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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_The_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_The_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Relationship with The Five </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_The_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_composer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_composer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Opera composer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Return to Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belyayev_circle_and_growing_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belyayev_circle_and_growing_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Belyayev circle and growing reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belyayev_circle_and_growing_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antecedents_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Antecedents and influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Creative range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositional_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositional_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Compositional style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositional_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Melody </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Harmony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Rhythm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repetition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repetition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Repetition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repetition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Orchestration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastiche_(Passé-ism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastiche_(Passé-ism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 Pastiche (Passé-ism) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastiche_(Passé-ism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Aesthetic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dedicatees_and_collaborators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicatees_and_collaborators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Dedicatees and collaborators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicatees_and_collaborators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Critics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voice_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Voice recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" > 153 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Tsjaikofski" title="Pjotr Tsjaikofski – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pjotr Tsjaikofski" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="بيتر إليتش تشايكوفسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر إليتش تشايكوفسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Chaikovski" title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A8%D6%80_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB" title="Փիոթըր Չայքովսքի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիոթըր Չայքովսքի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Chaikovski" title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Chaikovski" title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Txaikovski" title="Piotr Txaikovski – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Piotr Txaikovski" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_%C3%87aykovski" title="Pyotr Çaykovski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyotr Çaykovski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پیوتر ایلیچ چایکوفسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیوتر ایلیچ چایکوفسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="পিওতর ইলিচ চাইকভ্‌স্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিওতর ইলিচ চাইকভ্‌স্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%27i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский Пётр Ильич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чайковский Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Пётр Ільіч Чайкоўскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пётр Ільіч Чайкоўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Пётар Чайкоўскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пётар Чайкоўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्योत्र इलिच चाइकोफ़्सकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्योत्र इलिच चाइकोफ़्सकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Čajkovskij – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pëtr Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pyotr Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Пьотър Чайковски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пьотър Чайковски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_%C4%8Cajkovski" title="Pjotr Čajkovski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pjotr Čajkovski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyitch_Tchaikovskiy" title="Pyotr Ilyitch Tchaikovskiy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pyotr Ilyitch Tchaikovskiy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пётр Чайковский – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пётр Чайковский" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilitx_Txaikovski" title="Piotr Ilitx Txaikovski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piotr Ilitx Txaikovski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский Пётр Ильич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чайковский Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ilji%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Petr Iljič Čajkovskij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr Iljič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Čajkovskij – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pëtr Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Ilitj_Tjajkovskij" title="Pjotr Ilitj Tjajkovskij – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pjotr Ilitj Tjajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovski" title="Pjotr Tšaikovski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pjotr Tšaikovski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Πιοτρ Ιλίτς Τσαϊκόφσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιοτρ Ιλίτς Τσαϊκόφσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%27i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Chaikovski" title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Ilji%C4%89_%C4%88ajkovskij" title="Pjotr Iljiĉ Ĉajkovskij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pjotr Iljiĉ Ĉajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Chaikovski" title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovski" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilitx_Txaikovski" title="Piotr Ilitx Txaikovski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piotr Ilitx Txaikovski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پیوتر ایلیچ چایکوفسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیوتر ایلیچ چایکوفسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitj_Tjajkovski" title="Pjotr Iljitj Tjajkovski – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pjotr Iljitj Tjajkovski" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilitch_Tcha%C3%AFkovski" title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ilich_Chaikovskii" title="Petr Ilich Chaikovskii – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Petr Ilich Chaikovskii" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский, Петр Ильич – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Чайковский, Петр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="표트르 차이콥스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표트르 차이콥스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%80_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Պյոտր Չայկովսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պյոտր Չայկովսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Ilji%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovski" title="Petar Iljič Čajkovski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Petar Iljič Čajkovski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Chaikovski" title="Pyotr Ilyich Chaikovski – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Chaikovski" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%E2%80%99i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_%C3%8Dlj%C3%ADtsj_Tsjajkovsk%C3%ADj" title="Pjotr Íljítsj Tsjajkovskíj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pjotr Íljítsj Tsjajkovskíj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%27i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A5%27_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="פיוטר איליץ' צ'ייקובסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוטר איליץ' צ'ייקובסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tchaikowsky" title="Peter Tchaikowsky – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peter Tchaikowsky" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პეტრე ჩაიკოვსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეტრე ჩაიკოვსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пётр Ильич Чайковский – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пётр Ильич Чайковский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_%C3%87aykovsk%C3%AE" title="Pyotr Çaykovskî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pyotr Çaykovskî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пётр Ильич Чайковский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пётр Ильич Чайковский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Petrus Čajkovskij – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_%C4%8Caikovskis" title="Pēteris Čaikovskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pēteris Čaikovskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пётр Ильич Чайковский – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пётр Ильич Чайковский" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotras_%C4%8Caikovskis" title="Piotras Čaikovskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piotras Čaikovskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ili%C4%8D_%C4%8Caikovskij" title="Piotr Ilič Čaikovskij – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Piotr Ilič Čaikovskij" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27otr_%C4%8Caikovskii" title="P'otr Čaikovskii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="P'otr Čaikovskii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%27i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljics_Csajkovszkij" title="Pjotr Iljics Csajkovszkij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pjotr Iljics Csajkovszkij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Петар Илич Чајковски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Петар Илич Чајковски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്യോട്ടർ ഇല്ലിച്ച് ചൈകോവ്സ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്യോട്ടർ ഇല്ലിച്ച് ചൈകോവ്സ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%27i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्यॉतर इल्यिच चैकोव्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्यॉतर इल्यिच चैकोव्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პეტრე ჩაიკოვსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეტრე ჩაიკოვსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="تشايكوفسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشايكوفسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Tchaikovski" title="Piotr Tchaikovski – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Piotr Tchaikovski" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пётр Чайковский – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пётр Чайковский" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ပီတာ ချိုင်ကော့ဗ်စကီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီတာ ချိုင်ကော့ဗ်စကီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsj_Tsjaikovski" title="Pjotr Iljitsj Tsjaikovski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsj Tsjaikovski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ピョートル・チャイコフスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピョートル・チャイコフスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковски, Пётр Ильич – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чайковски, Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Tsjajkovskij" title="Pjotr Tsjajkovskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pjotr Tsjajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Tsjajkovskij" title="Pjotr Tsjajkovskij – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pjotr Tsjajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Chaikovskii" title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovskii – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piotr Ilich Chaikovskii" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilich_Chaykovskiy" title="Pyotr Ilich Chaykovskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pyotr Ilich Chaykovskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਿਓਤਰ ਇਲੀਚ ਚੈਕੋਵਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਓਤਰ ਇਲੀਚ ਚੈਕੋਵਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پیٹر چائیکوسکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر چائیکوسکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="پویتر اېلیچ چایکوفسکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پویتر اېلیچ چایکوفسکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilitch_Tcha%C3%AFkovski" title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Čajkovskij – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pëtr Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Czajkowski" title="Piotr Czajkowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Czajkowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilitch_Tchaikovski" title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaikovski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaikovski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Chaykovskiy" title="Pyotr Chaykovskiy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pyotr Chaykovskiy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6tr_%C3%87aykovskiy" title="Pötr Çaykovskiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Pötr Çaykovskiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilici_Ceaikovski" title="Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Петро Ілліч Чайковскый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Петро Ілліч Чайковскый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковскай Пётр Ильич – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чайковскай Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsch_Tschaikowski" title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjot%C3%ABr_%C3%87ajkovski" title="Pjotër Çajkovski – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pjotër Çajkovski" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilich_Tchaikovsky" title="Piotr Ilich Tchaikovsky – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Piotr Ilich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_I%C4%BEji%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Piotr Iľjič Čajkovskij – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Piotr Iľjič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ilji%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovski" title="Peter Iljič Čajkovski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter Iljič Čajkovski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A4%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پیۆتەر ئیلیچ چایکۆڤسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیۆتەر ئیلیچ چایکۆڤسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Петар Чајковски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Петар Чајковски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Ilji%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovski" title="Petar Iljič Čajkovski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Petar Iljič Čajkovski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovski" title="Pjotr Tšaikovski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pjotr Tšaikovski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Tjajkovskij" title="Pjotr Tjajkovskij – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pjotr Tjajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="பியோத்தர் இலீச் சாய்க்கோவ்சுக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியோத்தர் இலீச் சாய்க்கோவ்சுக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyi%C4%8D_%C4%8Caykovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyič Čaykovsky – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Pyotr Ilyič Čaykovsky" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пётр Чайковский – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пётр Чайковский" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ปิออตร์ อิลิช ไชคอฟสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปิออตร์ อิลิช ไชคอฟสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_%C4%B0lyi%C3%A7_%C3%87aykovski" title="Pyotr İlyiç Çaykovski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pyotr İlyiç Çaykovski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чайковский, Пётр Ильич" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87" title="Чайковський Петро Ілліч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чайковський Петро Ілліч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پیوٹر ایلیچ چائکوفسکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیوٹر ایلیچ چائکوفسکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Il%27i%C4%8D_%C4%8Cajkovskij" title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caikovskii_P%C3%B6tr" title="Čaikovskii Pötr – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čaikovskii Pötr" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyic_Caykovskiy" title="Pyotr Ilyic Caykovskiy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pyotr Ilyic Caykovskiy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ilitch_Tcha%C3%AFkovski" title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="柴可夫斯基 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="柴可夫斯基" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="柴可夫斯基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柴可夫斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9_%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="פעטער איליטש טשייקאווסקי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tchaikovsky&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian composer (1840–1893)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tchaikovsky" redirects here. For other persons (including the composers André, Alexandr & Boris), see <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_(surname)" title="Tchaikovsky (surname)">Tchaikovsky (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tchaikovsky (disambiguation)">Tchaikovsky (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Пётр Ильич Чайковский</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cabinet card portrait of Tchaikovsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tchaikovsky_by_Reutlinger_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1075" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Tchaikovsky, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1888</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1840-05-07)7 May 1840 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Votkinsk" title="Votkinsk">Votkinsk</a>, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1893(1893-11-06) (aged 53) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png/242px-Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png/363px-Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png/484px-Tchaikovsky%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="371" /></a> (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg/242px-Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg/363px-Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg/484px-Tchaikovsky_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="37" /></a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky<a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tʃaɪˈkɒfski/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">chy-KOF-skee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893)<a href="#cite_note-4">[n 2]</a> was a Russian composer during the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic period</a>. He was the first Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">whose music</a> would make a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the current classical repertoire, including the ballets <a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">First Piano Concerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)">Violin Concerto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)">Romeo and Juliet</a> Overture-Fantasy, several <a href="/wiki/Symphonies_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">symphonies</a>, and the opera <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a>. Although musically precocious, Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant as there was little opportunity for a musical career in Russia at the time and no system of public music education.