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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citation_Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Citation Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Search Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_Judgements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_Judgements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Court Judgements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_Judgements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tred-G.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A directed acyclic graph with five nodes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tred-G.svg/220px-Tred-G.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tred-G.svg/330px-Tred-G.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tred-G.svg/440px-Tred-G.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>In this example, document <i>b</i> cites document <i>d</i>, and is cited by document <i>a</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>citation graph</b> (or <b>citation network</b>), in <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a> that describes the <a href="/wiki/Citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Citations">citations</a> within a collection of documents. </p><p>Each <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">vertex</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">node</a>) in the graph represents a document in the collection, and each <a href="/wiki/Edge_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge (graph theory)">edge</a> is directed from one document toward another that it cites (or vice versa depending on the specific implementation).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citation graphs have been utilised in various ways, including forms of <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">citation analysis</a>, academic search tools and <a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">court judgements</a>. They are predicted to become more relevant and useful in the future as the body of published research grows. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no standard format for the citations in <a href="/wiki/Bibliographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographies">bibliographies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Record_linkage" title="Record linkage">record linkage</a> of citations can be a time-consuming and complicated process. Furthermore, citation errors can occur at any stage of the publishing process. However, there is a long history of creating citation databases, also known as <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexes</a>, so there is a lot of information about such problems. </p><p>In principle, each document should have a unique publication date and can only refer to earlier documents. This means that an ideal citation graph is not only directed but <a href="/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">acyclic</a>; that is, there are no loops in the graph. This is not always the case in practice, since an academic paper goes through several versions in the publishing process. The timing of asynchronous updates to bibliographies may lead to edges that apparently point backward in time. Such "backward" citations seem to constitute less than 1% of the total number of links.<sup id="cite_ref-clough2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clough2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As citation links are meant to be permanent, the bulk of a citation graph should be static, and only the leading edge of the graph should change. Exceptions might occur when papers are withdrawn from circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-clough2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clough2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a> is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviated</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a> expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographic</a> references section of the work. Its purpose is to acknowledge the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the point where the <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a> appears. </p><p>Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to single, <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">machine-readable</a> assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as <a href="/wiki/Nanopublication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanopublication">nanopublications</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Microattribution" title="Microattribution">micro attributions</a>. </p><p>Citation networks are one kind of social network that has been studied quantitatively almost from the moment citation databases first became available. In 1965, Derek J. de Solla Price described the inherent linking characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Citation Index">Science Citation Index</a> (SCI) in his paper entitled "Networks of Scientific Papers." The links between citing and cited papers became dynamic when the SCI began to be published online. In 1973, Henry Small published his work on co-citation analysis, which became a <a href="/wiki/Self-organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-organizing">self-organizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification system">classification system</a> that led to document clustering experiments and eventually what is called "Research Reviews."<sup id="cite_ref-background_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-background-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation_Analysis">Citation Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citation Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citation graphs can be applied to measures of <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">scholarly impact</a>, the impact a particular paper has had on the academic world. While a hard value to quantify, scholarly impact is useful, as having a measure of scholarly impact for many papers can aid in identifying important papers. It can also provide a measure of the relevance of a particular academic community. Citation graphs are very useful in measuring this as the number of connections on the citation graph corresponds with the scholarly impact of an article, as this means it has been cited by many other papers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarity analysis is another area of citation analysis which frequently makes uses of citation graphs. The relationship between two papers in the citation graph has been compared to their <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">text-based similarity</a>, and it is found that closeness in the citation graph can predict a level of text-based similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it has been found that the two methods – citation graph closeness and traditional content-based similarity – work well in conjunction to produce a more accurate result.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyses of citation graphs have also led to the proposal of the citation graph as a way to identify different communities and research areas within the academic world. It has been found that analysing the citation graph for groups of documents in conjunction with keywords can provide an accurate way to identify clusters of similar research.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, a way of identifying the main “stream” of an area of research, or the progression of a research idea over time can be identified by using <a href="/wiki/Depth-first_search" title="Depth-first search">depth first search</a> algorithms on the citation graph. Instead of looking at similarity between two nodes, or clusters of many nodes, this method instead goes through the links between nodes to trace a research idea back to its beginning, and so discover its progression through different papers to where its current status is.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_Tools">Search Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Search Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional method used by academic search tools is to check for matches between a search term and <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">keywords</a> in papers to return potential matches. While mostly effective, this method can lead to errors where a paper is recommended from a different discipline because of keyword matches even when the two topics actually have little in common. </p><p>Many have argued that this way of searching for relevant papers could be improved and made more accurate if citation graphs were incorporated into academic paper search tools. For example, one system was proposed which used both the keyword system and a popularity system based on how many connections a paper had in the citation graph. In this system, more connected papers were considered more popular and therefore given a higher weighting in the paper recommendation system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent years, visual search tools have been developed which use citation graphs to provide a visual representation of the connections between papers. A commercial implementation of this concept is the search tool <i>Connected Papers.