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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">People who escaped slavery in Virginia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves.jpg/220px-Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves.jpg/330px-Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Fugitive Slaves in the Dismal Swamp, Virginia</i>, by <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Cronin" title="David Edward Cronin">David Edward Cronin</a>, 1888.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">around 2,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Great Dismal Swamp">Great Dismal Swamp</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English and or <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based creole">English-based creole</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and or <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Dismal Swamp maroons</b> were people who inhabited the swamplands of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Great Dismal Swamp">Great Dismal Swamp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> after escaping <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslavement</a>. Although conditions were harsh, research suggests that thousands lived there between about 1700 and the 1860s. <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">maroon</a> people's story in her 1856 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i>. The most significant research on the settlements began in 2002 with a project by Dan Sayers of <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg/220px-GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg/330px-GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg/440px-GreatDismalSwampMaroon1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Osman, a maroon in Great Dismal Swamp. Image by <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter_Strother" title="David Hunter Strother">David Hunter Strother</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's New Monthly Magazine</a></i>, 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroon (people)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">first Africans</a> brought to the English <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">colony of Virginia</a> arrived in 1619 on the <i><a href="/wiki/White_Lion_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Lion (ship)">White Lion</a></i>, an English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> operating under a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letter of marque</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. These Africans, numbering roughly 20-strong, had been seized from the Portuguese slave ship <i>São João Bautista</i> by the crew of <i>White Lion</i> as the slaver was transporting them from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> to the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Africans were legally deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">indentured servants</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Slave_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave code">slave codes</a> were not passed in Virginia until 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As indentured servants, they were automatically entitled to freedom after the passage of a certain period of time, and were also allowed to purchase freedom as well.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other indentured servants gained freedom by converting to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, since the English colonists of Virginia were opposed to the enslavement of Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-npsdutch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsdutch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave labor was used in many efforts to drain and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">log</a> the Great Dismal Swamp during the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-fwsmaroon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsmaroon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who escaped slavery by running away to the countryside came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fwsur_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fwsmaroon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsmaroon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maroonage, self-liberated Africans in isolated or hidden settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> existed in all the Southern states,<sup id="cite_ref-slavenasa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slavenasa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and swamp-based maroon communities existed in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archj_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archj-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maroonage in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> was largely limited to Virginia and the Great Dismal Swamp. </p><p>The origin of the word <i>maroon</i> is uncertain, with competing theories linking it to Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> root words.<sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all likelihood, the words <i><a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">maroon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></i> share the same etymology in the Spanish word <i>cimarrón</i>, meaning "wild" or "untamed". This word usually referred to self-liberated Africans who escaped enslavement and is ultimately derived from the word for "<a href="/wiki/Thicket" title="Thicket">thicket</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 18th century, maroons came to live in the Great Dismal Swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most settled on <a href="/wiki/Mesic_habitat" title="Mesic habitat">mesic islands</a>, the high and dry parts of the swamp. Inhabitants included people who had purchased their freedom as well as those who had escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-tidwell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidwell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other people used the swamp as a route on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> as they made their way further north.<sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some formerly enslaved lived there in semi-free conditions, but how much independence they actually enjoyed there has been a topic of much debate. Nearby whites often left maroons alone so long as they paid a quota in logs or shingles,<sup id="cite_ref-tidwell_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidwell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and businesses may have ignored the fugitive status of people who provided work in exchange for trade goods.<sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herbert Aptheker stated already in 1939, in "Maroons Within the Present Limits of the United States", that likely "about two thousand Negroes, fugitives, or the descendants of fugitives" lived in the Great Dismal Swamp, trading with white people outside the swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-historical_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results of a study published in 2007, "The Political Economy of Exile in the Great Dismal Swamp", say that thousands of people lived in the swamp between 1630 and 1865, Native Americans, maroons and enslaved laborers on the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-political_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-political-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 study speculated that thousands may have lived in the swamp between the 1600s and 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the precise number of maroons who lived in the swamp at that time is unknown, it is believed to have been one of the largest maroon colonies in the United States. It is established that "several thousand" were living there by the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-nypl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nypl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Fear of slave unrest and fugitive slaves living among maroon population caused concern amongst local whites. A militia force with dogs went into the swamp in 1823 in an attempt to remove the maroons and destroy their community, but most people escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-dogs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, North Carolina passed a law specifically aimed at apprehending the maroons in the swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-fwsur_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike other maroon communities, where local militias often captured the residents and destroyed their homes, those in the Great Dismal Swamp mostly avoided capture or the discovery of their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-2" class="reference"><a 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake Tribe">Chesapeake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nansemond" title="Nansemond">Nansemonds</a>, the Recharians, and the Merrians are all Native American tribes that had connections to the swamp in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of hunting <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a> indicates that the area may have served as a hunting ground as far back as 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-tidwell_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidwell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native American communities were already in existence in the swamp when the maroons began to settle there.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because leaving the area could lead to recapture, the inhabitants often used what was readily available in the swamp, even recycling tool remnants left by Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-hm_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the maroons had few possessions, the few small artifacts that have been recovered have given historians little insight into their day-to-day lives.<sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hm_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, excavation has yet to find any human remains. According to Sayers, historical archaeologist at American University who has led research on the maroons of the swamp, it is possible that the acidity of the water disintegrated any bones which may have been left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a> tribe resided in the swamp in the early 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some maroons were born to those who escaped slavery and lived in the swamp for their entire lives despite the hardships of swamp life: dense underbrush, insects, venomous snakes, and bears. The difficult conditions also made the swamp an ideal hiding place, not just for the formerly enslaved but also for free Africans, enslaved Africans who worked on the swamp's canals, Native Americans, and outcast whites such as criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-archj_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archj-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hiding_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiding-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maroons are known to have often interacted with enslaved Africans and poor whites to obtain work, food, clothes, and money. Some maroons plundered nearby farms and plantations, stole from anchored boats, and robbed travelers on nearby roads;<sup id="cite_ref-dogs_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those caught were tried for murder or theft.<sup id="cite_ref-slavenasa_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slavenasa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1768, George Washington's brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John</a>, posted an advertisement that his man Tom had run away, likely to the swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some maroon communities were set up near the <a href="/wiki/Dismal_Swamp_Canal" title="Dismal Swamp Canal">Dismal Swamp Canal</a>, built between 1793 and 1805, which is still in operation. These maroons interacted more with the outside world than those who lived in the swamp's interior, and had more contact with outsiders once canal construction began. Some took jobs on the canal, and with increased contact with the outside world, some people living in the swamp eventually moved away.<sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> entered the swamp to liberate the people there, many of whom then joined the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. Most of the maroons who remained in the swamp left after the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-fwsur_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maroon communities in the Great Dismal Swamp were founded on persistence. The conditions in the swamp, whether that be the hot, humid weather, the deadly animals, or the bugs, made it a difficult place to live. These resistant communities would choose areas that were difficult to reach.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for many of these communities to live in peace and to live freely. Maroon communities would also use only natural resources they found in the Great Dismal Swamp to build structures, tools, and other resources. Other more settled communities in this time period would have left behind mass-produced goods, but because of the natural resources maroon communities used, everything marking establishment has eroded away.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maroon communities succeeded in adapting to the ever changing environment and ecology of the Great Dismal Swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These communities disbanded for a number of reasons. When the American Civil War began, many people living in these communities left to fight for the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the war was over and slavery was abolished, many left to find family and to move north.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The further development of the Great Dismal Swamp also led to the end of these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many free and enslaved African Americans worked with companies to develop the land in the swamp. The Great Dismal Swamp was drained to create fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swamp was also cleared and graded to build roads.