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{"work":{"id":11933710,"created_at":"2015-04-13T19:54:19.142-07:00","from_world_paper_id":135032248,"updated_at":"2025-01-10T00:33:30.121-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"The article explores the historical understanding and treatment of depression, tracing its origins back to ancient Greek medicine and examining its classification within modern psychiatric frameworks. Depression is characterized by a triad of symptoms: low mood, anhedonia, and fatigue, with various associated manifestations. The paper discusses two main therapeutic approaches: cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, and outlines biological factors and treatment methodologies, including pharmacological interventions and genetic considerations, underscoring the complexity of diagnosing and treating depression in clinical settings.","publication_date":"2001,,","publication_name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Research and treatment approaches to depression","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [29563454]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card with-figures-carousel"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":46430599,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Research and treatment approaches to depression”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/46430599/mini_magick20180817-12917-n5o6pl.png?1534556359" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Research and treatment approaches to depression</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29563454" href="https://flinders.academia.edu/MaLiWong"><img alt="Profile image of Ma-Li Wong" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Ma-Li Wong</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 11933710; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=11933710"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The article explores the historical understanding and treatment of depression, tracing its origins back to ancient Greek medicine and examining its classification within modern psychiatric frameworks. Depression is characterized by a triad of symptoms: low mood, anhedonia, and fatigue, with various associated manifestations. The paper discusses two main therapeutic approaches: cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, and outlines biological factors and treatment methodologies, including pharmacological interventions and genetic considerations, underscoring the complexity of diagnosing and treating depression in clinical settings.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":46430599,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11933710/Research_and_treatment_approaches_to_depression"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":46430599,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11933710/Research_and_treatment_approaches_to_depression"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="11933710" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Suicide, which is usually a consequence of depression, is the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. The rate of suicide is even more alarming when it is examined asa function of age. Suicide is the sixth leading cause of death in the 5- 14 age group, the third leading cause of death in the 15-24 age group, and the fourth leading cause of death in the Several lines of evidence indicate an important con- tribution of depression to medical morbidity. Depressed patients have an increased risk of premature death when compared with control subjects!*”. Epidemiological studies point to heart disease as one possible explana- tion for the decreased life expectancy, as depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/46430599/figure_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Depression costs the US economy, directly and indi- rectly, over 43 billion dollars per year", and it is aleading cause of disability worldwide". Suicide, which is usually a consequence of depression, is the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. The rate of suicide is even more alarming when it is examined asa function of age. Suicide is the sixth leading cause of death in the 5- 14 age group, the third leading cause of death in the 15-24 age group, and the fourth leading cause of death in the Several lines of evidence indicate an important con- tribution of depression to medical morbidity. Depressed patients have an increased risk of premature death when compared with control subjects!*”. Epidemiological studies point to heart disease as one possible explana- tion for the decreased life expectancy, as depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3982927/table-1-lifetime-and-annual-rates-and-onset-age-for-major"><img alt="Table 1 | Lifetime and annual rates and onset age for major depression, ages 18-64 years* *Figures standardized to US age and sex distribution. *Data from former Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) based on ages 26 to 64 years. (SE, standard error) (Adapted with permission from REF 9 © (1996) American Medical Association.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/46430599/table_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Table 1 | Lifetime and annual rates and onset age for major depression, ages 18-64 years* *Figures standardized to US age and sex distribution. *Data from former Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) based on ages 26 to 64 years. (SE, standard error) (Adapted with permission from REF 9 © (1996) American Medical Association.) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3982893/figure-2-mild-but-chronic-and-disabling-manifestation-of"><img alt="A mild but chronic and disabling manifestation of depression that had been previously conceptualized asa personality disorder (depressive personality disorder) is now Classified in the DSM-IV as a distinct mood disor- der— dysthymia. The work of Akiskal was instrumen- From a historical perspective, there have been large swings in the classification pendulum, ranging from " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/46430599/figure_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">A mild but chronic and disabling manifestation of depression that had been previously conceptualized asa personality disorder (depressive personality disorder) is now Classified in the DSM-IV as a distinct mood disor- der— dysthymia. The work of Akiskal was instrumen- From a historical perspective, there have been large swings in the classification pendulum, ranging from </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3982905/figure-1-conceptual-approach-to-depression-available"><img alt="Figure 1 | A conceptual approach to depression. Available evidence consistently indicates that neurobiological substrates underlying depression phenotypes are the outcome ofa combination of genetic and environmental factors. