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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Upper class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_mecca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_mecca"> <div 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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">African Americans in Atlanta</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_atlanta1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Black_atlanta1.png/220px-Black_atlanta1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Black_atlanta1.png/330px-Black_atlanta1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Black_atlanta1.png/440px-Black_atlanta1.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dark red indicates that the area is over 90% African American.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2,120,112<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Throughout Atlanta and its suburbs</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">irreligion</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture#Sports" title="African-American culture">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Big_Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Atlanta%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/220px-Big_Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Atlanta%2C_Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Big_Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Atlanta%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/330px-Big_Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Atlanta%2C_Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Big_Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_%28Atlanta%2C_Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>African American church in Atlanta</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Black Atlantans</b> form a major population group in the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta metropolitan area</a>, encompassing both those of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> ancestry as well as those of recent <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> origin. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> has long been known as a center of Black entrepreneurship, higher education, political activism and culture; a cradle of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, Metropolitan Atlanta contains the second largest Black population in the United States, following New York.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents a nearly five-fold numerical increase from 1970, when Metro Atlanta had the 13th-largest Black population in the nation. In 2010 Metro Atlanta's Black population modestly surpassed that of Chicago, with the gap widening as of the 2020 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the 2023 American Community Survey's 1-Year Estimates, Metro Atlanta had 2,120,112 residents identified as Black alone<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2,302,073 residents identified as either Black alone or Black in combination with other races.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Changes to the Black population of the city of Atlanta from 2000 to 2010 are illustrated here:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pop. 2010</th> <th>% of total 2010</th> <th>Pop. 2000</th> <th>% of total 2000</th> <th>absolute<br />change 2000–2010</th> <th>% change 2000–2010 </th></tr> <tr> <td>226,894</td> <td>54.0%</td> <td>255,689</td> <td>61.4%</td> <td>-31,678</td> <td>-12.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 2000 to 2010 Atlanta saw significant shifts in the racial composition of its neighborhoods. (See: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta#Race_and_ethnicity_by_neighborhood" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Demographics of Atlanta: Race and ethnicity by neighborhood</a>) There was a decrease in the Black population in the following areas: </p> <ul><li>In NPU W (East Atlanta, Grant Park, Ormewood Park, Benteen Park), the Black population went from 57.6% to 38.0%, and the white proportion rose from 36.5% to 54.8%</li> <li>In NPU O (Edgewood, Kirkwood, East Lake area), the Black population went from 86.2% to 58.7%, and the white proportion rose from 11.3% to 36.9%.</li> <li>In NPU L (English Avenue, Vine City), the Black proportion of the population went down from 97.5% to 89.1%, while the white proportion rose from 1.3% to 6.1%. Note that there many infill residential units were added in the <a href="/wiki/King_Plow_Arts_Center" title="King Plow Arts Center">King Plow Arts Center</a> area, which falls under English Avenue but which in character is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Street_Artery" title="Marietta Street Artery">Marietta Street Artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midtown" title="West Midtown">West Midtown</a>.</li> <li>In NPU D, stretching from West Midtown along the border of Buckhead and northwestern Atlanta, westward towards the river, the white proportion rose from 49.3% to 59.2% with the Black proportion dropping from 36.5% to 23.9%</li></ul> <p>While there was an increasing Black population in these areas: </p> <ul><li>In NPU X (Metropolitan Parkway corridor), the Black proportion of the population rose from 59.5% to 83.2%, while the white, Asian and Hispanic proportion dropped about three percentage points each.</li> <li>NPU B (central Buckhead) became more diverse, with the white proportion dropping from 82.8% to 75.5%, the Black proportion rising from 5.9% to 12.3%, and the Asian proportion from 3.1% to 5.3%</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Metro Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black Americans</a> are the largest racial minority at 32.4% of the population, up from 28.9% in 2000. From 2000 to 2010, the geographic distribution of Blacks in Metro Atlanta changed significantly. Long concentrated in the city of Atlanta and DeKalb County, the Black population there dropped while over half a million African Americans settled across other parts of the metro area, including approximately 112,000 in Gwinnett County, 71,000 in Fulton outside Atlanta, 58,000 in Cobb, 50,000 in Clayton, 34,000 in Douglas, and 27,000 each in Newton and Rockdale Counties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Black pop. in<br />City of Atlanta</th> <th>Black pop. in<br />DeKalb County</th> <th>Total Black pop.<br />Atlanta + DeKalb</th> <th>Total Black pop.<br />Metro Atlanta</th> <th>Proportion of Black pop.<br />in Atlanta + DeKalb </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>255,689</td> <td>361,111</td> <td>616,800</td> <td>1,189,179</td> <td>51.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>226,894</td> <td>375,697</td> <td>602,591</td> <td>1,707,913</td> <td>35.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to a 2015 analysis of census data, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Metro Atlanta</a> had the greatest numerical gain in new Black residents than any metropolitan area in the U.S. (<a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex</a> was second), with more than 198,031 Black residents moving there.<sup id="cite_ref-Eltagouri_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eltagouri-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atlanta is one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States, and a large portion of that growth is due to an influx of Black residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Eltagouri_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eltagouri-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a Black <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a> community in Atlanta. Jamaicans are concentrated in Stone Mountain, Decatur, Lithonia and Snellville.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a Black Haitian community in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African-born Blacks in Atlanta are mostly from <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black men in Atlanta are disproportionately affected by <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. Atlanta is a mecca for Black gays.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> of Atlanta such as south and western suburbs including Henry County, Stone Mountain, Fayetteville, and Douglasville house a growing Black population.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/LendingTree" title="LendingTree">LendingTree</a>, 8.8% of businesses in Atlanta are Black-owned, which is the highest rate in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 11,000 Black millionaires live in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1870, <a href="/wiki/William_Finch_(politician)" title="William Finch (politician)">William Finch</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(Georgia_politician)" title="George Graham (Georgia politician)">George Graham</a> became the first African Americans to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Board_of_Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Board of Aldermen">Atlanta Board of Aldermen</a> (now the Atlanta City Council), and no other until the election of <a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q.<span class="nowrap"> </span>V. Williamson</a> to the Board in 1966. Since 1973, Atlanta has consistently elected Black mayors, and two in particular have been prominent on the national stage, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Jackson" title="Maynard Jackson">Maynard Jackson</a>. Jackson was elected with the support of the predominantly white business community, including the chairmen of <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citizens_%26_Southern_National_Bank" title="Citizens & Southern National Bank">Citizens & Southern National Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Company_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Company of Georgia">Trust Company of Georgia</a>, and architect and <a href="/wiki/Peachtree_Center" title="Peachtree Center">Peachtree Center</a> developer <a href="/wiki/John_Portman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Portman">John Portman</a>. They were hopeful that a new progressive coalition would be forged between downtown and City Hall; but they were not prepared for the level of support for the goals of the Black community that the mayor provided through support for minority-based businesses and for neighborhood-based organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Long_Banks" title="Carolyn Long Banks">Carolyn Long Banks</a> became the first Black woman to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Council</a> in 1980. </p><p>The Metro Atlanta counties of: <a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="Fulton County, Georgia">Fulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">DeKalb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia" title="Cobb County, Georgia">Cobb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwinnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwinnett">Gwinnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clayton_County,_Georgia" title="Clayton County, Georgia">Clayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockdale_County,_Georgia" title="Rockdale County, Georgia">Rockdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Georgia" title="Newton County, Georgia">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Georgia" title="Henry County, Georgia">Henry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Georgia" title="Douglas County, Georgia">Douglas</a> are each governed by a county commission that is chaired by an African- American. The position of chair is elected countywide. The remaining district level members of each respective county commission are also majority African-American. </p><p>Since then, there has been "a sometimes uneasy partnership between Black political clout and White financial power that has helped Atlanta move closer to its goal of becoming a world-class city."