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_Judgements">Court Judgements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Court Judgements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citation graphs have a history of being used to aid in organising and mapping citations of legal documents. In a similar way to the aforementioned search tools, constructions of citation graphs specific to the types of citations found in legal documents have been used to allow relevant past legal documents to be found when needed for a court decision. As a way of replacing or improving upon traditional search methods, this citation graph aided way of organising legal documents can provide higher efficiency, accuracy, and organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_networks">Related networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several other types of network graphs that are closely related to citation networks. The co-citation graph is the graph between documents as nodes, where two documents are connected if they share a common citation (see <a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a>). Other related networks are formed using other information present in the document. For instance, in a <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">collaboration graph</a>, known in this context as a co-authorship network, the nodes are the authors of documents, linked if they have co-authored the same document. The link weights between two authors in co-authorship networks can increase over time if they have further collaboration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_Developments">Future Developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Future Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While citation graphs have had a noticeable impact on several areas of academia, they are likely to become more relevant in the future. As the body of published research grows, more traditional ways of searching for papers will become less effective in narrowing down relevant papers to a particular topic. For example, text-based similarity can only go so far in selecting which papers are relevant to a topic, whereas the addition of citation graphs could make use of giving higher priority to those papers which have a lot of connections to other papers relevant to the topic. </p><p>However, developments like this face similar challenges to that of most applications of citation graphs, which is the face that there is no standardized format or way of citing. This makes the construction of these graphs very difficult, since it requires complex software analysis to extract citations from papers. One solution proposed to this problem is to create open databases of citation information in a format which could be used by anyone and easily converted to a different form, for example a citation graph.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">Collaboration graph</a>, a graph defined by the authors of documents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Web graph">Web graph</a>, a citation graph of references from one web page to another in the World Wide Web</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_Acyclic_Graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed Acyclic Graph">Directed Acyclic Graph</a>, the formal mathematical structure of a well-constructed citation graph</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_citation#Legal_citation_analysis" title="Legal citation">Legal citation analysis</a> citation analysis in legal contexts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Sundaram, Laksshman; Wang, Daisy Zhe; Hamilton, William F.; Branting, Karl; Pfeifer, Craig (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10506-018-9217-1">"Automatic semantic edge labeling over legal citation graphs"</a>. <i>Artificial Intelligence and Law</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 127–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10506-018-9217-1">10.1007/s10506-018-9217-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0924-8463">0924-8463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254266762">254266762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence+and+Law&rft.atitle=Automatic+semantic+edge+labeling+over+legal+citation+graphs&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-144&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254266762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0924-8463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10506-018-9217-1&rft.aulast=Sadeghian&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Sundaram%2C+Laksshman&rft.au=Wang%2C+Daisy+Zhe&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+William+F.&rft.au=Branting%2C+Karl&rft.au=Pfeifer%2C+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10506-018-9217-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauscherEckertGalkeScherp2018" class="citation book cs1">Lauscher, Anne; Eckert, Kai; Galke, Lukas; Scherp, Ansgar; Rizvi, Syed Tahseen Raza; Ahmed, Sheraz; Dengel, Andreas; Zumstein, Philipp; Klein, Annette (2018-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3197026.3197050">"Linked Open Citation Database"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/44470/1/jcdl089-lauscherA-1.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. JCDL '18. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 109–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3197026.3197050">10.1145/3197026.3197050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5178-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5178-2"><bdi>978-1-4503-5178-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4902279">4902279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linked+Open+Citation+Database&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+18th+ACM%2FIEEE+on+Joint+Conference+on+Digital+Libraries&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=JCDL+%2718&rft.pages=109-118&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4902279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3197026.3197050&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-5178-2&rft.aulast=Lauscher&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Eckert%2C+Kai&rft.au=Galke%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Scherp%2C+Ansgar&rft.au=Rizvi%2C+Syed+Tahseen+Raza&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Sheraz&rft.au=Dengel%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Zumstein%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Klein%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F3197026.3197050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnJanssenMilios2004" class="citation cs2">An, Yuan; <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Janssen" title="Jeannette Janssen">Janssen, Jeannette</a>; Milios, Evangelos E. (2004), "Characterizing and Mining the Citation Graph of the Computer Science Literature", <i>Knowledge and Information Systems</i>, <b>6</b> (6): 664–678, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10115-003-0128-3">10.1007/s10115-003-0128-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:348227">348227</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+and+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Characterizing+and+Mining+the+Citation+Graph+of+the+Computer+Science+Literature&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=664-678&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10115-003-0128-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A348227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=An&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Jeannette&rft.au=Milios%2C+Evangelos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+graph" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongRousseau2001" class="citation cs2">Yong, Fang; Rousseau, Ronald (2001), "Lattices in citation networks: An investigation into the structure of citation graphs", <i>Scientometrics</i>, <b>50</b> (2): 273–287, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010573723540">10.1023/A:1010573723540</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:413673">413673</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Lattices+in+citation+networks%3A+An+investigation+into+the+structure+of+citation+graphs&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-287&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1010573723540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A413673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Fang&rft.au=Rousseau%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+graph" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuJanssenMiliosJapkowicz2007" class="citation cs2">Lu, Wangzhong; Janssen, J.; Milios, E.; Japkowicz, N.; Zhang, Yongzheng (2007), "Node similarity in the citation graph", <i>Knowledge and Information Systems</i>, <b>11</b> (1): 105–129, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10115-006-0023-9">10.1007/s10115-006-0023-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26234247">26234247</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+and+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Node+similarity+in+the+citation+graph&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-129&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10115-006-0023-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26234247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Wangzhong&rft.au=Janssen%2C+J.&rft.au=Milios%2C+E.&rft.au=Japkowicz%2C+N.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+graph" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_graph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connectedpapers.com/">Connected Papers</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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