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id="toc-Recently:_retro-tech,_wild_tech,_rebel-tech,_small-tech,_(s)low-tech,_easy-tech,_no-tech,_lo-tek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recently:_retro-tech,_wild_tech,_rebel-tech,_small-tech,_(s)low-tech,_easy-tech,_no-tech,_lo-tek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recently:_retro-tech,_wild_tech,_rebel-tech,_small-tech,_(s)low-tech,_easy-tech,_no-tech,_lo-tek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Many_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Many_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Many definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Many_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Many definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Many_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Binary definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technocriticists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technocriticists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Technocriticists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technocriticists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recently:_a_wider_and_more_balanced_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recently:_a_wider_and_more_balanced_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recently: a wider and more balanced approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recently:_a_wider_and_more_balanced_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_traditional_practices_(primary_and_secondary_sectors)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_traditional_practices_(primary_and_secondary_sectors)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_traditional_practices_(primary_and_secondary_sectors)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_or_consumer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_or_consumer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic or consumer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_or_consumer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_green-tech_and_low-tech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_green-tech_and_low-tech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences between green-tech and low-tech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_green-tech_and_low-tech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_on_the_'real'_low-techs,_and_difference(s)_with_high_tech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_the_'real'_low-techs,_and_difference(s)_with_high_tech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Debate on the 'real' low-techs, and difference(s) with high tech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_the_'real'_low-techs,_and_difference(s)_with_high_tech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_of_low-technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_of_low-technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legal status of low-technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_of_low-technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_associated_with_low-technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_associated_with_low-technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Groups associated with low-technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups_associated_with_low-technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_tecnolog%C3%ADa" title="Baja tecnología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baja tecnología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فناوری سطح پایین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فناوری سطح پایین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-tech" title="Low-tech – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Low-tech" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC" title="로테크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로테크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_rendah" title="Teknologi rendah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknologi rendah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_tech" title="Low tech – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Low tech" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Simple technology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Low-cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost">Low-cost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frugal_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugal Innovation">Frugal Innovation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jugaad" title="Jugaad">Jugaad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Green tech">Green tech</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Deep_tech" title="Deep tech">Deep tech</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low-tech innovation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG/253px-Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="253" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG/380px-Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG/506px-Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A controlled open fire using wood, <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">invented 1.7-2 million years ago</a>, being used for cooking in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Low technology</b> (<b>low tech</b>; adjective forms: <b>low-technology</b>, <b>low-tech</b>, <b>lo-tech</b>) is simple <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, as opposed to <i><a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-climateforesight_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climateforesight-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, low tech is related to the concept of mid-tech, that is a balance between low-tech and high-tech, which combines the efficiency and versatility of high tech with low tech's potential for autonomy and resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_origin">Historical origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low-tech-infographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Low-tech-infographic.jpg/329px-Low-tech-infographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="329" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Low-tech-infographic.jpg/494px-Low-tech-infographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Low-tech-infographic.jpg/658px-Low-tech-infographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Infographic « Low-techs: Sustainably securing the essentials for all » gathering the criteria for any low-tech innovation approach </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Primitive_technology" title="Category:Primitive technology">Primitive technologies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bushcraft" title="Bushcraft">bushcraft</a>, tools that use <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, etc. can be seen as <i>low-tech</i>, as the pre–<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> machines such as <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboats</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-nolowhigh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolowhigh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_1970s">In the 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion"> economic boom</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> resulted in a doubt on progress, technology and growth at the beginning of the 70s, notably with through the report <i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i> (1972). Many have sought to define what soft technologies are, leading to a "low-tech movement". Such technologies have been described as "intermediaries" (<a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-schumacher_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schumacher-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "liberating" (<a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">M. Bookchin</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-bookchin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookchin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>. Thus, a philosophy of advocating a widespread use of soft technologies was developed in the United States, and many studies were carried out in those years, in particular by researchers like <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Winner" title="Langdon Winner">Langdon Winner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winner2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winner2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_and_later">2000s and later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000s and later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low-tech Mobility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG/220px-Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG/330px-Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG/440px-Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Skateboarding as a way of Low-tech mobility, in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <p>"Low-tech" has been more and more employed in the scientific writings, in particular in the analyzes of the work from some authors of the 1970s: see for example Hirsch ‐ Kreinsen,<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch‐Kreinsen2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch‐Kreinsen2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the book "High tech, low tech, no tech" <sup id="cite_ref-nolowhigh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolowhigh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Gordon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the perspective of resource scarcity <sup id="cite_ref-heinberg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heinberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – especially minerals – lead to an increasingly severe criticism on <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-techs</a> and technology. </p><p>Since 2007, the Belgian Kris de Decker has published (with his collaborators) some reflections on low-tech solutions, the problem of high-techs, and the updating of technologies supposedly "obsolete" via the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/">Low <-tech Magazine</a>". The header is: "Doubts on progress and technology", and specifies that the lowtechs "refuse to assume that each problem has a high-tech solution",<sup id="cite_ref-ltmag_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltmag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a progressive translation of the articles in other languages since recently. </p><p>In 2014, the french engineer Philippe Bihouix published "L'âge des low tech" (The age of low-techs) where he presents how a european nation like <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, with little mineral and energy resources, could become a "low-tech" nation (instead of a "start-up" nation) to better correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> goals of such nation.<sup id="cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cites various examples of low-techs initiative and describe the low-tech philosophy and principles. In 2015, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lowtechlab.org/en">Low-tech Lab</a> project opened, consisting in a low-tech web platform for documentation and free sharing ('wiki' type) of inventions, and to put forward reflections on the <i>low-tech</i> philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recently:_retro-tech,_wild_tech,_rebel-tech,_small-tech,_(s)low-tech,_easy-tech,_no-tech,_lo-tek"><span id="Recently:_retro-tech.2C_wild_tech.2C_rebel-tech.2C_small-tech.2C_.28s.29low-tech.2C_easy-tech.2C_no-tech.2C_lo-tek"></span>Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous new definitions have come to supplement or qualify the term "low-tech", intended to be more precise because they are restricted to a particular characteristic: </p> <ul><li><b>retro-tech</b>: more oriented toward old but smart inventions (not necessarily useful, durable and accessible), parallels can nevertheless be found with low-tech, because these innovations often are decentralized and simpler technologies (because manufactured by individuals) ".<sup id="cite_ref-retro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Wild-tech</b>: beyond the <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> / low-tech opposition, it intends to give "tools to better think these ways of manufacturing which escape any classification".<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaudTastevin2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaudTastevin2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unclassifiable techs. Can also be linked to "tech rebel", a movement whose goal is to hack and to re-appropriate any type of technology.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>small-tech</b>: opposed to "<a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a>", which includes the GAFAM. It thus referred to digital questions, "in the perspective of maintaining a high level of technological complexity but on the basis of the notions of commons, collaborative work and the principles of democracy and social justice"<sup id="cite_ref-fabecol_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fabecol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>(s)lowtech</b>, or <b>slow-tech</b>: uses the <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">play-on-words</a> (s)low / slow. Aims at: "exploring the drawbacks of technology and its effects on human health and development".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also indicates a movement aimed at reducing addiction to <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, especially among the youngsters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its highest similarity with the definition of low-techs is that it is restricted to technologies (of all kinds) that promote a slow <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slowtech_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slowtech-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>easy-tech</b>: technology easy to implement, to use, and accessible to all.<sup id="cite_ref-chatelperron2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatelperron2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the heart of the commonly accepted definition of low-tech.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>no-tech</b>: promotes a lifestyle avoiding the use of technology, when possible. It joins some <a href="/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">technocritical</a> writings on the negative and time-consuming aspect of most "modern" technologies. See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notechmagazine.com/about">no-tech magazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Lo-Tek</b> (or <b>LoTek</b>): name introduced by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Watson_(landscape_designer)" title="Julia Watson (landscape designer)">Julia Watson</a> for her book "The Power of Lo — TEK - A global exploration of nature-based technology".<sup id="cite_ref-watsonbook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watsonbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author brings together multigenerational knowledge and practices to "counter the idea that <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples"> aboriginal</a> <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> is primitive and exists isolated from <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. " TEK is the acronym for "Traditional Ecological Knowledge".