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href="#Relations_with_the_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relations with the British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_condition_in_Zamindari_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_condition_in_Zamindari_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social condition in Zamindari areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_condition_in_Zamindari_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_and_decline_in_political_presence_of_Zamindars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_and_decline_in_political_presence_of_Zamindars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abolition and decline in political presence of Zamindars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_and_decline_in_political_presence_of_Zamindars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_zamindari_estates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_zamindari_estates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable zamindari estates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_zamindari_estates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social group of Bihar</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh,_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh%2C_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG/148px-Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh%2C_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh%2C_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG/222px-Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh%2C_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh%2C_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG/296px-Tekari_Maharaj_Mitrajeet_Singh%2C_1763_-_1840_AD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Maharaja Mitrajeet Singh of <a href="/wiki/Tekari_Raj" title="Tekari Raj">Tekari Raj</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg/136px-Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg/204px-Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg/272px-Rai_Hari_Prasad_Lal_Gaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rai Hariprasad Lal of Gaya</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koer_Singh,_watercolour_on_ivory,_c._1857.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Koer_Singh%2C_watercolour_on_ivory%2C_c._1857.png/176px-Koer_Singh%2C_watercolour_on_ivory%2C_c._1857.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Koer_Singh%2C_watercolour_on_ivory%2C_c._1857.png/264px-Koer_Singh%2C_watercolour_on_ivory%2C_c._1857.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Koer_Singh%2C_watercolour_on_ivory%2C_c._1857.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Kunwar Singh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jagdishpur_estate" title="Jagdishpur estate">Jagdishpur estate</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh,_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh%2C_1888.jpg/108px-Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh%2C_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh%2C_1888.jpg/162px-Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh%2C_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh%2C_1888.jpg/216px-Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh%2C_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Lakshmeshwar_Singh" title="Lakshmeshwar Singh">Lakshmeshwar Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Raj_Darbhanga" title="Raj Darbhanga">Raj Darbhanga</a> in 1888.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Zamindars of Bihar</b> were the autonomous and semi-autonomous rulers and administrators of the <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> during <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rule</a> and later during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>. They formed the <a href="/wiki/Landed_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed aristocracy">landed aristocracy</a> that lasted until Indian independence in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zamindars of Bihar were numerous and could be divided into small, medium and large depending on how much land they controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Bihar, the zamindars had both economic and military power. Each zamindari would have their own standing army which was typically composed of their own clansmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansari2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansari2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of these <a href="/wiki/Zamindars" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindars">zamindars</a> usually belonged to Hindu communities such as <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayasthas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Forward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Castes">Forward Caste</a> Zamindars also participated in the politics of state of Bihar, and had significant presence in politics in the first few decades of independence. However, since 1970, they started losing this presence and according to DM Diwakar, former Director of <i>AN Sinha Institute of Social Sciences</i>, they were converted into "silent onlookers" by 2020, amidst assertion of <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Backward Castes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HT_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar's land reform drive of 1950s led to liquidation of the large landholdings of the big landlords. In the wake of this change, many well to do peasant communities started increasing their landholdings at the cost of big Zamindars. Although, the benefits of these reforms weren't percolated down to the lowest strata of Bihar's society, the <a href="/wiki/Schedule_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule Castes">Schedule Castes</a>, many new landlords of the post reform period hailed from groups such as <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> caste of Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_Mughals">Relations with the Mughals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relations with the Mughals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mughal rule in Bihar was characterised as turbulent and volatile as many of the region's zamindars made continuous efforts to defy the imperial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatterjee1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatterjee1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nineteenth-century British civil servant, <a href="/wiki/John_Beames" title="John Beames">John Beames</a> noted about Mughal-ruled Bihar that "everyone who was powerful enough to rob the state or his neighbours, robbed to his hearts content".