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/46430599/figure_003.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 1 | A conceptual approach to depression. Available evidence consistently indicates that neurobiological substrates underlying depression phenotypes are the outcome ofa combination of genetic and environmental factors. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3982914/figure-2-differential-displays-comparing-rnas-from-saline"><img alt="Figure 2 | Differential displays comparing RNAs from saline (S}-, imipramine (I)- or fluoxetine (F)-treated rats. Total RNA was extracted from hypothalami of animals treated with the different drugs for two months. Autoradiograms of amplified a-[*°S }dATP -labelled PCR (polymerase chain reaction) products after electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gels are shown for two different primer combinations that identified one upregulated (arrowhead) and one downregulate: arrow) fragment in the groups treated with antidepressants. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/46430599/figure_004.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Figure 2 | Differential displays comparing RNAs from saline (S}-, imipramine (I)- or fluoxetine (F)-treated rats. Total RNA was extracted from hypothalami of animals treated with the different drugs for two months. Autoradiograms of amplified a-[*°S }dATP -labelled PCR (polymerase chain reaction) products after electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gels are shown for two different primer combinations that identified one upregulated (arrowhead) and one downregulate: arrow) fragment in the groups treated with antidepressants. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-loswp-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="25837273" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25837273/DEPRESSION_AND_ITS_TREATMENT_A_new_vision_of_under_recognized_aspects">DEPRESSION AND ITS TREATMENT: A new vision of under-recognized aspects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37293765" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bernardmaroy">bernard maroy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">IN 6 PAGES of my book published in French. Starting out as a specialist in alcoholism and after 30 years of analysing depression, the present text details the conclusions which I have made in the subject. As a matter of fact, in the 1970's I was never satisfied by the passive attitude of my masters in hepatology, when faced with the multiple recurrences of our alcoholic patients. They used to state that recurrences were due to the stupidity of the patients. I preferred to search how to treat the possible causes of their problem, to lower the frequency and severity of its consequences. As an internist, it became quickly obvious to me, when consulting alcoholics, that depression played a central role in their problem. I consequently progressively identified a collection of indicators-mainly somatic-starting by a pain perceived when performing rectal digital examination. I also quickly realized that publishing personal studies was very difficult for an isolated private practice physician. In addition, the fast rate of discovery of new indicators discouraged me to fight for papers dealing with outdated concepts in the field so I decided to publish a book in 2005 in order to summarize my understanding to-date of depression and its treatment. 20 years ago I established a list of indicators and succeeded only recently in obtaining a statistical analysis which showed that each one had its own diagnostic value. One consequence was that the classical conception of indicators linked one to the other as in a chain was to be reconsidered. The second was that depression was a neurological-biochemical illness inducing plurisystemic dysfunction. It is, in any case, an obvious deduction of the efficiency of medication and of neurological studies. It is astonishing to see the discrepancy between scientific evidence of a unity of brain and body and day-today vision of medical and non-medical people functioning still with Plato's concept of soul acting independently of the body. It is evident that the case of patients being depressed when they had every thing to be happy about should have marked Hippocrates. However, it is time to evolve and to have a larger conception. It could be compared to tuberculosis which is not merely a pulmonary disease but rather an infectious one, with frequent, but not exclusive, pulmonary manifestations. My experience showed me that unrecognized features of depression are very frequent and various – and which must be taken into consideration when resorting to existing efficacious treatment, clearing not only the troubles leading to the visit but also all the other troubles which are part of the same cause. Psychiatrists have described this illness and this fact explains why its bodily manifestations are usually unrecognized. In fact, its mechanism is a deregulation of the chemical aspects of the nervous system, which leads frequently to various psychic effects, but also-and without parallel – to the functioning of the body. Psychiatrists have described diagnostic criteria based mainly on psychic signs. Their diagnostic methods are tailored, of course, to be specific but nobody had taken into account the sensitivity and the limitations of " non-depressiveness " which has never been described or even studied. This illness is very frequent but is not in line with normality – no more so than slight tuberculosis is an extreme of normality.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DEPRESSION AND ITS TREATMENT: A new vision of under-recognized aspects","attachmentId":46202922,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25837273/DEPRESSION_AND_ITS_TREATMENT_A_new_vision_of_under_recognized_aspects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25837273/DEPRESSION_AND_ITS_TREATMENT_A_new_vision_of_under_recognized_aspects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="11369193" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11369193/Depression_diagnosed_identified_current_and_complete_different_aspects_of_the_same_concept">Depression diagnosed, identified, current and complete: different aspects of the same concept</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27634613" href="https://urv.academia.edu/PilarMontes%C3%B3">Pilar Montesó</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pilar Montesó-Curto2 (Universidad Rovira i Virgili, España), Carme Ferré-Grau (Universidad Rovira i Virgili, España), Mar Lleixà-Fortuño (Universidad Rovira i Virgili, España), Núria Albacar Riobóo (Universidad Rovira I Virgili, España), Antonio Sánchez-Herrero (Hospital Virgen de la Cinta, España), Carina Aguilar-Martín (Atención Primaria Terres de l’Ebre, España), Marilene