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> When an opportunity for such an education arose, he entered the nascent <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory" title="Saint Petersburg Conservatory">Saint Petersburg Conservatory</a>, from which he graduated in 1865. The formal Western-oriented teaching that Tchaikovsky received there set him apart from composers of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> movement embodied by the Russian composers of <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a> with whom his <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">professional relationship was mixed</a>. Tchaikovsky's training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood. From that reconciliation, he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style. The principles that governed melody, harmony, and other fundamentals of Russian music diverged from those that governed Western European music, which seemed to defeat the potential for using Russian music in large-scale Western composition or for forming a composite style, and it caused personal antipathies that dented Tchaikovsky's self-confidence. Russian culture exhibited a split personality, with its native and adopted elements having drifted apart increasingly since the time of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>. That resulted in uncertainty among the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> about the country's national identity, an ambiguity mirrored in Tchaikovsky's career. Despite his many popular successes, Tchaikovsky's life was punctuated by personal crises and depression. Contributory factors included his early separation from his mother for boarding school followed by his mother's early death, the death of his close friend and colleague <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rubinstein" title="Nikolai Rubinstein">Nikolai Rubinstein</a>, his failed marriage with <a href="/wiki/Antonina_Miliukova" title="Antonina Miliukova">Antonina Miliukova</a>, and the collapse of his 13-year association with the wealthy patroness <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a>. Tchaikovsky's homosexuality, which he kept private,<a href="#cite_note-Alberge2018Guardian-6">[4]</a> has traditionally also been considered a major factor though some scholars have played down its importance.<a href="#cite_note-WileyC2008-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-QueerEncyclopedia2004-8">[6]</a> His dedication of his Sixth symphony to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Davydov" title="Vladimir Davydov">Vladimir "Bob" Davydov</a> and his feelings expressed about Davydov in letters to others, especially following Davydov's suicide,<a href="#cite_note-Keeling2003-9">[7]</a> have been cited as evidence for a romantic love between the two.<a href="#cite_note-Leonowitz2016-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peraino2005-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keeling2003-9">[7]</a> Tchaikovsky's <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">sudden death at the age of 53</a> is generally ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, but there is an ongoing debate as to whether cholera was indeed the cause and whether the death was accidental or intentional. While his music has remained popular among audiences, critical opinions were initially mixed. Some Russians did not feel it was sufficiently representative of native musical values and expressed suspicion that Europeans accepted the music for its Western elements. In an apparent reinforcement of the latter claim, some Europeans lauded Tchaikovsky for offering music more substantive than <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a>, and said he transcended the stereotypes of Russian classical music. Others dismissed Tchaikovsky's music as deficient because it did not stringently follow Western principles. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A peach-colored prune-tiled three-story house with single-story aisles surrounded by trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/200px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/300px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/400px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tchaikovsky's birthplace in 1840 in <a href="/wiki/Votkinsk" title="Votkinsk">Votkinsk</a>, Russia, now <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_Museum_(Votkinsk)" title="Tchaikovsky Museum (Votkinsk)">a museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg/200px-Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg/300px-Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg/400px-Tchaikovskys_family_in_1848_From_left_to_right_sitting_Alexandra_Andreevna_Tchaikovska_Alexandra_Ippolit_Ilya_Petrovitch_Tchai_Family_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="902" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Tchaikovsky family in 1848. Left to right: Pyotr, Alexandra Andreyevna (mother), Alexandra (sister), Zinaida, Nikolai, Ippolit, Ilya Petrovich (father)</div></div></div></div></div> Tchaikovsky was born on 7 May 1840 in <a href="/wiki/Votkinsk" title="Votkinsk">Votkinsk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12">[10]</a> a small town in <a href="/wiki/Vyatka_Governorate" title="Vyatka Governorate">Vyatka Governorate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a> near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama River</a>. His father, Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, served as a lieutenant colonel and engineer in the Department of Mines<a href="#cite_note-holden4-13">[11]</a> and managed the Ironworks in <a href="/wiki/Votkinsk" title="Votkinsk">Kamsko-Votkinsk</a>. His grandfather, Pyotr Fedorovich Tchaikovsky, was born in the village of Nikolaevka, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav Governorate</a>, Russian Empire in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mykolaivka,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Mykolaivka, Luhansk Oblast">Mykolaivka</a>, Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> and served first as a physician's assistant in the army and later as city governor of <a href="/wiki/Glazov" title="Glazov">Glazov</a> in Vyatka. His great-grandfather,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossack</a> named Fyodor Chaika, served in the Russian military at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Tchaikovsky's mother, Alexandra Andreyevna (née d'Assier), was the second of Ilya's three wives; his first wife died several years before Pyotr's birth. She was 18 years younger than her husband and was of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> ethnicity through her paternal side.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Both Ilya and Alexandra were trained in the arts, including music.<a href="#cite_note-wiley_tchaik6-20">[18]</a> Of his six siblings,<a href="#cite_note-21">[n 3]</a> Tchaikovsky was close to his sister Alexandra and twin brothers Anatoly and <a href="/wiki/Modest_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Modest</a>. Alexandra's marriage to Lev Davydov<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> would produce seven children<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> and lend Tchaikovsky the only real family life he would know as an adult,<a href="#cite_note-holden43-24">[21]</a> especially during his years of wandering.<a href="#cite_note-holden43-24">[21]</a> One of those children, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Davydov" title="Vladimir Davydov">Vladimir Davydov</a>, who went by the nickname 'Bob', would become very close to him.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> In 1844, the family hired Fanny Dürbach, a 22-year-old French governess.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Four-and-a-half-year-old Tchaikovsky was initially thought too young to study alongside his older brother Nikolai and a niece of the family. His insistence convinced Dürbach otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> By the age of six, he had become fluent in French and German.<a href="#cite_note-wiley_tchaik6-20">[18]</a> Tchaikovsky also became attached to the young woman; her affection for him was reportedly a counter to his mother's coldness and emotional distance from him,<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> though others assert that the mother doted on her son.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Dürbach saved much of Tchaikovsky's work from this period, including his earliest known compositions, and became a source of several childhood anecdotes.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Tchaikovsky began piano lessons at age five. Within three years he had become as adept at reading sheet music as his teacher. Tchaikovsky's parents, initially supportive, hired a tutor, bought an <a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">orchestrion</a>, a form of barrel organ that could imitate elaborate orchestral effects, and encouraged his piano study for both aesthetic and practical reasons. However, they decided in 1850 to send Tchaikovsky to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_School_of_Jurisprudence" title="Imperial School of Jurisprudence">Imperial School of Jurisprudence</a> in Saint Petersburg. They had both graduated from institutes in Saint Petersburg and the School of Jurisprudence, which mainly served the lesser nobility and thought that this education would prepare Tchaikovsky for a career as a civil servant.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Regardless of talent, the only musical careers available in Russia at that time—except for the affluent aristocracy—were as a teacher in an academy or as an instrumentalist in one of the Imperial Theaters. Both were considered on the lowest rank of the social ladder, with individuals in them enjoying no more rights than peasants.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Tchaikovsky's father's income was also growing increasingly uncertain, so both parents may have wanted Tchaikovsky to become independent as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> As the minimum age for acceptance was 12 and Tchaikovsky was only 10 at the time, he was required to spend two years boarding at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence's preparatory school, 1,300 kilometres (800 mi) from his family.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Once those two years had passed, Tchaikovsky transferred to the Imperial School of Jurisprudence to begin a seven-year course of studies.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Tchaikovsky's early separation from his mother, despite the aforementioned alleged distant relationship, caused an emotional trauma that lasted the rest of his life and was intensified by her death from <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in 1854 when he was 14.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[n 4]</a> The loss of his mother also prompted Tchaikovsky to make his first serious attempt at composition, a <a href="/wiki/Waltz_(music)" title="Waltz (music)">waltz</a> in her memory. Tchaikovsky's father, who had also contracted cholera but recovered fully, sent him back to school immediately in the hope that classwork would occupy the boy's mind.<a href="#cite_note-holden23-38">[34]</a> Isolated, Tchaikovsky compensated with friendships with fellow students that became lifelong; these included <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Apukhtin" title="Aleksey Apukhtin">Aleksey Apukhtin</a> and Vladimir Gerard.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> Music, while not an official priority at school, also bridged the gap between Tchaikovsky and his peers. They regularly attended the opera<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> and Tchaikovsky would improvise at the school's <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> on themes he and his friends had sung during choir practice. "We were amused," Vladimir Gerard later remembered, "but not imbued with any expectations of his future glory".<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> Tchaikovsky also continued his piano studies through Franz Becker, an instrument manufacturer who made occasional visits to the school; however, the results, according to musicologist <a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(musicologist)" title="David Brown (musicologist)">David Brown</a>, were "negligible".<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> In 1855, Tchaikovsky's father funded private lessons with Rudolph Kündinger and questioned him about a musical career for his son. While impressed with the boy's talent, Kündinger said he saw nothing to suggest a future composer or performer.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> He later admitted that his assessment was also based on his own negative experiences as a musician in Russia and his unwillingness for Tchaikovsky to be treated likewise.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Tchaikovsky was told to finish his course and then try for a post in the Ministry of Justice.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youngtchaik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A clean-shaven man in his teens wearing a dress shirt, tie and dark jacket." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Youngtchaik.jpg/220px-Youngtchaik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Youngtchaik.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tchaikovsky as a student at the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Conservatory">St. Petersburg Conservatory</a> in 1863</figcaption></figure> On 10 June 1859, the 19-year-old Tchaikovsky graduated as a titular counselor, a low rung on the civil service ladder. Appointed to the Ministry of Justice, he became a junior assistant within six months and a senior assistant two months after that. He remained a senior assistant for the rest of his three-year civil service career.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Russian Musical Society</a> (RMS) was founded in 1859 by the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Charlotte of Württemberg">Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna</a> (a German-born aunt of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>) and her protégé, pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a>. Previous tsars and the aristocracy had focused almost exclusively on importing European talent.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> The aim of the RMS was to fulfill Alexander II's wish to foster native talent.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> It hosted a regular season of public concerts (previously held only during the six weeks of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> when the Imperial Theaters were closed)<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> and provided basic professional training in music.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> In 1861, Tchaikovsky attended RMS classes in <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> taught by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Zaremba" title="Nikolai Zaremba">Nikolai Zaremba</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mikhailovsky_Palace" title="Mikhailovsky Palace">Mikhailovsky Palace</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> These classes were a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory" title="Saint Petersburg Conservatory">Saint Petersburg Conservatory</a>, which opened in 1862. Tchaikovsky enrolled at the Conservatory as part of its premiere class. He studied <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> with Zaremba and instrumentation and composition with Rubinstein.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> He was awarded a silver medal for his thesis, a cantata on Schiller's "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12">[10]</a> The Conservatory benefited Tchaikovsky in two ways. It transformed him into a musical professional, with tools to help him thrive as a composer, and the in-depth exposure to European principles and musical forms gave him a sense that his art was not exclusively Russian or Western.<a href="#cite_note-taruskin_go4663-53">[49]</a> This mindset became important in Tchaikovsky's reconciliation of Russian and European influences in his compositional style. He believed and attempted to show that both these aspects were "intertwined and mutually dependent".<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> His efforts became both an inspiration and a starting point for other Russian composers to build their own individual styles.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Rubinstein was impressed by Tchaikovsky's musical talent on the whole and cited him as "a composer of genius" in his autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> He was less pleased with the more progressive tendencies of some of Tchaikovsky's student work.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Nor did he change his opinion as Tchaikovsky's reputation grew.<a href="#cite_note-58">[n 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[n 6]</a> He and Zaremba clashed with Tchaikovsky when he submitted his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">First Symphony</a> for performance by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Russian Musical Society</a> in Saint Petersburg. Rubinstein and Zaremba refused to consider the work unless substantial changes were made. Tchaikovsky complied but they still refused to perform the symphony.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> Tchaikovsky, distressed that he had been treated as though he were still their student, withdrew the symphony. It was given its first complete performance, minus the changes Rubinstein and Zaremba had requested, in Moscow in February 1868.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> Once Tchaikovsky graduated in 1865, Rubinstein's brother <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rubinstein" title="Nikolai Rubinstein">Nikolai</a> offered him the post of Professor of Music Theory at the soon-to-open <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>. While the salary for his professorship was only 50 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">rubles</a> a month, the offer itself boosted Tchaikovsky's morale and he accepted the post eagerly. He was further heartened by news of the first public performance of one of his works, his Characteristic Dances, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Johann Strauss II</a> at a concert in <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Park" title="Pavlovsk Park">Pavlovsk Park</a> on 11 September 1865 (Tchaikovsky later included this work, re-titled Dances of the Hay Maidens, in his opera <a href="/wiki/The_Voyevoda_(opera)" title="The Voyevoda (opera)">The Voyevoda</a>).<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> From 1867 to 1878, Tchaikovsky combined his professorial duties with <a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">music criticism</a> while continuing to compose.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> This activity exposed him to a range of contemporary music and afforded him the opportunity to travel abroad.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> In his reviews, he praised <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, considered <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> overrated and, despite his admiration, took <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a> to task for poor orchestration.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[n 7]</a> He appreciated the staging of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner's</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> at its inaugural performance in <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a> (Germany), but not the music, calling <a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a> "unlikely nonsense, through which, from time to time, sparkle unusually beautiful and astonishing details".