posen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Provincia de Posen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Позен (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Позен (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Позен (провинция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Позен (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Posen" title="Província de Posen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Província de Posen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%88sko" title="Poznaňsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poznaňsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinz_Posen" title="Provinz Posen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Provinz Posen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseni_provints" title="Poseni provints – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poseni provints" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Posen" title="Provincia de Posen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Posen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandduklando_Posen" title="Grandduklando Posen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandduklando Posen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_de_Posnanie" title="Province de Posnanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Province de Posnanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%A0%A0%EC%A3%BC" title="포젠주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포젠주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Posen" title="Provinsi Posen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Provinsi Posen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posnania" title="Posnania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Posnania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" title="פרובינציית פוזן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינציית פוזן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan%C4%97s_provincija" title="Poznanės provincija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poznanės provincija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_(provincie)" title="Posen (provincie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Posen (provincie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Posen" title="Provinsen Posen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Provinsen Posen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska" title="Prowincja Poznańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowincja Poznańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Posen" title="Província de Posen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província de Posen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Позен (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позен (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posenin_provinssi" title="Posenin provinssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Posenin provinssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Posen" title="Provinsen Posen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Provinsen Posen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_(vilayet)" title="Posen (vilayet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Posen (vilayet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Позен (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Позен (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" title="波森省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波森省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Posen&params=52_24_N_16_55_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.400°N 16.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.400; 16.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Prussia (1848–1920)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Province of Posen<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Provinz Posen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Prowincja Poznańska</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1848–1920</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Province of Posen"><img alt="Flag of Province of Posen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg/125px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg/188px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg/250px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Province_of_Posen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Province of Posen">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Province of Posen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Province of Posen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Posen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Prussia-Posen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-Prussia-Posen.svg/220px-Map-Prussia-Posen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-Prussia-Posen.svg/330px-Map-Prussia-Posen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-Prussia-Posen.svg/440px-Map-Prussia-Posen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><br />Posen (red) within Prussia (blue) within the German Empire</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Posen_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/220px-Posen_1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/330px-Posen_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/440px-Posen_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Posen&params=52_24_N_16_55_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.400°N 16.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.400; 16.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">  </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1910</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28,970 km<sup>2</sup> (11,190 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,099,831</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Posen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Arms_of_Posen.svg/80px-Arms_of_Posen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Arms_of_Posen.svg/120px-Arms_of_Posen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Arms_of_Posen.svg/160px-Arms_of_Posen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div><br /><b>Lesser coat of arms</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1920</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Posen_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen district">Posen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bromberg_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromberg district">Bromberg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Posen%E2%80%93West_Prussia" title="Posen–West Prussia">Posen–West Prussia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg/20px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg/30px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg/40px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Poznań Voivodeship (1919–1939)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Province of Posen</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Provinz Posen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Prowincja Poznańska</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> from 1848 to 1920, occupying most of the historical <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>. The province was established following the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1848)" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1848)">Poznań Uprising of 1848</a> as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>, which in turn was annexed by Prussia in 1815 from <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>. It became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Posen was briefly part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>, but was dissolved in 1920 when the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> broke out and most of its territory was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. The remaining German territory was re-organized into <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> in 1922. </p><p>Posen (present-day <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) was the provincial capital. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posen_Physical_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Posen_Physical_Map.png/310px-Posen_Physical_Map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Posen_Physical_Map.png/465px-Posen_Physical_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Posen_Physical_Map.png/620px-Posen_Physical_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="7714" data-file-height="5932" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Posen in the year 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The land is mostly flat, drained by two major <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> systems; the <a href="/wiki/Note%C4%87" title="Noteć">Noteć</a> (German: <i>Netze</i>) in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> (<i>Warthe</i>) in the center. <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> left <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> deposits and the land is speckled with hundreds of "finger lakes", streams flowing in and out on their way to one of the two rivers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> was the primary industry. The <a href="/wiki/Three-field_system" title="Three-field system">three-field system</a> was used to grow a variety of crops, primarily <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. Significant parcels of wooded land provided building materials and <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>. Small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> existed, including <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>, but a fair number of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> were herded. </p><p>The 29,000 km<sup>2</sup> (11,000 sq mi) area roughly corresponded to the historic region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koebler_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koebler-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more than a century, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a>, with a brief exception during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. When this area came under Prussian control, the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a> was still in force. It was officially ended in Prussia (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl,_Baron_von_und_zum_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron von und zum Stein">Freiherr vom Stein</a>) in 1810 (1864 in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>), but lingered in some practices until the late 19th century. The situation was thus that (primarily) Polish serfs lived and worked side by side with (predominantly) free German settlers. Though the settlers were given initial advantages, in time their lots were not much different. Serfs worked for the noble lord, who took care of them. Settlers worked for themselves and took care of themselves, but paid taxes to the lord. </p><p>Typically, an estate would have its <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor</a> and farm buildings, and a village nearby for the Polish laborers. Near that village, there might be a German settlement. And in the woods, there would be a forester's dwelling. The estate owners, usually of the nobility, owned the local <a href="/wiki/Grist_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grist mill">grist mill</a>, and often other types of mills or perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distillery</a>. In many places, <a href="/wiki/Windmills" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills">windmills</a> dotted the landscape, reminding one of the earliest settlers, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, who began the process of turning unproductive river marshes into fields. This process was finished by the German settlers employed to reclaim unproductive lands (not only marshland) for the host estate owners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> became Prussian in 1772 (<a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a>) and 1793 (<a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a>. After Prussia's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the territory was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> in 1807 upon the Franco-Prussian <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a>. In 1815 during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Prussia gained the western third of the Warsaw duchy, which was about half of former South Prussia. Prussia then administered this province as the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>, which lost most of its exceptional status already after the 1830 <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koebler_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koebler-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Prussian authorities feared a Polish national movement which would have swept away the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Instead Prussian <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_Partitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanisation of Poles during Partitions">Germanisation</a> measures increased under <i>Oberpräsident</i> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Heinrich_von_Flottwell" title="Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell">Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell</a>, who had replaced Duke-governor <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Antoni Radziwiłł">Antoni Radziwiłł</a>. </p><p>A first <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1846)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> in 1846 failed, as the leading insurgents around <a href="/wiki/Karol_Libelt" title="Karol Libelt">Karol Libelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Mieros%C5%82awski" title="Ludwik Mierosławski">Ludwik Mierosławski</a> were reported to the Prussian police and arrested for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>. Their trial at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kammergericht" title="Kammergericht">Kammergericht</a></i> court gained them enormous popularity even among German <a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">national liberals</a>, who themselves were suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a>. Both were released in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">March Revolution of 1848</a> and triumphantly carried through the streets. </p><p>At the same time, a Polish national committee gathered at Poznań and demanded independence. The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Peter_von_Colomb" title="Friedrich August Peter von Colomb">Friedrich August Peter von Colomb</a> at first retired. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> as well as the new Prussian commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Willisen" title="Karl Wilhelm von Willisen">Karl Wilhelm von Willisen</a>, promised a renewed autonomy status. </p><p>However, both among the German-speaking population of the province as well as in the Prussian capital, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Polonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Polonism">anti-Polish</a> sentiments arose. While the local Posen (<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>) Parliament voted 26 to 17 votes against joining German Confederation, on 3 April 1848<sup id="cite_ref-Chwalba_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chwalba-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> ignored the vote, unsuccessfully attempting its status change to a common Prussian province, as well as its incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Frankfurt parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Jordan" title="Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan">Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan</a> vehemently spoke against Polish autonomy. The assembly at first attempted to divide the Posen duchy into two parts: the Province of Posen, which would have been given to the German population and annexed to a newly created <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Germany">Greater Germany</a>, and the Province of <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>, which would have been given to the Poles and remain outside of Germany. Because of the protest of Polish politicians, this plan failed and the integrity of the duchy was preserved. </p><p>Nevertheless, when the Prussian troops had finally crushed the Greater Polish revolt, after a series of broken assurances, on 9 February 1849 the Prussian authorities renamed the duchy as the Province of Posen. In spite of that, the territory formally remained outside of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (and thus Germany) until the German Confederation was dissolved and the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> was established, which occurred in <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a>. Nevertheless, the Prussian Kings retained the title "Grand Duke of Posen" until the German and Prussian monarchy finally expired in 1918, following the abdication of <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">William II</a>. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, the Province of Posen became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and the city of Posen was officially named an imperial residence city. Bismarck's hostility towards the Poles was already well known, as in 1861 he had written in a letter to his sister: <i>"Hit the Poles so hard that they despair of their life; I have full sympathy for their condition, but if we want to survive we can only exterminate them."</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His dislike was firmly entrenched in traditions of Prussian mentality and history. There was little need for discussions in Prussian circles, as most of them, including the monarch, agreed with his views.