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg/220px-Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg/330px-Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg/440px-Atlanta_University_Center_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center" title="Atlanta University Center">Atlanta University Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Atlanta is home to the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center" title="Atlanta University Center">Atlanta University Center</a> (AUC), the nation's oldest and largest contiguous consortium of <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically Black colleges</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark Atlanta University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine" title="Morehouse School of Medicine">Morehouse School of Medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_Theological_Center" title="Interdenominational Theological Center">Interdenominational Theological Center</a>. The first of these colleges were established shortly after the Civil War and have made Atlanta one of the historic centers of Black intellectualism and empowerment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the nation's most accomplished African Americans matriculated through the AUC. See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Morehouse_College_alumni" title="List of Morehouse College alumni">Morehouse College alumni</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University#Notable_alumni" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark Atlanta University alumni</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spelman_College_people" title="List of Spelman College people">Spelman College alumnae</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown College</a> is the first institution of higher learning in Georgia founded by African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Metropolitan_State_College" title="Atlanta Metropolitan State College">Atlanta Metropolitan State College</a> is a predominately Black institution.<sup id="cite_ref-usg.edu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clayton_State_University" title="Clayton State University">Clayton State University</a> (CSU) is a historically white public institution 15 miles south of Atlanta that has been predominately Black since the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-usg.edu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, CSU appointed its first Black president.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gwinnett_College" title="Georgia Gwinnett College">Georgia Gwinnett College</a> is a formerly predominately white public institution 30 miles northeast of Atlanta that has been mostly Black since the late-2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-usg.edu_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_John_Marshall_Law_School" title="Atlanta's John Marshall Law School">Atlanta's John Marshall Law School</a> is a historically white private law school that became Georgia's only mostly Black law school in the mid-2010s. In 2020, the law school hired its first Black dean.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> has one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">African-American studies</a> departments in the nation. It began in 1971 and has expanded since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> consistently ranks among the top five institutions in the nation to produce the most Black <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a> at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a> (GSU) is a historically white public institution that since the 2010s has had a Black plurality, with more Black students enrolled than any other non-profit university in the nation. GSU is the second largest university in Georgia and leads the nation in producing the most Black college graduates with bachelor's degrees annually.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, GSU appointed its first Black president.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upper_class">Upper class</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upper class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Black_Upper_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="American Black Upper Class">American Black Upper Class</a></div> <p>Atlanta has a well-organized Black upper class which exerts its power in politics, business and academia, and historically, in the religious arena. Mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young were representative of the upper, not working class, and rose to national standing. The Black academic community is the largest of any US city's because of the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center" title="Atlanta University Center">Atlanta University Center</a> (AUC), a consortium of six historically Black colleges (HBCUs). In business, Atlanta is home to the nation's largest Black-owned insurance company (<a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Life" title="Atlanta Life">Atlanta Life</a>), real-estate development firm (H.J. Russell) as well as some of the country's top Black-owned investment and law firms, car dealerships, and food service companies. An old-guard Black elite, graduated from AUC schools and whose status dates back to the glory days of Sweet Auburn or before, guards its social circles from "new" Black money—families such as <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Herndon" title="Alonzo Herndon">Herndon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Gaines_Yates" title="Ella Gaines Yates">Yates</a>, Bond, Milton, Yancey, Blayton, Rucker, Aikens, Harper, Cooper, Dobbs and Scott. The <a href="/wiki/First_Congregational_Church_(Atlanta)" title="First Congregational Church (Atlanta)">First Congregational Church</a> is their church of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-graham_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concentration of a Black elite in Atlanta can be explained by: </p> <ul><li>the early establishment of Black colleges in the city immediately after the Civil War, producing graduates who remained in the city as leaders</li> <li>the high proportion of Blacks in the general population (as compared to New York or Chicago), providing a large market for goods and services</li> <li>After the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Race_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Race Riot">Atlanta Race Riot</a>, Blacks removed their businesses from downtown Atlanta to seek safety; during the same period, explicit <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation in Atlanta">segregationist legislation</a> was introduced, which had the effect of producing a concentrated and dynamic separate Black business community in the refuges of Sweet Auburn and the area around Ashby Street (now Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery Boulevard).<sup id="cite_ref-graham_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the 1920s, Hunter Street (now Martin Luther King Drive) and Collier Heights became the Black elite neighborhoods of choice, while today areas in far southwest of the city around Camp Creek Marketplace, neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Atlanta">Niskey Lake</a>, are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-graham_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upperclass Black Americans also reside in Eastern Atlanta in Dekalb County which is the second richest predominantly Black county in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_mecca">Black mecca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Black mecca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">black mecca</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a> is a city to which <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, particularly professionals,<sup id="cite_ref-be_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-be-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are drawn to live, due to some or all of the following factors: </p> <ul><li>superior economic opportunities for Blacks, often as assessed by the presence of a large Black upper-middle and upper class</li> <li>Black political activism in a city</li> <li>leading Black educational institutions in a city</li> <li>a city's leading role in Black arts, music, and other culture</li> <li>harmonious Black-white race relations in a city</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> has been referred to as a Black mecca since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_recreation">Culture and recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Arts_Festival" title="National Black Arts Festival">National Black Arts Festival</a> has been based in Atlanta since the late 1980s. Throughout the year, the festival features performing arts, literature and visual arts produced by creative artists of African descent.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Black_Wall_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New Black Wall Street (page does not exist)">The New Black Wall Street</a> opened in 2021 is a 125,000-square-foot marketplace in <a href="/wiki/Stonecrest,_Georgia" title="Stonecrest, Georgia">Stonecrest</a> that houses over 100 Black merchants and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marketplace is inspired by the popular Black business district that was based in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Music_%26_Entertainment_Walk_of_Fame" title="Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame">Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame</a> opened in 2021 near the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Stadium" title="Mercedes-Benz Stadium">Mercedes-Benz Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlanta Jazz Festival in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Park" title="Piedmont Park">Piedmont Park</a> is one of the largest free jazz festivals in the country and features mostly Black artists. The annual event is hosted by the City of Atlanta Office of Cultural Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_A3C_Festival_%26_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The A3C Festival & Conference (page does not exist)">The A3C Festival & Conference</a> is an annual fall event that mostly highlights African-American artists, creatives, innovators, activists, and entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=One_Musicfest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One Musicfest (page does not exist)">One Musicfest</a> is an annual summer Hip-Hop/R&B concert held in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>House in the Park is a major <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> festival held in <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park,_Atlanta" title="Grant Park, Atlanta">Grant Park</a> every Labor Day weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Castleberry_Hill" title="Castleberry Hill">Castleberry Hill</a> district (mainly Peter Street) has the largest concentration of Black businesses and popular social spaces in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Avenue" title="Edgewood Avenue">Edgewood Avenue</a> (Old Fourth Ward/Downtown) has a notable concentration of Black businesses and popular social spaces. </p><p>Atlanta's <a href="/wiki/WVEE" title="WVEE">V-103</a> Winterfest is a Hip-Hop/R&B concert event held in <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Arena" title="State Farm Arena">State Farm Arena</a> every December.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gathering Spot is a popular networking and social club composed of primarily <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennial</a> college-educated African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weekend <a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">brunch</a> is a prominent aspect of Black culture in the Atlanta area. The area is home to many popular and vibrant Black-owned brunch spots.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Village at <a href="/wiki/Ponce_City_Market" title="Ponce City Market">Ponce City Market</a> is a marketplace that features Black entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sweet Auburn Springfest is an annual outdoor festival held in the historically Black <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn district</a>. It is one of the largest free outdoor festivals in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>504 Day in Atlanta is an annual event that celebrates <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> Black culture.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sweet Auburn Music Festival is a large free outdoor Black music event that place every fall in the historic Sweet Auburn district.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlanta Hip Hop Day Festival is an annual event celebrating Atlanta's Hip-Hop artists and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afropunk_Festival" title="Afropunk Festival">Afropunk Atlanta</a> is a week-long <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">fall</a> festival that includes live music, film, fashion, and art produced by Black artists.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlanta Food Truck Park and Triton Yard are popular parks with mostly Black-owned <a href="/wiki/Food_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Food trucks">food trucks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taste of Soul Atlanta is a four-day annual summer event that celebrates <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a> and African-American culture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta Black Restaurant Week is an annual event that highlights and celebrates the unique contributions of Black-owned restaurants and Black culinary professionals to the city's food scene.