Lejeune (Area de Biología Molecular, España)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Depression diagnosed, identified, current and complete: different aspects of the same concept","attachmentId":36937296,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11369193/Depression_diagnosed_identified_current_and_complete_different_aspects_of_the_same_concept","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11369193/Depression_diagnosed_identified_current_and_complete_different_aspects_of_the_same_concept"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="66239225" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66239225/ABC_of_psychological_medicine_Depression_in_medical_patients">ABC of psychological medicine: Depression in medical patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56692859" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/GaryRodin">Gary Rodin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMJ, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Depressive illness is usually treatable. It is common and results in marked disability, diminished survival, and increased healthcare costs. As a result, it is essential that all doctors have a basic understanding of its diagnosis and management. In patients with physical illness depression may x Be a coincidental association x Be a complication of physical illness x Cause or exacerbate somatic symptoms (such as fatigue, malaise, or pain). Clinical features and classification The term depression describes a spectrum of mood disturbance ranging from mild to severe and from transient to persistent. Depressive symptoms are continuously distributed in any population but are judged to be of clinical significance when they interfere with normal activities and persist for at least two weeks, in which case a diagnosis of a depressive illness or disorder may be made. The diagnosis depends on the presence of two cardinal symptoms of persistent and pervasive low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. Adjustment disorders are milder or more short lived episodes of depression and are thought to result from stressful experiences. Major depressive disorder refers to a syndrome that requires the presence of five or more symptoms of depression in the same two week period. Dysthymia covers persistent symptoms of depression that may not be severe enough to meet the criteria for major depression, in which depressed mood is present for two or more years. Such chronic forms of depression are associated with an increased risk of subsequent major depression, considerable social disability, and unhealthy lifestyle choices such as poor diet or cigarette smoking. Manic depressive (bipolar) disorder relates to the occurrence of episodes of both major depression and mania.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ABC of psychological medicine: Depression in medical patients","attachmentId":77509029,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66239225/ABC_of_psychological_medicine_Depression_in_medical_patients","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66239225/ABC_of_psychological_medicine_Depression_in_medical_patients"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="48044133" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48044133/Defining_recognizing_and_managing_depression">Defining, recognizing and managing depression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15166114" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AHouse">Allan House</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Practical Neurology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Defining, recognizing and managing 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href="https://www.academia.edu/33739755/Recognizing_and_Treating_Chronic_Mild_Depression_Its_manifestation_may_be_subtle_its_effects_devastating">Recognizing and Treating Chronic "Mild" Depression Its manifestation may be subtle, its effects devastating</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45672359" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnMarkowitz">John Markowitz</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recognizing and Treating Chronic \"Mild\" Depression Its manifestation may be subtle, its effects devastating","attachmentId":53733260,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33739755/Recognizing_and_Treating_Chronic_Mild_Depression_Its_manifestation_may_be_subtle_its_effects_devastating","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33739755/Recognizing_and_Treating_Chronic_Mild_Depression_Its_manifestation_may_be_subtle_its_effects_devastating"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="76020897" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76020897/Depression_in_adults_Some_basic_facts">Depression in adults: Some basic facts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="93954217" href="https://independent.academia.edu/dmcqueen1">d mcqueen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper reviews some of the essential facts about depression in adults. The term can refer to a symptom, a syndrome or a diagnosis. As a symptom, it occurs in many mental disorders and physical diseases. The boundaries of depression are reviewed: depression is biologically distinct from bipolar affective disorder, but it overlaps with the other common neurotic conditions; the spectrum of depressive disorders, melancholia, depressive adjustment reactions and dysthymia is described. Categorical classifications of depression have many problems, but are currently necessary. The epidemiology of depression in adulthood is presented with reference to old age, after childbirth, its prognosis and long-term disability and the limitations of short-term treatments. The immediate causes of depression include complex interactions between life events and their personal meaning influenced by personality factors and neuroticism. Ethological perspectives indicate that depression may have both adaptive and maladaptive aspects.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Depression in adults: Some basic facts","attachmentId":83705017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76020897/Depression_in_adults_Some_basic_facts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76020897/Depression_in_adults_Some_basic_facts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="7950523" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7950523/The_validity_of_diagnosis_of_melancholic_depression_according_to_different_diagnostic_systems_1_This_study_was_presented_as_a_poster_at_the_World_Psychiatric_Congress_Madrid_Spain_1996_1">The validity of diagnosis of melancholic depression according to different diagnostic systems 1 This study was presented as a poster at the `World Psychiatric Congress', Madrid, Spain, 1996. 