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poles suffered from discrimination by the Prussian state; numerous oppressive measures were implemented to eradicate the Polish community's identity and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish inhabitants of Posen, who faced discrimination and even forced Germanization, favored the French side during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. France and Napoleon III were known for their support and sympathy for the Poles under Prussian rule<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories manifested Polish independence feelings and calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>, though these went mostly unheeded. Bismarck regarded these as an indication of a Slavic-Roman encirclement and even a threat to unified Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> renewed Germanisation policies began, including an increase of the police, a colonization commission, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/German_Eastern_Marches_Society" title="German Eastern Marches Society">German Eastern Marches Society</a> (<i>Hakata</i>) pressure group was founded in 1894 and in 1904, special legislation was passed against the Polish population. The legislation of 1908 allowed for the confiscation of Polish-owned property. The Prussian authorities did not permit the development of industries in Posen, so the duchy's economy was dominated by high-level agriculture. </p><p>At the end of World War I, the fate of the province was undecided. The Polish inhabitants demanded the region be included in the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, while the German minority refused any territorial concessions. Another <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1918%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> broke out on 27 December 1918, a day after <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a>'s speech. The uprising received little support from the Polish government in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. After the success of the uprising, Posen province was until mid-1919 an independent state with its own government, currency and military. With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919, most of the province, composed of the areas with a Polish majority, was ceded to Poland and was reformed as the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–39)">Poznań Voivodeship</a>. The majority-German populated remainder (with <a href="/wiki/Babimost" title="Babimost">Bomst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wschowa" title="Wschowa">Fraustadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zb%C4%85szynek" title="Zbąszynek">Neu Bentschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzecz" title="Międzyrzecz">Meseritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzciel" title="Trzciel">Tirschtiegel</a> (partially), <a href="/wiki/Skwierzyna" title="Skwierzyna">Schwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bledzew" title="Bledzew">Blesen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzcianka" title="Trzcianka">Schönlanke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiele%C5%84" title="Wieleń">Filehne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cz%C5%82opa" title="Człopa">Schloppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82cz" title="Wałcz">Deutsch Krone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuczno" title="Tuczno">Tütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Schneidemühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ot%C3%B3w" title="Złotów">Flatow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jastrowie" title="Jastrowie">Jastrow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Krajenka" title="Krajenka">Krojanke</a>—about 2,200 km<sup>2</sup> (850 sq mi)) was merged with the western remains of former <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> and was administered as <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Koebler_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koebler-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Schneidemühl as its capital. This province was dissolved in 1938, when its territory was split between the neighboring Prussian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. In 1939, the territory of the former province of Posen <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">was annexed by Nazi Germany</a> and made part of <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a> (initially <i>Reichsgau Posen</i>). By the time <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended in May 1945, it had been overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posen_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Posen_1919.jpg/220px-Posen_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Posen_1919.jpg/330px-Posen_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Posen_1919.jpg/440px-Posen_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption>1919 German army permit to enter the Polish territory of Posen, just ceded to Poland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Germany's defeat in World War in 1945, at <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s demand all of the German territory east of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> was either turned over to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. All historical parts of the province came under Polish control, and the remaining ethnic German population was <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expelled</a> by force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_after_1918">Dissolution after 1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dissolution after 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Division of the province between Poland and Weimar Germany after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Posen </th> <th>Area in 1910 in km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>Share of territory </th> <th>Population in 1910 </th> <th>After WW1 part of: </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Given to: </th> <th>28,992 km<sup>2</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-gem1900_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gem1900-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,099,831 </th> <th>Divided between: </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> </td> <td>26,111 km<sup>2</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinfeld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>90% <sup id="cite_ref-Nadobnik_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadobnik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>93% <sup id="cite_ref-Nadobnik_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadobnik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań Voivodeship</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> </td> <td>2,881 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>10% </td> <td>7% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a><sup id="cite_ref-gonschior_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonschior-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_ethnic_composition">Religious and ethnic composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious and ethnic composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png/310px-Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png/465px-Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png/620px-Posen_Ethnic_Map_1910.png 2x" data-file-width="7714" data-file-height="5932" /></a><figcaption>Mother Tongues of Posen, according to the 1910 Census</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Settlement_Commission" title="Prussian Settlement Commission">Prussian Settlement Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posen_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/300px-Posen_1905.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/450px-Posen_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/600px-Posen_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Province of Posen, 1905, Polish-speaking areas according to Prussian census shown in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>This region was inhabited by a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> majority, with <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> minorities and a smattering of other ethnic groups. Almost all the Poles were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, and most of the Germans were <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>. The small numbers of Jews were primarily in the larger communities, mostly in skilled crafts, local commerce and regional trading. The smaller a community, the more likely it was to be either all Polish or German. These "pockets of ethnicity" existed side by side, with German villages being the most dense in the northwestern areas. Under Prussia's <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> policies, the population became more German until the end of the 19th century, when the trend reversed (in the <a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a>). This was despite efforts of the government in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to prevent it, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Settlement_Commission" title="Prussian Settlement Commission">Settlement Commission</a> to buy land from Poles and make it available for sale only to Germans. </p><p>The province's large number of resident Germans resulted from constant immigration since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when the first settlers arrived in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>. Although many of those had been <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonized</a> over time, <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">a continuous immigration resulted in maintaining a large German community</a>. The 18th century <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> enacted severe restrictions on German Protestants. At the end of the 18th century when Prussia seized the area during the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, thousands of German colonists were sent by Prussian officials to Germanize the area. </p><p>During the first half of the 19th century, the German population grew due to state sponsored <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half, the Polish population grew gradually due to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a></i> and a higher birthrate among the Poles. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i>, mainly Protestant Prussia sought to reduce the Catholic impact on its society. Posen was hit severely by these measures due to its large, mainly Polish Catholic population. Many <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Germans">Catholic Germans</a> in Posen joined with ethnic Poles in opposition to anti-Catholic Kulturkampf measures<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Following the Kulturkampf, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> reasons implemented Germanisation programs. One measure was to set up a <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Settlement_Commission" title="Prussian Settlement Commission">Settlement Commission</a> to attract German settlers to counter the Polish population's higher growth. However, this failed, even when accompanied by additional legal measures. The Polish language was eventually banned from use in schools and government offices as part of the Germanisation policies. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top;"> <tbody><tr style="background:white; text-align:center;"> <th colspan="7" style="background:#bcf; text-align:left;">Ethnolinguistic composition of the Province of Posen </th></tr> <tr style="background:white; text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:center;">year</th> <th>1815<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1819<sup id="cite_ref-Hassel_1823_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassel_1823-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1837<sup id="cite_ref-Opisanie_1846_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opisanie_1846-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1846<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1890<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1910<sup id="cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozicki2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:white; text-align:center;"> <td><b>total population</b><sup id="cite_ref-geschichte-on-demand.de_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geschichte-on-demand.de-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>798,000</td> <td>883,972</td> <td>1,158,608 </td> <td>1,343,135</td> <td>1,751,642</td> <td>2,099,831 </td></tr> <tr style="background:white; text-align:center;"> <td><b>% Polish-speaking</b> <p>(including bilinguals)<sup id="cite_ref-Leszek_Belzyt_1998_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leszek_Belzyt_1998-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td> <td>73%</td> <td>77.0%</td> <td>65.3% </td> <td>71.7%</td> <td>60.1%</td> <td>61.5% (or 65%)<sup id="cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozicki2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:white; text-align:center;"> <td><b>% German-speaking</b> <p>(including most of Jews) </p> </td> <td>25%</td> <td>17.5%</td> <td>28.3% </td> <td>28.3%</td> <td>39.9%</td> <td>38.5% (or 35%)<sup id="cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozicki2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table><p>There is a notable disparity between German statistics gathered by the Prussian administration, and the Polish estimates conducted after 1918. According to the Prussian census of 1905, the number of German speakers in the Province of Posen was approximately 38.5% (which included colonists, military stationed in the area and German administration), while after 1918 the number of Germans in the Poznan Voivodship, which closely corresponded to province of Posen, was only 7%. According to <a href="/wiki/Witold_Jak%C3%B3bczyk" title="Witold Jakóbczyk">Witold Jakóbczyk</a>, the disparity between the number of ethnic Germans and the number of German speakers is because Prussian authorities placed ethnic Germans and the German-speaking Jewish minority into the same class.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 161,000 Germans in the province were officials, soldiers and their families settled in the region by German Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there was a considerable exodus of Germans from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> after the latter was established. There was also <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> of local <a href="/wiki/Bambrzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambrzy">Catholic Germans</a>. Another reason of the disparity is that some border areas of the province, inhabited mostly by Germans (including <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a>), remained in Germany after 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke3334_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke3334-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Polish authors, the real share of Poles in 1910 was 65% (rather than 61.5% claimed by official census).<sup id="cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozicki2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Province_of_Posen" title="Special:EditPage/Province of Posen">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Area: 28,970 km<sup>2</sup> </p><p>Population </p> <ul><li>1816: 820,176</li> <li>1868: 1,537,300 (Bydgoszcz 550,900 - Poznan 986,400)</li> <li>1871: 1,583,843 <ul><li>Religion: 1871 <ul><li>Catholics 1,009,885</li> <li>Protestants 511,429</li> <li>Jews 61,982</li> <li>others 547</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1875: 1,606,084</li> <li>1880: 1,703,397</li> <li>1900: 1,887,275</li> <li>1905: 1,986,267</li> <li>1910: 2,099,831 (<a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bromberg</a> - 763,947, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Posen</a> - 1,335,884)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg/220px-Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg/330px-Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg/440px-Prowincja_Pozna%C5%84ska_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><i>Regierungsbezirke</i> Posen (pink) and Bromberg (green) and <i>Kreise</i> subdivisions</figcaption></figure> <p>Prussian provinces were subdivided into government regions (<i><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i>), in Posen: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posen_(region)" title="Posen (region)">Regierungsbezirk Posen</a> 17,503 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromberg_(region)" title="Bromberg (region)">Regierungsbezirk Bromberg</a> 11,448 km<sup>2</sup></li></ul> <p>These regions were again subdivided into districts called <i><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia" title="Districts of Prussia">Kreise</a></i>. Cities would have their own "Stadtkreis" (urban district) and the surrounding rural area would be named for the city, but referred to as a "Landkreis" (rural district). In the case of Posen, the Landkreis was split into two: Landkreis Posen West, and Landkreis Posen East. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg/220px-Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg/330px-Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg/439px-Sprachen_Provinz_Posen_1910.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Language situation in the province of Posen according to the Prussian census of 1910.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Ethnic Structure of the Province of Posen (1910 census) <sup id="cite_ref-geschichte-on-demand.de_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geschichte-on-demand.de-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Name in Polish </th> <th>Population </th> <th>German </th> <th>% </th> <th>Polish </th> <th>% </th> <th>Bilingual </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Province of Posen</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>2,099,831</b> </td> <td><b>806,720</b> </td> <td><b>38.4%</b> </td> <td><b>1,278,890</b> </td> <td><b>60.9%</b> </td> <td><b>11,823</b> </td> <td><b>0.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bromberg Region</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>763,947</b> </td> <td><b>379,488</b> </td> <td><b>49.7%</b> </td> <td><b>378,831</b> </td> <td><b>49.6%</b> </td> <td><b>4,956</b> </td> <td><b>0.