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Many_definitions">Many definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Many definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_definition">Binary definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Binary definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Cambridge International Dictionary of English</i>, the concept of low-tech is simply defined as a technique that is not recent, or using old <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dico_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dico-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies that are considered <i>low-tech</i> have a simple operation. The less sophisticated an object, the more low-tech. This definition does not take into account the <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> aspect, as it is only based on a simplistic definition of low-tech philosophy. The low-techs would then be seen as a "step backwards", and not as possible <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>. </p><p>Also, with this definition, the "<a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a>" (ex: the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>) of a certain era becomes the "low-tech" of the one after (ex: compared to the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technocriticists">Technocriticists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technocriticists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></div> <p>Low-tech is sometimes described as an "anti <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a>" movement, as a deliberate renunciation of a complicated and expensive <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. This kind of protest <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">movement</a> criticizes any disproportionate <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>: a comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">neo-luddic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism"> technocritical</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">movements</a>, which appeared since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, is then possible. This critical part of the <i>low-tech</i> movement can be called "no-tech", see for instance "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notechmagazine.com/2016/07/no-tech-reader-7.html">No-tech magazine</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recently:_a_wider_and_more_balanced_approach">Recently: a wider and more balanced approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recently: a wider and more balanced approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second, more nuanced definition of low-tech may appear. This definition takes into account the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy"> philosophical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eco-friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-friendly">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> aspects. Low-tech are no longer restricted to old techniques, but also extended to new, future-oriented techniques, more <a href="/wiki/Eco-friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-friendly">ecological</a> and intended to recreate social bounds. A low-tech innovation is then possible.<sup id="cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to the first definition, this one is much more <a href="/wiki/Optimistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimistic">optimistic</a> and has a <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/positive#Adjective">positive</a> connotation. It would then oppose the <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a> of objects (often “<a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a>”) and question the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer society">consumer society</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> principles underneath. With this definition, the concept of <i>low-tech</i> thus implies that anyone could make objects using their intelligence, and share their <a href="/wiki/Know-how" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-how">know-how</a> to popularize their creations. A low-tech must therefore be <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accessible#Adjective">accessible</a> to all, and could therefore help in reduction of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality"> inequalities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, some reduce the definition of low-tech to meet basic needs (eating, drinking, housing, heating ...), which disqualifies many technologies from the definition of low-techs, but this definition does not is not always accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaudTastevin2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaudTastevin2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, considering that the definition of low-tech is relative, some prefer to use <i>lower tech</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to emphasize a higher sobriety compared to <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a>, without claiming to be perfectly "low". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/220px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/330px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/440px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_traditional_practices_(primary_and_secondary_sectors)"><span id="From_traditional_practices_.28primary_and_secondary_sectors.29"></span>From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Note:</b> almost all of the entries in this section should be prefixed by the word <i>traditional</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_cargo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low-tech transportation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/White_cargo.jpg/220px-White_cargo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/White_cargo.jpg/330px-White_cargo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/White_cargo.jpg/440px-White_cargo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">Cargo bike</a> as a way of low-tech transportation</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> produced on non-automated looms, and <a href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">basketry</a>.</li> <li>hand <a href="/wiki/Wood-working" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-working">wood-working</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coopering" class="mw-redirect" title="Coopering">coopering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>.</li> <li>the trade of the <a href="/wiki/Shipwright" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwright">ship-wright</a>.</li> <li>the trade of the <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">wheel-wright</a>.</li> <li>the trade of the <a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">wainwright</a>: making wagons. (the Latin word for a two-wheeled <i>wagon</i> is <i>carpentum</i>, the maker of which was a <i>carpenter</i>.)</li></ul> <p>(<i>Wright</i> is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agent_form&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agent form (page does not exist)">agent form</a> of the word <i>wrought</i>, which itself is the original <a href="/wiki/Past_passive_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past passive participle">past passive participle</a> of the word <i>work</i>, now superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">weak verb</a> forms <i>worker</i> and <i>worked</i> respectively.) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacksmithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacksmithing">blacksmithing</a> and the various related <a href="/wiki/Smithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithing">smithing</a> and metal-crafts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> played on <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic instruments">acoustic instruments</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> (particularly, <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> (i.e.; agriculture as practiced by all American farmers prior to World War II).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milling</a> in the sense of operating hand-constructed equipment with the intent to either grind grain, or the reduction of timber to lumber as practiced in a <a href="/wiki/Saw-mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Saw-mill">saw-mill</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">drop spindle</a> spinning, <a href="/wiki/Hand_knitting" title="Hand knitting">hand knitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">crochet</a>, & similar textile preparation.</li> <li>the production of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Charcoal maker">collier</a>, for use in <a href="/wiki/Home_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Home heating">home heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> operations, <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/Smithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithing">smithing</a> trades, and for brushing ones teeth as in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-blowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-blowing">glass-blowing</a>.</li> <li>various subskills of <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking (food)">smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">drying</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Note</b>: <a href="/wiki/Home_canning" title="Home canning">home canning</a> is a counter example of a <b>low technology</b> since some of the supplies needed to pursue this skill rely on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_trade_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global trade network (page does not exist)">global trade network</a> and an existing manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>the production of various <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>: poorly preserved fruit juice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>: a way to preserve the calories of grain products from decay.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>: an improved (<a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a>) form of beer.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint-knapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint-knapping">flint-knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> as used in <a href="/wiki/Castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedrals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedrals">cathedrals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">root cellars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_or_consumer">Domestic or consumer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Domestic or consumer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg/220px-Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg/330px-Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg/440px-Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Candlelight used in electricity rationing in Oslo in 1948</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zero_waste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low-tech living" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zero_waste.jpg/220px-Zero_waste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zero_waste.jpg/330px-Zero_waste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zero_waste.jpg/440px-Zero_waste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Zero waste as a way of low-tech living</figcaption></figure> <p>(Non exhaustive) list of <i>low-tech</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">westerner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday life</a>: </p> <ul><li>Getting around by <a href="/wiki/Bike" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike">bike</a>, and repairing it with second-hand materials</li> <li>Using a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">cargo bike</a> to carry loads (rather than a <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">gasoline vehicle</a>)</li> <li>Drying <a href="/wiki/Clothes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothes">clothes</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Clothesline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothesline">clothesline</a> or on a <a href="/wiki/Clothes_horse" title="Clothes horse">drying rack</a></li> <li>Washing clothes by hand, or in a human-powered <a href="/wiki/Laundry#Washing_machines_and_other_devices" title="Laundry">washing machine</a></li> <li>Cooling one's home with a <a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">fan</a> or an air expander (rather than electrical <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">appliances</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner">air conditioners</a>)</li> <li>Using a bell as <a href="/wiki/Doorbell#Mechanical_bell_systems" title="Doorbell">door bell</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">cellar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pot-in-pot_refrigerator" title="Pot-in-pot refrigerator">"desert fridge"</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">icebox</a> (rather than a <a href="/wiki/Fridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fridge">fridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">freezer</a>)</li> <li>Long-distance <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sailing_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing boat">sailing boat</a> (rather than by <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">plane</a>)</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker</a> bag or a <a href="/wiki/Tote_bag" title="Tote bag">Tote bag</a> (rather than a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">plastic bag</a>) to carry things</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter#Permanent_match" title="Lighter">Swedish lighter</a> (rather than disposable <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">lighter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Matches" class="mw-redirect" title="Matches">matches</a>)</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Drill#Hand_drill" title="Drill">hand drill</a>, instead of an <a href="/wiki/Drill#Corded" title="Drill">electric</a> one</li> <li>Lighting with <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> textiles</li> <li>To water <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> with <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sheet">Paper sheets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Note-taking" title="Note-taking">note-taking</a></li> <li>To clean with a <a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">broom</a> (rather than a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaner</a>)</li> <li>To find one's <a href="/wiki/Map#Orientation_of_maps" title="Map">way</a> with <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> & <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> (rather than by <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes_line.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Clothes_line.JPG/220px-Clothes_line.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Clothes_line.JPG/330px-Clothes_line.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Clothes_line.JPG/440px-Clothes_line.