<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zamindars refusing to pay the state and gathering forces to attack neighbouring zamindars was a common practice in Bihar during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash2003_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This attitude to authority continued into the period when the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad</a> became the nominal governors of Bihar. Although Bihar had the potential to provide a large amount of revenue and tax, records show that the Nawabs were unable to extract any money from the chiefs of Bihar until 1748. And even following this, the amount gained was very low. This was again due to the rebellious nature of the zamindars who were "continually in arms".<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_British">Relations with the British</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relations with the British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1781_revolt_in_Bihar" title="1781 revolt in Bihar">1781 revolt in Bihar</a></div> <p>After the collapse of the Mughals, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> held sway over much of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial power wanted the revenue system "to be simple in its principle and uniform in its operation," but the <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindari system</a> was so ingrained that even the early British rulers, from the grant of <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewani</a> (1765) to the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a> (1793), dared not challenge it fundamentally. The early British rulers did not want any "innovation" or "experimentation," even if the zamindars, taluqdars, and many estates were defaulters to the government for not paying the raised land fee. This was because such a radical measure would have violated the 'customary' rights and privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of a few new men here and there, the old landed nobility formed the social cornerstone of the new establishment in 1793. One could claim that the early British emperors were dependent on a customary class of upper caste <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrats</a>. Since the majority of zamindars involved in estate <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auctions</a> were <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> or members of upper caste families, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a> was against the open selling of estates and instead supported giving them a higher position in the rural power structure. The zamindars of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> seem to have suffered far less than the old zamindars of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a>, who suffered considerably. The <a href="/wiki/Raj_Darbhanga" title="Raj Darbhanga">Darbhanga Raj</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hathwa_Raj" title="Hathwa Raj">Hathwa Raj</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tekari_Raj" title="Tekari Raj">Tekari Raj</a>, the Deo families in <a href="/wiki/Gaya_(India)" title="Gaya (India)">Gaya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dumraon_Raj" title="Dumraon Raj">Dumraon</a> families in <a href="/wiki/Shahabad_district" title="Shahabad district">Shahabad</a> were among the prominent zamindars of Bihar who enjoyed prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> held possession of <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a>, Ramnagar, Rajnagar, Champanagar, Ranti, Saifganj, Pakur, Srinagar, Barari, Partappur, Sursand zamindaris. <a href="/wiki/Bhumihars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumihars">Bhumihars</a> held possession of <a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hathwa_Raj" title="Hathwa Raj">Hathwa</a>, Madhuban, <a href="/wiki/Sheohar_district" title="Sheohar district">Sheohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekari_Raj" title="Tekari Raj">Tekari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, Maksudpur, Manjhi, Parsa, <a href="/wiki/Chainpur,_Kaimur" title="Chainpur, Kaimur">Chainpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharhara,_Bhagalpur" title="Dharhara, Bhagalpur">Dharhara</a>, Budhauli and a plethora of other places. <a href="/wiki/Gidhaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gidhaur">Gidhaur</a>, Ramnagar, <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_district" title="Ramgarh district">Ramgarh</a>, Biher, <a href="/wiki/Kulharia" title="Kulharia">Kulharia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dumraon_Raj" title="Dumraon Raj">Dumraon</a> were Rajput estates, while Kayathas controlled two other significant zamindaris, Baghi and <a href="/wiki/Suryapura,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryapura, India">Surajpura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goal behind the establishment of the revenue farms in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> was to obtain the highest possible share of the net produce and then fix it for all time under the Permanent Settlement. The colonial authority began to require the zamindars in place, including those who were established as landowners for all time, to make a regular, ongoing payment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_condition_in_Zamindari_areas">Social condition in Zamindari areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social condition in Zamindari areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a> act by the British East India Company did not significantly alter the landholding patterns in Bihar, leaving Rajputs and Bhumihars as the major <i>Zamindars</i>. It curtailed some of their powers, but also took away the customary occupancy rights of the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damodaran1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British rule enabled Rajputs to continue their dominance by cementing their entitlements related to land and tax collection.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exercise of coercive power by the dominant castes<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the vulnerable landless labourers took various forms such as forced labour, higher rents, lower wages, social restrictions, evictions and sexual harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damodaran1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 75