<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> A recurring theme he addressed was the poor state of <a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russian opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_The_Five">Relationship with The Five</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with The Five">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five (composers)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in his late 20s or early 30s with dark hair and a bushy beard, wearing a dark coat, dress shirt and tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png/220px-Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png/330px-Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png/440px-Balakirev_from_1914_Windsor_Magazine.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>A young <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1866</figcaption></figure> In 1856, while Tchaikovsky was still at the School of Jurisprudence and Anton Rubinstein lobbied aristocrats to form the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Russian Musical Society</a>, critic <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Stasov" title="Vladimir Stasov">Vladimir Stasov</a> and an 18-year-old pianist, <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a>, met and agreed upon a <a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">nationalist</a> agenda for Russian music, one that would take the operas of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a> as a model and incorporate elements from folk music, reject traditional Western practices and use non-Western harmonic devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Whole-tone_scale" title="Whole-tone scale">whole tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octatonic_scale" title="Octatonic scale">octatonic scales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> They saw Western-style conservatories as unnecessary and antipathetic to fostering native talent.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> Balakirev, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a> became known as the moguchaya kuchka, translated into English as the "Mighty Handful" or <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">"The Five"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> Rubinstein criticized their emphasis on amateur efforts in musical composition; Balakirev and later Mussorgsky attacked Rubinstein for his musical conservatism and his belief in professional music training.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> Tchaikovsky and his fellow conservatory students were caught in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> While ambivalent about much of The Five's music, Tchaikovsky remained on friendly terms with most of its members.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> In 1869, he and Balakirev worked together on what became Tchaikovsky's first recognized masterpiece, the fantasy-overture <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)">Romeo and Juliet</a>, a work which The Five wholeheartedly embraced.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> The group also welcomed his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">Second Symphony</a>, later nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[n 8]</a> Despite their support, Tchaikovsky made considerable efforts to ensure his musical independence from the group as well as from the conservative faction at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_composer">Opera composer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opera composer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_Meck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle-aged woman wearing her hair up on her head, wearing a dark dress with a large white collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Von_Meck.jpg/220px-Von_Meck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Von_Meck.jpg/330px-Von_Meck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Von_Meck.jpg/440px-Von_Meck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a>, Tchaikovsky's patroness and confidante from 1877 to 1890</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikovsky,_Concerto_No.1_in_B-flat_minor_Op.23,_I._Allegro.ogg" title="File:Tchaikovsky, Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor Op.23, I. Allegro.ogg">Piano Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor Op.23 – I. Allegro</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1128" data-mwtitle="Tchaikovsky,_Concerto_No.1_in_B-flat_minor_Op.23,_I._Allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tchaikovsky%2C_Concerto_No.1_in_B-flat_minor_Op.23%2C_I._Allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Tchaikovsky%2C_Concerto_No.1_in_B-flat_minor_Op.23%2C_I._Allegro.ogg/Tchaikovsky%2C_Concerto_No.1_in_B-flat_minor_Op.23%2C_I._Allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Allegro non-troppo e molto maestoso – Allegro con spirito from Tchaikovsky's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">First Piano Concerto</a></div></div></div></div> </div> The infrequency of Tchaikovsky's musical successes, won with tremendous effort, exacerbated his lifelong sensitivity to criticism. Nikolai Rubinstein's private fits of rage critiquing his music, such as attacking the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">First Piano Concerto</a>, did not help matters.<a href="#cite_note-wiley25147-80">[72]</a> His popularity grew, however, as several first-rate artists became willing to perform his compositions. <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> premiered the First Piano Concerto and championed other Tchaikovsky works both as pianist and conductor.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> Other artists included <a href="/wiki/Adele_aus_der_Ohe" title="Adele aus der Ohe">Adele aus der Ohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Erdmannsd%C3%B6rfer" title="Max Erdmannsdörfer">Max Erdmannsdörfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_N%C3%A1pravn%C3%ADk" title="Eduard Nápravník">Eduard Nápravník</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a>. Another factor that helped Tchaikovsky's music become popular was a shift in attitude among Russian audiences. Whereas they had previously been satisfied with flashy virtuoso performances of technically demanding but musically lightweight works, they gradually began listening with increasing appreciation of the composition itself. Tchaikovsky's works were performed frequently, with few delays between their composition and first performances; the publication from 1867 onward of his songs and great piano music for the home market also helped boost the composer's popularity.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> During the late 1860s, Tchaikovsky began to compose operas. His first, <a href="/wiki/The_Voyevoda_(opera)" title="The Voyevoda (opera)">The Voyevoda</a>, based on a play by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ostrovsky" title="Alexander Ostrovsky">Alexander Ostrovsky</a>, premiered in 1869. The composer became dissatisfied with it, however, and, having re-used parts of it in later works, destroyed the manuscript. <a href="/wiki/Undina_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Undina (Tchaikovsky)">Undina</a> followed in 1870. Only excerpts were performed and it, too, was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Taruskin_665-83">[75]</a> Between these projects, Tchaikovsky started to compose an opera called Mandragora, to a libretto by Sergei Rachinskii; the only music he completed was a short chorus of Flowers and Insects.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> The first Tchaikovsky opera to survive intact, <a href="/wiki/The_Oprichnik" title="The Oprichnik">The Oprichnik</a>, premiered in 1874. During its composition, he lost Ostrovsky's part-finished libretto. Tchaikovsky, too embarrassed to ask for another copy, decided to write the libretto himself, modeling his dramatic technique on that of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Eugène Scribe</a>. Cui wrote a "characteristically savage press attack" on the opera. Mussorgsky, writing to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Stasov" title="Vladimir Stasov">Vladimir Stasov</a>, disapproved of the opera as pandering to the public. Nevertheless, The Oprichnik continues to be performed from time to time in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Taruskin_665-83">[75]</a> The last of the early operas, <a href="/wiki/Vakula_the_Smith" title="Vakula the Smith">Vakula the Smith</a> (Op. 14), was composed in the second half of 1874. The libretto, based on <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(Gogol)" title="Christmas Eve (Gogol)">Christmas Eve</a>, was to have been set to music by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Serov" title="Alexander Serov">Alexander Serov</a>. With Serov's death, the libretto was opened to a competition with a guarantee that the winning entry would be premiered by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Mariinsky_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Mariinsky Theatre">Imperial Mariinsky Theatre</a>. Tchaikovsky was declared the winner, but at the 1876 premiere, the opera enjoyed only a lukewarm reception.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> After Tchaikovsky's death, Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the opera <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(opera)" title="Christmas Eve (opera)">Christmas Eve</a>, based on the same story.<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> Other works of this period include the <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Rococo_Theme" title="Variations on a Rococo Theme">Variations on a Rococo Theme</a> for cello and orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)">Fourth Symphonies</a>, the ballet <a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a>, and the opera <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a>. Tchaikovsky remained abroad for a year after the disintegration of his marriage. During this time, he completed Eugene Onegin, orchestrated his Fourth Symphony, and composed the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)">Violin Concerto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> He returned briefly to the Moscow Conservatory in the autumn of 1879.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[n 9]</a> For the next few years, assured of a regular income from von Meck, he traveled incessantly throughout Europe and rural Russia, mainly alone, and avoided social contact whenever possible.<a href="#cite_note-brmm219-90">[81]</a> During this time, Tchaikovsky's foreign reputation grew and a positive reassessment of his music also took place in Russia, thanks in part to Russian novelist <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>'s call for "universal unity" with the West at the unveiling of the Pushkin Monument in Moscow in 1880. Before Dostoevsky's speech, Tchaikovsky's music had been considered "overly dependent on the West". As Dostoevsky's message spread throughout Russia, this stigma toward Tchaikovsky's music evaporated.<a href="#cite_note-volkovsp126-91">[82]</a> The unprecedented acclaim for him even drew a cult following among the young intelligentsia of Saint Petersburg, including <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> Two musical works from this period stand out. With the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> nearing completion in Moscow in 1880, the 25th anniversary of the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> in 1881,<a href="#cite_note-93">[n 10]</a> and the 1882 Moscow Arts and Industry Exhibition in the planning stage, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rubinstein" title="Nikolai Rubinstein">Nikolai Rubinstein</a> suggested that Tchaikovsky compose a grand commemorative piece. Tchaikovsky agreed and finished it within six weeks. He wrote to <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a> that this piece, the <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a>, would be "very loud and noisy, but I wrote it with no warm feeling of love, and therefore there will probably be no artistic merits in it".<a href="#cite_note-brwa119-94">[84]</a> He also warned conductor <a href="/wiki/Eduard_N%C3%A1pravn%C3%ADk" title="Eduard Nápravník">Eduard Nápravník</a> that "I shan't be at all surprised and offended if you find that it is in a style unsuitable for symphony concerts".<a href="#cite_note-brwa119-94">[84]</a> Nevertheless, the overture became, for many, "the piece by Tchaikovsky they know best",<a href="#cite_note-brmm224-95">[85]</a> particularly well-known for the use of cannon in the scores.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> On 23 March 1881, Nikolai Rubinstein died in Paris. That December, Tchaikovsky started work on his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Trio (Tchaikovsky)">Piano Trio in A minor</a>, "dedicated to the memory of a great artist".<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> First performed privately at the Moscow Conservatory on the first anniversary of Rubinstein's death, the piece became extremely popular during the composer's lifetime; in November 1893, it would become Tchaikovsky's own elegy at memorial concerts in Moscow and St. Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[n 11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Russia">Return to Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A blue two-story house with white trim and many windows, surrounded by birch trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg/220px-Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg/330px-Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg/440px-Pjotr_T%C5%A1aikovskin_kotimuseo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Tchaikovsky's last home, in <a href="/wiki/Klin,_Klinsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Klin, Klinsky District, Moscow Oblast">Klin</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_State_House-Museum" title="Tchaikovsky State House-Museum">Tchaikovsky State House-Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In 1884, Tchaikovsky began to shed his unsociability and restlessness. That March, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> conferred upon him the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Vladimir" title="Order of Saint Vladimir">Order of Saint Vladimir</a> (fourth class), which included a title of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">hereditary nobility</a><a href="#cite_note-browngrove18621-100">[89]</a> and a personal audience with the Tsar.<a href="#cite_note-wiley162-101">[90]</a> This was seen as a seal of official approval which advanced Tchaikovsky's social standing<a href="#cite_note-browngrove18621-100">[89]</a> and might have been cemented in the composer's mind by the success of his <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Suite_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Orchestral Suite No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">Orchestral Suite No. 3</a> at its January 1885 premiere in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-brmm275-102">[91]</a> In 1885, Alexander III requested a new production of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Kamenny_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre">Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre</a> in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-103">[n 12]</a> By having the opera staged there and not at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a>, he served notice that Tchaikovsky's music was replacing <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> as the official imperial art. In addition, at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vsevolozhsky" title="Ivan Vsevolozhsky">Ivan Vsevolozhsky</a>, Director of the Imperial Theaters and a patron of the composer, Tchaikovsky was awarded a lifetime annual pension of 3,000 rubles from the Tsar. This made him the premier court composer, in practice if not in the actual title.<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> Despite Tchaikovsky's disdain for public life, he now participated in it as part of his increasing celebrity and out of a duty he felt to promote Russian music. He helped support his former pupil <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a>, who was now director of Moscow Conservatory, by attending student examinations and negotiating the sometimes sensitive relations among various members of the staff. He served as director of the Moscow branch of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Russian Musical Society</a> during the 1889–1890 season. In this post, he invited many international celebrities to conduct, including <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wiley162-101">[90]</a> During this period, Tchaikovsky also began promoting Russian music as a conductor,<a href="#cite_note-wiley162-101">[90]</a> In January 1887, he substituted, on short notice, at the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theater</a> in Moscow for performances of his opera <a href="/wiki/Cherevichki" title="Cherevichki">Cherevichki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> Within a year, he was in considerable demand throughout Europe and Russia. These appearances helped him overcome life-long <a href="/wiki/Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">stage fright</a> and boosted his self-assurance.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> In 1888, Tchaikovsky led the premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Tchaikovsky)">Fifth Symphony</a> in Saint Petersburg, repeating the work a week later with the first performance of his tone poem <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Hamlet (Tchaikovsky)">Hamlet</a>. Although critics proved hostile, with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a> calling the symphony "routine" and "meretricious", both works were received with extreme enthusiasm by audiences and Tchaikovsky, undeterred, continued to conduct the symphony in Russia and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> Conducting brought him to the United States in 1891, where he led the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Symphony_Orchestra" title="New York Symphony Orchestra">New York Music Society's</a> orchestra in his Festival Coronation March at the inaugural concert of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belyayev_circle_and_growing_reputation">Belyayev circle and growing reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Belyayev circle and growing reputation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></div> In November 1887, Tchaikovsky arrived at Saint Petersburg in time to hear several of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Symphony_Concerts" title="Russian Symphony Concerts">Russian Symphony Concerts</a>, devoted exclusively to the music of Russian composers. One included the first complete performance of his revised First Symphony; another featured the final version of Third Symphony of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, with whose circle Tchaikovsky was already in touch.<a href="#cite_note-109">[97]</a> Rimsky-Korsakov, with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lyadov" title="Anatoly Lyadov">Anatoly Lyadov</a> and several other nationalistically-minded composers and musicians, had formed a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Belyayev_circle" title="Belyayev circle">Belyayev circle</a>, named after a merchant and amateur musician who became an influential music patron and publisher.<a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a> Tchaikovsky spent much time in this circle, becoming far more at ease with them than he had been with the 'Five' and increasingly confident in showcasing his music alongside theirs.<a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> This relationship lasted until Tchaikovsky's death.