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rotary <a href="/wiki/Clothesline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothesline">clothesline</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/220px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/330px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/440px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Handmade broom</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the thinkers opposed to modern technologies, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Technological_Society" title="The Technological Society">The Technological Society</a></i>, 1954; <i>The technological bluff</i>, 1988), <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a>. In the second volume of his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Machine" title="The Myth of the Machine">The Myth of the Machine</a></i> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a> develops the notion of "biotechnology", to designate "bioviable" techniques that would be considered as ecologically responsible, i.e. which establish a homeostatic relationship between resources and needs. In his famous <i><a href="/wiki/Small_is_beautiful" class="mw-redirect" title="Small is beautiful">Small is beautiful</a></i> (1973), <a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a> uses the concept of "intermediate technology",<sup id="cite_ref-schumacher_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schumacher-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds fairly precisely to what "low tech" means. He has also created the "<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Technology_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate Technology Development Group">Intermediate Technology Development Group</a>”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_green-tech_and_low-tech">Differences between green-tech and low-tech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Differences between green-tech and low-tech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_on_the_'real'_low-techs,_and_difference(s)_with_high_tech"><span id="Debate_on_the_.27real.27_low-techs.2C_and_difference.28s.29_with_high_tech"></span>Debate on the 'real' low-techs, and difference(s) with high tech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debate on the 'real' low-techs, and difference(s) with high tech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_of_low-technology">Legal status of low-technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal status of low-technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">Handicraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural foods">Natural foods</a></div> <p>By federal law in the United States, only those articles produced with little or no use of machinery or tools with complex mechanisms may be stamped with the designation "hand-wrought" or "hand-made". Lengthy court-battles are currently underway over the precise definition of the terms "organic" and "natural" as applied to <a href="/wiki/Foodstuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodstuff">foodstuffs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_associated_with_low-technology">Groups associated with low-technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Groups associated with low-technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/220px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/330px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/440px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Horse and cart in 2004</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>, popularized by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stickley" title="Gustav Stickley">Gustav Stickley</a> in America around 1900.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> movement of Germany around the same time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-It-Yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-It-Yourself">Do-It-Yourself</a> phenomenon arising in America following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a> beginning in America during the 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luddites" class="mw-redirect" title="Luddites">Luddites</a>, whose activities date to the very beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.</li> <li>Living history and <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museums</a> around the world, which strives to recreate bygone societies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a> adherents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and to a lesser extent some sects of the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, who specifically refuse some newer technologies to avoid undesirable effects on themselves or their societies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivalists">Survivalists</a> are often proponents,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> since low-technology is inherently more <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/robust" class="extiw" title="wikt:robust">robust</a> than its <a href="/wiki/High-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High-technology">high-technology</a> counterpart.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obsolescence" title="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">Embodied energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate technology">Intermediate technology</a> – sometimes used to mean technology between low and high technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">Pre-industrial society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFalkLyson1988" class="citation book cs1">Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPV8kFKSZgC&q=%22low+tech%22&pg=PR9"><i>High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887067297" title="Special:BookSources/9780887067297"><bdi>9780887067297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+tech%2C+low+tech%2C+no+tech%3A+recent+industrial+and+occupational+change+in+the+South&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780887067297&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Lyson%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPV8kFKSZgC%26q%3D%2522low%2Btech%2522%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Decker2012" class="citation book cs1">De Decker, Kris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2019/12/the-printed-website-is-complete.html"><i>Low-tech magazine (tome 1 and 2)</i></a>. Low-tech Magazine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781794711525" title="Special:BookSources/9781794711525"><bdi>9781794711525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Low-tech+magazine+%28tome+1+and+2%29&rft.pub=Low-tech+Magazine&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781794711525&rft.aulast=De+Decker&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolar.lowtechmagazine.com%2F2019%2F12%2Fthe-printed-website-is-complete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2020" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Julia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/04698/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm"><i>Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism</i></a>. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836578189" title="Special:BookSources/978-3836578189"><bdi>978-3836578189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo%E2%80%94TEK.+Design+by+Radical+Indigenism&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3836578189&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taschen.com%2Fpages%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2Farchitecture%2Fall%2F04698%2Ffacts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Ginn2019" class="citation book cs1">Peter Ginn (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JXuwgEACAAJ&q=Slow+Tech"><i>Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World</i></a>. Haynes UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785216169" title="Special:BookSources/9781785216169"><bdi>9781785216169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slow+Tech%3A+The+Perfect+Antidote+to+Today%27s+Digital+World&rft.pub=Haynes+UK&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781785216169&rft.au=Peter+Ginn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JXuwgEACAAJ%26q%3DSlow%2BTech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-climateforesight-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climateforesight_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexis_Bernigaud" class="citation web cs1">Alexis Bernigaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climateforesight.eu/energy/low-tech-is-the-new-high-tech/">"Low-Tech is the new High-Tech"</a>. <i>climateforesight.