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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_global_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_global_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In global health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_global_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زميندار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زميندار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জমিদার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জমিদার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zamindar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zamindar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zamindar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زمین‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zamindar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%AF%BC%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4" title="자민다르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자민다르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Զամինդարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զամինդարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="ज़मींदार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़मींदार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zamindar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindari" title="Zamindari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zamindari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ജമേദാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജമേദാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ザミーンダール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザミーンダール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zamindar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜ਼ਿਮੀਦਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਿਮੀਦਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindari" title="Zamindari – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamindari" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Заминдар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заминдар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Земиндар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земиндар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindari" title="Zamindari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zamindari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindari" title="Zamindari – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zamindari" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜமீந்தார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜமீந்தார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="జమిందారు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జమిందారు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Заминдор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Заминдор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Заміндар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заміндар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زمیندار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمیندار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%98%8E%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="扎明達爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扎明達爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindars">Zamindars</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian hereditary aristocrat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zamindar (disambiguation)">Zamindar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salimullah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Salimullah.jpg/220px-Salimullah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Salimullah.jpg/330px-Salimullah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Salimullah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Nawab Khwaja Salimullah</a> was a zamindar with the title of <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">nawab</a>. His family's landholdings in Bengal were one of the largest in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b> zamindar</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> was an autonomous or <a href="/wiki/Semi-autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-autonomous">semi-autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">feudal ruler</a> of a <i>zamindari</i> (feudal estate). The term itself came into use during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> began using it as a native synonym for "estate". The term means <i><a href="/wiki/Landowner" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowner">landowner</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. They were typically hereditary and held the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial rule in India</a> many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rai_(title)" title="Rai (title)">Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary">Chaudhary</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>, zamindars were the land-owning nobility of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed the ruling class. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> granted them <a href="/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">mansabs</a> and their ancestral domains were treated as <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority of the big Zamindars were from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> high-caste, usually <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial era, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a> consolidated what became known as the <i>zamindari system</i>. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognising them as princes. Many of the region's <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. The British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial princely states and chieftaincies, demoting their status to a zamindar from previously higher ranks of royalty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The system was abolished during <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reforms</a> in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and West Pakistan in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. One of the most notable examples is the 16th-century confederation formed by twelve zamindars in the <a href="/wiki/Bhati_(region)" title="Bhati (region)">Bhati</a> region (<a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyans</a>), which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fitch" title="Ralph Fitch">Ralph Fitch</a>, earned a reputation for successively repelling Mughal invasions through naval battles. The zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The <a href="/wiki/Tagore_family" title="Tagore family">Tagore family</a> produced India's first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureate in literature in 1913, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, who was often based at his estate. The zamindars also promoted <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> architecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mughal_era">Mughal