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1836, railroads were being built through the swamp as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this construction in the swamp, a 22.5-mile interstate highway was built around the area. With increasing traffic through the area, the Great Dismal Swamp was no longer seen as a place that was "dismal", but more attractive to the people who could afford to visit, and commercial enterprises started to move into the area. Many tourists would come to see the swamp and use the water for medicinal purposes. Many of the free and enslaved people began to leave as the swamp was taken over by commerce and tourism. </p><p>While these communities eventually disbanded, these maroon communities represented opportunities for black resistance, initiative and autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have criticized the lack of acknowledgment of these communities, due to both the racial makeup of the community and because they left few artifacts for archaeologists to recover and study.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to American University researcher Daniel Sayers: "There were hardships and deprivations, for sure ... But no overseer was going to whip them here. No one was going to work them in a cotton field from sunup to sundown, or sell their spouses and children. They were free. They had emancipated themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Great Dismal Swamp">Great Dismal Swamp</a></div> <p>The Great Dismal Swamp spans an area of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Sound" title="Albemarle Sound">Albemarle Sound</a> near <a href="/wiki/Edenton,_North_Carolina" title="Edenton, North Carolina">Edenton, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fwsur_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swamp is estimated to have originally been over 1 million acres (4,000 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-fwsur_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but human <a href="/wiki/Structural_encroachment" title="Structural encroachment">encroachment</a> has destroyed up to 90% of the swampland.<sup id="cite_ref-archj_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archj-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fwshalf_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwshalf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge</a> is just over 112 thousand acres (450 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-fwssize_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwssize-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swamp also includes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Drummond" title="Lake Drummond">Lake Drummond</a>, which is about 3,100 acres (13 square km). The Great Dismal Swamp is now preserved and protected from further destruction by the Dismal Swamp Act of 1974 which included Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, and North Carolina's declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Dismal_Swamp_State_Park" title="Dismal Swamp State Park">Dismal Swamp State Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_literature_and_art">References in literature and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References in literature and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1842, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> wrote the poem "The Slave in Dismal Swamp"<sup id="cite_ref-tidwell_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidwell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his collection <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Slavery" title="Poems on Slavery">Poems on Slavery</a></i>. The poem uses six <a href="/wiki/Quintain_(poetry)" title="Quintain (poetry)">quintain</a> stanzas to tell about the "hunted Negro", mentioning the use of <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">bloodhounds</a> and describing the conditions as being "where hardly a human foot could pass, or a human heart would dare".<sup id="cite_ref-maine_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem may have inspired artist <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Cronin" title="David Edward Cronin">David Edward Cronin</a>, who served as a Union officer in Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-archivist_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivist-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and witnessed the effect of slavery, to paint <i>Fugitive Slaves in the Dismal Swamp, Virginia</i> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-henry_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>, published her second anti-slavery novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i>. The title character is a maroon of the Great Dismal Swamp who preaches against slavery and incites slaves to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-archj_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archj-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tidwell_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidwell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stowe_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stowe-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Amina_Luqman-Dawson" title="Amina Luqman-Dawson">Amina Luqman-Dawson</a> published a young adult novel called <i><a href="/wiki/Freewater" title="Freewater">Freewater</a></i>, set in the Great Dismal Swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the historical fiction novel won the <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Award" title="Coretta Scott King Award">Coretta Scott King Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Dismal Swamp Landscape Study began in 2002 and was led by Dan Sayers, a historical archaeologist at <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>'s Department of Anthropology. In 2003, he conducted the first excavation in the swamp,<sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2009, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (which manages the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge</a>) and American University, initiated the annual research program titled the Great Dismal Swamp Archaeology Field School. This effort continues the work of the landscape study. It examines the impact of colonialism, slavery, and development on the swamp, especially on the self-sustaining maroon settlements in the swamp's interior. It also studies native lifestyles before European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amuniv_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amuniv-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fwsau_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsau-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Sayers' efforts, no field research had been done on the Great Dismal Swamp maroons. Even today, the swamp is impenetrable in places; a research group gave up in 2003 because it lost its way so many times.