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climateforesight.eu&rft.atitle=Low-Tech+is+the+new+High-Tech&rft.au=Alexis+Bernigaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climateforesight.eu%2Fenergy%2Flow-tech-is-the-new-high-tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostakisPazaitisLiarokapis2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex; Liarokapis, Minas (2023-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20539517231180583">"Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance"</a>. <i>BigData&Society</i>. <b>10</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20539517231180583">10.1177/20539517231180583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2053-9517">2053-9517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BigData%26Society&rft.atitle=Beyond+high-tech+versus+low-tech%3A+A+tentative+framework+for+sustainable+urban+data+governance&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F20539517231180583&rft.issn=2053-9517&rft.aulast=Kostakis&rft.aufirst=Vasilis&rft.au=Pazaitis%2C+Alex&rft.au=Liarokapis%2C+Minas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F20539517231180583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolowhigh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nolowhigh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nolowhigh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkLyson1988" class="citation book cs1">Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPV8kFKSZgC&q=%22low+tech%22&pg=PR9"><i>High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887067297" title="Special:BookSources/9780887067297"><bdi>9780887067297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+tech%2C+low+tech%2C+no+tech%3A+recent+industrial+and+occupational+change+in+the+South&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780887067297&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Lyson%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPV8kFKSZgC%26q%3D%2522low%2Btech%2522%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schumacher-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schumacher_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schumacher_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_Friedrich_Schumacher2010" class="citation book cs1">Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKo3ALhVFKcC&q=Small+is+beautiful"><i>Small is beautiful : economics as if people mattered</i></a>. HarperPerennia. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199776-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199776-1"><bdi>978-0-06-199776-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+is+beautiful+%3A+economics+as+if+people+mattered&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=HarperPerennia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-199776-1&rft.au=Ernst+Friedrich+Schumacher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKo3ALhVFKcC%26q%3DSmall%2Bis%2Bbeautiful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookchin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bookchin_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_Bookchin1971" class="citation book cs1">Murray Bookchin (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/Post-Scarcity%20Anarchism%20-%20Murray%20Bookchin.pdf"><i>Post-Scarcity Anarchism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ramparts Press. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Scarcity+Anarchism&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Ramparts+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Murray+Bookchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Ffiles%2FPost-Scarcity%2520Anarchism%2520-%2520Murray%2520Bookchin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winner2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winner2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Winner, Langdon (2016). "Mythinformation in the high-tech era". <i>Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 582–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F027046768400400609">10.1177/027046768400400609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-4676">0270-4676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151175845">151175845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Science%2C+Technology+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Mythinformation+in+the+high-tech+era&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=582-596&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151175845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0270-4676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F027046768400400609&rft.aulast=Winner&rft.aufirst=Langdon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirsch‐Kreinsen2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirsch‐Kreinsen2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch-Kreinsen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hirsch-Kreinsen, Hartmut (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Low-Tech" Innovations". <i>Industry and Innovation</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 19–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13662710701850691">10.1080/13662710701850691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1366-2716">1366-2716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154429255">154429255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industry+and+Innovation&rft.atitle=%22Low-Tech%22+Innovations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-43&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154429255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1366-2716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13662710701850691&rft.aulast=Hirsch-Kreinsen&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Uri (2009). "Anarchism and the Politics of Technology". <i>WorkingUSA</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 489–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-4580.2009.00250.x">10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00250.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-7011">1089-7011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145449806">145449806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WorkingUSA&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+the+Politics+of+Technology&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-503&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145449806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1089-7011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-4580.2009.00250.x&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinberg-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heinberg_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Heinberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Richard Heinberg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4uHXSxynE0sC&q=Peak+Everything+-+Waking+Up+in+the+Century+of+Decline"><i>Peak Everything - Waking Up in the Century of Decline</i></a>. Ramparts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-598-1"><bdi>978-0-86571-598-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Everything+-+Waking+Up+in+the+Century+of+Decline&rft.pub=Ramparts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-598-1&rft.au=Richard+Heinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4uHXSxynE0sC%26q%3DPeak%2BEverything%2B-%2BWaking%2BUp%2Bin%2Bthe%2BCentury%2Bof%2BDecline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ltmag-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ltmag_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKris_de_Decker" class="citation web cs1">Kris de Decker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/">"Low-Tech Magazine"</a>. <i>lowtechmagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lowtechmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Low-Tech+Magazine&rft.au=Kris+de+Decker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolar.lowtechmagazine.