era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mughal era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehtab_Chand_of_Burdwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Mehtab_Chand_of_Burdwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="388" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Mehtab Chand (1820–79) (zamindar of the <a href="/wiki/Burdwan_(Zamindari)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdwan (Zamindari)">Burdwan Raj</a>) as a young man, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1840–45 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> conquered North India, there were many autonomous and semiautonomous rulers who were known locally as Rai, Raja, Rana, Rao, Rawat, etc. while in the various Persian chronicles, they were referred to as zamindars and <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hi-Latn">marzabans</span></span>. They were vassals who ruled, mostly hereditarily, over their respective territories. They commanded not only a considerable part of the economic resources of the empire but also military power. After the conquest of Hindustan, Babur informs us that one-sixth of its total revenues came from the territories of the chiefs. He writes: "The revenue of the countries now held by me (1528 A.D.) from Bhira to <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, is fifty-two crores as will be known in detail. Eight or nine crores of this are from the parganas of rais and the rajas who have submitted in the past (to the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">Sultans of Delhi</a>), receive allowance and maintenance."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Arif Qandhari, one of the contemporary historians of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s reign, there were around two to three hundred rajas or rais and zamindars who ruled their territory from strong forts under the emperor's suzerainty. Each of these rajas and zamindars commanded an army of their own generally consisting of their clansmen and the total numbers of their troops as <a href="/wiki/Abul_Fazl" title="Abul Fazl">Abul Fazl</a> tells us, stood at forty-four lakhs comprising 384,558 cavalry, 4,277,057 infantry; 1863 elephants, 4260 guns and 4500 boats.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Mughal Era, there was no clear difference between the princely states and zamindari estates. Even the ruling autonomous chiefs of princely states were called zamindars. Moreland was one of the first historians to draw our attention to the importance of zamindars in medieval India. He defines zamindars as "vassal chiefs". He points out that there were areas under direct control of Mughals where there were no zamindars and then there were territories of the vassal chiefs who had autonomy over their state, but were subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and paid a tribute/ nazarana to the Mughal Emperor. However, Irfan Habib in his book <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_system" title="Agrarian system">Agrarian system</a> of Mughal India, divided the zamindars into two categories: the autonomous chiefs who enjoyed "sovereign power" in their territories and the ordinary zamindars who exercised superior rights in land and collected land revenue and were mostly appointed by the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansari_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansari-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people were known as the zamindars (intermediaries)<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelot2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they collected revenue primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Ryot" title="Ryot">Ryots</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zamindari system was more prevalent in the north of India because Mughal influence in the south was less apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelot2000_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/S._Nurul_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Nurul Hasan">S. Nurul Hasan</a> divided the zamindars into three categories: (i) The Autonomous Rai/ Rajas or Chiefs, (ii) the intermediary zamindars and (iii) the primary zamindars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_era">British era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> established themselves in India by first becoming zamindars of three villages of Calcutta, Sultani and Govindpur. Later they acquired the 24-Parganas and in 1765 got control of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1857 the British Crown was established as the sovereign. </p><p>During Mughal Era the zamindars were not proprietors. They used to engage in wars and used to plunder neighbouring kings. So they never looked after the improvements in their land. The East India Company under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>, realising this, made Permanent Settlement in 1793 with the zamindars and made them proprietors of their land in return for a fixed annual rent and left them independent for the internal affairs of their estates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Blog source, this article requires WP:HISTRS compliant source(s) (March 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This Permanent Settlement created the new zamindari system as we know it today. After 1857 the army of the majority of zamindars were abolished with exception of a small number of force for policing/digwari/kotwali in their respective estates. If the zamindars were not able to pay the rent until sunset, parts of their estates were acquired and auctioned. This created a new class of zamindars in the society. As the rest of India came later under the control of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC), different ways were implemented in different provinces to in regards to the ruling authorities in the region to get them to accede to Company authority. </p><p>The British generally adopted the extant zamindari system of revenue collection in the north of the country. They recognised the zamindars as landowners and proprietors as opposed to Mughal government and in return required them to collect taxes. Although some zamindars were present in the south, they were not so in large numbers and the British administrators used the <a href="/wiki/Ryotwari" title="Ryotwari">ryotwari</a> (cultivator) method of collection, which involved selecting certain farmers as being land owners and requiring them to remit their taxes directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelot2000_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars of Bengal</a> were influential in the development of Bengal. They played pivotal part during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British continued the tradition of bestowing both royal and noble titles to zamindars who were loyal to the paramount. The title of Raja, Maharaja, Rai Saheb, Rai Bahadur, Rao, Nawab, Khan Bahadur were bestowed to princely state rulers and to many zamindars from time to time. According to an estimate in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, there were around 2000 ruling chiefs holding the royal title of Raja and Maharaja which included the rulers of princely states and several large chiefdoms. This numbers increases tenfold if zamindar/ jagirdar chiefs with other non royal but noble title are taken into count. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the autonomous or frontier chiefs, the hereditary status of the zamindar class was circumscribed by the Mughals, and the heir depended to a certain extent on the pleasure of the sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heirs were set by descent or a times even adoption by religious laws.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the British Empire, the zamindars were to be subordinate to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and not act as hereditary lords, but at times family politics was at the heart of naming an heir.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, a cousin could be named an heir with closer family relatives present;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lawfully wedded wife could inherit the zamindari if the ruling zamindar named her as an heir.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gountias">Gountias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gountias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Odisha, the local kings of the princely states appointed or sometimes rewarded individuals as village heads or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gountias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gountias (page does not exist)">gountias</a>. Such titles are closely related to the zamindar titles. Sometimes the king's own family members were created gountias such as <a href="/wiki/Veer_Surendra_Sai" title="Veer Surendra Sai">Veer Surendra Sai</a> whose ancestors were the kings of Sambalpur state and whose family was the gountia of Khinda village.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition">Abolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The zamindari system was mostly abolished in independent India soon after its creation with the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of India">First Amendment of the Constitution of India</a> which amended the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a> as shown in Articles 19 and 31.<sup id="cite_ref-Guha_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_State_Acquisition_and_Tenancy_Act_of_1950" title="East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950">East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950</a> had a similar effect of ending the system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the zamindari system, small farmers could not become financially strong.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_global_health">In global health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In global health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics have likened the discipline of global health to a feudal structure where individuals and institutions in high-income nations act as zamindars over health issues of low-and-middle income nations,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus sustaining the imperial nature of global health.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koli_rebellion_and_piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Koli rebellion and piracy">Koli rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Indian feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">Indian honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatwals_and_Mulraiyats" title="Ghatwals and Mulraiyats">Ghatwals and Mulraiyats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_titles" title="Maratha titles">Maratha titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_(title)" title="Thakur (title)">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bihar" title="Zamindars of Bihar">Zamindars of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List of amendments of the Constitution of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerat" title="Zerat">Zerat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternative spellings: <b>zomindar</b>, <b>zomidar</b>, <b>jomidar</b> and <b>jamindar</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1984" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara Daly (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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University of California Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520046603" title="Special:BookSources/9780520046603"><bdi>9780520046603</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308154712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&pg=PA269">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+conduct+and+authority%3A+the+place+of+adab+in+South+Asian+Islam&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780520046603&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5-vzVq8hdkC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2011" class="citation web cs1">Acharya, Shreya (30 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preservearticles.com/2011103016233/give-an-account-of-the-ruling-classes-of-mughal-empire.html">"Give an account of the Ruling Classes of Mughal Empire"</a>. <i>preservearticles.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521201142/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011103016233/give-an-account-of-the-ruling-classes-of-mughal-empire.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=preservearticles.com&rft.atitle=Give+an+account+of+the+Ruling+Classes+of+Mughal+Empire&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Shreya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preservearticles.com%2F2011103016233%2Fgive-an-account-of-the-ruling-classes-of-mughal-empire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoithani2023" class="citation book cs1">Choithani, Chetan (11 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39WgEAAAQBAJ&dq=zamindar+hindus+were+brahmin,+rajputs&pg=PA106"><i>Migration, Food Security and Development</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84037-8"><bdi>978-1-108-84037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Food+Security+and+Development&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1-108-84037-8&rft.aulast=Choithani&rft.aufirst=Chetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39WgEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dzamindar%2Bhindus%2Bwere%2Bbrahmin%2C%2Brajputs%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, C (1997). <i>Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State</i>. 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General Knowledge Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130035711/http://www.gktoday.in/blog/abolition-of-zamindari-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gktoday.in&rft.atitle=Abolition+of+Zamindari+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Fblog%2Fabolition-of-zamindari-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/570487">"Land reforms in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Dawn.com</i>. 