<a href="#cite_note-poz564-112">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> In 1892, Tchaikovsky was voted a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Académie des Beaux-Arts</a> in France, only the second Russian subject to be so honored (the first was sculptor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antokolsky" title="Mark Antokolsky">Mark Antokolsky</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> The following year, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in England awarded Tchaikovsky an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Music" title="Doctor of Music">Doctor of Music</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:321px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle aged man with dark hair and a beard, wearing a dark suit and holding a book, sits next to a young woman in a black dress wearing her hair up on her head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg/230px-Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg/345px-Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg/460px-Tchaikovsky_with_wife_Antonina_Miliukova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:321px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotek_iosif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kotek_iosif.jpg/254px-Kotek_iosif.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kotek_iosif.jpg/381px-Kotek_iosif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Kotek_iosif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="556" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Left to right) Tchaikovsky and Antonina on their honeymoon in 1877; <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Kotek" title="Iosif Kotek">Iosif Kotek</a> (left) and Tchaikovsky (right) in 1877</div></div></div></div> Discussion of Tchaikovsky's personal life, especially his <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>, has perhaps been among the most extensive of any composer in the 19th century and certainly of any Russian composer of his time.<a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a> It has also at times caused considerable confusion, from Soviet efforts to expunge all references to homosexuality and portray him as a heterosexual, to efforts at analysis by Western biographers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a> Biographers have generally agreed that Tchaikovsky was <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> He sought the company of other men in his circle for extended periods, "associating openly and establishing professional connections with them."<a href="#cite_note-wiley25147-80">[72]</a> His first love was reportedly Sergey Kireyev, a younger fellow student at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence. According to <a href="/wiki/Modest_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Modest Tchaikovsky</a>, this was Pyotr Ilyich's "strongest, longest and purest love". Tchaikovsky's dedication of his Sixth symphony to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Davydov" title="Vladimir Davydov">Vladimir "Bob" Davydov</a> (21 at the time) and his feelings expressed about Davydov in letters to others, especially following Davydov's suicide,<a href="#cite_note-Keeling2003-9">[7]</a> has been cited as evidence for romantic love between the two.<a href="#cite_note-Leonowitz2016-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peraino2005-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keeling2003-9">[7]</a> The degree to which the composer might have felt comfortable with his sexual desires has, however, remained open to debate. It is still unknown whether Tchaikovsky, according to musicologist and biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(musicologist)" title="David Brown (musicologist)">David Brown</a>, "felt tainted within himself, defiled by something from which he finally realized he could never escape"<a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> or whether, according to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poznansky" title="Alexander Poznansky">Alexander Poznansky</a>, he experienced "no unbearable guilt" over his sexual desires<a href="#cite_note-wiley25147-80">[72]</a> and "eventually came to see his sexual peculiarities as an insurmountable and even natural part of his personality ... without experiencing any serious psychological damage".<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> Relevant portions of his brother Modest's autobiography, where he tells of the composer's same-sex attraction, have been published, as have letters previously suppressed by Soviet censors in which Tchaikovsky openly writes of it.<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> Such censorship has persisted in the Russian government, resulting in many officials, including the former culture minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Medinsky" title="Vladimir Medinsky">Vladimir Medinsky</a>, denying his homosexuality outright.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> Passages in Tchaikovsky's letters which reveal his homosexual desires have been censored in Russia. In one such passage he said of a homosexual acquaintance: "Petashenka used to drop by with the criminal intention of observing the Cadet Corps, which is right opposite our windows, but I've been trying to discourage these compromising visits—and with some success." In another one, he wrote: "After our walk, I offered him some money, which was refused. He does it for the love of art and adores men with beards."<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Tchaikovsky lived as a bachelor for most of his life. In 1868, he met Belgian soprano <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e_Art%C3%B4t" title="Désirée Artôt">Désirée Artôt</a> with whom he considered marriage,<a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> but, owing to various circumstances, the relationship ended.<a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> Tchaikovsky later claimed she was the only woman he ever loved.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> In 1877, at the age of 37, he wed a former student, <a href="/wiki/Antonina_Miliukova" title="Antonina Miliukova">Antonina Miliukova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marriage-127">[115]</a> The marriage was a disaster. Mismatched psychologically and sexually,<a href="#cite_note-wedding2-128">[116]</a> the couple lived together for only two and a half months before Tchaikovsky left, overwrought emotionally and suffering from acute <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wedding3-129">[117]</a> Tchaikovsky's family remained supportive of him during this crisis and throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-wiley25147-80">[72]</a> Tchaikovsky's marital debacle may have forced him to face the full truth about his sexuality; he never blamed Antonina for the failure of their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a> Tchaikovsky was also aided by <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a>, the widow of a railway magnate, who had begun contact with him not long before the marriage. As well as an important friend and emotional support,<a href="#cite_note-meck2-131">[119]</a> she became his patroness for the next 13 years, which allowed him to focus exclusively on composition.<a href="#cite_note-meck1-132">[120]</a> Although Tchaikovsky called her his "best friend", they agreed never to meet under any circumstances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5,_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F.%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3582" /></a><figcaption>Tchaikovsky's grave in <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery" title="Tikhvin Cemetery">Tikhvin Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> On 16/28 October 1893, Tchaikovsky conducted the premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">Sixth Symphony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a> the Pathétique, in Saint Petersburg. Nine days later, on 6 November, Tchaikovsky died there, aged 53. He was interred in <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery" title="Tikhvin Cemetery">Tikhvin Cemetery</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Monastery">Alexander Nevsky Monastery</a>, near the graves of fellow-composers <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a>; later, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a> were also buried nearby.<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> Tchaikovsky's death is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, caused by drinking unboiled water at <a href="/wiki/Literaturnoye_Kafe_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Literaturnoye Kafe (Saint Petersburg)">a local restaurant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[123]</a> In the 1980s in Britain, however, there was academic speculation that he killed himself, either with poison or by contracting cholera intentionally;<a href="#cite_note-brhosu-136">[124]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Music">New Grove Dictionary of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_John_Wiley" title="Roland John Wiley">Roland John Wiley</a> wrote: "the polemics over Tchaikovsky's death have reached an impasse … . As for illness, problems of evidence offer little hope of satisfactory resolution: the state of diagnosis; the confusion of witnesses; disregard of long-term effects of smoking and alcohol. We do not know how Tchaikovsky died.<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> We may never find out."<a href="#cite_note-wiley_ng25169-138">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphonies_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antecedents_and_influences">Antecedents and influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antecedents and influences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/220px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/330px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/440px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>An 1839 lithograph of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kriehuber" title="Josef Kriehuber">Josef Kriehuber</a></figcaption></figure> Of Tchaikovsky's Western predecessors, Robert Schumann stands out as an influence in formal structure, harmonic practices, and piano writing, according to Brown and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Roland_John_Wiley" title="Roland John Wiley">Roland John Wiley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Asafyev" title="Boris Asafyev">Boris Asafyev</a> comments that Schumann left his mark on Tchaikovsky not just as a formal influence but also as an example of musical dramaturgy and self-expression.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a> argues the music of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> also left their imprints on Tchaikovsky's orchestral style.<a href="#cite_note-141">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[n 13]</a> The late-Romantic trend for writing orchestral suites, begun by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Franz Lachner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Joachim Raff</a> after the rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s works in that genre, may have influenced Tchaikovsky to try his own hand at them.<a href="#cite_note-143">[130]</a> Tchaikovsky's teacher Anton Rubinstein's opera <a href="/wiki/The_Demon_(opera)" title="The Demon (opera)">The Demon</a> became a model for the final tableau of Eugene Onegin.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> So did <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Léo Delibes</a>' ballets <a href="/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia" title="Coppélia">Coppélia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(ballet)" title="Sylvia (ballet)">Sylvia</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)" title="The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)">The Sleeping Beauty</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[n 14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (a work Tchaikovsky admired tremendously) for The Queen of Spades.<a href="#cite_note-146">[132]</a> Otherwise, it was to composers of the past that Tchaikovsky turned—<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, whose music he respected;<a href="#cite_note-wiley_tchaik293-147">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, whose music he loved;<a href="#cite_note-wiley_tchaik293-147">[133]</a> Glinka, whose opera <a href="/wiki/A_Life_for_the_Tsar" title="A Life for the Tsar">A Life for the Tsar</a> made an indelible impression on him as a child and whose scoring he studied assiduously;<a href="#cite_note-148">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adolphe Adam</a>, whose ballet <a href="/wiki/Giselle" title="Giselle">Giselle</a> was a favorite of his from his student days and whose score he consulted while working on The Sleeping Beauty.<a href="#cite_note-149">[135]</a> Beethoven's string quartets may have influenced Tchaikovsky's attempts in that medium.<a href="#cite_note-150">[136]</a> Other composers whose work interested Tchaikovsky included <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Litolff" title="Henry Litolff">Henry Litolff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_range">Creative range</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creative range">edit</a>]</div> Tchaikovsky displayed a wide stylistic and emotional range, from light <a href="/wiki/Salon_music" title="Salon music">salon works</a> to grand symphonies. Some of his works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Rococo_Theme" title="Variations on a Rococo Theme">Variations on a Rococo Theme</a>, employ a "Classical" form reminiscent of 18th-century composers such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> (his favorite composer). Other compositions, such as his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">Little Russian symphony</a> and his opera <a href="/wiki/Vakula_the_Smith" title="Vakula the Smith">Vakula the Smith</a>, flirt with musical practices more akin to those of the 'Five', especially in their use of folk song.<a href="#cite_note-brown_ng18628-156">[142]</a> Other works, such as Tchaikovsky's last three symphonies, employ a personal musical idiom that facilitated intense emotional expression.<a href="#cite_note-157">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositional_style">Compositional style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compositional style">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tschikovsky_Op_40.ogg" title="File:Tschikovsky Op 40.ogg">Valse in F-sharp minor</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="341" data-mwtitle="Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr_Ilyich_-_Twelve_Pieces_for_piano,_Opus_40_(extract).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Tchaikovsky%2C_Pyotr_Ilyich_-_Twelve_Pieces_for_piano%2C_Opus_40_%28extract%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Tchaikovsky%2C_Pyotr_Ilyich_-_Twelve_Pieces_for_piano%2C_Opus_40_%28extract%29.ogg/Tchaikovsky%2C_Pyotr_Ilyich_-_Twelve_Pieces_for_piano%2C_Opus_40_%28extract%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">From Twelve Pieces for piano, Op. 40, No. 9, a digital recording by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacLeod" title="Kevin MacLeod">Kevin MacLeod</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_romeo_and_juliet-_overture-fantasy.ogg" title="File:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - romeo and juliet- overture-fantasy.ogg">Romeo and Juliet Overture</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1113" data-mwtitle="Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_romeo_and_juliet-_overture-fantasy.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_romeo_and_juliet-_overture-fantasy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_romeo_and_juliet-_overture-fantasy.ogg/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_romeo_and_juliet-_overture-fantasy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_1812_overture.ogg" title="File:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - 1812 overture.ogg">1812 Overture</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1000" data-mwtitle="Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_1812_overture.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_1812_overture.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_1812_overture.ogg/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_-_1812_overture.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra</div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Melody">Melody</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Melody">edit</a>]</div> American music critic and journalist <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> wrote of Tchaikovsky's "sweet, inexhaustible, supersensuous fund of <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>", a feature that has ensured his music's continued success with audiences.<a href="#cite_note-schonberg366-158">[144]</a> Tchaikovsky's complete range of melodic styles was as wide as that of his compositions. Sometimes he used Western-style melodies, sometimes original melodies written in the style of Russian folk song; sometimes he used actual folk songs.<a href="#cite_note-brown_ng18628-156">[142]</a> According to The New Grove, Tchaikovsky's melodic gift could also become his worst enemy in two ways. The first challenge arose from his ethnic heritage. Unlike Western themes, the melodies that Russian composers wrote tended to be self-contained: they functioned with a mindset of stasis and repetition rather than one of progress and ongoing development. On a technical level, it made <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulating</a> to a new key to introduce a contrasting second theme exceedingly difficult, as this was literally a foreign concept that did not exist in Russian music.<a href="#cite_note-brown_final424-159">[145]</a> The second way melody worked against Tchaikovsky was a challenge that he shared with the majority of Romantic-age composers. They did not write in the regular, symmetrical melodic shapes that worked well with <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>, such as those favored by Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart or Beethoven; rather, the themes favored by Romantics were complete and independent in themselves.<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a> This completeness hindered their use as structural elements in combination with one another. This challenge was why the Romantics "were never natural symphonists".<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a> All a composer like Tchaikovsky could do with them was to essentially repeat them, even when he modified them to generate tension, maintain interest, and satisfy listeners.<a href="#cite_note-162">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harmony">Harmony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Harmony">edit</a>]</div> Harmony could be a potential trap for Tchaikovsky, according to Brown, since Russian creativity tended to focus on inertia and self-enclosed tableaux, while Western harmony worked against this to propel the music onward and, on a larger scale, shape it.<a href="#cite_note-163">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">Modulation</a>, the shifting from one key to another, was a driving principle in both harmony and <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>, the primary Western large-scale <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical structure</a> since the middle of the 18th century. Modulation maintained harmonic interest over an extended time scale, provided a clear contrast between musical themes, and showed how those themes were related to each other.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> One point in Tchaikovsky's favor was "a flair for harmony" that "astonished" Rudolph Kündinger, Tchaikovsky's music tutor during his time at the School of Jurisprudence.<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a> Added to what he learned at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory studies, this talent allowed Tchaikovsky to employ a varied range of harmony in his music, from the Western harmonic and textural practices of his first two string quartets to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Whole-tone_scale" title="Whole-tone scale">whole-tone scale</a> in the center of the finale of the Second Symphony, a practice more typically used by The Five.<a href="#cite_note-brown_ng18628-156">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rhythm">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythmically</a>, Tchaikovsky sometimes experimented with unusual <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">meters</a>. More often, he used a firm, regular meter, a practice that served him well in dance music. At times, his rhythms became pronounced enough to become the main expressive agent of the music. They also became a means, found typically in Russian folk music, of simulating movement or progression in large-scale symphonic movements—a "synthetic propulsion", as Brown phrases it, which substituted for the momentum that would be created in strict sonata form by the interaction of melodic or motivic elements. This interaction generally does not take place in Russian music.