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bihouix2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bihouix2014_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Bihouix2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philippe Bihouix (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seuil.com/ouvrage/l-age-des-low-tech-philippe-bihouix/9782021160727"><i>L'âge des low tech</i></a> (in French). Editions du Seuil. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-116072-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-116072-7"><bdi>978-2-02-116072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A2ge+des+low+tech&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-02-116072-7&rft.au=Philippe+Bihouix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seuil.com%2Fouvrage%2Fl-age-des-low-tech-philippe-bihouix%2F9782021160727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retro-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-retro_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleo-energetique.org/retrotech-and-lowtech/">"Retrotech and Lowtech - How forgotten patents can shake the future"</a>. <i>paleo-energetique.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paleo-energetique.org&rft.atitle=Retrotech+and+Lowtech+-+How+forgotten+patents+can+shake+the+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleo-energetique.org%2Fretrotech-and-lowtech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrimaudTastevin2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrimaudTastevin2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrimaudTastevin2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaudTastevinVidal2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grimaud, Emmanuel; Tastevin, Yann Philippe; <a href="/wiki/Denis_Vidal" title="Denis Vidal">Vidal, Denis</a> (2017). "Low-tech ? Wild-Tech !". <i>Techniques & Culture</i> (in French) (67). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftc.8260">10.4000/tc.8260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0248-6016">0248-6016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techniques+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Low-tech+%3F+Wild-Tech+%21&rft.issue=67&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Ftc.8260&rft.issn=0248-6016&rft.aulast=Grimaud&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Tastevin%2C+Yann+Philippe&rft.au=Vidal%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fabecol-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fabecol_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coredem.info/IMG/pdf/passerelle21-online-final.pdf">"Passerelle #21 - Low tech : face au tout-numérique, se réapproprier les technologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passerelle+%2321+-+Low+tech+%3A+face+au+tout-num%C3%A9rique%2C+se+r%C3%A9approprier+les+technologies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coredem.info%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fpasserelle21-online-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slowtech.org/about/">"SlowTech - It is about finding the OFF switch"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Haynes UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785216169" title="Special:BookSources/9781785216169"><bdi>9781785216169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slow+Tech%3A+The+Perfect+Antidote+to+Today%27s+Digital+World&rft.pub=Haynes+UK&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781785216169&rft.au=Peter+Ginn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JXuwgEACAAJ%26q%3DSlow%2BTech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chatelperron2018-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chatelperron2018_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorentin_de_Chatelperron2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corentin de Chatelperron (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXHKvAEACAAJ&q=Nomade+des+mers+:+le+tour+du+monde+des+innovations"><i>Nomade des mers : le tour du monde des innovations</i></a> (in French). E/P/A. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37671-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-37671-022-6"><bdi>978-2-37671-022-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomade+des+mers+%3A+le+tour+du+monde+des+innovations&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=E%2FP%2FA&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-37671-022-6&rft.au=Corentin+de+Chatelperron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXHKvAEACAAJ%26q%3DNomade%2Bdes%2Bmers%2B%3A%2Ble%2Btour%2Bdu%2Bmonde%2Bdes%2Binnovations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notechmagazine.com/2016/07/no-tech-reader-7.html">"No tech reader #7"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+tech+reader+%237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.notechmagazine.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fno-tech-reader-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watsonbook-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watsonbook_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2020" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Julia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/04698/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm"><i>Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism</i></a>. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836578189" title="Special:BookSources/978-3836578189"><bdi>978-3836578189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo%E2%80%94TEK.+Design+by+Radical+Indigenism&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3836578189&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taschen.com%2Fpages%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2Farchitecture%2Fall%2F04698%2Ffacts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dico-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dico_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/low-tech">"Low tech definition"</a>. <i>Cambridge International Dictionnary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+International+Dictionnary&rft.atitle=Low+tech+definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Ffr%2Fdictionnaire%2Fanglais%2Flow-tech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/low-tech">Merriam webster dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/">Low-Tech Magazine – Doubts on progress and technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lowtechlab.org/en">Low-tech lab (english version)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="History_of_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>History of technology cultures</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_technology" title="Inca technology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>History of technology domains</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">History of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History_and_scientific_background" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&oldid=1257503591">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_technology&oldid=1257503591</a>"</div></div> <div 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