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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Citation impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_analysis_for_legal_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_analysis_for_legal_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Citation analysis for legal documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_analysis_for_legal_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_analysis_for_plagiarism_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_analysis_for_plagiarism_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citation analysis for plagiarism detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_analysis_for_plagiarism_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_analysis_for_natural_language_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_analysis_for_natural_language_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citation analysis for natural language processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_analysis_for_natural_language_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitationsanalyse" title="Zitationsanalyse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zitationsanalyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lisis_de_citas" title="Análisis de citas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Análisis de citas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تحلیل استنادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحلیل استنادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" title="인용 분석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인용 분석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citatna_analiza" title="Citatna analiza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Citatna analiza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_sitiran" title="Analisis sitiran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Analisis sitiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="引用分析 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="引用分析" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_de_cita%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Análise de citações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Análise de citações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анализ цитирования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анализ 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Citation analysis</b> is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citations</a> in documents. It uses the <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a> of citations — links from one document to another document — to reveal properties of the documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a> and books.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For another example, judges of law support their <a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">judgements</a> by referring back to judgements made in earlier cases (see <a href="#Citation_analysis_for_legal_documents">citation analysis in a legal context</a>). An additional example is provided by patents which contain <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a>, citation of earlier patents relevant to the current claim. The digitization of patent data and increasing computing power have led to a community of practice that uses these citation data to measure innovation attributes, trace knowledge flows, and map innovation networks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documents can be associated with many other features in addition to citations, such as authors, publishers, journals as well as their actual texts. The general analysis of collections of documents is known as <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> and citation analysis is a key part of that field. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">bibliographic coupling and co-citation</a> are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references). The citations in a collection of documents can also be represented in forms such as a <a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">citation graph</a>, as pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Derek_J._de_Solla_Price" title="Derek J. de Solla Price">Derek J. de Solla Price</a> in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers".<sup id="cite_ref-Price65_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price65-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that citation analysis draws on aspects of <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">social network analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">network science</a>. </p><p>An early example of automated citation indexing was <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a>, which was used for citations between academic papers, while <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> is an example of a modern system which includes more than just academic books and articles reflecting a wider range of information sources. Today, automated <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexing</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has changed the nature of citation analysis research, allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for <a href="/wiki/Big_data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Big data analytics">large-scale patterns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge discovery">knowledge discovery</a>. Citation analysis tools can be used to compute various impact measures for scholars based on data from <a href="/wiki/Citation_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation indices">citation indices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have various applications, from the identification of expert referees to review papers and grant proposals, to providing transparent data in support of academic merit review, <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a>, and promotion decisions. This competition for limited resources may lead to ethically questionable behavior to increase citations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A great deal of criticism has been made of the practice of naively using citation analyses to compare the impact of different scholarly articles without taking into account other factors which may affect citation patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these criticisms, a recurrent one focuses on "field-dependent factors", which refers to the fact that citation practices vary from one area of science to another, and even between fields of research within a discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This article may need to be cleaned up.</b> It has been merged from <i><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While citation indexes were originally designed for <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, they are increasingly used for <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> and other studies involving research evaluation. Citation data is also the basis of the popular <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a>. </p><p>There is a large body of literature on citation analysis, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a>, a term invented by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Nalimov" title="Vasily Nalimov">Vasily Nalimov</a>, or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a>. The field blossomed with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Citation Index">Science Citation Index</a>, which now covers source literature from 1900 on. The leading journals of the field are <i><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a>,</i> <i>Informetrics,</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology" title="Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology">Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Information_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society for Information Science and Technology">ASIST</a> also hosts an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing list</a> called SIGMETRICS at ASIST.