<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a> (For more on this, please see <a href="#Repetition">Repetition</a> below.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure">Structure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> Tchaikovsky struggled with sonata form. Its principle of organic growth through the interplay of musical themes was alien to Russian practice.<a href="#cite_note-brown_final424-159">[145]</a> The traditional argument that Tchaikovsky seemed unable to develop themes in this manner fails to consider this point; it also discounts the possibility that Tchaikovsky might have intended the development passages in his large-scale works to act as "enforced hiatuses" to build tension, rather than grow organically as smoothly progressive musical arguments.<a href="#cite_note-167">[153]</a> According to Brown and musicologists <a href="/wiki/Hans_Keller" title="Hans Keller">Hans Keller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Zhitomirsky" title="Daniel Zhitomirsky">Daniel Zhitomirsky</a>, Tchaikovsky found his solution to large-scale structure while composing the Fourth Symphony. He essentially sidestepped thematic interaction and kept sonata form only as an "outline", as Zhitomirsky phrases it.<a href="#cite_note-zhitomirsky102-168">[154]</a> Within this outline, the focus centered on periodic alternation and juxtaposition. Tchaikovsky placed blocks of dissimilar tonal and thematic material alongside one another, with what Keller calls "new and violent contrasts" between <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">musical themes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a>, and harmonies.<a href="#cite_note-169">[155]</a> This process, according to Brown and Keller, builds momentum<a href="#cite_note-brown_final426-170">[156]</a> and adds intense drama.<a href="#cite_note-171">[157]</a> While the result, <a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack</a> charges, is still "an ingenious episodic treatment of two tunes rather than a symphonic development of them" in the Germanic sense,<a href="#cite_note-172">[158]</a> Brown counters that it took the listener of the period "through a succession of often highly charged sections which added up to a radically new kind of symphonic experience" (italics Brown), one that functioned not on the basis of summation, as Austro-German symphonies did, but on one of accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-brown_final426-170">[156]</a> Partly owing to the melodic and structural intricacies involved in this accumulation and partly due to the composer's nature, Tchaikovsky's music became intensely expressive.<a href="#cite_note-173">[159]</a> This intensity was entirely new to Russian music and prompted some Russians to place Tchaikovsky's name alongside that of Dostoevsky.<a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a> German musicologist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kretzschmar" title="Hermann Kretzschmar">Hermann Kretzschmar</a> credits Tchaikovsky in his later symphonies with offering "full images of life, developed freely, sometimes even dramatically, around psychological contrasts ... This music has the mark of the truly lived and felt experience".<a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a>, in elaborating on this comment, suggests that listening to Tchaikovsky's music "became a psychological mirror connected to everyday experience, one that reflected on the dynamic nature of the listener's own emotional self". This active engagement with the music "opened for the listener a vista of emotional and psychological tension and an extremity of feeling that possessed relevance because it seemed reminiscent of one's own 'truly lived and felt experience' or one's search for intensity in a deeply personal sense".<a href="#cite_note-Botstein,_101-176">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repetition">Repetition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Repetition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png/220px-Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png/330px-Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png/440px-Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Sequence ascending by step <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.mid\/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sequence ascending from C tonal.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.mid/Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sequence_ascending_from_C_tonal.mid" title="File:Sequence ascending from C tonal.mid">ⓘ</a> with four continuously higher segments that continue by the same distance (seconds: C–D, D–E, etc.)</figcaption></figure> As mentioned above, repetition was a natural part of Tchaikovsky's music, just as it is an integral part of Russian music.<a href="#cite_note-177">[163]</a> His use of <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(music)" title="Sequence (music)">sequences</a> within melodies (<a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">repeating</a> a tune at a higher or lower <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> in the same voice)<a href="#cite_note-178">[164]</a> could go on for extreme length.<a href="#cite_note-brown_ng18628-156">[142]</a> The problem with repetition is that, over a period of time, the melody being repeated remains static, even when there is a surface level of rhythmic activity added to it.<a href="#cite_note-179">[165]</a> Tchaikovsky kept the musical conversation flowing by treating melody, tonality, rhythm and sound color as one integrated unit, rather than as separate elements.<a href="#cite_note-Maes161-180">[166]</a> By making subtle but noticeable changes in the rhythm or phrasing of a tune, modulating to another key, changing the melody itself or varying the instruments playing it, Tchaikovsky could keep a listener's interest from flagging. By extending the number of repetitions, he could increase the musical and dramatic tension of a passage, building "into an emotional experience of almost unbearable intensity", as Brown phrases it, controlling when the peak and release of that tension would take place.<a href="#cite_note-181">[167]</a> Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(musicologist)" title="Martin Cooper (musicologist)">Martin Cooper</a> calls this practice a subtle form of unifying a piece of music and adds that Tchaikovsky brought it to a high point of refinement.<a href="#cite_note-182">[168]</a> (For more on this practice, see the next section.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orchestration">Orchestration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orchestration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_of_the_Sugar_Plum_Fairies_(ISRC_USUAN1100270).oga" title="File:Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies (ISRC USUAN1100270).oga">Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="107" data-mwtitle="Dance_of_the_Sugar_Plum_Fairies_(ISRC_USUAN1100270).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Dance_of_the_Sugar_Plum_Fairies_%28ISRC_USUAN1100270%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Dance_of_the_Sugar_Plum_Fairies_%28ISRC_USUAN1100270%29.oga/Dance_of_the_Sugar_Plum_Fairies_%28ISRC_USUAN1100270%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" from <a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a> makes extensive use of the then newly invented and very rare <a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celesta</a>.</div></div></div></div> </div> Like other late Romantic composers, Tchaikovsky relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> for musical effects.<a href="#cite_note-183">[169]</a> Tchaikovsky, however, became noted for the "sensual opulence" and "voluptuous timbrel virtuosity" of his orchestration.<a href="#cite_note-184">[170]</a> Like Glinka, Tchaikovsky tended toward bright primary <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">colors</a> and sharply delineated contrasts of <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[171]</a> However, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">Third Symphony</a>, Tchaikovsky experimented with an increased range of timbres.<a href="#cite_note-186">[172]</a> Tchaikovsky's scoring was noted and admired by some of his peers. Rimsky-Korsakov regularly referred his students at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory to it and called it "devoid of all striving after effect, [to] give a healthy, beautiful sonority".<a href="#cite_note-187">[173]</a> This sonority, musicologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> pointed out, is essentially Germanic in effect. Tchaikovsky's expert use of having two or more instruments play a melody simultaneously (a practice called <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)#Doubling" title="Voicing (music)">doubling</a>) and his ear for uncanny combinations of instruments resulted in "a generalized orchestral sonority in which the individual timbres of the instruments, being thoroughly mixed, would vanish".<a href="#cite_note-188">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pastiche_(Passé-ism)">Pastiche (Passé-ism)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pastiche (Passé-ism)">edit</a>]</div> In works like the "Serenade for Strings" and the Variations on a Rococo Theme, Tchaikovsky showed he was highly gifted at writing in a style of 18th-century European <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a>. Tchaikovsky graduated from imitation to full-scale evocation in the ballet The Sleeping Beauty and the opera The Queen of Spades. This practice, which Alexandre Benois calls "passé-ism", lends an air of timelessness and immediacy, making the past seem as though it were the present.<a href="#cite_note-189">[175]</a> On a practical level, Tchaikovsky was drawn to past styles because he felt he might find the solution to certain structural problems within them. His Rococo pastiches also may have offered escape into a musical world purer than his own, into which he felt himself irresistibly drawn. (In this sense, Tchaikovsky operated in the opposite manner to <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, who turned to <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a> partly as a form of compositional self-discovery.) Tchaikovsky's attraction to ballet might have allowed a similar refuge into a fairy-tale world, where he could freely write dance music within a tradition of French elegance.<a href="#cite_note-190">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_impact">Aesthetic impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aesthetic impact">edit</a>]</div> Maes maintains that, regardless of what he was writing, Tchaikovsky's main concern was how his music affected his listeners on an aesthetic level, at specific moments in the piece, and on a cumulative level once the music had finished. What his listeners experienced on an emotional or visceral level became an end in itself.<a href="#cite_note-191">[177]</a> Tchaikovsky's focus on pleasing his audience might be considered closer to that of Mendelssohn or Mozart. Considering that he lived and worked in what was probably the last 19th-century feudal nation, the statement is not actually that surprising.<a href="#cite_note-192">[178]</a> And yet, even when writing so-called 'programme' music, for example, his Romeo and Juliet fantasy overture, he cast it in sonata form. His use of stylized 18th-century melodies and patriotic themes was geared toward the values of Russian aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-maes137-193">[179]</a> He was aided in this by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, who commissioned The Sleeping Beauty from Tchaikovsky and the libretto for The Queen of Spades from Modest with their use of 18th-century settings stipulated firmly.<a href="#cite_note-194">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[n 15]</a> Tchaikovsky also used the <a href="/wiki/Polonaise" title="Polonaise">polonaise</a> frequently, the dance being a musical code for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a> and a symbol of Russian patriotism. Using it in the finale of a work could assure its success with Russian listeners.<a href="#cite_note-196">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicatees_and_collaborators">Dedicatees and collaborators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dedicatees and collaborators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG/220px-Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG/330px-Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG/440px-Marius_Ivanovich_Petipa_-Feb._14_1898.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Marius Petipa <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890–1895</figcaption></figure> Tchaikovsky's relationship with collaborators was mixed. Like Nikolai Rubinstein with the First Piano Concerto, virtuoso and pedagogue <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Auer" title="Leopold Auer">Leopold Auer</a> rejected the Violin Concerto initially but changed his mind; he played it to great public success and taught it to his students, who included <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fitzenhagen" title="Wilhelm Fitzenhagen">Wilhelm Fitzenhagen</a> "intervened considerably in shaping what he considered 'his' piece", the Variations on a Rococo Theme, according to music critic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Michael Steinberg</a>. Tchaikovsky was angered by Fitzenhagen's license but did nothing; the Rococo Variations were published with the cellist's amendments.<a href="#cite_note-198">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[n 16]</a> His collaboration on the three ballets went better and in <a href="/wiki/Marius_Petipa" title="Marius Petipa">Marius Petipa</a>, who worked with him on the last two, he might have found an advocate.<a href="#cite_note-200">[n 17]</a> When The Sleeping Beauty was seen by its dancers as needlessly complicated, Petipa convinced them to put in the extra effort. Tchaikovsky compromised to make his music as practical as possible for the dancers and was accorded more creative freedom than ballet composers were usually accorded at the time. He responded with scores that minimized the rhythmic subtleties normally present in his work but were inventive and rich in melody, with more refined and imaginative orchestration than in the average ballet score.<a href="#cite_note-201">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics">Critics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Critics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanslick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanslick.jpg/220px-Hanslick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanslick.jpg/330px-Hanslick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanslick.jpg/440px-Hanslick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Eduard Hanslick</figcaption></figure> Critical reception to Tchaikovsky's music was varied but also improved over time. Even after 1880, some inside Russia held it suspect for not being nationalistic enough and thought Western European critics lauded it for exactly that reason.<a href="#cite_note-botstein99-202">[185]</a> There might have been a grain of truth in the latter, according to musicologist and conductor <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a>, as German critics especially wrote of the "indeterminacy of [Tchaikovsky's] artistic character ... being truly at home in the non-Russian".<a href="#cite_note-203">[186]</a> Of the foreign critics who did not care for his music, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> lambasted the Violin Concerto as a musical composition "whose stink one can hear"<a href="#cite_note-204">[187]</a> and William Forster Abtrop wrote of the Fifth Symphony, "The furious peroration sounds like nothing so much as a horde of demons struggling in a torrent of brandy, the music growing drunker and drunker. Pandemonium, <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a>, raving, and above all, noise worse confounded!"<a href="#cite_note-205">[188]</a> The division between Russian and Western critics remained through much of the 20th century but for a different reason. According to Brown and Wiley, the prevailing view of Western critics was that the same qualities in Tchaikovsky's music that appealed to audiences—its strong emotions, directness and eloquence and colorful orchestration—added up to compositional shallowness.<a href="#cite_note-206">[189]</a> The music's use in popular and film music, Brown says, lowered its esteem in their eyes still further.<a href="#cite_note-brown_ng18628-156">[142]</a> There was also the fact, pointed out earlier, that Tchaikovsky's music demanded active engagement from the listener and, as Botstein phrases it, "spoke to the listener's imaginative interior life, regardless of nationality". Conservative critics, he adds, may have felt threatened by the "violence and 'hysteria'" they detected and felt such emotive displays "attacked the boundaries of conventional aesthetic appreciation—the cultured reception of art as an act of formalist discernment—and the polite engagement of art as an act of amusement".<a href="#cite_note-Botstein,_101-176">[162]</a> There has also been the fact that the composer did not follow sonata form strictly, relying instead on juxtaposing blocks of tonalities and thematic groups. Maes states this point has been seen at times as a weakness rather than a sign of originality.<a href="#cite_note-Maes161-180">[166]</a> Even with what Schonberg termed "a professional reevaluation" of Tchaikovsky's work,<a href="#cite_note-schonberg367-207">[190]</a> the practice of faulting Tchaikovsky for not following in the steps of the Viennese masters has not gone away entirely, while his intention of writing music that would please his audiences is also sometimes taken to task. In a 1992 article, New York Times critic <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Allan Kozinn</a> writes, "It is Tchaikovsky's flexibility, after all, that has given us a sense of his variability.... Tchaikovsky was capable of turning out music—entertaining and widely beloved though it is—that seems superficial, manipulative and trivial when regarded in the context of the whole literature. The First Piano Concerto is a case in point. It makes a joyful noise, it swims in pretty tunes and its dramatic rhetoric allows (or even requires) a soloist to make a grand, swashbuckling impression. But it is entirely hollow".<a href="#cite_note-208">[191]</a> In the 21st century, however, critics are reacting more positively to Tchaikovsky's tunefulness, originality, and craftsmanship.<a href="#cite_note-schonberg367-207">[190]</a> "Tchaikovsky is being viewed again as a composer of the first rank, writing music of depth, innovation and influence," according to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural historian</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horowitz" title="Joseph Horowitz">Joseph Horowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz-209">[192]</a> Important in this reevaluation is a shift in attitude away from the disdain for overt emotionalism that marked half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-wiley_ng25169-138">[126]</a> "We have acquired a different view of Romantic 'excess,'" Horowitz says. "Tchaikovsky is today more admired than deplored for his emotional frankness; if his music seems harried and insecure, so are we all".<a href="#cite_note-horowitz-209">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_in_media" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in media">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in media</a></div> Horowitz maintains that, while the standing of Tchaikovsky's music has fluctuated among critics, for the public, "it never went out of style, and his most popular works have yielded iconic <a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">sound-bytes</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], such as the love theme from Romeo and Juliet".<a href="#cite_note-horowitz-209">[192]</a> Along with those tunes, Botstein adds, "Tchaikovsky appealed to audiences outside of Russia with an immediacy and directness that were startling even for music, an art form often associated with emotion".<a href="#cite_note-210">[193]</a> Tchaikovsky's melodies, stated with eloquence and matched by his inventive use of harmony and orchestration, have always ensured audience appeal.