<sup id="cite_ref-fwsur_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwsur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites deep in the swamp's interior are still so remote that a guide is needed to find them.<sup id="cite_ref-aiagds_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiagds-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> gave the "We The People Award" of $200,000 to the project in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-archj_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archj-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrcom_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fall 2011, a permanent exhibit was opened by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> to commemorate those who lived in the swamp during pre-Civil War times.<sup id="cite_ref-herald_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herald-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sayers summarizes: "These groups are very inspirational. As details unfold, we are increasingly able to show how people have the ability, as individuals and communities, to take control of their lives, even under oppressive conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-Americans_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans in North Carolina">African-Americans in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_South_and_the_Chesapeake" title="Colonial South and the Chesapeake">Colonial South and the Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(colonialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasoning (colonialism)">Seasoning (colonialism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco colonies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Erickson1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson1994_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErickson1994" class="citation news cs1">Erickson, Mark St John (February 27, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/1994/02/27/runaway-slaves-found-freedom-in-the-swamp/">"Runaway Slaves Found Freedom in the Swamp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Press_(Virginia)" title="Daily Press (Virginia)">Daily Press</a></i>. tribunedigital-dailypress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005004/http://articles.dailypress.com/1994-02-27/features/9402270252_1_dismal-swamp-slave-fugitive">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Runaway+Slaves+Found+Freedom+in+the+Swamp&rft.date=1994-02-27&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Mark+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2F1994%2F02%2F27%2Frunaway-slaves-found-freedom-in-the-swamp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Dismal+Swamp+maroons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeetz2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Deetz, Kelley Fanto (August 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824204846/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade/">"400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade/">the original</a> on August 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=400+years+ago%2C+enslaved+Africans+first+arrived+in+Virginia&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.aulast=Deetz&rft.aufirst=Kelley+Fanto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Farchaeology-and-history%2Fmagazine%2F2019%2F07-08%2Fvirginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Dismal+Swamp+maroons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Waxman, Olivia B. (August 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825070734/https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/">"The First Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619. It Was a Turning Point for Slavery in American History—But Not the Beginning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/">the original</a> on August 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+First+Africans+in+Virginia+Landed+in+1619.+It+Was+a+Turning+Point+for+Slavery+in+American+History%E2%80%94But+Not+the+Beginning&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Olivia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5653369%2Faugust-1619-jamestown-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Dismal+Swamp+maroons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/">https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826165554/http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/">Archived</a> August 26, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Indentured Servants In The U.S.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/horrible-fate-john-casor-180962352/#TewjfFASFy7jWzhh.99">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/horrible-fate-john-casor-180962352/#TewjfFASFy7jWzhh.99</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607143335/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/horrible-fate-john-casor-180962352/#TewjfFASFy7jWzhh.99">Archived</a> June 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Horrible Fate of John Casor, The First Black Man to be Declared Slave for Life in America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npsdutch-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npsdutch_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/jamesriver/colonization.HTM">"Colonization"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126063526/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/jamesriver/colonization.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707151702/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/national/article_d2480b38-7a5c-563f-9b97-c89b133f877d.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Swamp+Holds+Clues+About+Runaway+Slaves&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldextra.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle_d2480b38-7a5c-563f-9b97-c89b133f877d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Dismal+Swamp+maroons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Silkenat, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scars-on-the-land-9780197564226">Scars on the Land: An Environmental History of Slavery in the American South</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022.</li> <li>"Running Servants and All Others": The Diverse and Elusive Maroons of the Great Dismal Swamp, 1619–1861. (2007 Federal Jamestown 400th Conference: Voices From Within the Veil).