Quotation: "Control of landless labour through coercive means added a new dimension to an older relationship"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">75</span> </sup> <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> of women from lower caste by Rajput and Bhumihar landowners was common in the <a href="/wiki/Shahabad_district" title="Shahabad district">Shahabad district</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damodaran1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in couple of villages of <a href="/wiki/Bhojpur_district,_India" title="Bhojpur district, India">Bhojpur</a> (modern name for Shahabad district), where sexual desire of the upper-castes was satisfied through arrogant and unrestricted access to the modesty of women belonging to <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Musahar</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-SharmaSinghKumar1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharmaSinghKumar1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franco2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franco2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging organizations of middle peasant castes like <a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangh" title="Triveni Sangh">Triveni Sangh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damodaran1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kisan_Sabha_(1919-1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)">Kisan Sabhas</a> took up the issues of exploitation,<sup id="cite_ref-UN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Naxalism" title="Naxalism">Naxal threat</a> also acting as a check.<sup id="cite_ref-SharmaSinghKumar1994_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharmaSinghKumar1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_and_decline_in_political_presence_of_Zamindars">Abolition and decline in political presence of Zamindars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition and decline in political presence of Zamindars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg/200px-Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg/300px-Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg/400px-Gidhaur_lalkothi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Lalkothi palace which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Gidhaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gidhaur">Gidhaur</a> estate</figcaption></figure> <p>Following independence in 1947, there was large-scale support in Bihar for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a> especially among <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a>, agricultural labourers and the urban middle-class who stood to gain the most from this.<sup id="cite_ref-KHarihar2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHarihar2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in a large-scale movement in support of abolition led by lower-castes. The <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a> zamindars realised that abolition was going to occur and planned for abolition to be on their terms.<sup id="cite_ref-KHarihar2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHarihar2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> zamindars strongly resisted this. Eventually, the Bihar Abolition of Zamindaris Act was passed in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-KHarihar2018_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHarihar2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The abolition of the zamindari system had a profound impact on the social landscape. Many upper-caste zamindars, who had long held power and privilege, were stripped of their land and influence. Meanwhile, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> zamindars, who had historically wielded significant local influence, adapted to the new political landscape by engaging in local <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">panchayat</a> politics. This shift allowed them to maintain their influence and shape the destiny of their communities, fostering a new era of grassroots leadership and social change." </p><p>In the later period of time, when the abolition of Zamindari took place in Bihar and the castes like <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a> became the prime movers of the emerging capitalist agriculture system of central Bihar. The new semi-feudal social order brought unintended benefits for these caste groups in which the question of dignity and minimum wages came to the fore. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> further benefited these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwani2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwani2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, in later periods, many landed Other Backward Castes also emerged as zamindars, primarily from a group called <a href="/wiki/Upper_Backward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Backward Castes">Upper Backward Castes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the independence of India, many <a href="/wiki/Forward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Castes">forward caste</a> Zamindars started taking interest in politics, and they also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>, anticipating the end of British rule, which protected them. According to DM Diwakar, a former director of Patna’s <i>AN Sinha Institute of Social Sciences</i>, these feudal elites had significant presence in politics of the state in first few decades of the post-independence period, but they started losing this significant position in 1970s. In the first tenure of <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a>, they staged a comeback in the politics of state, but in the next tenures, they were completely marginalised and according to Diwakar, were converted into "silent onlookers" by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-HT_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_zamindari_estates">Notable zamindari estates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable zamindari estates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:234px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg/171px-Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg/257px-Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg/342px-Rai_Stial_Prasad_Bahadur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rai Sital Prasad Bahadur, an aristocratic landlord from Gaya</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:315px;max-width:315px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:234px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surajpurazamindari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Surajpurazamindari.jpg/313px-Surajpurazamindari.jpg" decoding="async" width="313" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Surajpurazamindari.jpg/470px-Surajpurazamindari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Surajpurazamindari.jpg/626px-Surajpurazamindari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The haveli of the Kayasth Rajas of Surajpura, this was one of the largest zamindari in North Bihar. The haveli now has been converted into a government school.