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>City of Bromberg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> </td> <td>57,696 </td> <td>46,720 </td> <td>81.0% </td> <td>9,350 </td> <td>16.2% </td> <td>1,557 </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Bromberg" title="Kreis Bromberg">Bromberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> </td> <td>96,473 </td> <td>58,783 </td> <td>60.9% </td> <td>37,049 </td> <td>38.4% </td> <td>590 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Czarnikau" title="Kreis Czarnikau">Czarnikau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czarnk%C3%B3w" title="Czarnków">Czarnków</a> </td> <td>42,287 </td> <td>30,016 </td> <td>71.0% </td> <td>12,027 </td> <td>28.4% </td> <td>179 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Filehne" title="Kreis Filehne">Filehne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiele%C5%84" title="Wieleń">Wieleń</a> </td> <td>33,653 </td> <td>23,504 </td> <td>69.8% </td> <td>9,918 </td> <td>29.5% </td> <td>217 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Gnesen" title="Kreis Gnesen">Gnesen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> </td> <td>56,250 </td> <td>21,461 </td> <td>38.2% </td> <td>34,643 </td> <td>61.6% </td> <td>129 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Hohensalza" title="Kreis Hohensalza">Hohensalza</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a> </td> <td>77,294 </td> <td>28,394 </td> <td>36.7% </td> <td>48,599 </td> <td>62.9% </td> <td>258 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Kolmar_in_Posen" title="Kreis Kolmar in Posen">Kolmar in Posen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chodzie%C5%BC" title="Chodzież">Chodzież</a> </td> <td>76,020 </td> <td>61,600 </td> <td>81.0% </td> <td>13,957 </td> <td>18.4% </td> <td>427 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Mogilno" title="Kreis Mogilno">Mogilno</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mogilno" title="Mogilno">Mogilno</a> </td> <td>49,253 </td> <td>14,274 </td> <td>29.0% </td> <td>34,659 </td> <td>70.4% </td> <td>194 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Schubin" title="Kreis Schubin">Schubin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szubin" title="Szubin">Szubin</a> </td> <td>48,304 </td> <td>21,035 </td> <td>43.5% </td> <td>26,799 </td> <td>55.5% </td> <td>403 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Strelno" title="Kreis Strelno">Strelno</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strzelno" title="Strzelno">Strzelno</a> </td> <td>37,620 </td> <td>7,437 </td> <td>19.8% </td> <td>30,109 </td> <td>80.0% </td> <td>67 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Wirsitz" title="Kreis Wirsitz">Wirsitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyrzysk" title="Wyrzysk">Wyrzysk</a> </td> <td>67,219 </td> <td>34,235 </td> <td>50.9% </td> <td>32,446 </td> <td>48.3% </td> <td>495 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Witkowo" title="Kreis Witkowo">Witkowo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Witkowo,_Mogilno_County" title="Witkowo, Mogilno County">Witkowo</a> </td> <td>29,094 </td> <td>4,814 </td> <td>16.5% </td> <td>24,164 </td> <td>83.1% </td> <td>91 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Wongrowitz" title="Kreis Wongrowitz">Wongrowitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85growiec" title="Wągrowiec">Wągrowiec</a> </td> <td>52,574 </td> <td>16,309 </td> <td>31.0% </td> <td>35,955 </td> <td>68.4% </td> <td>216 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Znin" title="Kreis Znin">Znin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBnin" title="Żnin">Żnin</a> </td> <td>40,210 </td> <td>10,906 </td> <td>27.1% </td> <td>29,156 </td> <td>72.5% </td> <td>133 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Posen Region</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,335,884</b> </td> <td><b>427,232</b> </td> <td><b>32.0%</b> </td> <td><b>900,059</b> </td> <td><b>67.4%</b> </td> <td><b>6,867</b> </td> <td><b>0.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Adelnau" title="Kreis Adelnau">Adelnau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odolan%C3%B3w" title="Odolanów">Odolanów</a> </td> <td>36,306 </td> <td>4,681 </td> <td>12.9% </td> <td>31,537 </td> <td>86.9% </td> <td>87 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Birnbaum" title="Kreis Birnbaum">Birnbaum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzych%C3%B3d" title="Międzychód">Międzychód</a> </td> <td>28,887 </td> <td>14,069 </td> <td>48.7% </td> <td>14,513 </td> <td>50.2% </td> <td>264 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Bomst" title="Kreis Bomst">Bomst</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babimost" title="Babimost">Babimost</a> </td> <td>63,120 </td> <td>30,980 </td> <td>49.1% </td> <td>31,794 </td> <td>50.4% </td> <td>214 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fraustadt_(district)" title="Fraustadt (district)">Fraustadt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wschowa" title="Wschowa">Wschowa</a> </td> <td>28,914 </td> <td>19,663 </td> <td>68.0% </td> <td>8,902 </td> <td>30.8% </td> <td>332 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gostyn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosty%C5%84" title="Gostyń">Gostyń</a> </td> <td>48,326 </td> <td>6,528 </td> <td>13.5% </td> <td>41,720 </td> <td>86.3% </td> <td>70 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grätz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grodzisk_Wielkopolski" title="Grodzisk Wielkopolski">Grodzisk Wielkopolski</a> </td> <td>36,483 </td> <td>5,997 </td> <td>16.4% </td> <td>30,280 </td> <td>83.0% </td> <td>191 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jarotschin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jarocin" title="Jarocin">Jarocin</a> </td> <td>51,626 </td> <td>9,236 </td> <td>17.9% </td> <td>42,168 </td> <td>81.7% </td> <td>197 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kempen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99pno" title="Kępno">Kępno</a> </td> <td>37,050 </td> <td>5,933 </td> <td>16.0% </td> <td>30,697 </td> <td>82.9% </td> <td>236 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Koschmin" title="Kreis Koschmin">Koschmin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski" title="Koźmin Wielkopolski">Koźmin Wielkopolski</a> </td> <td>33,519 </td> <td>5,719 </td> <td>17.1% </td> <td>27,685 </td> <td>82.6% </td> <td>58 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcian" title="Kościan">Kościan</a> </td> <td>47,325 </td> <td>5,149 </td> <td>10.9% </td> <td>42,091 </td> <td>88.9% </td> <td>50 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Krotoschin" title="Kreis Krotoschin">Krotoschin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krotoszyn" title="Krotoszyn">Krotoszyn</a> </td> <td>46,874 </td> <td>15,822 </td> <td>33.8% </td> <td>30,709 </td> <td>65.5% </td> <td>324 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Lissa" title="Kreis Lissa">Lissa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a> </td> <td>44,579 </td> <td>27,451 </td> <td>61.6% </td> <td>16,659 </td> <td>37.4% </td> <td>426 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Meseritz" title="Kreis Meseritz">Meseritz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzecz" title="Międzyrzecz">Międzyrzecz</a> </td> <td>53,306 </td> <td>41,059 </td> <td>77.0% </td> <td>12,207 </td> <td>22.9% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Neutomischel" title="Kreis Neutomischel">Neutomischel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Tomy%C5%9Bl" title="Nowy Tomyśl">Nowy Tomyśl</a> </td> <td>34,292 </td> <td>15,700 </td> <td>45.8% </td> <td>18,481 </td> <td>53.9% </td> <td>109 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Obornik" title="Kreis Obornik">Obornik</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oborniki" title="Oborniki">Oborniki</a> </td> <td>55,880 </td> <td>22,450 </td> <td>40.2% </td> <td>33,139 </td> <td>59.3% </td> <td>245 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Ostrowo" title="Kreis Ostrowo">Ostrowo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a> </td> <td>43,887 </td> <td>9,713 </td> <td>22.1% </td> <td>33,970 </td> <td>77.4% </td> <td>165 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Pleschen" title="Kreis Pleschen">Pleschen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleszew" title="Pleszew">Pleszew</a> </td> <td>37,362 </td> <td>6,200 </td> <td>16.6% </td> <td>30,965 </td> <td>82.9% </td> <td>128 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>City of Posen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> </td> <td>156,691 </td> <td>65,319 </td> <td>41.7% </td> <td>89,351 </td> <td>57.0% </td> <td>1,311 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Posen_West" title="Kreis Posen West">Posen West</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Zach. </td> <td>43,129 </td> <td>7,374 </td> <td>17.1% </td> <td>35,474 </td> <td>82.3% </td> <td>236 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Posen_Ost" title="Kreis Posen Ost">Posen Ost</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Wsch. </td> <td>49,119 </td> <td>14,102 </td> <td>28.7% </td> <td>34,795 </td> <td>70.8% </td> <td>174 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Rawitsch" title="Kreis