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HBCU Alumni Alliance 5K Run/Walk is an annual summer fundraising event in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta Cigar Week is an annual social event that attracts primarily African-American <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a> enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Black Writers Weekend annual conference is based in Atlanta as of 2014. The conference is the nation's only entertainment award show and gathering for Black creatives in publishing, film and TV enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HBCU Summerfest is annual event celebrating and promoting unity amongst the nation's HBCUs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SWAC Alumni Picnic is an annual summer picnic that involves food and fellowship with alumni of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">SWAC</a> schools living in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Be Out Day ATL is an annual weekend event for <a href="/wiki/FAMU" class="mw-redirect" title="FAMU">FAMU</a> alumni, students, and prospective students living in the Atlanta area. FAMU is consistently ranked the number one public HBCU in the nation and has a large alumni base in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlanta Funkfest is an annual event soul and R&B concert held in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg/250px-Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg/375px-Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg/500px-Atlanta_Montage_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Atlanta montage</figcaption></figure> <p>The Juneteenth Atlanta Parade & Music Festival is one of the largest annual <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> events in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta has an abundance of Black-centric <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murals" class="mw-redirect" title="Murals">murals</a> in many parts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cascade Skating Rink is a popular Black-owned <a href="/wiki/Roller_rink" title="Roller rink">roller rink</a> that was featured in the movie <a href="/wiki/ATL_(film)" title="ATL (film)">ATL (film)</a> and is frequently patronized by Black celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metro Fun Center and Skate Zone are other popular Black-owned roller rinks in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LudaDay Weekend is an annual event established by <a href="/wiki/Ludacris" title="Ludacris">Ludacris</a> and his foundation in 2005 that brings together the Atlanta community over Labor Day Weekend in dedication to social service and responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/UniverSoul_Circus" title="UniverSoul Circus">UniverSoul Circus</a>, the nation's only Black owned and centric traveling <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>, was founded and is based in Atlanta.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Avenue_Research_Library_on_African_American_Culture_and_History" title="Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History">Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History</a> opened in 1994 and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a> Historic District.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several Black owned and operated comedy clubs and productions in the Atlanta area. Uptown Comedy Corner is one of the oldest Black comedy clubs in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> noted that after 2000, Atlanta moved "from the margins to becoming hip-hop's center of gravity, part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South." Producer <a href="/wiki/Drumma_Boy" title="Drumma Boy">Drumma Boy</a> called Atlanta "the melting pot of the South". Producer Fatboi called the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> ("808") synthesizer "central" to the music of Atlanta's versatility, used for <b><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">snap</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">crunk</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Trap_Muzik" title="Trap Muzik">trap</a></b>, and <b>pop rap</b> styles.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same article named <a href="/wiki/Drumma_Boy" title="Drumma Boy">Drumma Boy</a>, Fatboi, <a href="/wiki/Shawty_Redd" title="Shawty Redd">Shawty Redd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaytoven" title="Zaytoven">Zaytoven</a> the four "hottest producers driving the city".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta is the setting for many movies and popular TV shows such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Housewives of Atlanta">Real Housewives of Atlanta</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a>'s series, <i><a href="/wiki/What_Men_Want" title="What Men Want">What Men Want</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_(TV_series)" title="Atlanta (TV series)">Atlanta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Being_Mary_Jane" title="Being Mary Jane">Being Mary Jane</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_(TV_series)" title="Star (TV series)">Star</a></i>. Due to Perry, the <i>Housewives</i>, and others, Atlanta is known as the center of Black entertainment in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atlanta's status as the center of Black entertainment was more solidified with the 2019 opening of an upgraded <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry_Studios" title="Tyler Perry Studios">Tyler Perry Studios</a>. Tyler Perry Studios is one of the largest major film production studios in the nation and first owned outright by an African-American.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black theater companies include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truecolorstheatre.org/about">True Colors</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jomandi.com/">Jomandi Productions</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://AtlantaBTF.org/">Atlanta Black Theatre Festival</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MEAC/SWAC_Challenge" title="MEAC/SWAC Challenge">MEAC/SWAC Challenge</a> is an annual <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically Black college</a> <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">football game</a> showcasing a teams from the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference</a> (MEAC) and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a> (SWAC). The game moved to the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia State Stadium">Georgia State Stadium</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Celebration_Bowl" title="Celebration Bowl">Celebration Bowl</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/HBCU" class="mw-redirect" title="HBCU">HBCU</a> football bowl game in the nation. The bowl game provides a match-up between the champions of the <a href="/wiki/Mideastern_Athletic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Mideastern Athletic Conference">Mideastern Athletic Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Stadium" title="Mercedes-Benz Stadium">Mercedes-Benz Stadium</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Black_College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Black College Football Hall of Fame">Black College Football Hall of Fame</a> ceremony is held in Atlanta. The event founded by <a href="/wiki/Grambling_State_University" title="Grambling State University">Grambling State University</a> alumni and <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> greats <a href="/wiki/Doug_Williams_(quarterback)" title="Doug Williams (quarterback)">Doug Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(quarterback)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harris (quarterback)">James Harris</a>, honors extraordinary football players who played at historically Black institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Bronner_Bros." title="Bronner Bros.">Bronner Bros.</a> International Beauty Show is the largest in the world that primarily focuses on Black women beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual Taliah Waajid World Natural Hair Show bills itself as the world's largest natural Black hair show and conference.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Curl, Kinks, and Culture (CKC) Festival held annually in Atlanta is an event focused on celebrating natural Black hairstyles and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta has been deemed America's "Black Soccer Capital" due to the emerging presence of Black Atlantans supporting the city's MLS team <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta United">Atlanta United</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escape The Trap is the only <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap music</a> themed <a href="/wiki/Escape_room" title="Escape room">escape room</a> in the U.S. At the same location, the Trap Museum is also a popular destination, especially among teenagers and young adults.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magic_City_(club)" title="Magic City (club)">Magic City</a> is one of the oldest and most well-known Black-owned gentlemen's clubs in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta Black Expo is an annual event that focuses on networking and empowering Black entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atlanta has one of the highest numbers of independent Black owned bookstores and is listed as one of the top destinations for readers of <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual Spelman College-Morehouse College joint homecoming week better known as "SpelHouse Homecoming" attracts over 30,000 of alumni and visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clark Atlanta's annual homecoming week also attracts thousands of alumni and visitors to Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Black_Pride" title="Atlanta Black Pride">Atlanta Black Pride</a> celebration is the largest in the world for <a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">Black LGBT people</a>. The event attracts over 100,000 participants and has a major economic impact on the city. Atlanta has one of the highest concentrations of Black, openly LGBT people in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courage_to_lead_exhibit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Courage_to_lead_exhibit.jpg/220px-Courage_to_lead_exhibit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Courage_to_lead_exhibit.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><i>Courage to Lead</i> exhibit at the Visitor Center of the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Only <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> rivals Atlanta in the number of museums about Black history, art and cultural heritage. The King Historic Site and <a href="/wiki/APEX_Museum" title="APEX Museum">APEX Museum</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a> area just east of Downtown: <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a> called "Sweet" Auburn Avenue "the richest Negro street in the world" in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most other African American museums are within walking distance of each other on the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center" title="Atlanta University Center">Atlanta University Center</a> campus or in nearby <a href="/wiki/West_End_(Atlanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="West End (Atlanta)">West End</a>, a neighborhood of Victorian houses which has become the center of the Afrocentric movement in Atlanta. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a> includes a museum chronicling the Civil Rights Movement, the preserved boyhood home of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a>, the church where he pastored, and his final resting place</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herndon_Home" title="Herndon Home">Herndon Home</a> - the mansion of <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Franklin_Herndon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonzo Franklin Herndon">Alonzo Franklin Herndon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rags-to-riches" class="mw-redirect" title="Rags-to-riches">rags-to-riches</a> hero who was born into <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, but went on to become Atlanta's first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">millionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammonds_House_Museum" title="Hammonds House Museum">Hammonds House Museum</a> of African American fine art. Located in a historic Queen Anne-style house; celebrates the culture of the African diaspora, West End</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zucotgallery.com/">Zucot Gallery</a> is the largest Black owned art gallery in the Southeast U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelman_College_Museum_of_Fine_Art" title="Spelman College Museum of Fine Art">Spelman College Museum of Fine Art</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman College</a> campus, specializing in art by and about women of the African diaspora</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cau.edu/art-museum/visit.html">Art Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark Atlanta University</a> emphasizes art by people of the African diaspora</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omenala_Griot_Afrocentric_Teaching_Museum" title="Omenala Griot Afrocentric Teaching Museum">Omenala Griot Afrocentric Teaching Museum</a> is located in the West End</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603001118/http://www.zionbaptistchurchmarietta.org/museum.htm">Old Zion Baptist Church Heritage Museum</a> preserving the history, art and culture of the Black community in <a href="/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia" title="Cobb County, Georgia">Cobb County</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantapreservationcenter.com/event_detail?id=1489">Madame CJ Walker Museum</a>, an original <a href="/wiki/Madame_CJ_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame CJ Walker">Madame CJ Walker</a> Beauty Shoppe</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trapmusicmuseum.us/">Trap Museum</a> displays aspects and historic moments of Trap music culture</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="National Center for Civil and Human Rights">National Center for Civil and Human Rights</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Place" title="Pemberton Place">Pemberton Place</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park" title="Centennial Olympic Park">Centennial Olympic Park</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black music</a> such as blues, hip hop and trap music are popular in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Black musicians such as Monica, Outkast, Usher, T.I., TLC and Migos hail from Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="Special:EditPage/African Americans in Atlanta">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Atlanta timeline</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Atlanta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seal of the City of Atlanta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_Atlanta.svg/200px-Seal_of_Atlanta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_Atlanta.svg/300px-Seal_of_Atlanta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_Atlanta.svg/400px-Seal_of_Atlanta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Seal of the City of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Before 1820</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>1762</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Standing_Peachtree" title="Standing Peachtree">Standing Peachtree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading post</a> first mentioned</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1820</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>1821</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Creek_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Indians">Creek Indians</a> cede land that is now <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Metro Atlanta</a></dd> <dt>1823</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Georgia" title="Decatur, Georgia">Decatur</a> founded</dd> <dt>1826</dt> <dd>Land lottery to distribute lots in the area which is now Atlanta</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1830</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>1830</dt> <dd>Whitehall Tavern built at today's <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Atlanta" title="West End, Atlanta">West End</a></dd> <dt>1836</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_%26_Atlantic_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Western & Atlantic Railroad">Western & Atlantic Railroad</a> approved</dd> <dt>1839</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Thrasher" title="John Thrasher">John Thrasher</a> builds settlement at terminus</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1850</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 2,572</div> <dl><dt>1850</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Cemetery_(Atlanta)" title="Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)">Oakland Cemetery</a> founded</dd> <dt>1851</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_%26_Atlantic_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Western & Atlantic Railroad">Western & Atlantic Railroad</a> connects Atlanta to <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">The Midwest</a></dd> <dt>1854</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_and_La_Grange_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta and La Grange Railroad">Atlanta and La Grange Railroad</a> connects Atlanta towards the southwest; Atlanta becomes rail hub for entire <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1860</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 9,554</div> <dl><dt>1861-1865</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></dd> <dt>1864</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">burning of Atlanta</a></dd> <dt>1865</dt> <dd>Civil War ends; slaves freed;<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta University">Atlanta University</a>, 1st Atlanta <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center" title="Atlanta University Center">black college</a>, founded</dd> <dt>1868</dt> <dd>Atlanta made state capital</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1870</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 21,879</div> <dl><dt>1871</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">Horse-drawn streetcars</a> appear, enabling city expansion</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1880</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 37,409</div> <dl><dt>1880</dt> <dd>Atlanta surpasses <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> as Georgia's largest city</dd> <dt>1881</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Exposition" title="International Cotton Exposition">International Cotton Exposition</a></dd> <dt>1885</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a> founded</dd> <dt>1886</dt> <dd>Atlanta <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">goes "dry"</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> first sold;<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Grady#Journalist" title="Henry W. Grady">Henry Grady</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a>" speech in New York City</dd> <dt>1887</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Exposition" title="Piedmont Exposition">Piedmont Exposition</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Inman_Park" title="Inman Park">Inman Park</a>, first garden suburb, founded;<br /><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupon</a></dd> <dt>1889</dt> <dd>First <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">electric streetcars</a> enable further expansion of city;<br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Capitol" title="Georgia State Capitol">State Capitol</a> building opens</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1890</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 65,533</div> <dl><dt>1895</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition" title="Cotton States and International Exposition">Cotton States Expo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> gives <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Exposition_Speech" title="Atlanta Exposition Speech">"Atlanta Compromise" Speech</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1900</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 89,872 - metro 419,375</div> <dl><dt>1906</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">1906 Atlanta race massacre</a> kills 27;<br />Black businesses move to <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a> and west side</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1910</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 154,839 - metro 522,442</div> <dl><dt>1910</dt> <dd>Restaurants segregated; other <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> follow</dd> <dt>1913</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> lynching;<br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a> starts "evening college", now <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State</a></dd> <dt>1914</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> president <a href="/wiki/Asa_Griggs_Candler" title="Asa Griggs Candler">Asa Griggs Candler</a> donates land for <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> campus in <a href="/wiki/Druid_Hills,_Georgia" title="Druid Hills, Georgia">Druid Hills</a></dd> <dt>1917</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlanta_fire_of_1917" title="Great Atlanta fire of 1917">Great Atlanta fire</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1920</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 200,616 - metro 622,283</div> <dl><dt>1923</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viaducts_of_Atlanta" title="Viaducts of Atlanta">Spring Street Viaduct</a> opens, downtown rises above train tracks</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1930</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 270,366 - metro 715,391</div> <dl><dt>1936</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_B._Hartsfield" title="William B. Hartsfield">William B. Hartsfield</a> elected mayor;<br /><a href="/wiki/Techwood_Homes" title="Techwood Homes">Techwood Homes</a> built, first public housing in US</dd> <dt>1939</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> premiere draws 300,000 to streets</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1940</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dt>1946</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) founded</dd> <dt>1949</dt> <dd>Last <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">streetcar</a> line converted to <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Atlanta" title="Trolleybuses in Atlanta">trolleybus</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1950</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 331,314 - metro 997,666</div> <dl><dt>1950</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_transit_strike_of_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta transit strike of 1950">Transit strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Transit_Company" title="Atlanta Transit Company">Atlanta Transit Co.</a> takes over transit from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Power" title="Georgia Power">Georgia Railway and Power</a></dd> <dt>1952</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buckhead" title="Buckhead">Buckhead</a> annexed</dd> <dt>1958</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Benevolent_Congregation_Temple_bombing" title="Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing">Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></dd> <dt>1959</dt> <dd>Trolleybuses, buses, public library desegregated;<br /><a href="/wiki/Lenox_Square" title="Lenox Square">Lenox Square</a> mall opens<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Metro</a> population hits 1 million</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1960</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 487,455 - metro 1,312,474</div> <dl><dt>1960</dt> <dd>Sit-ins at <a href="/wiki/Rich%27s_(department_store)" title="Rich's (department store)">Rich's</a> lunch counters during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></dd> <dt>1961</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Allen_Jr." title="Ivan Allen Jr.">Ivan Allen Jr.