</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banaili" title="Banaili">Banaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deo_Raj" title="Deo Raj">Deo Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murho_Estate" title="Murho Estate">Murho Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Estate" title="Ratan Estate">Ratan Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathwa_Raj" title="Hathwa Raj">Hathwa Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekari_Raj" title="Tekari Raj">Tekari Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur_Raj" title="Kharagpur Raj">Kharagpur Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namudag" title="Namudag">Namudag raj</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ansari2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansari2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettiah Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdishpur_estate" title="Jagdishpur estate">Jagdishpur estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumraon_Raj" title="Dumraon Raj">Dumraon Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Darbhanga" title="Raj Darbhanga">Raj Darbhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chero_dynasty" title="Chero dynasty">Cheros of Palamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Raj" title="Ramgarh Raj">Ramgarh Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbarsa_Raj" title="Sonbarsa Raj">Sonbarsa Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharia_Raj" title="Jharia Raj">Jharia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidhaur_chieftaincy" title="Gidhaur chieftaincy">Gidhaur Raj</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Indian feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">Indian honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatwals_and_Mulraiyats" title="Ghatwals and Mulraiyats">Ghatwals and Mulraiyats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_(title)" title="Thakur (title)">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars of Bengal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/zamindar">"Zamindar | Definition, System, & Mughal Empire | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Zamindar+%7C+Definition%2C+System%2C+%26+Mughal+Empire+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fzamindar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLata_Singh2012" class="citation book cs1">Lata Singh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8jCrDbHtIMC&pg=PA5"><i>Popular Translations of Nationalism: Bihar, 1920-1922</i></a>. Primus Books. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-13-9"><bdi>978-93-80607-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Translations+of+Nationalism%3A+Bihar%2C+1920-1922&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-13-9&rft.au=Lata+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8jCrDbHtIMC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ansari2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansari2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahir_Hussain_Ansari2019" class="citation book cs1">Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-065152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-065152-2"><bdi>978-1-00-065152-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Administration+and+the+Zamindars+of+Bihar&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-00-065152-2&rft.au=Tahir+Hussain+Ansari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUueDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "Ansari2019" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha1977" class="citation journal cs1">Jha, Hetukar (1 October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946467701400404?journalCode=iera">"Lower-Caste Peasants and Upper-Caste Zamindars in Bihar (1921-1925): An Analysis of Sanskritization and Contradiction between the Two Groups"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 549–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946467701400404">10.1177/001946467701400404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143558861">143558861</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+and+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Lower-Caste+Peasants+and+Upper-Caste+Zamindars+in+Bihar+%281921-1925%29%3A+An+Analysis+of+Sanskritization+and+Contradiction+between+the+Two+Groups&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=549-559&rft.date=1977-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946467701400404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143558861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Hetukar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F001946467701400404%3FjournalCode%3Diera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HT_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HT_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-royal-zamindar-families-remain-a-marginal-force/story-bYa1K4rEBWaDenzOtcOksO.html">"Bihar Assembly Election 2020: Royal, zamindar families remain a marginal force"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 23 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710063349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-royal-zamindar-families-remain-a-marginal-force/story-bYa1K4rEBWaDenzOtcOksO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Bihar+Assembly+Election+2020%3A+Royal%2C+zamindar+families+remain+a+marginal+force&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbihar-election%2Fbihar-assembly-election-2020-royal-zamindar-families-remain-a-marginal-force%2Fstory-bYa1K4rEBWaDenzOtcOksO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetan_Choithani2023" class="citation book cs1">Chetan Choithani (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ju2wEAAAQBAJ"><i>Migration, Food Security and Development: Insights from Rural India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009276771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009276771"><bdi>978-1009276771</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829103157/https://books.google.com/books/about/Migration_Food_Security_and_Development.html?id=ju2wEAAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>. <q>Although the end of zamindari led to a mass eviction of sharecroppers and tenant cultivators who were the actual tillers of the land, big landlords from high castes also saw their landholdings diminish. A new class of landlords belonging to the upper-middle caste groups such as Kurmi, Koeri and Yadavs- officially categorised as other backward classes in contemporary Bihar - emerged. These were mostly small and middle peasants who were able to consolidate their landholdings and position in society in the midst of zamindari reforms (Wilson, 1999; Sharma, 2005).