Rawitsch">Rawitsch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rawicz" title="Rawicz">Rawicz</a> </td> <td>50,523 </td> <td>21,253 </td> <td>42.1% </td> <td>29,150 </td> <td>57.7% </td> <td>92 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Samter" title="Kreis Samter">Samter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szamotu%C5%82y" title="Szamotuły">Szamotuły</a> </td> <td>66,856 </td> <td>17,071 </td> <td>25.5% </td> <td>49,589 </td> <td>74.2% </td> <td>143 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Schildberg" title="Kreis Schildberg">Schildberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostrzesz%C3%B3w" title="Ostrzeszów">Ostrzeszów</a> </td> <td>37,290 </td> <td>5,470 </td> <td>14.7% </td> <td>31,100 </td> <td>83.4% </td> <td>718 </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Schmiegel" title="Kreis Schmiegel">Schmiegel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigiel" title="Śmigiel">Śmigiel</a> </td> <td>36,383 </td> <td>6,626 </td> <td>18.2% </td> <td>29,544 </td> <td>81.2% </td> <td>207 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Schrimm" title="Kreis Schrimm">Schrimm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arem" title="Śrem">Śrem</a> </td> <td>57,483 </td> <td>10,017 </td> <td>17.4% </td> <td>47,088 </td> <td>81.9% </td> <td>366 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Schroda" title="Kreis Schroda">Schroda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Wielkopolska" title="Środa Wielkopolska">Środa Wielkopolska</a> </td> <td>49,176 </td> <td>6,201 </td> <td>12.6% </td> <td>42,870 </td> <td>87.2% </td> <td>92 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Schwerin_an_der_Warthe" title="Kreis Schwerin an der Warthe">Schwerin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skwierzyna" title="Skwierzyna">Skwierzyna</a> </td> <td>21,620 </td> <td>19,729 </td> <td>91.3% </td> <td>1,722 </td> <td>8.0% </td> <td>142 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Wreschen" title="Kreis Wreschen">Wreschen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wrze%C5%9Bnia" title="Września">Września</a> </td> <td>39,878 </td> <td>7,720 </td> <td>19.4% </td> <td>31,859 </td> <td>79.9% </td> <td>290 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The German figure includes the German-speaking Jewish population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Province_of_Posen" title="Special:EditPage/Province of Posen">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The province was headed by presidents (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Oberpräsidenten</i>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>1815–1824 </td> <td>Joseph Zerboni de Sposetti </td></tr> <tr> <td>1825–1830 </td> <td>Johann Friedrich Theodor von Baumann </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830–1840 </td> <td>Eduard Heinrich Flottwell </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840–1842 </td> <td>Adolf Heinrich Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843–1850 </td> <td>Carl Moritz von Beurmann </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850–1851 </td> <td>Gustav Carl Gisbert Heinrich Wilhelm Gebhard von Bonin (First term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851–1860 </td> <td>Eugen von Puttkamer 1800–1874 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860–1862 </td> <td>Gustav Carl Gisbert Heinrich Wilhelm Gebhard von Bonin (Second term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862–1869 </td> <td>Carl Wilhelm Heinrich Georg von Horn </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869–1873 </td> <td>Otto Graf von Königsmarck </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873–1886 </td> <td>William Barstow von Guenther </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886–1890 </td> <td>Robert Graf von Zedtlitz-Trützschler </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890–1899 </td> <td>Hugo Freiherr von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899–1903 </td> <td>Karl Julius Rudolf von Bitter </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903–1911 </td> <td>Wilhelm August Hans von Waldow-Reitzenstein </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911–1914 </td> <td>Philipp Schwartzkopf </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914–1918 </td> <td>Joh. Karl Friedr. Moritz Ferd. v. Eisenhart-Rothe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen#Notable_people" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen § Notable people</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Adamski" title="Stanisław Adamski">Stanisław Adamski</a> (1875–1967), Polish priest, social and political activist of the Union of Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (<i><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Związek Katolickich Towarzystw Robotników Polskich</i></span></i>), founder and editor of the 'Robotnik' (Worker) weekly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck" title="Leo Baeck">Leo Baeck</a> (1873–1956), German rabbi, scholar, and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Bartkiewcz" title="Tomasz Bartkiewcz">Tomasz K. Bartkiewcz</a> (1865–1931), Polish composer and organist, co-founder of the Singer Circles Union (Związek Kół Śpiewackich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> (1912 –1977) German rocket engineer and space architect; a leading figure in the development of rocket technology, from the V1 & V2 to the Saturn rocket that powered the first Moon landing, and credited as being the "Father of Rocket Science"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Czypicki" title="Czesław Czypicki">Czesław Czypicki</a> (1855–1926), Polish lawyer from Kożmin, activist for the singers' societies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Drzyma%C5%82a" title="Michał Drzymała">Michał Drzymała</a> (1857–1937), Polish peasant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hansemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Hansemann">Ferdinand Hansemann</a> (1861–1900), Prussian politician, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/German_Eastern_Marches_Society" title="German Eastern Marches Society">German Eastern Marches Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> (1847–1934), German field marshal and statesman, last President of Germany before Adolf Hitler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ko%C5%9Bcielski" title="Józef Kościelski">Józef Kościelski</a> (1845–1911), Polish politician and parliamentarian, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż">Straż</a> (Guard) society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Krzymi%C5%84ski" title="Józef Krzymiński">Józef Krzymiński</a> (1858–1940), Polish physician, social and political activist, member of parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Marcinkowski" title="Władysław Marcinkowski">Władysław Marcinkowski</a> (1858–1947), Polish sculptor who created a monument of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milos%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Milosław">Milosław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Baron_von_Maydell" title="Bernd Baron von Maydell">Bernd Baron von Maydell</a> (1934–2018), German lawyer and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Niegolewski" title="Władysław Niegolewski">Władysław Niegolewski</a> (1819–85), Polish liberal politician and member of parliament, insurgent in 1846, 1848 and 1863, cofounder of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Libraries_Society" title="People's Libraries Society">TCL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Society_for_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań">CTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyryl_Ratajski" title="Cyryl Ratajski">Cyryl Ratajski</a> (1875–1942), president of Poznań 1922–34</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ruppin" title="Arthur Ruppin">Arthur Ruppin</a> (1876–1943), sociologist, Zionist thinker and leader, co-founder of Tel Aviv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Rzepecki" title="Karol Rzepecki">Karol Rzepecki</a> (1865–1931), Polish bookseller, social and political activist, editor of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Sokół movement">Sokół (Falcon) magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stychel" title="Antoni Stychel">Antoni Stychel</a> (1859–1935), Polish priest, member of parliament, president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_the_Catholic_Societies_of_Polish_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (page does not exist)">Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers</a> (Związek Katolickich Towarzystw Robotników Polskich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Szyma%C5%84ski" title="Roman Szymański">Roman Szymański</a> (1840–1908), Polish political activist, publicist, editor of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oredownik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oredownik (page does not exist)">Orędownik</a></i> magazine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a> (1902–1946), SS-physician at several Nazi concentration camps executed for war crimes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniela_Tu%C5%82odziecka" title="Aniela