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<li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E5%B1%85%E5%8C%BA" title="上海日本人聚居区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="上海日本人聚居区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16926499#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 130%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Shanghai" title="Demographics of Shanghai">Ethnicity in Shanghai</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_Shanghai" title="Hong Kong people in Shanghai">Hong Kong people</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ningbo_people_in_Shanghai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ningbo people in Shanghai (page does not exist)">Ningbo people</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2%E7%B1%8D%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:宁波籍上海人">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Shanghai#Uyghurs" title="Demographics of Shanghai">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Shanghai_sidebar" title="Template:Ethnic Shanghai sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Shanghai_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ethnic Shanghai sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Shanghai_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Shanghai sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> has a Japanese expatriate group, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Gubei,_Shanghai" title="Gubei, Shanghai">Gubei</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Changning_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changning District">Changning District</a>, which houses the majority of Japanese expatriates in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNShanghaihome_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNShanghaihome-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Japanese follow the "Shanghai dream" where they spend several years in Shanghai to gain professional experience or knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, and either continue working in Shanghai or return to Japan later.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchikomi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchikomi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Shanghai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consulate-General of Japan in Shanghai (page does not exist)">Consulate-General of Japan in Shanghai</a> opened in 1872. Japanese ships became a more constant presence in the Shanghai harbor in the 1870s and 1880s. In the 1880s Japanese companies began establishing operations in Shanghai. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Fushimi_Hiroyasu" title="Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu">Prince Fushimi</a> visited the Japanese community of Shanghai for one day in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Howep421_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howep421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908 a Japanese Club opened.<sup id="cite_ref-Howep421_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howep421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With mounting Japanese aggression towards China after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the Shanghainese organised protests against the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Japanese occupation of Manchuria</a> in 1931 and the bombing of Shanghai by the Japanese in 1932. A Japanese sailor, Tomomitsu Taminato, was murdered in Shanghai in 1936 due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">anti-Japanese sentiment</a>. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">invaded and occupied Shanghai</a> in 1937, remaining until <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">their unconditional surrender</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies (WWII)">its allies</a> in 1945. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kan%27in_Haruhito" title="Prince Kan'in Haruhito">Prince Kan'in Haruhito</a> was tasked with personally visiting the city to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a> observed its terms. </p><p>Over 33,000 Japanese resided in Shanghai by 2008, making up 22% of the foreigners there and making the Japanese the largest expatriate group in that city.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some long-term residents are employees of Japanese companies stationed in Shanghai. The companies pay for living expenses including tuition for children, housing, and "hardship" allowances related to living in a foreign country. Some long-term Japanese residents have consultancies, restaurants, and businesses in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchikomi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchikomi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Takatoshi Iijima, the vice president of Sola Kamome Co., stated in 2010 that many Japanese companies in Shanghai hire Japanese already in the city instead of Japanese in Japan in order to reduce costs.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNShanghaihome_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNShanghaihome-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2009 some Japanese who had newly graduated from universities arrive in Shanghai to try to gain employment on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuchikomi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuchikomi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg/220px-ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg/330px-ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg/440px-ShanghaiJapaneseSchoolHongqiao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Japanese_School" title="Shanghai Japanese School">Shanghai Japanese School</a> Hongqiao Campus</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Japanese_School" title="Shanghai Japanese School">Shanghai Japanese School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonjin gakko">Japanese international school</a> serving primary, junior high, and senior high school levels, is located in Shanghai. It has two campuses, one in <a href="/wiki/Hongqiao_Subdistrict,_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongqiao Subdistrict, Shanghai">Hongqiao</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese kindergartens in Shanghai include Shanghai Dongjin Japanese Kindergarten (上海东进日本人幼儿园), Shanghai Utsukushigaoka Montessori Kindergarten (上海美丘第一幼儿园) and the Oisca Shanghai Japanese Kindergarten (上海奥伊斯嘉日本语幼儿园).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_education">History of education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Japanese educational system school, the Tōyō gakkan, opened on Zhapu Road in 1883. Its primary focus was teaching Chinese and English to its students and its founders were associated with the Japan <a href="/wiki/Popular_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Rights Movement">Popular Rights Movement</a>. After several months it closed. It was not affiliated with the Higashi Honganji. The Ajia gakkan, which was created as what Joshua A. Fogel, author of <i>Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time</i>, described as a "kind of extension" of the Tōyō gakkan, opened in 1884 on Kunshan Road. It was established by young men who had involvement in the Popular Rights Movement and other pan-Asian groups. The Japan Residents Association acquired the management of the Japanese education in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese schools had opened in Shanghai by 1920. In 1926, 2,700 pupils studied at these schools. Christopher Howe wrote that students at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_High_School_for_Girls_(Shanghai)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese High School for Girls (Shanghai) (page does not exist)">Japanese High School for Girls</a> received an education superior to that in Japanese schools in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Howep421_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howep421-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2010 there is an all-Japanese <a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a> club in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNShanghaihome_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNShanghaihome-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Pingru" title="Zheng Pingru">Zheng Pingru</a> (of partial Japanese ancestry)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese people in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CNNShanghaihome-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNNShanghaihome_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNShanghaihome_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNShanghaihome_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/life/japanese-expats-in-shanghai-784796">Japanese making Shanghai their home</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054648/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/life/japanese-expats-in-shanghai-784796">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 10 December 2010. Retrieved on February 18, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuchikomi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuchikomi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuchikomi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuchikomi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuchikomi, Jun. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantoday.com/category/kuchikomi/view/few-japanese-benefit-from-living-their-shanghai-dream">Few Japanese benefit from living their 'Shanghai dream'</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223140609/http://www.japantoday.com/category/kuchikomi/view/few-japanese-benefit-from-living-their-shanghai-dream">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Today" title="Japan Today">Japan Today</a></i>. 