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is undergoing a resurgence based on the wide dissemination of the Web of Science and Scopus subscription databases in many universities, and the universally available free citation tools such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteBase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteBase (page does not exist)">CiteBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, and the former <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Live Academic">Windows Live Academic</a> (now available with extra features as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a>). Methods of citation analysis research include qualitative, quantitative and computational approaches. The main foci of such scientometric studies have included productivity comparisons, institutional research rankings, journal rankings <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing faculty productivity and tenure standards,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assessing the influence of top scholarly articles,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tracing the development trajectory of a science or technology field,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developing profiles of top authors and institutions in terms of research performance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">Legal citation</a> analysis is a citation analysis technique for analyzing <a href="/wiki/Legal_documents" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal documents">legal documents</a> to facilitate the understanding of the inter-related regulatory compliance documents by the exploration the citations that connect provisions to other provisions within the same document or between different documents. Legal citation analysis uses a <a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">citation graph</a> extracted from a regulatory document, which could supplement <a href="/wiki/E-discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="E-discovery">E-discovery</a> - a process that leverages on technological innovations in <a href="/wiki/Big_data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Big data analytics">big data analytics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamou-Lhadj2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamou-Lhadj2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD-HB-R-01_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD-HB-R-01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD-HB-R-02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD-HB-R-02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1965 paper, <a href="/wiki/Derek_J._de_Solla_Price" title="Derek J. de Solla Price">Derek J. de Solla Price</a> described the inherent linking characteristic of the SCI as "Networks of Scientific Papers".<sup id="cite_ref-Price65_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price65-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The links between citing and cited papers became dynamic when the SCI began to be published online. The <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a> became one of the first databases to be mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Dialog_(online_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog (online database)">Dialog</a> system<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1972. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> edition, linking became even easier and enabled the use of <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">bibliographic coupling</a> for finding related records. In 1973, Henry Small published his classic work on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-Citation_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-Citation analysis (page does not exist)">Co-Citation analysis</a> which became a <a href="/wiki/Self-organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-organizing">self-organizing</a> classification system that led to <a href="/wiki/Document_clustering" title="Document clustering">document clustering</a> experiments and eventually an "Atlas of Science" later called "Research Reviews". </p><p>The inherent topological and graphical nature of the worldwide citation network which is an inherent property of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">scientific literature</a> was described by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Garner" title="Ralph Garner">Ralph Garner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a>) in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of citation counts to rank journals was a technique used in the early part of the nineteenth century but the systematic ongoing measurement of these counts for scientific journals was initiated by Eugene Garfield at the Institute for Scientific Information who also pioneered the use of these counts to rank authors and <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">papers</a>. In a landmark paper of 1965 he and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Sher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Sher (page does not exist)">Irving Sher</a> showed the correlation between citation frequency and eminence in demonstrating that <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners published five times the average number of papers while their work was cited 30 to 50 times the average. In a long series of essays on the Nobel and other prizes Garfield reported this phenomenon. The usual summary measure is known as <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a>, the number of citations to a journal for the previous two years, divided by the number of articles published in those years. It is widely used, both for appropriate and inappropriate purposes—in particular, the use of this measure alone for ranking authors and papers is therefore <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">quite controversial.</a> </p><p>In an early study in 1964 of the use of Citation Analysis in writing the history of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, Garfield and Sher demonstrated the potential for generating <a href="/wiki/Historiograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiograph">historiographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topological_map" title="Topological map">topological maps</a> of the most important steps in the history of scientific topics. This work was later automated by E. Garfield, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._I._Pudovkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. I. Pudovkin (page does not exist)">A. I. Pudovkin</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Marine_Biology_(Vladivostok)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Marine Biology (Vladivostok) (page does not exist)">Institute of Marine Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Istomin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. S. Istomin (page does not exist)">V. S. Istomin</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Teaching,_Learning,_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology (page does not exist)">Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Histcite" title="Histcite">HistCite</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> software around 2002. </p><p>Automatic citation indexing was introduced in 1998 by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Giles" title="Lee Giles">Lee Giles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lawrence" title="Steve Lawrence">Steve Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bollacker" title="Kurt Bollacker">Kurt Bollacker</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enabled automatic algorithmic extraction and grouping of citations for any digital academic and scientific document. Where previous citation extraction was a manual process, citation measures could now scale up and be computed for any scholarly and scientific field and document venue, not just those selected by organizations such as ISI. This led to the creation of new systems for public and automated citation indexing, the first being <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a> (now <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a>, soon followed by Cora, which focused primarily on the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>. These were later followed by large scale academic domain citation systems such as the Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic. Such autonomous citation indexing is not yet perfect in citation extraction or citation clustering with an error rate estimated by some at 10% though a careful statistical sampling has yet to be done. This has resulted in such authors as <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walton_Hall,_Milton_Keynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Walton Hall, Milton Keynes">Walton Hall</a> being credited with extensive academic output.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18354457_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18354457-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCI claims to create automatic citation indexing through purely programmatic methods. Even the older records have a similar magnitude of error. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_impact">Citation impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citation impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a> or citation rate is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">cited</a> by other articles, books or authors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citation_impact_Haustein_2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citation_impact_Haustein_2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate,<sup id="cite_ref-Citation_impact_Garfield_1972_pp._471–479_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citation_impact_Garfield_1972_pp._471–479-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citation_impact_Haustein_2012_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citation_impact_Haustein_2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Citescore" class="mw-redirect" title="Citescore">citescore</a>. It is used by <a href="/wiki/Academic_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic institutions">academic institutions</a> in decisions about <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">academic tenure</a>, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do <a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">ranking</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> algorithm, <a href="/wiki/Software_metrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Software metrics">software metrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">college and university rankings</a>, and business <a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">performance indicators</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_analysis_for_legal_documents">Citation analysis for legal documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citation analysis for legal documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation#Legal_citation_analysis" title="Legal citation">Legal citation § Legal citation analysis</a></div> <p>Citation analysis for legal documents is an approach to facilitate the understanding and analysis of inter-related <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">regulatory compliance</a> documents by exploration of the citations that connect <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/provision" class="extiw" title="wikt:provision">provisions</a> to other provisions within the same document or between different documents. Citation analysis uses a <a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">citation graph</a> extracted from a regulatory document, which could supplement <a href="/wiki/E-discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="E-discovery">E-discovery</a> - a process that leverages on technological innovations in <a href="/wiki/Big_data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Big data analytics">big data analytics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD-HB-R-01_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD-HB-R-01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD-HB-R-02_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD-HB-R-02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamou-Lhadj2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamou-Lhadj2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_analysis_for_plagiarism_detection">Citation analysis for plagiarism detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citation analysis for plagiarism detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Content_similarity_detection#Citation_analysis" title="Content similarity detection">Content similarity detection § Citation analysis</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_similarity_detection&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Citation-based plagiarism detection (CbPD)<sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp14_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relies on citation analysis, and is the only approach to plagiarism detection that does not rely on the textual similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CbPD examines the citation and reference information in texts to identify similar <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a> in the citation sequences. As such, this approach is suitable for scientific texts, or other academic documents that contain citations. Citation analysis to detect plagiarism is a relatively young concept. It has not been adopted by commercial software, but a first prototype of a citation-based plagiarism detection system exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp13_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar order and proximity of citations in the examined documents are the main criteria used to compute citation pattern similarities. Citation patterns represent subsequences non-exclusively containing citations shared by the documents compared.<sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp10_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors, including the absolute number or relative fraction of shared citations in the pattern, as well as the probability that citations co-occur in a document are also considered to quantify the patterns' degree of similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp10_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp09_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp09-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_analysis_for_natural_language_processing">Citation analysis for natural language processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citation analysis for natural language processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a> (NLP), a field at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> is poised to substantially impact society through various innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a>. The impact on and of NLP has been extensively studied through citations. Researchers have analyzed various factors such as the cross-field influence between different fields,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> industry impact,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> temporal citation patterns,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plagiarism,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> geographic location,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gender.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many studies show the field is becoming more insular, with a narrowing focus, reduced interdisciplinarity, and concentration of funding across few industry actors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E-publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="E-publishing">E-publishing</a></i>: due to the unprecedented growth of <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">electronic resource</a> (e-resource) availability, one of the questions currently being explored is, "how often are e-resources being cited in my field?"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, there are claims that On-Line access to <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">literature</a> leads to higher citation rates,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> articles may suffer if not in print.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self_citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self citation">Self-citations</a></i>: it has been criticized that authors game the system by accumulating citations by citing themselves excessively.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, it has been found that men tend to cite themselves more often than women.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Citation pollution</b>: the infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Paper_retraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper retraction">retracted research</a>, or fake research, being cited in legitimate research, but negatively impacting on the validity of the research.<sup id="cite_ref-fid1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fid1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is due to various factors, including the publication race and the concerning rise in unscrupulous business practices related to so-called <a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">predatory</a> or deceptive publishers, research quality, in general, is facing different types of threats.</li> <li><i>Citation justice</i> and <i>citation bias</i>: Because having others cite a publication helps the original author's career prospects, and because the key works in some fields were published by men, by older scholars, and by white people, there have been calls to promote social justice by deliberately citing publications by people from marginalized backgrounds, or by checking citations for bias before publication.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalology" title="Journalology">Journalology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_path_analysis" title="Main path analysis">Main path analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include subscription-based tools based on proprietary data, such as <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, and free tools based on open data, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarometer.indiana.edu">Scholarometer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Menczer" title="Filippo Menczer">Filippo Menczer</a> and his team.