Tułodziecka">Aniela Tułodziecka</a> (1853–1932), Polish educational activist of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warta_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warta Society (page does not exist)">Warta Society</a> (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Wzajemnego Pouczania się i Opieki nad Dziećmi Warta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Wawrzyniak" title="Piotr Wawrzyniak">Piotr Wawrzyniak</a> (1849–1910), Polish priest, economic and educational activist, patron of Union of the Earnings and Economic Societies (Związek Spółek Zarobkowych i Gospodarczych)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Western fringes of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Prussian Greater Poland</a> remained in Germany after 1918. This area included all of county <a href="/wiki/Skwierzyna" title="Skwierzyna">Skwierzyna</a> and portions of counties <a href="/wiki/Wschowa" title="Wschowa">Wschowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babimost" title="Babimost">Babimost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzecz" title="Międzyrzecz">Międzyrzecz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chodzie%C5%BC" title="Chodzież">Chodzież</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiele%C5%84" title="Wieleń">Wieleń</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czarnk%C3%B3w" title="Czarnków">Czarnków</a> (Netzekreis). It contained 12 towns: <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a>, Skwierzyna, <a href="/wiki/Bledzew" title="Bledzew">Bledzew</a>, Wschowa, <a href="/wiki/Szlichtyngowa" title="Szlichtyngowa">Szlichtyngowa</a>, Babimost, <a href="/wiki/Kargowa" title="Kargowa">Kargowa</a>, Międzyrzecz, <a href="/wiki/Zb%C4%85szy%C5%84" title="Zbąszyń">Zbąszyń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B3jce,_Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Brójce, Lubusz Voivodeship">Brójce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzciel" title="Trzciel">Trzciel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trzcianka" title="Trzcianka">Trzcianka</a>. The area was home to significant <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_in_Germany" title="Union of Poles in Germany">Polish minority</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Koebler-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koebler_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koebler_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koebler_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Köbler, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i></span></i>, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.535, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54986-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54986-1">3-406-54986-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chwalba-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chwalba_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Chwalba" title="Andrzej Chwalba">Andrzej Chwalba</a> - Historia Polski 1795-1918 Wydawnictwo Literackie 2000 Kraków</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Gosewinkel, <i>Einbürgern und Ausschliessen: die Nationalisierung der Staatsangehörigkeit vom Deutschen Bund bis zur Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>, 2nd edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001, p.116, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-35165-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-35165-8">3-525-35165-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajo Holborn: <i>A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945</i>, Volume 3, page 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bismarck Edward Crankshaw pages 1685-1686 Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Zdrada - <i>Historia Polski 1795-1918</i> Warsaw Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2007; pages 268, 273-291, 359-370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrzej Chwalba - <i>Historia Polski 1795-1918</i> Wydawnictwo Literackie 2000 Kraków pages 175-184, 307-312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bismarck: A Political History, Edgar Feuchtwange, page 157r</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zarys dziejów wojskowości polskiej w latach 1864-1939 Mieczysław Cieplewicz Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1990, page 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Christopher (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri"><i>Iron Kingdom: The Rise And Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri/page/579">579</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7"><bdi>978-0-674-02385-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+And+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%26ndash%3B1947&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02385-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironkingdomrised00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gem1900-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gem1900_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?preussen1900.htm">"Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeindeverzeichnis+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fpreussen1900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinfeld-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinfeld_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinfeld1925" class="citation book cs1">Weinfeld, Ignacy (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=11366"><i>Tablice statystyczne Polski: wydanie za rok 1924 [Poland's statistical tables: edition for year 1924]</i></a>. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy "Bibljoteka Polska". p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tablice+statystyczne+Polski%3A+wydanie+za+rok+1924+%5BPoland%27s+statistical+tables%3A+edition+for+year+1924%5D&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Instytut+Wydawniczy+%22Bibljoteka+Polska%22&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Weinfeld&rft.aufirst=Ignacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3Fid%3D11366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadobnik-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nadobnik_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadobnik_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadobnik1921" class="citation journal cs1">Nadobnik, Marcin (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/15285/1/020%20Marcin%20Nadobnik%20RPEiS%201%283%29%2C%201921.pdf">"Obszar i ludność b. dzielnicy pruskiej [Area and population of former Prussian district]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny</i>. <b>1</b> (3). Poznań – via AMUR - Adam Mickiewicz University Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ruch+Prawniczy%2C+Ekonomiczny+i+Socjologiczny&rft.atitle=Obszar+i+ludno%C5%9B%C4%87+b.+dzielnicy+pruskiej+%5BArea+and+population+of+former+Prussian+district%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Nadobnik&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.amu.edu.pl%2Fbitstream%2F10593%2F15285%2F1%2F020%2520Marcin%2520Nadobnik%2520RPEiS%25201%25283%2529%252C%25201921.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonschior-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gonschior_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Posen-Westpr/uebersichtskarte.html">"Die Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen Übersichtskarte"</a>. <i>Gonschior.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gonschior.de&rft.atitle=Die+Grenzmark+Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen+%C3%9Cbersichtskarte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonschior.de%2Fweimar%2FPreussen%2FPosen-Westpr%2Fuebersichtskarte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preußische Ansiedlungskommission</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia 1789-1871</i> Page 224. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassel_1823-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassel_1823_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassel1823" class="citation book cs1">Hassel, Georg (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA43"><i>Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt; Nationalverschiedenheit 1819: Polen - 680,100; Deutsche - 155,000; Juden - 48,700</i></a>. Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistischer+Umri%C3%9F+der+s%C3%A4mmtlichen+europ%C3%A4ischen+und+der+vornehmsten+au%C3%9Fereurop%C3%A4ischen+Staaten%2C+in+Hinsicht+ihrer+Entwickelung%2C+Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe%2C+Volksmenge%2C+Finanz-+und+Milit%C3%A4rverfassung%2C+tabellarisch+dargestellt%3B+Erster+Heft%3A+Welcher+die+beiden+gro%C3%9Fen+M%C3%A4chte+%C3%96sterreich+und+Preu%C3%9Fen+und+den+Deutschen+Staatenbund+darstellt%3B+Nationalverschiedenheit+1819%3A+Polen+-+680%2C100%3B+Deutsche+-+155%2C000%3B+Juden+-+48%2C700&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Verlag+des+Geographischen+Instituts+Weimar&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Hassel&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31DMAJgQV28C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opisanie_1846-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Opisanie_1846_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlater1846" class="citation journal cs1">Plater, Leon (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=3163&from=publication">"Opisanie historyczno-statystyczne Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego"</a>. <i>Pan Biblioteka Kórnicka</i>. Jan N. Bobrowicz, Leipzig: 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pan+Biblioteka+K%C3%B3rnicka&rft.atitle=Opisanie+historyczno-statystyczne+Wielkiego+Ksi%C4%99stwa+Pozna%C5%84skiego&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Plater&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbc.poznan.