2 June 2009. Retrieved on 18 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howep421-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howep421_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howep421_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howep421_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVaVCr2AVHkC&pg=PA421">421</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calder, Kent and Min Ye. <i>The Making of Northeast Asia</i> (Studies in Asian Security). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, August 16, 2010. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804775052" title="Special:BookSources/0804775052">0804775052</a>, 9780804775052. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMIqA0XQWxEC&pg=PA143">143</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pudong.gov.cn/html/pden/pden_wl_eal_is/2011-09-30/Detail_73451.htm">Shanghai Japanese school</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222212951/http://english.pudong.gov.cn/html/pden/pden_wl_eal_is/2011-09-30/Detail_73451.htm">Archived</a> 2014-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Pudong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudong District">Pudong District</a> Government Website. Retrieved on 18 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncct.moe.edu.cn/2014/EnglishTAB_1209/3393.html">Schools Approved by the Ministry of Education For Enrolling Children of Foreign Nationals</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814215952/http://ncct.moe.edu.cn/2014/EnglishTAB_1209/3393.html">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of China">Ministry of Education of China</a>. Retrieved on August 17, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fogel, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWUtJap6EOIC&pg=PA91">91</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_community_of_Shanghai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fogel, Joshua A. <i>Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a> Lectures). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, July 31, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674053826" title="Special:BookSources/0674053826">0674053826</a>, 9780674053823.</li> <li>Howe, Christopher. <i>The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War</i>. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co._Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co. Publishers">C. Hurst & Co. Publishers</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/185065221X" title="Special:BookSources/185065221X">185065221X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850652212" title="Special:BookSources/9781850652212">9781850652212</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_China" title="Template talk:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigration to China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_China" title="Burmese people in China">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_China" title="Israelis in China">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/80px-China-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/120px-China-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/160px-China-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <small>(<a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_immigration_policy" title="Hong Kong immigration policy">Immigration to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration to Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-occupied_developments_in_China" title="Under-occupied developments in China">Under-occupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kongers" title="Template:Hong Kongers">Hong Kong people</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Japanese_diaspora_and_Japanese_expatriates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_diaspora" title="Template:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_diaspora" title="Template talk:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Japanese_diaspora_and_Japanese_expatriates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> and Japanese expatriates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Egypt" title="Japanese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Caribbean_people" title="Japanese Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_Jamaica" title="Japanese expatriates in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_and_Okinawan_Bolivians" title="Japanese and Okinawan Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Japanese community of São Paulo">São Paulo City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Japanese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Montreal" title="Japanese in Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Japanese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chileans" title="Japanese Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese diaspora in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paraguayans" title="Japanese Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peruvians" title="Japanese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Uruguayans" title="Japanese Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Venezuelans" title="Japanese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Japanese Americans by location">By state and/or city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_orphans_in_China" title="Japanese orphans in China">Japanese orphans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_India" title="Japanese people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_North_Korea" title="Japanese people in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Korea" title="Japanese people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Nepal" title="Japanese people in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Japanese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Turkey" title="Japanese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Japanese" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Vietnam" title="Japanese people in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Brussels" title="Japanese community of Brussels">Brussels</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_France" title="Japanese people in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Paris" title="Japanese community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Germany" title="Japanese people in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Japanese community of Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Japanese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakhalin_Japanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakhalin Japanese (page does not exist)">Sakhalin Japanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%9B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:库页岛日本人">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Spain" title="Japanese people in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Japanese in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_London" title="Japanese community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Micronesia" title="Japanese settlement in Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Micronesians" title="Japanese Micronesians">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Kiribati" title="Japanese settlement in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Japanese settlement in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Palau" title="Japanese settlement in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Melbourne" title="Japanese community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li>United States</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_New_Caledonia" title="Japanese settlement in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> <ul><li>France</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Zealanders" title="Japanese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Japanese settlement in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese expatriates in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">Issei</a> <ul><li>immigrants</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> <ul><li>second generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">Sansei</a> <ul><li>third generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonsei_(Japanese_diaspora)" title="Yonsei (Japanese diaspora)">Yonsei</a> <ul><li>fourth generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosei_(Japanese_diaspora)" title="Gosei (Japanese diaspora)">Gosei</a> <ul><li>fifth generation</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dekasegi" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-born_Japanese" title="Foreign-born Japanese">Foreign-born Japanese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_and_Europe" title="The Japanese and Europe">The Japanese and Europe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_in_Latin_America" title="The Japanese in Latin America">The Japanese in Latin America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japantown" title="Japantown">Japantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="Hoshū jugyō kō">Hoshū jugyō kō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="List of hoshū jugyō kō">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Like_the_Enemy" title="Looking Like the Enemy">Looking Like the Enemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds,_New_Lives" title="New Worlds, New Lives">New Worlds, New Lives</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakk%C5%8D" title="Nihonjin gakkō">Nihonjin gakkō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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