</a> becomes mayor;<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools" title="Atlanta Public Schools">Public schools</a> begin token desegregation;<br /><a href="/wiki/Rich%27s_(department_store)" title="Rich's (department store)">Rich's</a> desegregates restaurant;<br /><a href="/wiki/John_C._Portman_Jr." title="John C. Portman Jr.">John Portman</a> opens <a href="/wiki/AmericasMart" title="AmericasMart">Merchandise Mart</a>, kicking off <a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta#transformation_of_downtown" title="History of Atlanta">transformation of downtown</a></dd> <dt>1962</dt> <dd>106 Atlanta art patrons die in <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_007#Impact_on_Atlanta,_Georgia" title="Air France Flight 007">Paris air crash</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Atlanta" title="Trolleybuses in Atlanta">Trolleybuses</a> converted en masse to buses</dd> <dd>1966</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Braves</a> play first season in Atlanta after moving from <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons" title="Atlanta Falcons">Falcons</a> play first season</dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> assassinated</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">Hawks</a> play first season in Atlanta after moving from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)" title="Interstate 285 (Georgia)">Perimeter</a> freeway opens</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1970</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 496,973 - metro 1,763,626</div> <dl><dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Jackson" title="Maynard Jackson">Maynard Jackson</a> becomes first black <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta" title="List of mayors of Atlanta">mayor</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority" title="Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority">MARTA</a> opens first rail rapid transit line;<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_murders_of_1979%E2%80%9381" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta murders of 1979–81">Child murders</a> begin</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1980</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 425,022 - metro 2,233,324</div> <dl><dt>1980</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> launches, <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner</a> empire takes off</dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> becomes mayor</dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Democratic Convention</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">1990</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 394,017 - metro 2,959,950</div> <dl><dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Plaza_(Atlanta)" title="Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta)">Bank of America Plaza</a> completed, tallest US building outside of NYC and Chicago</dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">2000</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 416,474 - metro 4,112,198</div> <dl><dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Airport</a> becomes world's busiest;<br /><a href="/wiki/BeltLine" class="mw-redirect" title="BeltLine">BeltLine</a> plan adopted, adding 40% to city's green space</dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a> becomes world's largest airline;<br /><a href="/wiki/2008_Atlanta_tornado_outbreak" title="2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak">Downtown tornadoes</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.5em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">2010</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">pop. 420,003 - metro (CSA) 5,729,304</div> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd>Atlanta first US city to <a href="/wiki/Demolished_public_housing_projects_in_Atlanta" title="Demolished public housing projects in Atlanta">demolish all public housing projects</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools" title="Atlanta Public Schools">Atlanta Public Schools</a> supervisor <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hall" title="Beverly Hall">Beverly Hall</a> convicted in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools_cheating_scandal" title="Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal">cheating scandal</a></dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Interstate_85_bridge_collapse" title="Interstate 85 bridge collapse">Interstate 85 bridge collapse</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Atlanta" title="Timeline of Atlanta">Timeline of Atlanta</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlanta_timeline" title="Template:Atlanta timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atlanta_timeline" title="Template talk:Atlanta timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atlanta_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atlanta timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>White people moved out of Atlanta in huge numbers from the years between 1960 and 1980 after Blacks started to move into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>, when whites started moving to Atlanta's suburbs, Blacks became the majority of Atlanta's population.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum">Antebellum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antebellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street,_Atlanta_slave_auction_house,_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales,%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street%2C_Atlanta_slave_auction_house%2C_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales%2C%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street%2C_Atlanta_slave_auction_house%2C_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales%2C%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/United_States_Colored_Troop_enlisted_African-American_soldier_reading_at_8_Whitehall_Street%2C_Atlanta_slave_auction_house%2C_Fall_1864-_%27Auction_%26_Negro_Sales%2C%27_Whitehall_Street_LOC_cwpb.03351_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Frazer_%26_Co." title="Crawford, Frazer & Co.">Crawford, Frazer & Co.</a> "<a href="/wiki/Negro_mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro mart">negro mart</a>" at 8 Whitehall Street, photographed September 1864, Atlanta</figcaption></figure> <p>Slavery in the state of Georgia mostly constituted the main reason for early African American residency in the Atlanta area. The area that included Decatur was opened to settlement in 1823 following the forced abandonment of the area by the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>; with the ceding of the area under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a> in 1835, plantations of rice and, later, cotton were installed in the area. Most slaves were brought from major ports such as <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, the area which would become Atlanta, previously known as Terminus and Marthasville, had a population which included 493 African slaves, 18 free Blacks, and 2,058 whites. The general population of the area had only recently skyrocketed from a mere total of 30 residents in 1842 due to the building of two Georgia Railroad freight and passenger trains (1845) and the <a href="/wiki/Macon_%26_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Macon & Western">Macon & Western</a> (1846, a third railroad) which connected the little settlement with Macon and Savannah. In the 1850s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Combs_(property_owner)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Combs (property owner) (page does not exist)">Mary Combs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ransom_Montgomery" title="Ransom Montgomery">Ransom Montgomery</a> became the first two African-Americans to own property in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer of the year 1851, around seven enslaved Black men were arrested for an attempted insurrection in Atlanta. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Council</a> had passed a wave of laws and restrictions on Black people in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction">Civil War and Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil War and Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African slaves in the Atlanta area became divided in their loyalties to the then-current status quo as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> took place between the Confederacy, of which Georgia was a constituent member, and the Union states; the slavery regime also became harsher against both slave and free Africans, who were severely restricted in their movements by both local and state government in order to prevent desertion of the Africans to the Union side. However, many slaves from Atlanta took the chance to escape with Union soldiers under <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">March to the Sea</a> following the razing of Atlanta to the ground; they followed his men to the Atlantic coast of Georgia, where they were granted land under <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders,_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15">Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15</a> (later rescinded under president <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Council</a> vowed equal protection for whites and Blacks, and a school for Black children, the first in the city, opened in an old church building on Armstrong Street. The Methodist Episcopal Church's Freedman Aid Society founded a coeducational school for African American legislators that would later become Clark College (now <a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark Atlanta University</a>) in Atlanta. In 1870, following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> by the state legislature, the first two African American members, <a href="/wiki/William_Finch_(politician)" title="William Finch (politician)">William Finch</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(Georgia_politician)" title="George Graham (Georgia politician)">George Graham</a>, were elected to the Board of Aldermen from the third and fourth wards, respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Radical Republican <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hammond" title="Dennis Hammond">Dennis Hammond</a> sat as mayor. </p><p>According to the US Census and Slave Schedules, from 1860 to 1870 Fulton County more than doubled in population, from 14,427 to 33,336. The effects of African-American migration can be seen by the increase in Fulton County from 20.5% enslaved African Americans in 1860 to 45.7% colored (African-American) residents in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a pattern seen across the South after the Civil War, freedmen often moved from plantations to towns or cities for work. They also gathered in their own communities where they could live more freely from white control. Even if they continued to work as farm laborers, freedmen often migrated after the war. Fulton was one of several counties in Georgia where African American population increased significantly in those years. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/ajac/">[3]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow">Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of Reconstruction, which mostly ended in 1877, African Americans in Atlanta were left to the mercies of the predominantly white state legislature and city council, and were politically disenfranchised during the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> era; whites had used a variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social supremacy throughout the South. By the turn of the century, Georgia passed legislation that completed the disenfranchisement of African Americans. Not even college-educated men could vote. However, while most Black Atlantans were poor and disenfranchised by Jim Crow, the gradual nationwide rise of the Black urban middle class became apparent in Atlanta, with the establishment of African American businesses, media and educational institutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, principal of the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a> in Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Compromise" title="Atlanta Compromise">delivered a speech</a> to the 1895 <a href="/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition" title="Cotton States and International Exposition">Cotton States and International Exposition</a> which urged African Americans to focus more upon economic empowerment instead of immediate socio-political empowerment and rights, much to the anger of other civil rights leaders, including <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, who would become one of the major civil rights activists of the first half of the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Competition for jobs and housing gave rise to fears and tensions. These catalyzed in 1906 in the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Race_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Race Riot">Atlanta Race Riot</a>. This left at least 28 dead, 25 of them African American,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over seventy people injured. Neighborhoods became more segregated as Blacks sought safety in majority-Black areas such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a> and areas west of Downtown. As racial tensions rose, particularly resentment from working-class whites against better-off Blacks, segregation was introduced into more areas of public life. For example, <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">Atlanta's streetcars</a> were officially segregated in 1910, with Blacks forced to sit at the rear. </p><p>In 1928, the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Daily_World" title="Atlanta Daily World">Atlanta Daily World</a></i> began publication, and continues as one of the oldest African American newspaper in circulation. From the 1920s to