11 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130024141/http://www.dawn.com/news/570487">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn.com&rft.atitle=Land+reforms+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F570487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.amu.ac.in/3707/1/T%207407.pdf"><i>Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102060810/http://ir.amu.ac.in/3707/1/T%207407.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mughal+Administration+and+the+Zamindars+of+Bihar&rft.inst=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Tahir+Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.amu.ac.in%2F3707%2F1%2FT%25207407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazl" class="citation book cs1">Fazl, Abul. <i>Ain-i-Akbari</i> (1. Saiyid Ahmad Khan, Delhi, 1856 ed.). p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ain-i-Akbari&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=1.+Saiyid+Ahmad+Khan%2C+Delhi%2C+1856&rft.aulast=Fazl&rft.aufirst=Abul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ansari_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.amu.ac.in/3707/1/T%207407.pdf"><i>Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 3–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102060810/http://ir.amu.ac.in/3707/1/T%207407.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mughal+Administration+and+the+Zamindars+of+Bihar&rft.inst=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Tahir+Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.amu.ac.in%2F3707%2F1%2FT%25207407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenCurtis2008" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (30 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klcYZE-jE74C&pg=PA461">"The Politics of Empire in Southern and Eastern Asia"</a>. <i>Voyages in World History, Volume 2: Since 1500</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618077250" title="Special:BookSources/9780618077250"><bdi>9780618077250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Empire+in+Southern+and+Eastern+Asia&rft.btitle=Voyages+in+World+History%2C+Volume+2%3A+Since+1500&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=9780618077250&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklcYZE-jE74C%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2000_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2000_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot2000_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (September–October 2000). "Sanskritization vs. Ethnicization in India: Changing Indentities and Caste Politics before Mandal". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>40</b> (5): 756–766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3021175">10.2307/3021175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021175">3021175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Sanskritization+vs.+Ethnicization+in+India%3A+Changing+Indentities+and+Caste+Politics+before+Mandal&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=756-766&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3021175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3021175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2000" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Irfan (2000) [1963]. <i>The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707</i> (2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-562329-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-562329-0"><bdi>0-19-562329-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agrarian+System+of+Mughal+India%2C+1526-1707&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-562329-0&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span> For the meanings of <i>zamindar</i> see pp. 140ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1977" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Ahsan Raza (1977). <i>Chieftains in the Mughal Empire: During the Reign of Akbar</i>. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045889555">1045889555</a>. <q>Professor S. Nurul Hasan's article, "The Position of the Zamindars in the Mughal Empire" was however, a major breakthrough ... He has classified the <i>zamindars</i> in the Mughal empire into three broad categories: (a) the autonomous chieftains; (b) the intermediary <i>zamindars</i>, and (c) the primary <i>zamindars</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chieftains+in+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+During+the+Reign+of+Akbar&rft.place=Simla&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045889555&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Ahsan+Raza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasserwanji_Driver1949" class="citation book cs1">Nasserwanji Driver, Peshotan (1949). <i>Problems of Zamindari and Land Reconstruction in India</i>. Bombay: Bombay New Book Company LTD. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Zamindari+and+Land+Reconstruction+in+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Bombay+New+Book+Company+LTD.&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Nasserwanji+Driver&rft.aufirst=Peshotan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/provisions-of-the-permanent-settlement-act-of-1793/2557">"Provisions of the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793"</a> (User-generated content). 29 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923014415/https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/provisions-of-the-permanent-settlement-act-of-1793/2557">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provisions+of+the+Permanent+Settlement+Act+of+1793&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historydiscussion.net%2Fhistory-of-india%2Fprovisions-of-the-permanent-settlement-act-of-1793%2F2557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Utsa_Patnaik" title="Utsa Patnaik">Patnaik, Utsa</a> (18 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pd.cpim.org/2007/0318/03182007_1857.htm">"Patriotic And Comprador Zamindars In The Great Rebellion Of 1857"</a>. <i>People's Democracy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505171622/http://pd.cpim.org/2007/0318/03182007_1857.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Democracy&rft.atitle=Patriotic+And+Comprador+Zamindars+In+The+Great+Rebellion+Of+1857&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft.aulast=Patnaik&rft.aufirst=Utsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpd.cpim.org%2F2007%2F0318%2F03182007_1857.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamAkhter2012" class="citation book cs1">Islam, Sirajul; Akhter, Shirin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zamindar">"Zamindar"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703120049/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zamindar">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zamindar&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Sirajul&rft.au=Akhter%2C+Shirin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DZamindar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9KyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385"><i>The Indian Law Reports: Madras series</i></a>. Controller of Stationery and Print. 