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15136832" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MTurkcapar">M. Turkcapar</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33122218" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsenaAkdemir">Asena Akdemir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The validity of diagnosis of melancholic depression according to different diagnostic systems 1 This study was presented as a poster at the `World Psychiatric Congress', Madrid, Spain, 1996. 1","attachmentId":48277291,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7950523/The_validity_of_diagnosis_of_melancholic_depression_according_to_different_diagnostic_systems_1_This_study_was_presented_as_a_poster_at_the_World_Psychiatric_Congress_Madrid_Spain_1996_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7950523/The_validity_of_diagnosis_of_melancholic_depression_according_to_different_diagnostic_systems_1_This_study_was_presented_as_a_poster_at_the_World_Psychiatric_Congress_Madrid_Spain_1996_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="124844088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124844088/The_State_of_Knowledge_of_Chronic_Depression">The State of Knowledge of Chronic Depression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36232402" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesMcCullough1">James McCullough</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Definition of Chronic Depression Dr. Gelenberg: Let's begin with a discussion of the definition of chronic depression. What is the clinical relevance of the subtypes of depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)? 1 Dr. McCullough: My colleagues and I have reported on 1316 patients with chronic depression. 2,3 We found no differences when a wide variety of demographic, psychosocial, and health measures were compared. For the DSM-V, we have argued that the existing subtypes do not represent qualitatively distinct entities. We have recommended a 2-by-2 table to accommodate a 4-fold classification of the unipolar disorders: mild versus moderate-to-severe severity and acute versus chronic types of episodes (Table 1). We can greatly simplify the current subtypes of chronic depression by consolidating them into a single category termed chronic depression. Dr. Gelenberg: Will you define chronic depression? Dr. McCullough: Chronic depression lasts a minimum of 2 years without at least a 2-month hiatus or a full remission. We are not suggesting the elimination of the DSM-IV categories for depressive disorders, but are recommending the deletion of distinct chronic subtypes since these subtypes do not represent qualitatively different entities. Dr. Ninan: Perhaps we should review the current diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders. The criteria for dysthymia require depressed mood for the majority of time and 2 additional symptoms that persist for 2 years, while the criteria for a major depressive episode stipulate 5 or more symptoms, including depressed mood or anhedonia, persisting for at least 2 weeks. Dysthymia followed by a major depressive episode is frequently labeled double depression. In the DSM-IV, chronic depression is defined as the persistence of the full criteria for a major depressive episode for at least 2 years. Major depressive disorder with incomplete recovery occurs when enough symptoms improve that the patient no longer meets the full criteria for major depressive disorder, but still has residual symptoms of depression (i.e., subsyndromal depression). If that patient later meets the full criteria for a major depressive episode without a period of remission in between, we consider it another episode of major depression (i.e., 2 episodes with incomplete recovery in between). Dr. McCullough: On our 2-by-2 table, we recommend maintaining dysthymia on the chronic row and in the mild severity column. Most of the disorders that Dr. Ninan just delineated would be in the moderateto-severe column. On the acute episode row, the mild disorder would be labeled minor depressive disorder and the moderate-to-severe episode would be termed episodic major depression. Dan N. Klein, Ph.D., has</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The State of Knowledge of Chronic Depression","attachmentId":118995004,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124844088/The_State_of_Knowledge_of_Chronic_Depression","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124844088/The_State_of_Knowledge_of_Chronic_Depression"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="73629829" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73629829/An_Overview_on_Depression_An_Approach_to_Disorder_and_Management">An Overview on Depression: An Approach to Disorder and Management</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5025275" href="https://usu-id.academia.edu/AvinashSeth">Avinash Seth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Central nervous system (CNS) disorder is the world’s leading cause of disability and account of more hospitalizations. Central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorder that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord. Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. The aim of treatment is release of neurotrophic proteins in the brain that can help to rebuild the hippocampus that has been reduced due to depression and to optimize patients’ physical, psychological and social functioning. This review presents a brief summary on psychological implications of living with depression, pathogenesis, diagnosis, causes, sign and symptoms and treatments associated with depression.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Overview on Depression: An Approach to Disorder and Management","attachmentId":82077038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73629829/An_Overview_on_Depression_An_Approach_to_Disorder_and_Management","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73629829/An_Overview_on_Depression_An_Approach_to_Disorder_and_Management"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="113657634" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113657634/The_Nature_of_Depression">The Nature of Depression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36973522" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdrianWells3">Adrian Wells</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Nature of Depression","attachmentId":110561574,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113657634/The_Nature_of_Depression","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113657634/The_Nature_of_Depression"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46430599,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46430599,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_46430599" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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