the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Black_Crackers" title="Atlanta Black Crackers">Atlanta Black Crackers</a>, a baseball team in the Negro Southern League, and later on, in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a>, entertained sports fans at <a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Park" title="Ponce de Leon Park">Ponce de Leon Park</a>; some of the members of the Black Crackers would become players in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> following the integration of the Negro leagues into the larger leagues. <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Auburn" title="Sweet Auburn">Sweet Auburn</a> would become one of the premier predominantly African American urban settlements to the current day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the rise of the civil rights movement, African Americans have wielded an increasingly potent degree of political power, most resultant in the currently unbroken string of African American mayors of the City of Atlanta since the election of Maynard Jackson in 1973; the current mayor of Atlanta is one-term Mayor Andre Dickens. In addition, Atlanta's city council has long been majority Black. All elected mayors of Atlanta are and have been members of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008, Atlanta area resident <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jones" title="Vernon Jones">Vernon Jones</a> ran unsuccessfully to become the first African American to win the Democratic primary for representation of the state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 2021, Atlanta area resident and Morehouse College alumnus <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Black U.S. senator</a> elected in Georgia and the first Black U.S. Democratic senator elected in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2018, Atlanta area resident and Spelman College alumna <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Stacey Abrams</a> became the first Black woman to win a major party nomination for governor in the United States. In November, she lost the controversial <a href="/wiki/2018_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Georgia gubernatorial election">2018 Georgia gubernatorial election</a> by less than three percentage points. Due to the election being so close, Abrams committed to running for office again.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2019, Stacey Abrams became the first Black woman to give an official <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, she announced she was running again for governor as promised but lost to incumbent Republican <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kemp" title="Brian Kemp">Brian Kemp</a> by a much wider margin in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Georgia gubernatorial election">2022 Georgia gubernatorial election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gentrification">Gentrification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gentrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gentrification_of_Atlanta" title="Gentrification of Atlanta">Gentrification of Atlanta</a></div> <p>Since 2010, gentrification has changed many aspects of Atlanta hence why it has been a popular topic. Gentrification of predominately African-American inner-city neighborhoods, particularly those in close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Atlanta" title="Downtown Atlanta">Downtown Atlanta</a> or the <a href="/wiki/BeltLine" class="mw-redirect" title="BeltLine">BeltLine</a>, is one of the major reasons why housing costs within the city limits significantly jumped which prompted many African Americans to move outside the city seeking a more affordable cost of living. In 2019, Atlanta was named the fourth fastest gentrifying city in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Atlanta was second in the nation for the highest inflation increase.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Atlanta's steady population growth worsened the housing shortage which further increased housing cost within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1990, the African American resident percentage in Atlanta has dropped significantly, while the non-African American resident percentage increased significantly. The strongest growth of African Americans are now in the suburbs of Atlanta. The mayoral office of Atlanta is actively working on adding and maintaining affordable housing in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciara_AMAs_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ciara_AMAs_2019.png/220px-Ciara_AMAs_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ciara_AMAs_2019.png/330px-Ciara_AMAs_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ciara_AMAs_2019.png/440px-Ciara_AMAs_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Ciara</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Jackson" title="Maynard Jackson">Maynard Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton_Brady" class="mw-redirect" title="Xernona Clayton Brady">Xernona Clayton Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupaul">Rupaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisha_Lance_Bottoms" title="Keisha Lance Bottoms">Keisha Lance Bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandi_Burruss" title="Kandi Burruss">Kandi Burruss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.I." title="T.I.">T.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri" title="Jermaine Dupri">Jermaine Dupri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davido" title="Davido">Davido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Massey" title="Kyle Massey">Kyle Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Stacey Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fani_Willis" title="Fani Willis">Fani Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_3000" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre 3000">Andre 3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Boi" title="Big Boi">Big Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Tucker" title="Chris Tucker">Chris Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciara" title="Ciara">Ciara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzy_Pha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazzy Pha">Jazzy Pha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludacris" title="Ludacris">Ludacris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Braxton" title="Toni Braxton">Toni Braxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Walker" title="Summer Walker">Summer Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven-Symon%C3%A9" title="Raven-Symoné">Raven-Symoné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Bailey" title="Halle Bailey">Halle Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Bailey" title="Chloe Bailey">Chloe Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Guy" title="Jasmine Guy">Jasmine Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migos" title="Migos">Migos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nene_Leakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nene Leakes">Nene Leakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Thug" title="Young Thug">Young Thug</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Atlanta">Atlanta portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:African Americans">African Americans portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Exposition_Speech" title="Atlanta Exposition Speech">Atlanta Exposition Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Voice" title="Atlanta Voice">Atlanta Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Heights" title="Cascade Heights">Cascade Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_Heights" title="Collier Heights">Collier Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_newspapers_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American newspapers in Georgia">List of African-American newspapers in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Black_Men_of_America" title="100 Black Men of America">100 Black Men of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_100_Black_Women" title="National Coalition of 100 Black Women">National Coalition of 100 Black Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry_Studios" title="Tyler Perry Studios">Tyler Perry Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in Atlanta">Music in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freaknik" title="Freaknik">Freaknik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Demographics of Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_communities_in_Metro_Atlanta" title="Hispanic and Latino communities in Metro Atlanta">Hispanic and Latino communities in Metro Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">History of the Jews in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Black_Pride" title="Atlanta Black Pride">Atlanta Black Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Atlanta race riot">1906 Atlanta race riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Atlanta" title="George Floyd protests in Atlanta">George Floyd protests in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Arts_Festival" title="National Black Arts Festival">National Black Arts Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_murders_of_1979%E2%80%931981" title="Atlanta murders of 1979–1981">Atlanta murders of 1979–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_Atlanta" title="Racial segregation in Atlanta">Racial segregation in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">History of Atlanta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?t=-01&g=310XX00US12060">"Atlanta"</a>. 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlanta&rft.date=2024-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Ft%3D-01%26g%3D310XX00US12060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/atlanta-metro-area/racial-and-ethnic-composition/black/">"Religious Landscape Study"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Landscape+Study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2Freligious-landscape-study%2Fmetro-area%2Fatlanta-metro-area%2Fracial-and-ethnic-composition%2Fblack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/life/opinion-black-mecca-more-a-work-in-progress-than-a-promised-land/ONS5TER2LBDHRMAIE57CIV4LM4/">Is Atlanta still considered a Black mecca?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/a-new-great-migration-is-bringing-black-americans-back-to-the-south/">"New Great Migration: Black Americans Return South"</a>. <i>Brookings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=New+Great+Migration%3A+Black+Americans+Return+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fa-new-great-migration-is-bringing-black-americans-back-to-the-south%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?t=-01&g=310XX00US12060">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Ft%3D-01%26g%3D310XX00US12060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?t=-02&g=310XX00US12060">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Ft%3D-02%26g%3D310XX00US12060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212042639/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-geo_id=16000US1304000">"American FactFinder - Results"</a>. <i>Factfinder.census.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-geo_id=16000US1304000">the original</a> on 2020-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Factfinder.census.gov&rft.atitle=American+FactFinder+-+Results&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FQTTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-qr_name%3DDEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1%26-ds_name%3DDEC_2000_SF1_U%26-_lang%3Den%26-geo_id%3D16000US1304000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/1304000.html">City of Atlanta Quick Facts, U.S. Census Bureau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802165747/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/1304000.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221063813/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2003/11_livingcities_Atlanta/atlanta.pdf">"Atlanta in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 21 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2003/11_livingcities_Atlanta/atlanta.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlanta+in+Focus%3A+A+Profile+from+Census+2000&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2Frc%2Freports%2F2003%2F11_livingcities_Atlanta%2Fatlanta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Census 2010 vs. 2000 population estimates by race</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eltagouri-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eltagouri_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eltagouri_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltagouri2016" class="citation web cs1">Eltagouri, Marwa (24 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-african-americans-population-cook-county-met-20160623-story.html">"Chicago-area black population drops as residents leave for South, suburbs"</a>. <i>Chicagotribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Chicago-area+black+population+drops+as+residents+leave+for+South%2C+suburbs&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft.aulast=Eltagouri&rft.aufirst=Marwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbreaking%2Fct-african-americans-population-cook-county-met-20160623-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaicans.com/wherelive/">"Where to live"</a>. <i>Jamaicans</i>. 