1888. p. 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Law+Reports%3A+Madras+series&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Controller+of+Stationery+and+Print&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9KyAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLane2002" class="citation book cs1">McLane, John R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA223"><i>Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52654-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Local+Kingship+in+Eighteenth-Century+Bengal&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52654-8&rft.aulast=McLane&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYH6ijJnUPmcC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc8DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA209"><i>Madras High Court Reports: 1870 and 1871</i></a>. J. Higgingbotham. 1872. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+High+Court+Reports%3A+1870+and+1871&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=J.+Higgingbotham&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZc8DAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Privy_Council._Judicial_Committee.India._Courts.1908" class="citation journal cs1">Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee.; India. Courts. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA596">"Kashi Prasad <i>v.</i> Indar Kunwar"</a>. <i>Allahabad Law Journal</i>. <b>5</b>. Indian Press: 596.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allahabad+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Kashi+Prasad+v.+Indar+Kunwar&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=596&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Privy+Council.+Judicial+Committee.&rft.au=India.+Courts.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJc4oAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodmanMonnier1902" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, Joseph Vere; Monnier, Emile Henry (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khoaAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PT245"><i>A Digest of Indian Law Cases: Containing High Court Reports, 1862-1900, and Privy Council Reports of Appeals from India, 1836-1900, with an Index of Cases</i></a>. Vol. III. Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 5498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Digest+of+Indian+Law+Cases%3A+Containing+High+Court+Reports%2C+1862-1900%2C+and+Privy+Council+Reports+of+Appeals+from+India%2C+1836-1900%2C+with+an+Index+of+Cases&rft.pages=5498&rft.pub=Superintendent+of+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Vere&rft.au=Monnier%2C+Emile+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhoaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PT245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{cite web|url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=gountia%27s%20rights">https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=gountia%27s%20rights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guha-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guha_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2011" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2011). <i>India After Gandhi</i>. Ecco. pp. 219–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54020-9"><bdi>978-0-330-54020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+After+Gandhi&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-330-54020-9&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 [XXVII of 1951, Section 3]}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2013" class="citation cs2">Alam, Muzahpar (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077411.001.0001/acprof-9780198077411-chapter-6">"The Punjab after 1715, the Zamindars and the Problems Facing the Provincial Government"</a>, <i>The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India</i> (2 ed.), Delhi: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077411.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077411.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807741-1"><bdi>978-0-19-807741-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308154714/https://academic.oup.com/pages/op-migration-welcome">archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis+of+Empire+in+Mughal+North+India&rft.atitle=The+Punjab+after+1715%2C+the+Zamindars+and+the+Problems+Facing+the+Provincial+Government&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077411.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-807741-1&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Muzahpar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198077411.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198077411-chapter-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span 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Global Health</i>. <b>9</b> (12): e1640–e1641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2214-109X%2821%2900440-X">10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00440-X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34798014">34798014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244286291">244286291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Global+Health&rft.atitle=Navigating+the+violent+process+of+decolonisation+in+global+health+research%3A+a+guideline&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e1640-e1641&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244286291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34798014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2214-109X%2821%2900440-X&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS2214-109X%252821%252900440-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffun-AdegbuluAdegbulu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Affun-Adegbulu C, Adegbulu O (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7443258">"Decolonising Global (Public) Health: from Western universalism to Global pluriversalities"</a>. <i>BMJ Global Health</i>. <b>5</b> (8): e002947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2020-002947">10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7443258">7443258</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32819916">32819916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221220715">221220715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Global+Health&rft.atitle=Decolonising+Global+%28Public%29+Health%3A+from+Western+universalism+to+Global+pluriversalities&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e002947&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7443258%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221220715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32819916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2020-002947&rft.aulast=Affun-Adegbulu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Adegbulu%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7443258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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