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/20853121">The Political Economy of Exile in the Great Dismal Swamp</a> by Daniel O. Sayers, International Journal of Historical Anthropology, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2007 (available on JSTOR)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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maroons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorkcanals.org/_pdfs/Jackson.pdf">Historical photos related to the Great Dismal Swamp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922215613/http://www.newyorkcanals.org/_pdfs/Jackson.pdf">Archived</a> September 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304005457/http://www.dismalswampwelcomecenter.com/History.php">History of Great Dismal Swamp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415163907/http://emuseum.nyhistory.org:8080/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/5083/9/title-asc?t:state:flow=bb1a5466-60ac-4a9b-897e-cb6768ced44d">New York Historical Society background on the Cronin painting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ariesnonprofit.com/P1.php">National Park Service North Carolina and Virginia Underground Railway Designations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.unc.edu/blogs/ncm/index.php/2011/07/05/remembering-the-runaways-in-the-great-dismal-swamp/">North Carolina law concerning Dismal Swamp slaves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/nc/books/bke/wklyrdr/article8.shtml">Weekly Reader: The Great Dismal Swamp: A Path to Freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011021854/http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/nc/books/bke/wklyrdr/article8.shtml">Archived</a> October 11, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-aug-19-la-na-great-dismal-swamp-fire-20110820-story.html">2011 Great Dismal Swamp Fire</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maroons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maroons" title="Template:Maroons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Maroons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Maroons (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maroons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maroons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maroons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Dismal Swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaica</a></li> <li>Honduras <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Panama</a></li> <li>Guianas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Maroons" title="Surinamese Maroons">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombo" title="Quilombo">Quilombo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Maroons" title="Mauritian Maroons">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>History of slavery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Spanish New World colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">colonial history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion_and_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Slave rebellion and resistance in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quilombola_communities_in_Brazil" title="List of quilombola communities in Brazil">Quilombola communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quilombola_territories" title="List of quilombola territories">Quilombola territories</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslaved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela (slave)">Angela</a> (fl. 1619–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Emanuel Driggus</a> (c. 1620s-d. 1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> (c. 1815–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> (living 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a> (c. 1836–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Gibbons" title="William D. Gibbons">William D. Gibbons</a> (1825–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graweere" title="John Graweere">John Graweere</a> (living 1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</a> (Greenstead) (1630–1665)</li> <li>Left, husband of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Webb_(Northampton,_Virginia)" title="Jane Webb (Northampton, Virginia)">Jane Webb</a> (fl. 1704–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Mary and Anthony Johnson</a> (1600–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a> (c. 1820–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> (fl. 1630s, living 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1776–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Virginia_colony)" title="William Tucker (Virginia colony)">William Tucker</a> (born 1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> (1800–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> (1856–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slave owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents of the United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armfield" title="John Armfield">John Armfield</a> (1797–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter" title="Landon Carter">Landon Carter</a> (1710–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> (1663–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> (1728–1804), freed 450 slaves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roderick_Dew" title="Thomas Roderick Dew">Thomas Roderick Dew</a> (1802–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a> (1804–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_Lee" title="Richard Bland Lee">Richard Bland Lee</a> (1761–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (1826–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> (1798–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Page (Middle Plantation)">John Page</a> (1628–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph family of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1804–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Jamestown_immigrant)" title="William Tucker (Jamestown immigrant)">William Tucker</a> (died 1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles" title="John Wayles">John Wayles</a> (1715–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (1806–1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Plantation" title="Mount Airy Plantation">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">enslaved people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatlands Plantation">Oatlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Plantation" title="Shirley Plantation">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">List of plantations in Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Virginia laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_act_concerning_Servants_and_Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="An act concerning Servants and Slaves">An act concerning Servants and Slaves</a>, 1705</li></ul></li> <li>Federal laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a>, 1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">Slave pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Armfield_Office" title="Franklin and Armfield Office">Franklin and Armfield Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpkin%27s_Jail" title="Lumpkin's Jail">Lumpkin's Jail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Burial_Ground" title="African American Burial Ground">African American Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Indentured servitude in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">District of Columbia retrocession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Virginia" title="Human trafficking in Virginia">Human trafficking in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&oldid=1258068033">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&oldid=1258068033</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:18th century in North Carolina">18th century in North Carolina</a></li><li><a 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