26 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaicans&rft.atitle=Where+to+live&rft.date=2004-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaicans.com%2Fwherelive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazierDardenHenry2010" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, John W.; Darden, Joe T.; Henry, Norah F. (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zByZal1b_RsC&dq=jamaican+immigrants+in++atlanta&pg=PA124"><i>African Diaspora in the United States and Canada at the Dawn of the 21st Century, the</i></a>. Global Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438436852" title="Special:BookSources/9781438436852"><bdi>9781438436852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Diaspora+in+the+United+States+and+Canada+at+the+Dawn+of+the+21st+Century%2C+the&rft.pub=Global+Academic&rft.date=2010-09&rft.isbn=9781438436852&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Darden%2C+Joe+T.&rft.au=Henry%2C+Norah+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzByZal1b_RsC%26dq%3Djamaican%2Bimmigrants%2Bin%2B%2Batlanta%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZéphir2004" class="citation book cs1">Zéphir, Flore (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7uXBkUAbQ4C&dq=haitian+immigrants+atlanta&pg=PA113"><i>The Haitian Americans</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313322969" title="Special:BookSources/9780313322969"><bdi>9780313322969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Americans&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313322969&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A9phir&rft.aufirst=Flore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7uXBkUAbQ4C%26dq%3Dhaitian%2Bimmigrants%2Batlanta%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2006" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Monica (28 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jacwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Working-Class White: The Making and Unmaking of Race Relations</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520248090" title="Special:BookSources/9780520248090"><bdi>9780520248090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working-Class+White%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Race+Relations&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft.isbn=9780520248090&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjacwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/life/despite-progress-hiv-remains-disproportionately-black-in-georgia/MOUFBE4GUZFS5GJTOEKAOG2SMU/">"Despite progress, HIV remains disproportionately Black in Georgia"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Despite+progress%2C+HIV+remains+disproportionately+Black+in+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Flife%2Fdespite-progress-hiv-remains-disproportionately-black-in-georgia%2FMOUFBE4GUZFS5GJTOEKAOG2SMU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/metro-atlantas-black-meccas-suburban-layout-is-changing.amp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Black Mecca' expanding to north Metro Atlanta suburbs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Black+Mecca%27+expanding+to+north+Metro+Atlanta+suburbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox5atlanta.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro-atlantas-black-meccas-suburban-layout-is-changing.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lendingtree.com/business/small/black-owned-businesses-study/">lendingtree.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rollingout.com/2023/04/08/black-millionaire-cities/">"Black millionaire cities: Which cities in the US will allow you to live near the most millionaires?"</a>. 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+millionaire+cities%3A+Which+cities+in+the+US+will+allow+you+to+live+near+the+most+millionaires%3F&rft.date=2023-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frollingout.com%2F2023%2F04%2F08%2Fblack-millionaire-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosler1982" class="citation book cs1">Fosler, R. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Cities+with+the+highest+rates+of+inflation&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fhighest-inflation-rate-city-us-phoenix-arizona-1753011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanell" class="citation news cs1">Kanell, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta-news/metro-atlanta-housing-report-prices-high-and-supply-short-even-if-rates-drop/UXFHWZG53ZEERKMX4RG77ISAWA/">"Even if mortgage rates fall, metro Atlanta's housing shortage is acute"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Even+if+mortgage+rates+fall%2C+metro+Atlanta%27s+housing+shortage+is+acute&rft.aulast=Kanell&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fatlanta-news%2Fmetro-atlanta-housing-report-prices-high-and-supply-short-even-if-rates-drop%2FUXFHWZG53ZEERKMX4RG77ISAWA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/11/30/atlanta-gentrification">"The Black residents fighting Atlanta to stay in their homes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Black+residents+fighting+Atlanta+to+stay+in+their+homes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2020%2F11%2F30%2Fatlanta-gentrification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLartey2018" class="citation news cs1">Lartey, Jamiles (23 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/oct/23/nowhere-for-people-to-go-who-will-survive-the-gentrification-of-atlanta">"Nowhere for people to go: Who will survive the gentrification of Atlanta?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nowhere+for+people+to+go%3A+Who+will+survive+the+gentrification+of+Atlanta%3F&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.aulast=Lartey&rft.aufirst=Jamiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2018%2Foct%2F23%2Fnowhere-for-people-to-go-who-will-survive-the-gentrification-of-atlanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantaga.gov/Home/Components/News/News/14163/672?backlist=%2F">"Press Releases | Atlanta, GA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Releases+%26%23124%3B+Atlanta%2C+GA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantaga.gov%2FHome%2FComponents%2FNews%2FNews%2F14163%2F672%3Fbacklist%3D%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/16/atlanta-black-mecca-inequality-00055390">"How Atlanta Became a City I Barely Recognize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+Atlanta+Became+a+City+I+Barely+Recognize&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F09%2F16%2Fatlanta-black-mecca-inequality-00055390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+Americans+in+Atlanta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bacote, Clarence A. "The Negro in Atlanta politics." <i>Phylon</i> 16.4 (1955): 333–350.</li> <li>Carter, Rev. Edward R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blacksideaparti00cartgoog"><i>The Black Side: a partial history of the business, religious, and educational side of the Negro in Atlanta, Ga.</i></a> (1894)</li> <li>Dorsey, Allison. <i>To build our lives together: Community formation in Black Atlanta, 1875-1906</i> (University of Georgia Press, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=fac-history">online</a>.</li> <li>Ferguson, Karen Jane. <i>Black politics in New Deal Atlanta</i> (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2002).</li> <li>Grady-Willis, Winston A. <i>Challenging US apartheid: Atlanta and Black struggles for human rights, 1960-1977</i> (Duke University Press, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1fMHq6JN0oC&dq=ATLANTA&pg=PR9">online</a></li> <li>Hobson, Maurice J. <i>The legend of the Black mecca: Politics and class in the making of modern Atlanta</i> (UNC Press Books, 2017).</li> <li>Hornsby, Alton. “Black Public Education in Atlanta, Georgia, 1954-1973: From Segregation to Segregation.” <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 76#1 (1991), pp. 21–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2717407">online</a></li> <li>Meier, August, and David Lewis. "History of the Negro upper class in Atlanta, Georgia, 1890-1958." <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> 28.2 (1959): 128–139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2293711">online</a></li> <li>Merritt, Carole. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2004/african-americans-atlanta-community-building-new-south-city">African Americans in Atlanta: Community Building in a New South City</a>," <i>Southern Spaces</i>, March 2004.</li> <li>Plank, David N., and Marcia Turner. "Changing patterns in Black school politics: Atlanta, 1872-1973." <i>American Journal of Education</i> 95.4 (1987): 584–608.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_Atlanta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/atlanta/africanamerican.htm">National Park Service - African American experience in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030802052908/http://www.atlantaheritage.com/histTimeline.html">Atlanta History Timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Black genocide in the United States">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion#Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine#Doctrine" title="Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of Black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Freedmen" title="Cherokee Freedmen">Cherokee Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Kansas" title="African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_Nebraska" title="African-American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_(state)" title="African Americans in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_jurists" title="List of African American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_firsts" title="Timeline of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Atlanta313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlanta_history" title="Template:Atlanta history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atlanta_history" title="Template talk:Atlanta history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atlanta_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atlanta history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Atlanta313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">History of Atlanta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Peachtree" title="Standing Peachtree">Standing Peachtree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Atlanta" title="Category:Historic districts in Atlanta">Historic districts</a></li> <li><i>Buildings listed on National Register</i>: <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Georgia">(Atlanta in Fulton Co.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in DeKalb County, Georgia">(Atlanta in DeKalb Co.