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Food+Security+and+Development%3A+Insights+from+Rural+India&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1009276771&rft.au=Chetan+Choithani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dju2wEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatterjee1996-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatterjee1996_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumkum_Chatterjee1996" class="citation book cs1">Kumkum Chatterjee (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA31"><i>Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10303-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10303-1"><bdi>90-04-10303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+India%3A+Bihar%2C+1733-1820&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10303-1&rft.au=Kumkum+Chatterjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUeqQ2buQ80C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash2003_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash2003_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyan_Prakash2003" class="citation book cs1">Gyan Prakash (30 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA88"><i>Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52658-6"><bdi>978-0-521-52658-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonded+Histories%3A+Genealogies+of+Labor+Servitude+in+Colonial+India&rft.pages=88-90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52658-6&rft.au=Gyan+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQFvks7lahoC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._Marshall2006" class="citation book cs1">P. J. Marshall (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C"><i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=58-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.au=P.+J.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZrfokYSY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._Marshall2006" class="citation book cs1">P. J. Marshall (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA95"><i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=95-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.au=P.+J.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZrfokYSY8C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shukla, P.K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355">"The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765-1793)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>57</b>: 507. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355">44133355</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Zamindars+of+North+Bihar+During+the+Early+British+Rule+%281765-1793%29&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=507&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44133355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44133355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shukla, P.K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355">"The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765-1793)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>57</b>: 508–509. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355">44133355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Zamindars+of+North+Bihar+During+the+Early+British+Rule+%281765-1793%29&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=508-509&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44133355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44133355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shukla, P.K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355">"The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765-1793)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>57</b>: 513. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355">44133355</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Zamindars+of+North+Bihar+During+the+Early+British+Rule+%281765-1793%29&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=513&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44133355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44133355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damodaran1992-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damodaran1992_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinita_Damodaran1992" class="citation book cs1">Vinita Damodaran (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNa1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism, and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935-1946</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562979-8"><bdi>978-0-19-562979-8</bdi></a>. <q>The rape of lower-caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landowners was common in Shahabad where , by the 1930s , anger and resentment against the frequent violation of women were openly expressed on the platform of the Tribeni Sangh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Promises%3A+Popular+Protest%2C+Indian+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Congress+Party+in+Bihar%2C+1935-1946&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562979-8&rft.au=Vinita+Damodaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNa1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658585">"The Rise of the Other Backward Classes in the Hindi Belt"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 86–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2658585">10.2307/2658585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658585">2658585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162845558">162845558</a>. <q>But the upper castes remained politically dominant in the Hindi belt also because of the pattern of land ownership that enabled them, especially the Rajputs, to consolidate their grasp over the countryside as zamindars, jagirdars, or taluqdars under the British and to retain some of their influence in spite of the efforts toward land reform after 1947.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Other+Backward+Classes+in+the+Hindi+Belt&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-108&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162845558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2658585%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2658585&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2658585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1960" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, F. G. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.504813/"><i>Tribe Caste and Nation (1960)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 258. <q>The system works the way it does because the coercive sanctions are all in the hands of the dominant caste.