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_analysis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubin2010" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk1TSAAACAAJ"><i>Foundations of library and information science</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55570-690-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55570-690-6"><bdi>978-1-55570-690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+library+and+information+science&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Neal-Schuman+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55570-690-6&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPk1TSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/ci/title.pdf">Garfield, E. <i>Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities</i> Philadelphia:ISI Press, 1983.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffede_Rassenfosse2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffe, Adam; <a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%A9tan_de_Rassenfosse" title="Gaétan de Rassenfosse">de Rassenfosse, Gaétan</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23731">"Patent citation data in social science research: Overview and best practices"</a>. <i>Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology</i>. <b>68</b> (6): 1360–1374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.23731">10.1002/asi.23731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Association+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Patent+citation+data+in+social+science+research%3A+Overview+and+best+practices&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1360-1374&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.23731&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=de+Rassenfosse%2C+Ga%C3%A9tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%2Fasi.23731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price65-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price65_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price65_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_J._de_Solla_Price1965" class="citation journal cs1">Derek J. de Solla Price (July 30, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/pricenetworks1965.pdf">"Networks of Scientific Papers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>149</b> (3683): 510–515. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...149..510D">1965Sci...149..510D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.149.3683.510">10.1126/science.149.3683.510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14325149">14325149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Networks+of+Scientific+Papers&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3683&rft.pages=510-515&rft.date=1965-07-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14325149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.149.3683.510&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...149..510D&rft.au=Derek+J.+de+Solla+Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgarfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fpapers%2Fpricenetworks1965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesBollackerLawrence1998" class="citation cs2">Giles, C. Lee; Bollacker, Kurt D.; Lawrence, Steve (1998), "CiteSeer", <i>Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries - DL '98</i>, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 89–98, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F276675.276685">10.1145/276675.276685</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-965-4"><bdi>978-0-89791-965-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:514080">514080</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CiteSeer&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+third+ACM+conference+on+Digital+libraries+-+DL+%2798&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89-98&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A514080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F276675.276685&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-965-4&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=C.+Lee&rft.au=Bollacker%2C+Kurt+D.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaurDiep_Thi_HoangXiaoling_SunLino_Possamai2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kaur, Jasleen; Diep Thi Hoang; Xiaoling Sun; Lino Possamai; Mohsen JafariAsbagh; Snehal Patil; Filippo Menczer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440403">"Scholarometer: A Social Framework for Analyzing Impact across Disciplines"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (9): e43235. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...743235K">2012PLoSO...743235K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043235">10.1371/journal.pone.0043235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440403">3440403</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22984414">22984414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Scholarometer%3A+A+Social+Framework+for+Analyzing+Impact+across+Disciplines&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e43235&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440403%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22984414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043235&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...743235K&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Jasleen&rft.au=Diep+Thi+Hoang&rft.au=Xiaoling+Sun&rft.au=Lino+Possamai&rft.au=Mohsen+JafariAsbagh&rft.au=Snehal+Patil&rft.au=Filippo+Menczer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoangKaur,_J.Menczer,_F.2010" class="citation cs2">Hoang, D.; Kaur, J.; Menczer, F. 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Meuschke, Norman; Breitinger, Corinna; Lipinski, Mario; Nürnberger, Andreas (28 July 2013), "Demonstration of Citation Pattern Analysis for Plagiarism Detection", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciplore.org/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/gipp13.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ACM, p. 1119, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2484028.2484214">10.1145/2484028.2484214</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450320344" title="Special:BookSources/9781450320344"><bdi>9781450320344</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2106222">2106222</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demonstration+of+Citation+Pattern+Analysis+for+Plagiarism+Detection&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+36th+International+ACM+SIGIR+Conference+on+Research+and+Development+in+Information+Retrieval&rft.pages=1119&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2106222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2484028.2484214&rft.isbn=9781450320344&rft.aulast=Gipp&rft.aufirst=Bela&rft.au=Meuschke%2C+Norman&rft.au=Breitinger%2C+Corinna&rft.au=Lipinski%2C+Mario&rft.au=N%C3%BCrnberger%2C+Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciplore.org%2Fwp-content%2Fpapercite-data%2Fpdf%2Fgipp13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11a_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGippMeuschke2011" class="citation cs2">Gipp, Bela; Meuschke, Norman (September 2011), "Citation Pattern Matching Algorithms for Citation-based Plagiarism Detection: Greedy Citation Tiling, Citation Chunking and Longest Common Citation Sequence", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044532/http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2011-Citation_Pattern_Matching_Algorithms_for_Citation-based_Plagiarism_Detection--Greedy_Citation_Tiling,_Citation_Chunking_and_Longest_Common_Citation_Sequence.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng2011)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ACM, pp. 249–258, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2034691.2034741">10.1145/2034691.2034741</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-0863-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-0863-2"><bdi>978-1-4503-0863-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207190305">207190305</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2011-Citation_Pattern_Matching_Algorithms_for_Citation-based_Plagiarism_Detection--Greedy_Citation_Tiling,_Citation_Chunking_and_Longest_Common_Citation_Sequence.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citation+Pattern+Matching+Algorithms+for+Citation-based+Plagiarism+Detection%3A+Greedy+Citation+Tiling%2C+Citation+Chunking+and+Longest+Common+Citation+Sequence&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+11th+ACM+Symposium+on+Document+Engineering+%28DocEng2011%29&rft.pages=249-258&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207190305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2034691.2034741&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-0863-2&rft.aulast=Gipp&rft.aufirst=Bela&rft.au=Meuschke%2C+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciplore.org%2Fpublications%2F2011-Citation_Pattern_Matching_Algorithms_for_Citation-based_Plagiarism_Detection--Greedy_Citation_Tiling%2C_Citation_Chunking_and_Longest_Common_Citation_Sequence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Content_similarity_detection_Gipp11_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGippMeuschkeBeel2011" class="citation cs2">Gipp, Bela; 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