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_Atlanta" title="Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Atlanta">Demolished buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolished_public_housing_projects_in_Atlanta" title="Demolished public housing projects in Atlanta">Demolished public housing projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Kennesaw Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peachtree_Creek" title="Battle of Peachtree Creek">Peachtree Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ezra_Church" title="Battle of Ezra Church">Ezra Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utoy_Creek" title="Battle of Utoy Creek">Utoy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough" title="Battle of Jonesborough">Jonesborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">Race massacre</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Ripper" title="Atlanta Ripper">Ripper</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank lynching</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Benevolent_Congregation_Temple_bombing" title="Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing">Temple bombing</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Peyton Road affair</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_murders_of_1979%E2%80%931981" title="Atlanta murders of 1979–1981">Child murders</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_prison_riots" title="Atlanta prison riots">Prison riots</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing" title="Centennial Olympic Park bombing">Centennial Olympic Park bombing</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherside_Lounge_bombing" title="Otherside Lounge bombing">Otherside Lounge bombing</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Atlanta_day_trading_firm_shootings" title="1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings">Day trading firm shootings</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Kathryn_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Kathryn Johnston">Shooting of Kathryn Johnston</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools_cheating_scandal" title="Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal">Public schools cheating scandal</a> (2009–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Scout_Schultz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Scout Schultz">Shooting of Scout Schultz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_government_ransomware_attack" title="Atlanta government ransomware attack">Ransomware attack</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Rayshard_Brooks" title="Killing of Rayshard Brooks">Killing of Rayshard Brooks</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">Spa shootings</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Atlanta_shooting" title="2023 Atlanta shooting">Northside Hospital shooting</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Atlanta" title="Opera in Atlanta">Opera in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Atlanta" title="Arts in Atlanta">Arts in Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlanta_fire_of_1917" title="Great Atlanta fire of 1917">Great Atlanta Fire</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winecoff_Hotel_fire" title="Winecoff Hotel fire">Winecoff Hotel fire</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_007" title="Air France Flight 007">Air France Flight 007 crash</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peachtree_25th_Building_fire" title="Peachtree 25th Building fire">Peachtree 25th Building fire</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_University_bus_crash" title="Bluffton University bus crash">Bluffton University bus crash</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Atlanta_tornado_outbreak" title="2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak">Tornado strikes downtown</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_85_bridge_collapse" title="Interstate 85 bridge collapse">Interstate 85 bridge collapse</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Atlanta" title="Timeline of Atlanta">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Exposition" title="International Cotton Exposition">International Cotton Exposition</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Exposition" title="Piedmont Exposition">Piedmont Exposition</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition" title="Cotton States and International Exposition">Cotton States and International Exposition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)"><i>Gone with the Wind</i> premiere</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li>Atlanta International Pop Festival (<a href="/wiki/Atlanta_International_Pop_Festival_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta International Pop Festival (1969)">1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_International_Pop_Festival_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVIII" title="Super Bowl XXVIII">Super Bowl XXVIII</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/1991_World_Series" title="1991 World Series">1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_World_Series" title="1992 World Series">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_World_Series" title="1995 World Series">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_World_Series" title="1996 World Series">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/1999_World_Series" title="1999 World Series">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Series" title="2021 World Series">2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_XXVII" title="WrestleMania XXVII">WrestleMania XXVII</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIII" title="Super Bowl LIII">Super Bowl LIII</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1881_Atlanta_washerwomen_strike" title="1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike">Washerwomen strike</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914%E2%80%931915_Fulton_Bag_and_Cotton_Mills_strike" title="1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike">Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Atlanta_streetcar_strike" title="1916 Atlanta streetcar strike">Streetcar strike</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Atlanta_transit_strike" title="1950 Atlanta transit strike">Transit strike</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">Scripto strike</a> (1964–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="1977 Atlanta sanitation strike">Sanitation strike</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="2018 Atlanta sanitation strike">Sanitation strike</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_DeKalb_County_School_District_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2018 DeKalb County School District bus drivers' strike">School bus drivers' strike</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Library_perversion_case" title="Atlanta Public Library perversion case">Library perversion case</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Cowboys_police_raid" title="Lonesome Cowboys police raid"><i>Lonesome Cowboys</i> police raid</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Pride" title="Atlanta Pride">Atlanta Pride</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Eagle_police_raid" title="Atlanta Eagle police raid">Atlanta Eagle police raid</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Atlanta" title="List of people from Atlanta">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta" title="List of mayors of Atlanta">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pioneers_of_Atlanta" title="Category:Pioneers of Atlanta">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_communities_in_Metro_Atlanta" title="Hispanic and Latino communities in Metro Atlanta">History of Hispanics in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of African Americans in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification_of_Atlanta" title="Gentrification of Atlanta">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_Atlanta" title="Racial segregation in Atlanta">Racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">History of the Jews in Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Atlanta" title="Neighborhoods in Atlanta">History by neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_neighborhoods_of_Atlanta" title="Category:Former neighborhoods of Atlanta">Former neighborhoods and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_annexations_and_wards" title="Atlanta annexations and wards">Annexations and city wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Atlanta_street_names" title="List of former Atlanta street names">Street names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Georgia Institute of Technology">History of Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_mills_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic mills of the Atlanta area">Historic mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Zero_Mile_Post" title="Atlanta Zero Mile Post">Zero Mile Post</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> (1960-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_freeway_revolts" title="Atlanta freeway revolts">Freeway revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Atlanta" title="Occupy Atlanta">Occupy Atlanta</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Atlanta" title="George Floyd protests in Atlanta">George Floyd protests</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Cop_City" title="Stop Cop City">Stop Cop City</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mass_transit_in_Atlanta" title="Timeline of mass transit in Atlanta">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Transit_Company" title="Atlanta Transit Company">Atlanta Transit Company</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_bridges_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic bridges of the Atlanta area">Historic bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_ferries_of_the_Atlanta_area" title="Historic ferries of the Atlanta area">Historic ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Atlanta" title="Streetcars in Atlanta">Streetcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARTA" class="mw-redirect" title="MARTA">MARTA</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="Western and Atlantic Railroad">Western and Atlantic Railroad</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Atlanta" title="Trolleybuses in Atlanta">Trolleybuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaducts_of_Atlanta" title="Viaducts of Atlanta">Viaducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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of the Jews in Atlanta">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Atlanta" title="Economy of Atlanta">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Atlanta" title="Festivals in Atlanta">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Atlanta" title="Geography of Atlanta">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Atlanta" title="History of Atlanta">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Atlanta" title="Timeline of Atlanta">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotels_in_Atlanta" title="Hotels in Atlanta">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Atlanta" title="Media in Atlanta">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Atlanta" title="List of museums in Atlanta">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Atlanta" title="Music of Atlanta">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Atlanta" title="Neighborhoods in Atlanta">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Atlanta" title="Nicknames of Atlanta">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Atlanta" title="Parks in Atlanta">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Atlanta" title="List of people from Atlanta">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Atlanta" title="Religion in Atlanta">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Atlanta" title="List of tallest buildings in Atlanta">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Atlanta" title="Sports in Atlanta">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Atlanta" title="Tourism in Atlanta">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Atlanta" title="Transportation in Atlanta">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_tree_canopy" title="Atlanta tree canopy">Tree canopy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Atlanta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools" title="Atlanta Public Schools">Public schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Atlanta" title="Government of Atlanta">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Fire_Rescue_Department" title="Atlanta Fire Rescue Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Housing_Authority" title="Atlanta Housing Authority">Atlanta Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invest_Atlanta" title="Invest Atlanta">Invest Atlanta</a> development authority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta" title="List of mayors of Atlanta">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Police_Department" title="Atlanta Police Department">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Atlanta" title="Sports in Atlanta">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Dream" title="Atlanta Dream">Atlanta Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons" title="Atlanta Falcons">Atlanta Falcons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">Atlanta Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_United_FC" title="Atlanta United FC">Atlanta United FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Panthers" title="Georgia State Panthers">Georgia State Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets" title="Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets">Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_ATL" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby ATL">Rugby ATL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Capitol" title="Georgia State Capitol">Georgia State Capitol</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Freedom" title="Miss Freedom">Miss Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_of_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sister cities of Atlanta">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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