<a href="#cite_note-211">[194]</a> His popularity is considered secure, with his following in many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, second only to that of Beethoven.<a href="#cite_note-wiley_ng25169-138">[126]</a> His music has also been used frequently in popular music and film.<a href="#cite_note-212">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F._%D0%98._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Tchaikovsky in <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg/220px-Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg/330px-Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg/440px-Russia_stamp_Swan_Lake_1993_25r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Swan Lake, a 1993 stamp of Russia</figcaption></figure> According to Wiley, Tchaikovsky was a pioneer in several ways. "Thanks in large part to Nadezhda von Meck", Wiley writes, "he became the first full-time professional Russian composer". This, Wiley adds, allowed him the time and freedom to consolidate the Western compositional practices he had learned at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory with Russian folk song and other native musical elements to fulfill his own expressive goals and forge an original, deeply personal style. He made an impact in not only complete works such as the symphony but also program music and, as Wiley phrases it, "transformed Liszt's and Berlioz's achievements ... into matters of Shakespearean elevation and psychological import".<a href="#cite_note-213">[196]</a> Wiley and Holden both note that Tchaikovsky did all this without a native school of composition upon which to fall back. They point out that only Glinka had preceded him in combining Russian and Western practices and his teachers in Saint Petersburg had been thoroughly Germanic in their musical outlook. He was, they write, for all intents and purposes alone in his artistic quest.<a href="#cite_note-214">[197]</a> Maes and Taruskin write that Tchaikovsky believed that his professionalism in combining skill and high standards in his musical works separated him from his contemporaries in The Five.<a href="#cite_note-215">[198]</a> Maes adds that, like them, he wanted to produce music that reflected Russian national character but which did so to the highest European standards of quality.<a href="#cite_note-216">[199]</a> Tchaikovsky, according to Maes, came along at a time when the nation itself was deeply divided as to what that character truly was. Like his country, Maes writes, it took him time to discover how to express his Russianness in a way that was true to himself and what he had learned. Because of his professionalism, Maes says, he worked hard at this goal and succeeded. The composer's friend, music critic <a href="/wiki/Herman_Laroche" title="Herman Laroche">Herman Laroche</a>, wrote of The Sleeping Beauty that the score contained "an element deeper and more general than color, in the internal structure of the music, above all in the foundation of the element of melody. This basic element is undoubtedly Russian".<a href="#cite_note-217">[200]</a> Tchaikovsky was inspired to reach beyond Russia with his music, according to Maes and Taruskin.<a href="#cite_note-218">[201]</a> His exposure to Western music, they write, encouraged him to think it belonged to not just Russia but also the world at large.<a href="#cite_note-taruskin_go4663-53">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Volkov" title="Solomon Volkov">Volkov</a> adds that this mindset made him think seriously about Russia's place in European musical culture—the first Russian composer to do so.<a href="#cite_note-volkovsp126-91">[82]</a> It steeled him to become the first Russian composer to acquaint foreign audiences personally with his own works, <a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack</a> writes, as well as those of other Russian composers.<a href="#cite_note-219">[202]</a> In his biography of Tchaikovsky, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holden" title="Anthony Holden">Anthony Holden</a> recalls the dearth of Russian classical music before Tchaikovsky's birth, then places the composer's achievements into historical perspective: "Twenty years after Tchaikovsky's death, in 1913, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> erupted onto the musical scene, signaling Russia's arrival into <a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">20th-century music</a>. Between these two very different worlds, Tchaikovsky's music became the sole bridge".<a href="#cite_note-220">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voice_recording">Voice recording</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Voice recording">edit</a>]</div> A recording was made in Moscow in January 1890, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Block_(entrepreneur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Block (entrepreneur) (page does not exist)">Julius Block</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Блок, Юлиус">ru</a>] on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tchaikovskyresearch-phonograph-221">[204]</a> A transcript of the recording follows (identification of the speakers is speculative<a href="#cite_note-tchaikovskyresearch-phonograph-221">[204]</a>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchaikowsky_%26_Anton_Rubinstein_%26_friends(1890).ogg" title="File:Tchaikowsky & Anton Rubinstein & friends(1890).ogg">Tchaikovsky's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Tchaikowsky_&_Anton_Rubinstein_&_friends(1890).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tchaikowsky_%26_Anton_Rubinstein_%26_friends%281890%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Tchaikowsky_%26_Anton_Rubinstein_%26_friends%281890%29.ogg/Tchaikowsky_%26_Anton_Rubinstein_%26_friends%281890%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a>:</td> <td>What a wonderful thing.</td> <td>Какая прекрасная вещь ....хорошо... (in Russian)</td> <td>Kakaya prekrasnaya vechsh' ....khorosho... </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Julius Block:</td> <td>At last.</td> <td>Наконец-то.</td> <td>Nakonets-to. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Yelizaveta_Lavrovskaya" title="Yelizaveta Lavrovskaya">Yelizaveta Lavrovskaya</a>:</td> <td>You're disgusting. How dare you call me crafty?</td> <td>Противный *** да как вы смеете называть меня коварной?</td> <td>Prativnyy *** da kak vy smyeyetye nazyvat' menya kovarnoy? </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Safonov" title="Vasily Safonov">Vasily Safonov</a>:</td> <td>(sings)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Pyotr Tchaikovsky:</td> <td>This trill could be better.</td> <td>Эта трель могла бы быть и лучше.</td> <td>Eta trel' mogla by byt' i luchshye. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Lavrovskaya:</td> <td>(sings)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Tchaikovsky:</td> <td>Blok is a good fellow, but Edison is even better.</td> <td>Блок молодец, но у Эдисона ещё лучше!</td> <td>Blok molodyets, no u Edisona yechshyo luchshye! </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Lavrovskaya:</td> <td>(sings) A-o, a-o.</td> <td>А-о, а-о.</td> <td>A-o, a-o. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Safonov:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._Jurgenson" title="P. Jurgenson">Peter Jurgenson</a> in Moscow.</td> <td>Peter Jurgenson in Moskau. (in German)</td> <td>Peter Jurgenson in Moskau. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Tchaikovsky:</td> <td>Who's speaking now? It seems like Safonov's voice.</td> <td>Кто сейчас говорит? Кажется голос Сафонова.</td> <td>Kto syeychas govorit? Kazhyetsya golos Safonova. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Safonov:</td> <td>(whistles)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to musicologist <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Sabaneyev" title="Leonid Sabaneyev">Leonid Sabaneyev</a>, Tchaikovsky was not comfortable with being recorded for posterity and tried to shy away from it. On an apparently separate visit from the one related above, Block asked the composer to play something on a piano or at least say something. Tchaikovsky refused. He told Block, "I am a bad pianist and my voice is raspy. Why should one eternalize it?"<a href="#cite_note-222">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_attempted_suicide_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Theory of attempted suicide by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Theory of attempted suicide by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Davydova" title="Tatiana Davydova">Tatiana Davydova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Sofronov" title="Aleksey Sofronov">Aleksey Sofronov</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Ilyich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Tchaikovsky. Often anglicized as Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky; also standardized by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. His names are also transliterated as Piotr or Petr; Ilitsch or Il'ich; and Tschaikowski, Tschaikowsky, Chajkovskij, or Chaikovsky. He used to sign his name/was known as P. Tschaïkowsky/Pierre Tschaïkowsky in French (as in his afore-reproduced signature), and Peter Tschaikowsky in German, spellings also displayed on several of his scores' title pages in their first printed editions alongside or in place of his native name. In <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Cyrillic script</a>, his name is written as Пётр Ильич Чайковский (Петръ Ильичъ Чайковскій in Russian pre-revolutionary script), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpʲɵtr ɨˈlʲjitɕ tɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ee\/Ru-Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky.ogg\/Ru-Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Ru-Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky.ogg/Ru-Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky.ogg" title="File:Ru-Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.ogg">ⓘ</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">transliterations of Russian</a> produce the following results for 'Пётр Ильич Чайковский' — <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RUS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RUS">WP:RUS</a>: Pyotr Ilyich Chaykovsky, <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a>: Pëtr Ilʹič Čajkovskij, <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization_for_Russian" title="ALA-LC romanization for Russian">ALA-LC</a>: Pëtr Ilʹich Chaĭkovskiĭ, <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Russian" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian">BGN/PCGN</a>: Pëtr Il'ich Chaykovskiy.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Russia was still using <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style dates</a> in the 19th century, rendering his lifespan as 25 April 1840 – 25 October 1893. Some sources in the article report dates as Old Style rather than New Style. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Tchaikovsky had four brothers (Nikolai, Ippolit, Anatoly, and Modest), a sister (Alexandra) and a half-sister (Zinaida) from his father's first marriage (Holden, 6, 13; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 18). Anatoly later had a legal career, and Modest became a dramatist, <a href="/wiki/Librettist" class="mw-redirect" title="Librettist">librettist</a>, and translator (Poznansky, Eyes, 2). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Her death affected him so much that he could not inform Fanny Dürbach until two years later (Brown, The Early Years, 47; Holde, 23; Warrack, 29). More than 25 years after his loss, Tchaikovsky wrote to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck, "Every moment of that appalling day is as vivid to me as though it were yesterday" (As quoted in Holden, 23.) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Tchaikovsky ascribed Rubinstein's coolness to a difference in musical temperaments. Rubinstein could have been jealous professionally of Tchaikovsky's greater impact as a composer. <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> might have been another factor (Poznansky, Eyes, 29). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> An exception to Rubinstein's antipathy was the <a href="/wiki/Serenade_for_Strings_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Serenade for Strings (Tchaikovsky)">Serenade for Strings</a>, which he declared "Tchaikovsky's best piece" when he heard it in rehearsal. "At last this St. Petersburg pundit, who had growled with such consistent disapproval at Tchaikovsky's successive compositions, had found a work by his former pupil which he could endorse", according to Tchaikovsky biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(musicologist)" title="David Brown (musicologist)">David Brown</a> (Brown, The Years of Wandering, 121). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> His critique led Tchaikovsky to consider rescoring Schumann's symphonies, a project he never realized (Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 79). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Robinson" title="Harlow Robinson">Harlow Robinson</a>, it was <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kashkin" title="Nikolay Kashkin">Nikolay Kashkin</a> who first "suggested the moniker [Little Russian] in his 1896 book Memories of Tchaikovsky."<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Rubinstein had actually been operating under the assumption that Tchaikovsky might leave from the onset of the composer's marital crisis and was prepared for it (Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 189–190). However, his meddling in the Tchaikovsky–von Meck relationship might have contributed to the composer's actual departure. Rubinstein's actions, which soured his relations with both Tchaikovsky and von Meck, included imploring von Meck in person to end Tchaikovsky's subsidy for the composer's own good (Brown, The Crisis Years, 250; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 188–189). Rubinstein's actions, in turn, had been spurred by Tchaikovsky's withdrawal from the Russian delegation for the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">1878 Paris World's Fair</a>, a position for which Rubinstein had lobbied on the composer's behalf (Brown, The Crisis Years, 249–250; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 180, 188–189). Rubinstein had been scheduled to conduct four concerts there; the first featured Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto (Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 190). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Celebration of this anniversary did not take place as <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Alexander II">Alexander II was assassinated</a> in March 1881. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The piece also fulfilled a long-standing request by von Meck for such a work, to be performed by her then-house pianist, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> (Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 620). </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Its only other production had been by students from the Conservatory. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> As proof of Wagner's influence, Botstein cites a letter from Tchaikovsky to Taneyev, in which the composer "readily admits the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Nibelungen</a> on Francesca da Rimini". This letter is quoted in Brown, The Crisis Years, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> While it is sometimes thought these two ballets also influenced Tchaikovsky's work on Swan Lake, he had already composed that work before learning of them (Brown, The Crisis Years, 77). </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Vsevolozhsky originally intended the libretto for a now-unknown composer named Nikolai Klenovsky, not Tchaikovsky (Maes, 152). </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> The composer's original has since been published but most cellists still perform Fitzenhagen's version (Campbell, 77). </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Tchaikovsky's work with Julius Reisinger on Swan Lake was evidently also successful, since it left him with no qualms about working with Petipa, but very little is written about it (Maes, 146). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/russian/bgn-pcgn/">"Russian – BGN/PCGN transliteration system"</a>. transliteration.com. 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Royal Holloway, University of London. pp. 222–223, 229, 324, 333–337. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rewriting+Composers%27+Lives%3A+Critical+Historiography+and+Musical+Biography&rft.inst=Royal+Holloway%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QueerEncyclopedia2004-8"><a href="#cite_ref-QueerEncyclopedia2004_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2004" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=so0UAQAAIAAJ">The queer encyclopedia of music, dance & musical theater</a> (First ed.). 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44030280">""No Trace of Presence": Tchaikovsky and the Sixth in Forster's "Maurice""</a>. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal. 36 (1): 85–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-1276">0027-1276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44030280">44030280</a>. 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Kyiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Day&rft.atitle=Pyotr+Tchaikovsky%2C+a+Ukrainian+by+creative+spirit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fculture%2Fpyotr-tchaikovsky-ukrainian-creative-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearney2014" class="citation book cs1">Kearney, Leslie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFcABAAAQBAJ&q=fedor+chaika&pg=PA4">Tchaikovsky and His World</a>. 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Holden, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Holden, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 27; Holden, 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Poznansky, Quest, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 25–26; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 31; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Maes, 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Holden, 14; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Holden, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Holden, 15; Poznansky, Quest, 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-holden23-38"><a href="#cite_ref-holden23_38-0">^</a> Holden, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Holden, 23–24, 26; Poznansky, Quest, 32–37; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Holden, 24; Poznansky, Quest, 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> As quoted in Holden, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Holden, 24–25; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Poznansky, Eyes, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Holden, 25; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Maes, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Maes, 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Volkov, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Maes, 35; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 20; Holden, 38–39; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 36–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-taruskin_go4663-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taruskin_go4663_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taruskin_go4663_53-1">b</a> Taruskin, Grove Opera, 4:663–664. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Figes, xxxii; Volkov, 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Hosking, 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Poznansky, Eyes, 47–48; Rubinstein, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 76; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 608. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Holden, 83; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> As quoted in Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Figes, 178–181 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Maes, 8–9; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Garden, New Grove (2001), 8:913. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Maes, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Maes, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Maes, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Harlow" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Harlow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bso.org/works/symphony-no-2-little-russian">"Symphony No. 2, Little Russian"</a>. www.bso.org. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bso.org&rft.atitle=Symphony+No.+2%2C+Little+Russian&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Harlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bso.org%2Fworks%2Fsymphony-no-2-little-russian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Holden, 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley25147-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiley25147_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley25147_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley25147_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley25147_80-3">d</a> Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:147. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Steinberg, Concerto, 474–476; Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:161. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taruskin_665-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taruskin_665_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taruskin_665_83-1">b</a> Taruskin, 665. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Holden, 75–76; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Brown, Viking Opera Guide, 1086. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Maes, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 159, 170, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Brown, The Crisis Years, 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-brmm219-90"><a href="#cite_ref-brmm219_90-0">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-volkovsp126-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-volkovsp126_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-volkovsp126_91-1">b</a> Volkov, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Volkov, 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-brwa119-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brwa119_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brwa119_94-1">b</a> As quoted in Brown, The Years of Wandering, 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-brmm224-95"><a href="#cite_ref-brmm224_95-0">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Aaron Green,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/tchaikovskys-1812-overture-724401">"Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture"</a>, thoughtco.com, 25 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> As quoted in Brown, The Years of Wandering, 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Brown, The Years of Wandering, 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-browngrove18621-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-browngrove18621_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-browngrove18621_100-1">b</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 621; Holden, 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley162-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiley162_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley162_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley162_101-2">c</a> Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:162. </li> <li id="cite_note-brmm275-102"><a href="#cite_ref-brmm275_102-0">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Maes, 140; Taruskin, Grove Opera, 4:664. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Holden, 261; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Holden, 266; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Holden, 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 319–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Maes, 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-poz564-112"><a href="#cite_ref-poz564_112-0">^</a> Poznansky, Quest, 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Rimsky-Korsakov, 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Poznansky, Quest, 548–549. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Maes, 133–134; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Poznansky, Quest, 32 et passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Poznansky, as quoted in Holden, 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Poznansky, Eyes, 8, 24, 77, 82, 103–105, 165–168. Also see P. I. Chaikovskii. Al'manakh, vypusk 1, (Moscow, 1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Shaun (18 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/sep/18/tchaikovsky-not-gay-russian-minister">"Tchaikovsky was not gay, says Russian culture minister"</a>. The Guardian. 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Schubertiade music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schubertiademusic.com/index.php?catalog=catalog-4">the original</a> on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art%C3%B4t%2C+D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e+%281835%E2%80%931907%29&rft.pub=Schubertiade+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schubertiademusic.com%2Findex.php%3Fcatalog%3Dcatalog-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marriage-127"><a href="#cite_ref-marriage_127-0">^</a> Brown, The Crisis Years, 137–147; Polayansky, Quest, 207–208, 219–220; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 147–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-wedding2-128"><a href="#cite_ref-wedding2_128-0">^</a> Brown, The Crisis Years, 146–148; Poznansky, Quest, 234; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-wedding3-129"><a href="#cite_ref-wedding3_129-0">^</a> Brown, The Crisis Years, 157; Poznansky, Quest, 234; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-meck2-131"><a href="#cite_ref-meck2_131-0">^</a> Holden, 159, 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-meck1-132"><a href="#cite_ref-meck1_132-0">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Symphony_No._6">"Symphony No. 6"</a>. tchaikovsky-research.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=Symphony+No.+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FSymphony_No._6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 430–432; Holden, 371; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 269–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-brhosu-136"><a href="#cite_ref-brhosu_136-0">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 431–435; Holden, 373–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poznansky" title="Alexander Poznansky">Alexander Poznansky</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746320">Tchaikovsky's Suicide: Myth and Reality</a>" <a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th Century Music</a>, Spring 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley_ng25169-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiley_ng25169_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley_ng25169_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley_ng25169_138-2">c</a> Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:169. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, pp. 613, 620; Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Asafyev, 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Bostein, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Fuller, New Grove (2001), 24:681–662; Maes, 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Taruskin, Grove Opera, 4:664. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 189; Maes, 131, 138, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley_tchaik293-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiley_tchaik293_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley_tchaik293_147-1">b</a> Wiley, Tchaikovsky, 293–294. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 34, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 39, 52; Brown, The Final Years, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:149. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Gioachino_Rossini#Tchaikovsky_and_Rossini">"Gioachino Rossini"</a>. tchaikovsky-research.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=Gioachino+Rossini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FGioachino_Rossini%23Tchaikovsky_and_Rossini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Giuseppe_Verdi#Tchaikovsky_and_Verdi">"Giuseppe Verdi"</a>. tchaikovsky-research.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=Giuseppe+Verdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FGiuseppe_Verdi%23Tchaikovsky_and_Verdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Vincenzo_Bellini">"Vincenzo Bellini"</a>. tchaikovsky-research.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=Vincenzo+Bellini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FVincenzo_Bellini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Carl_Maria_von_Weber#Tchaikovsky_and_Weber">"Carl Maria von Weber"</a>. tchaikovsky-research.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=Carl+Maria+von+Weber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FCarl_Maria_von_Weber%23Tchaikovsky_and_Weber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Brown, The Early Years, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-brown_ng18628-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_ng18628_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_ng18628_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_ng18628_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_ng18628_156-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_ng18628_156-4">e</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 606. </li> <li id="cite_note-schonberg366-158"><a href="#cite_ref-schonberg366_158-0">^</a> Schonberg, 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-brown_final424-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_final424_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_final424_159-1">b</a> Brown, The Final Years, 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Cooper, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Cooper, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Warrack, Symphonies, 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 422, 432–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Roberts, New Grove (1980), 12:454. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> As quoted in Polyansky, Eyes, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Final Years, 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Zajaczkowski, 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-zhitomirsky102-168"><a href="#cite_ref-zhitomirsky102_168-0">^</a> Zhitomirsky, 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 426; Keller, 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-brown_final426-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_final426_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_final426_170-1">b</a> Brown, The Final Years, 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Keller, 346–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Warrack, Symphonies, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Keller, 346–347; Maes, 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Volkov, 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> As quoted in Botstein, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Botstein,_101-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Botstein,_101_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botstein,_101_176-1">b</a> Botstein, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Warrack, Symphonies, 9. Also see Brown, The Final Years, 422–423. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Benward & Saker, 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Brown, The Final Years, 423–424; Warrack, Symphonies, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maes161-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maes161_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maes161_180-1">b</a> Maes, 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628. Also see Bostrick, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Cooper, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Holoman, New Grove (2001), 12:413. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Maes, 73; Taruskin, Grove Opera, 4:669. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Brown, New Grovevol. 18, p. 628; Hopkins, New Grove (1980), 13:698. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Maes, 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> As quoted in Taruskin, Stravinsky, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Taruskin, Stravinsky, 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Volkov, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, pp. 613, 615. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Maes, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Figes, 274; Maes, 139–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-maes137-193"><a href="#cite_ref-maes137_193-0">^</a> Maes, 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Maes, 146, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Figes, 274; Maes, 78–79, 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Steinberg, Concerto, 486 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Brown, The Crisis Years, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Maes, 145–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-botstein99-202"><a href="#cite_ref-botstein99_202-0">^</a> Botstein, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> As quoted in Botstein, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick, Eduard</a>, Music Criticisms 1850–1900, ed. and trans. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pleasants_(music_critic)" title="Henry Pleasants (music critic)">Henry Pleasants</a> (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963). As quoted in Steinberg, Concerto, 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Boston Evening Transcript, 23 October 1892. As quoted in Steinberg, Symphony, 631 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:169. </li> <li id="cite_note-schonberg367-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schonberg367_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schonberg367_207-1">b</a> Schonberg, 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Kozinn </li> <li id="cite_note-horowitz-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz_209-2">c</a> Druckenbrod </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Botstein, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Brown, New Grove vol. 18, pp. 606–607, 628. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Steinberg, The Symphony, 611. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:144. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Holden, xxi; Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:144. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Maes, 73; Taruskin, Grove Opera, 4:663. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Maes, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> As quoted in Maes, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Maes, 73; Taruskin, Grove Opera, 664. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Holden, xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-tchaikovskyresearch-phonograph-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tchaikovskyresearch-phonograph_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tchaikovskyresearch-phonograph_221-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Endorsement_of_Thomas_Edison%27s_%22Phonograph%22">"Endorsement of Thomas Edison's 'Phonograph'"</a>, tchaikovsky-research.net </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> As quoted in Poznansky, Eyes, 216. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsafyev" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Asafyev" title="Boris Asafyev">Asafyev, Boris</a> (1947). "The Great Russian Composer". Russian Symphony: Thoughts About Tchaikovsky. New York: Philosophical Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/385806">385806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Russian+Composer&rft.btitle=Russian+Symphony%3A+Thoughts+About+Tchaikovsky&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F385806&rft.aulast=Asafyev&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenwardSaker" class="citation book cs1">Benward, Bruce; Saker, Marilyn (200). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-294262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-294262-0"><bdi>978-0-07-294262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%3A+In+Theory+and+Practice%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=200&rft.isbn=978-0-07-294262-0&rft.aulast=Benward&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Saker%2C+Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotstein" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Botstein, Leon</a> (1998). "Music as the Language of Psychological Realm". In Kearney, Leslie (ed.). Tchaikovsky and His World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00429-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00429-7"><bdi>978-0-691-00429-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+as+the+Language+of+Psychological+Realm&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky+and+His+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00429-7&rft.aulast=Botstein&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(musicologist)" title="David Brown (musicologist)">Brown, David</a> (1980). "'Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich' and 'Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich'". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> (20 volumes). London: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Glinka%2C+Mikhail+Ivanovich%27+and+%27Tchaikovsky%2C+Pyotr+Ilyich%27&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (1978). Tchaikovsky: The Early Years, 1840–1874. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07535-9"><bdi>978-0-393-07535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+The+Early+Years%2C+1840%E2%80%931874&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07535-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation book cs1">— (1983). Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874–1878. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01707-6"><bdi>978-0-393-01707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+The+Crisis+Years%2C+1874%E2%80%931878&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01707-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1986" class="citation book cs1">— (1986). Tchaikovsky: The Years of Wandering, 1878–1885. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02311-4"><bdi>978-0-393-02311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+The+Years+of+Wandering%2C+1878%E2%80%931885&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02311-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">— (1991). Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885–1893. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03099-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03099-0"><bdi>978-0-393-03099-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+The+Final+Years%2C+1885%E2%80%931893&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03099-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, David (1993). "Pyotr Tchaikovsky". In <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kenyon" title="Nicholas Kenyon">Nicholas Kenyon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Stephen Walsh</a> (eds.). The Viking Opera Guide. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81292-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81292-9"><bdi>978-0-670-81292-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pyotr+Tchaikovsky&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Opera+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-670-81292-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (2007). Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music. New York: Pegasus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23194-2"><bdi>978-0-571-23194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+The+Man+and+His+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pegasus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-571-23194-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tscha%C3%AFkovsky,_Peter_Ilich">"Tschaïkovsky, Peter Ilich" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 348–349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tscha%C3%AFkovsky%2C+Peter+Ilich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=348-349&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1946" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Martin (1946). "The Symphonies". In <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Gerald Abraham</a> (ed.). Music of Tchaikovsky. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/385829">385829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Symphonies&rft.btitle=Music+of+Tchaikovsky&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F385829&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckenbrod2011" class="citation news cs1">Druckenbrod, Andrew (30 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/11030/1121245-388.stm">"Festival to explore Tchaikovsky's changing reputation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Festival+to+explore+Tchaikovsky%27s+changing+reputation&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft.aulast=Druckenbrod&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F11030%2F1121245-388.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes, Orlando</a> (2002). Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia. New York: Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5783-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5783-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-5783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natasha%27s+Dance%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5783-6&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holden" title="Anthony Holden">Holden, Anthony</a> (1995). Tchaikovsky: A Biography. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42006-4"><bdi>978-0-679-42006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42006-4&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Kern_Holoman" title="D. Kern Holoman">Holoman, D. Kern</a>, "Instrumentation and orchestration, 4: 19th century". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001), 29 vols., ed. Sadie, Stanley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5">978-1-56159-239-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hopkins_(composer)" title="Bill Hopkins (composer)">Hopkins, G. W.</a>, "Orchestration, 4: 19th century". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: MacMillan, 1980), 20 vols., ed. Sadie, Stanley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1">978-0-333-23111-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking, Geoffrey</a>, Russia and the Russians: A History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00473-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00473-3">978-0-674-00473-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Kozinn, Allan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/arts/critic-s-notebook-defending-tchaikovsky-with-gravity-and-with-froth.html?ref=peterilyichtchaikovsky">"Critic's Notebook; Defending Tchaikovsky, With Gravity and With Froth"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 18 July 1992. Retrieved 27 February 2012.</li> <li>Maes, Francis, tr. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Pomerans" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold J. Pomerans">Arnold J. Pomerans</a> and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21815-4">978-0-520-21815-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poznansky" title="Alexander Poznansky">Poznansky, Alexander</a>, Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man (New York: Schirmer Books, 1991). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-871885-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-871885-9">978-0-02-871885-9</a>.</li> <li>Poznansky, Alexander, Tchaikovsky Through Others' Eyes. (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33545-6">978-0-253-33545-6</a>.</li> <li>Roberts, David, "Modulation (i)". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: MacMillan, 1980), 20 vols., ed. Sadie, Stanley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1">978-0-333-23111-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein, Anton</a>, tr. Aline Delano, Autobiography of Anton Rubinstein: 1829–1889 (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1890). Library of Congress Control Number <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/06004844">06-4844</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schonberg,_Harold_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Schonberg, Harold C.">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> Lives of the Great Composers (New York: W. W. Norton, 3rd ed. 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6">978-0-393-03857-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Steinberg, Michael</a>, The Symphony (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).</li> <li>Steinberg, Michael, The Concerto (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a>, "Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Il'yich", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a> (London and New York: Macmillan, 1992), 4 vols, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48552-1">978-0-333-48552-1</a>.</li> <li>Taruskin, Richard, Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions, Volume One (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29348-9">978-0-520-29348-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Volkov" title="Solomon Volkov">Volkov, Solomon</a>, Romanov Riches: Russian Writers and Artists Under the Tsars (New York: Alfred A. Knopf House, 2011), tr. <a href="/wiki/Antonina_W._Bouis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonina W. Bouis">Bouis, Antonina W.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27063-4">978-0-307-27063-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrack,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrack, John">Warrack, John</a>, Tchaikovsky Symphonies and Concertos (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969). <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/78105437">78-105437</a>.</li> <li>Warrack, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tchaikovsky0000warr">Tchaikovsky</a> (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13558-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13558-8">978-0-684-13558-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_John_Wiley" title="Roland John Wiley">Wiley, Roland John</a>, "Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001), 29 vols., ed. Sadie, Stanley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5">978-1-56159-239-5</a>.</li> <li>Wiley, Roland John, The Master Musicians: Tchaikovsky (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536892-5">978-0-19-536892-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Zhitomirsky" title="Daniel Zhitomirsky">Zhitomirsky, Daniel</a>, "Symphonies". In Russian Symphony: Thoughts About Tchaikovsky (New York: Philosophical Library, 1947). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/385806">385806</a>.</li> <li>Zajaczkowski, Henry, Tchaikovsky's Musical Style (Ann Arbor and London: UMI Research Press, 1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1806-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1806-6">978-0-8357-1806-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bullock" title="Philip Bullock">Bullock, Philip Ross</a> (2016). Pyotr Tchaikovsky. London, U.K.: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-654-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-654-4"><bdi>978-1-78023-654-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932385370">932385370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyotr+Tchaikovsky&rft.place=London%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932385370&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-654-4&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Philip+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hanson, Lawrence and Hanson, Elisabeth, Tchaikovsky: The Man Behind the Music (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company). <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/66013606">66-13606</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Tchaikovsky, Pyotr">Free scores by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tchaikovsky-research.net">Tchaikovsky Research</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/tchaikovsky">"Discovering Tchaikovsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Tchaikovsky&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Ftchaikovsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Ilyich+Tchaikovsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/25665">Works by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tchaikovsky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tchaikovsky%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tchaikovsky%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Tchaikovsky%22%29%20OR%20%28%221840-1893%22%20AND%20Tchaikovsky%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Template:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Template talk:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Musical style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphonies_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Symphonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">The Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyevoda_(opera)" title="The Voyevoda (opera)">The Voyevoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undina_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Undina (Tchaikovsky)">Undina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oprichnik" title="The Oprichnik">The Oprichnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakula_the_Smith" title="Vakula the Smith">Vakula the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(opera)" title="The Maid of Orleans (opera)">The Maid of Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazeppa_(opera)" title="Mazeppa (opera)">Mazepa (or Mazeppa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherevichki" title="Cherevichki">Cherevichki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enchantress_(opera)" title="The Enchantress (opera)">The Enchantress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)" title="The Queen of Spades (opera)">The Queen of Spades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolanta" title="Iolanta">Iolanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)" title="The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)">The Sleeping Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">No. 1 in G minor</a> (Winter Daydreams)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">No. 2 in C minor</a> (Little Russian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">No. 3 in D major</a> (Polish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)">No. 4 in F minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Symphony" title="Manfred Symphony">Symphony in B minor</a> (Manfred)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Tchaikovsky)">No. 5 in E minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">No. 6 in B minor</a> (Pathétique)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_E-flat_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony in E-flat (Tchaikovsky)">Symphony in E♭ major</a> (unfinished)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">Piano Concerto No. 1 in B♭ minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">Piano Concerto No. 3 in E♭ major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Fantasia_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Concert Fantasia (Tchaikovsky)">Concert Fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andante_and_Finale" title="Andante and Finale">Andante and Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9r%C3%A9nade_m%C3%A9lancolique" title="Sérénade mélancolique">Sérénade mélancolique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valse-Scherzo_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Valse-Scherzo (Tchaikovsky)">Valse-Scherzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)">Violin Concerto in D major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Rococo_Theme" title="Variations on a Rococo Theme">Variations on a Rococo Theme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezzo_capriccioso" title="Pezzo capriccioso">Pezzo capriccioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky/Leonovich)" title="Cello Concerto (Tchaikovsky/Leonovich)">Cello Concerto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)">Romeo and Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(Tchaikovsky)" title="The Tempest (Tchaikovsky)">The Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Hamlet (Tchaikovsky)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_Italien" title="Capriccio Italien">Capriccio Italien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Tchaikovsky)">Francesca da Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Tchaikovsky)" title="The Storm (Tchaikovsky)">The Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatum_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Fatum (Tchaikovsky)">Fatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyevoda_(symphonic_ballad)" title="The Voyevoda (symphonic ballad)">The Voyevoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Overture_on_the_Danish_National_Anthem" title="Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem">Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Coronation_March" title="Festival Coronation March">Festival Coronation March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Suite_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Orchestral Suite No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Suite_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Orchestral Suite No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Suite_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Orchestral Suite No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Suite_No._4_Mozartiana_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Orchestral Suite No. 4 Mozartiana (Tchaikovsky)">Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major</a> (Mozartiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenade_for_Strings_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Serenade for Strings (Tchaikovsky)">Serenade for Strings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Tchaikovsky)">Liturgy of St John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Night_Vigil_(Tchaikovsky)" title="All-Night Vigil (Tchaikovsky)">All-Night Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Moscow (Tchaikovsky)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Romances,_Opus_38_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Six Romances, Opus 38 (Tchaikovsky)">Six Romances</a> (Op. 38)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartet_Movement_in_B-flat_major_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Quartet Movement in B-flat major (Tchaikovsky)">Quartet Movement in B♭ major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">String Quartet No. 1 in D major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Tchaikovsky)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)">String Quartet No. 2 in F major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._3_(Tchaikovsky)" title="String Quartet No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)">String Quartet No. 3 in E♭ minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir_d%27un_lieu_cher" title="Souvenir d'un lieu cher">Souvenir d'un lieu cher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Trio (Tchaikovsky)">Piano Trio in A minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir_de_Florence" title="Souvenir de Florence">String Sextet in D minor (Souvenir de Florence)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scherzo_%C3%A0_la_russe_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Scherzo à la russe (Tchaikovsky)">Scherzo à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir_de_Hapsal" title="Souvenir de Hapsal">Souvenir de Hapsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Tchaikovsky)" title="The Seasons (Tchaikovsky)">The Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_G_major_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Sonata in G major (Tchaikovsky)">Grand Piano Sonata in G major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_C-sharp_minor_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor (Tchaikovsky)">Piano Sonata No. 2 in C♯ minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_(film)" title="Tchaikovsky (film)">Tchaikovsky</a> (1970 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Lovers" title="The Music Lovers">The Music Lovers</a> (1971 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Davydov" title="Vladimir Davydov">Vladimir Davydov</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonina_Miliukova" title="Antonina Miliukova">Antonina Miliukova</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a> (patron)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_in_media" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in media">In popular media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_State_House-Museum" title="Tchaikovsky State House-Museum">Tchaikovsky State House-Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_Museum_(Votkinsk)" title="Tchaikovsky Museum (Votkinsk)">Tchaikovsky Museum (Votkinsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra">Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaikovskij_(crater)" title="Chaikovskij (crater)">Chaikovskij (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tchaikovsky_Competition" title="International Tchaikovsky Competition">International Tchaikovsky Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Tchaikovsky_Competition_for_Young_Musicians" title="International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians">International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(Tchaikovsky%27s_unfinished_symphony)" title="Life (Tchaikovsky's unfinished symphony)">Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Category:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121449518">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/99258155">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38533/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8wXMBthrqc4mkKtJhpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118638157">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79072979">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900329p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900329p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435632">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV121214">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36131318">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981002507&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000084170&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4578529">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/142629">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068877110">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90142966">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034621&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000101373&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000042119">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=65846">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=176782">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000021617">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018G4707">Korea</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199637006">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3525690cjjjhr">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542634005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/60439">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268716305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000061670">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520450106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14702871">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02705357?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9ddd7abc-9e1b-471d-8031-583bc6bc8be9">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102415">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/t0320">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1217422">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118638157.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118638157">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027780090">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16614780">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s181n8">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/144048">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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