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3Fid%3D3163%26from%3Dpublication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelzyt1998" class="citation book cs1">Belzyt, Leszek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn"><i>Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar</i></a>. Marburg: Herder-Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5"><bdi>978-3-87969-267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachliche+Minderheiten+im+preussischen+Staat%3A+1815+-+1914+%3B+die+preu%C3%9Fische+Sprachenstatistik+in+Bearbeitung+und+Kommentar&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Herder-Inst.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-87969-267-5&rft.aulast=Belzyt&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopacplus.bsb-muenchen.de%2Fsearch%3Fisbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott M. Eddie, <i>Ethno-nationality and property rights in land in Prussian Poland, 1886-1918, Buying the land from under the Poles' feet?</i> in S. Engerman, <i>Land rights, ethno-nationality and sovereignty in history</i>, 2004, p.57, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMw4BJ15vdgC&dq=Ethno-nationality,+Property+Rights+in+Land+and+Territorial+Sovereignty+in+Prussian+Poland&pg=PT7">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozicki2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kozicki2_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozicki1918" class="citation book cs1">Kozicki, Stanislas (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polesunderprussi00kozi"><i>The Poles under Prussian rule</i></a>. London: Polish Press Bur. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polesunderprussi00kozi/page/3">3</a>–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poles+under+Prussian+rule&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Polish+Press+Bur.&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Kozicki&rft.aufirst=Stanislas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolesunderprussi00kozi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geschichte-on-demand.de-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geschichte-on-demand.de_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geschichte-on-demand.de_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leszek Belzyt: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/p_posen.html">Sprachliche Minderheiten im preußischen Staat 1815–1914.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420082425/http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/p_posen.html">Archived</a> 2018-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Marburg 1998, S.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leszek_Belzyt_1998-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leszek_Belzyt_1998_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leszek Belzyt: <i>Sprachliche Minderheiten im preußischen Staat 1815–1914</i>. Marburg 1998, S.17f. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87969-267-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87969-267-X">3-87969-267-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siodemka.zhp.wlkp.pl/nocny/mniejszosci/mniejszosc%20niemiecka.pdf">"Dzieje Wielkopolski" (red. Witold Jakóbczyk)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transnationalism in the Prussian East: From National Conflict to Synthesis, 1871–1914. By Mark Tilse. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke3334-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blanke3334_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanke1993" class="citation book cs1">Blanke, Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80r6Mbnxf8IC&pg=PA33"><i>Orphans of Versailles: the Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1803-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1803-4"><bdi>0-8131-1803-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orphans+of+Versailles%3A+the+Germans+in+Western+Poland%2C+1918-1939&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8131-1803-4&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80r6Mbnxf8IC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Wolff, <i>The German Question Since 1919: An Analysis with Key Documents</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p.33, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97269-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97269-0">0-275-97269-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Posen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Posen (province)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Posen_(province)">"Posen (province)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Posen+%28province%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Posen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900//gem1900.htm?posen/posen1900.htm">Administrative subdivision of the province (in 1910)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1719)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1744)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of<br />Vienna</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1848)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1822)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1824–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1850)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms<br />after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Became <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_administrative_divisions_of_Greater_Poland57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" title="Template:Historical divisions of Greater Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" title="Template talk:Historical divisions of Greater Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical divisions of Greater Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_administrative_divisions_of_Greater_Poland57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical administrative divisions of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12–13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1768</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1314%E2%80%931793)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793)">Kalisz Voivodeships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1314%E2%80%931793)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793)">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Voivodeship" title="Gniezno Voivodeship">Gniezno Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Department" title="Poznań Department">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Department" title="Kalisz Department">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Department" title="Bydgoszcz Department">Bydgoszcz Departments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>until 1837</li><li>1848</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Governorate" title="Kalisz Governorate">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province of Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Governorate" title="Kalisz Governorate">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Governorate" title="Warsaw Governorate">Warsaw Governorates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–39)">Łódź Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań Voivodeship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leszno_Voivodeship" title="Leszno Voivodeship">Leszno</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konin_Voivodeship" title="Konin Voivodeship">Konin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a_Voivodeship" title="Piła Voivodeship">Piła Voivodeships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">since 1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635253#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635253#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635253#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141995373">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046870-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88003140">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048720r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048720r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Poznaňsko (Polsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130500&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000003765273">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565088105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028705580">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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