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribe+Caste+and+Nation+%281960%29&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.504813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharmaSinghKumar1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharmaSinghKumar1994_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharmaSinghKumar1994_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaushal_Kishore_SharmaPrabhakar_Prasad_SinghRanjan_Kumar1994" class="citation book cs1">Kaushal Kishore Sharma; Prabhakar Prasad Singh; Ranjan Kumar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Peasant Struggles in Bihar, 1831-1992: Spontaneity to Organisation</i></a>. Centre for Peasant Studies. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185078885" title="Special:BookSources/9788185078885"><bdi>9788185078885</bdi></a>. <q>According to them, before the emergence of Naxalism on the scene and consequent resistance on the part of these hapless fellows, "rape of lower caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords used to cause so much anguish among the lower cates, who, owing to their hapless situation, could not dare oppose them. In their own words, "within the social constraints , the suppressed sexual hunger of the predominant castes often found unrestricted outlet among the poor, lower caste of Bhojpur-notably Chamars and Mushars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Struggles+in+Bihar%2C+1831-1992%3A+Spontaneity+to+Organisation&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Centre+for+Peasant+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788185078885&rft.au=Kaushal+Kishore+Sharma&rft.au=Prabhakar+Prasad+Singh&rft.au=Ranjan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tBHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franco2002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franco2002_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Franco2002" class="citation book cs1">Fernando Franco (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh</i></a>. Indian Social Institute. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187218463" title="Special:BookSources/9788187218463"><bdi>9788187218463</bdi></a>. <q>Even as late as the 1970s , the rape of lower caste women by Rajputs and Bhumihars had almost become a tradition , " an accepted social evil , a fate which many bore unquestioningly " , in parts of central Bihar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain+and+Awakening%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Dalit+Identity+in+Bihar%2C+Gujarat+and+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Indian+Social+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788187218463&rft.au=Fernando+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueRtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelkar1989" class="citation book cs1">Kelkar, Govind (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73">"Women and Land Rights Movements"</a>. <i>Case Studies on Strengthening Co-ordination Between Non-governmental Organizations and Government Agencies in Promoting Social Development</i>. United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific). Sec. "Kisan Sabha and Kisan Samiti: Peasant Movemnts and Women (India)", pp.  72–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+Land+Rights+Movements&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+on+Strengthening+Co-ordination+Between+Non-governmental+Organizations+and+Government+Agencies+in+Promoting+Social+Development&rft.pages=Sec.+%22Kisan+Sabha+and+Kisan+Samiti%3A+Peasant+Movemnts+and+Women+%28India%29%22%2C+pp.-+72-73&rft.pub=United+Nations+%28Economic+and+Social+Commission+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific%29&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Kelkar&rft.aufirst=Govind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-s9SIp1-OsC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KHarihar2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHarihar2018_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHarihar2018_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHarihar2018_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra_Subrata_KBhattacharyya_Harihar2018" class="citation book cs1">Mitra Subrata K; Bhattacharyya Harihar (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155"><i>Politics And Governance In Indian States: Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura</i></a>. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 155–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-320-824-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-320-824-7"><bdi>978-981-320-824-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+And+Governance+In+Indian+States%3A+Bihar%2C+West+Bengal+And+Tripura&rft.pages=155-158&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.isbn=978-981-320-824-7&rft.au=Mitra+Subrata+K&rft.au=Bhattacharyya+Harihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDRPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashwani2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashwani2008_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA94"><i>Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors%3A+State%2C+Peasants+and+Caste+Armies+in+Bihar&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-709-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnum2I4NFGqIC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP4sAQAAIAAJ&q=ahir+zamindar"><i>The National Geographical Journal of India</i></a>. National Geographical Society of India. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Geographical+Journal+of+India&rft.pub=National+Geographical+Society+of+India.&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP4sAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dahir%2Bzamindar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamindars+of+Bihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">reliable wiki page of Namudag </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">gaur dynasty history|url=<a class="external free" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaur_%28clan%29&wprov=rarw1#">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaur_%28clan%29&wprov=rarw1#</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&oldid=1254794641">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamindars_of_Bihar&oldid=1254794641</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bihar" title="Category:History of Bihar">History of Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zamindari_estates" title="Category:Zamindari estates">Zamindari estates</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:Pages with reference errors">Pages with reference errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_duplicate_reference_names" title="Category:Pages with duplicate reference names">Pages with duplicate reference names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_October_2019" title="Category:EngvarB from October 2019">EngvarB from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 18:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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